A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.
A developmental defect in which a TESTIS or both TESTES failed to descend from high in the ABDOMEN to the bottom of the SCROTUM. Testicular descent is essential to normal SPERMATOGENESIS which requires temperature lower than the BODY TEMPERATURE. Cryptorchidism can be subclassified by the location of the maldescended testis.
An abnormal passage in any part of the URINARY TRACT between itself or with other organs.
Surgery performed on the male genitalia.
Surgery performed on the urinary tract or its organs and on the male or female genitalia.
An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.
Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.
The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra.
The double-layered skin fold that covers the GLANS PENIS, the head of the penis.
A tube that transports URINE from the URINARY BLADDER to the outside of the body in both the sexes. It also has a reproductive function in the male by providing a passage for SPERM.
The male reproductive organs. They are divided into the external organs (PENIS; SCROTUM;and URETHRA) and the internal organs (TESTIS; EPIDIDYMIS; VAS DEFERENS; SEMINAL VESICLES; EJACULATORY DUCTS; PROSTATE; and BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS).
Symptoms of NAUSEA and VOMITING in pregnant women that usually occur in the morning during the first 2 to 3 months of PREGNANCY. Severe persistent vomiting during pregnancy is called HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM.
Congenital conditions in individuals with a male karyotype, in which the development of the gonadal or anatomical sex is atypical.
Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.
Exogenous agents, synthetic and naturally occurring, which are capable of disrupting the functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM including the maintenance of HOMEOSTASIS and the regulation of developmental processes. Endocrine disruptors are compounds that can mimic HORMONES, or enhance or block the binding of hormones to their receptors, or otherwise lead to activating or inhibiting the endocrine signaling pathways and hormone metabolism.
Tongues of skin and subcutaneous tissue, sometimes including muscle, cut away from the underlying parts but often still attached at one end. They retain their own microvasculature which is also transferred to the new site. They are often used in plastic surgery for filling a defect in a neighboring region.
An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of TESTOSTERONE to 5-ALPHA DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE.
Congenital structural abnormalities of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.

True hermaphroditism associated with microphthalmia. (1/205)

A 4-year-old boy with an undescending left testis, penoscrotal hypospadia and bilateral microphthalmia was admitted to our hospital. Chromosome analysis revealed a karyotype of 46, XX del(x)(p2 2,31) and the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) was negative. The right testis was located in the scrotum and a left cystic ovary-like gonad, a salpinx and a unicorn uterus were found in the left inguinal canal. Histologically the gonad was an ovotestis in which primordial follicles covered infantile seminiferous tubules. Microphthalmia is observed in some congenital syndromes caused by interstitial deletion of the X chromosome. This case suggested that the short arm of the X chromosome was involved in the differentiation of the gonad. Very closely located follicles and infantile seminiferous tubules indicated that induction of meiosis in the fetus was controlled by the local microenvironment in follicles and seminiferous tubules, and not by the systemic hormonal condition.  (+info)

International trends in rates of hypospadias and cryptorchidism. (2/205)

Researchers from seven European nations and the United States have published reports of increasing rates of hypospadias during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Reports of increasing rates of cryptorchidism have come primarily from England. In recent years, these reports have become one focus of the debate over endocrine disruption. This study examines more recent data from a larger number of countries participating in the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring Systems (ICBDMS) to address the questions of whether such increases are worldwide and continuing and whether there are geographic patterns to any observed increases. The ICBDMS headquarters and individual systems provided the data. Systems were categorized into five groups based on gross domestic product in 1984. Hypospadias increases were most marked in two American systems and in Scandinavia and Japan. The increases leveled off in many systems after 1985. Increases were not seen in less affluent nations. Cryptorchidism rates were available for 10 systems. Clear increases in this anomaly were seen in two U.S. systems and in the South American system, but not elsewhere. Since 1985, rates declined in most systems. Numerous artifacts may contribute to or cause upward trends in hypospadias. Possible "real" causes include demographic changes and endocrine disruption, among others.  (+info)

Incidence of congenital malformations in children born after ICSI. (3/205)

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of congenital malformations in a complete cohort of children born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The medical records were retrieved for 1139 infants, 736 singletons, 200 sets of twins and one set of triplets. The total number of infants with an identified anomaly was 87 (7.6%), 40 of which were minor. The incidence of malformations in children born after ICSI was also compared with all births in Sweden using data from the Swedish Medical Birth Registry and the Registry of Congenital Malformations. For ICSI children, the odds ratio (OR) for having any major or minor malformation was 1.75 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19-2.58] after stratification for delivery hospital, year of birth and maternal age. If stratification for singletons/twins was also done, the OR was reduced to 1.19 (95% CI 0.79-1.81). The increased rate of congenital malformations is thus mainly a result of a high rate of multiple births. The only specific malformation which was found to occur in excess in children born after ICSI was hypospadias (relative risk 3.0, exact 95% CI 1. 09-6.50) which may be related to paternal subfertility.  (+info)

Is the incidence of hypospadias increasing? Analysis of Finnish hospital discharge data 1970-1994. (4/205)

Reports suggesting an increasing incidence of male genitourinary anomalies such as hypospadias, possibly related to environmental factors such as environmental estrogen-like compounds, have recently received considerable publicity. These reports are based on birth defects registry data, and there may be variation in the completeness of the registries used. We analyzed temporal trends in the prevalence of hypospadias in Finland to assess the previously reported low overall prevalence and to detect any possible increasing tendencies during the past decade. We identified all patients who were surgically treated for hypospadias before the age of 9 years among boys born 1970-1986 in the national hospital discharge registry. We calculated the cumulative prevalence by dividing the number of patients by the number of male births, and we used Poisson regression analysis. Out of 549,176 boys born in Finland in 1970-1986, 1,543 were treated for hypospadias by the age of 8 years (28.1 surgically treated patients per 10,000 male live births; 95% confidence interval, 26.7-29.5). The prevalence of hypospadias in Finland remained constant throughout the study period and appears to have been approximately three times higher than previously reported. Changes in completeness of registration may account for a substantial proportion of the reported increases in the prevalence of hypospadias in Finland and possibly also elsewhere.  (+info)

Abnormalities of the genitourinary tract in female mice lacking GATA5. (5/205)

Members of the GATA family of transcription factors play important roles in cell fate specification, differentiation, and morphogenesis during mammalian development. GATA5, the only one of the six vertebrate GATA factor genes not yet inactivated in mice, is expressed in a pattern that overlaps with but is distinct from that of other GATA factor genes. During mouse embryogenesis, GATA5 is expressed first in the developing heart and subsequently in the lung, vasculature, and genitourinary system. To investigate the function of GATA5 in vivo, we created mice homozygous for a GATA5 null allele. Homozygous mutants were viable and fertile, but females exhibited pronounced genitourinary abnormalities that included vaginal and uterine defects and hypospadias. In contrast, the genitourinary system was unaffected in male GATA5 mutants. These results reveal a specific role of GATA5 in development of the female genitourinary system and suggest that other GATA factors may have functions overlapping those of GATA5 in other tissues.  (+info)

Hormone-dependent cancer and adverse reproductive outcomes in farmers' families--effects of climatic conditions favoring fungal growth in grain. (6/205)

OBJECTIVES: The impact of grain farming and climate on late-term abortion among female farmers, male genital birth defects among their sons, and hormone-dependent cancer among male and female farmers and their adult children was investigated. METHODS: National registers were cross-matched in Norway and 246,043 male and female farmers born in 1925-1971 were identified, as were their 264,262 children, born in 1952-1980, in agricultural censuses and in the population register. The subjects were followed in the Cancer Register through 1995. Farmers' births, conceived in 1973-1991, were identified, and the prevalences of late-term abortion in mothers and hypospadias and cryptorchidism in their sons at birth were examined. Exposure, defined as the combination of grain farming and categories of seasonal or cumulative warnings, was based on data in agricultural censuses and on local, seasonal, field fungal warnings. Estimated adjusted rate ratios or prevalence ratios served as the measures of association. RESULTS: Categories of high exposure were associated with reproductive outcomes and cancer among female farmers, the strongest occurring for late-term abortion (ratio 2.6, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.6-4.3). Exposure associations for ovarian and breast cancer, and male genital defects, were more moderate. Endometrial cancer was associated with grain farming (ratio 2.0, 95% CI 1.4-2.8) across all levels of fungal warnings. Exposure associations for cancer were strongest for premenopausal, parous women. Exposure was not associated with cancer among male farmers or children. CONCLUSIONS: Climatic conditions favoring fungal growth in grain were associated with hormone-dependent adverse outcomes among female farmers; the results are consistent with hormonal effects of inhaled mycotoxins during pregnancy.  (+info)

Genetic evidence for a novel gene(s) involved in urogenital development on 10q26. (7/205)

BACKGROUND: Although the frequent association between distal 10q monosomy and urogenital anomalies suggests the presence of a gene(s) for urogenital development on distal 10q, molecular deletion mapping has not been performed for the putative gene(s). In this study, we examined genotype-phenotype correlations in patients with distal 10q monosomy. METHODS: This study consisted of six karyotypic males (cases 1 through 6) and four karyotypic females (cases 7 through 10) with 10q26 monosomy. Cases 3 through 5 and 7 through 10 had urinary anomalies such as vesicoureteral reflux and hypoplastic kidney, and cases 1 through 6, 8, and 9 exhibited genital anomalies such as micropenis, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, and hypoplastic labia majora. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for 10q telomere, whole chromosome 10 painting, and microsatellite analysis for 35 loci on distal 10q were performed in cases 1 through 8. RESULTS: FISH and whole chromosome painting confirmed distal 10q monosomy in cases 1 through 8. Microsatellite analysis revealed that hemizygosity for the region distal to D10S186 was shared by cases with urinary anomalies and that for the region distal to D10S1248 was common to cases with genital anomalies. Furthermore, it was indicated that PAX2, GFRA1, and EMX2 on distal 10q, in which the deletions could affect urinary and/or genital development, were present in two copies in cases 1 through 8. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that a novel gene(s) for urinary development and that for genital development reside in the approximately 20 cM region distal to D10S186 and in the approximately 10 cM region distal to D10S1248, respectively, although it remains to be determined whether the two types of genes are identical or different.  (+info)

Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. (8/205)

Numerous reports have recently focused on various aspects of adverse trends in male reproductive health, such as the rising incidence of testicular cancer; low and probably declining semen quality; high and possibly increasing frequencies of undescended testis and hypospadias; and an apparently growing demand for assisted reproduction. Due to specialization in medicine and different ages at presentation of symptoms, reproductive problems used to be analysed separately by various professional groups, e.g. paediatric endocrinologists, urologists, andrologists and oncologists. This article summarizes existing evidence supporting a new concept that poor semen quality, testis cancer, undescended testis and hypospadias are symptoms of one underlying entity, the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS), which may be increasingly common due to adverse environmental influences. Experimental and epidemiological studies suggest that TDS is a result of disruption of embryonal programming and gonadal development during fetal life. Therefore, we recommend that future epidemiological studies on trends in male reproductive health should not focus on one symptom only, but be more comprehensive and take all aspects of TDS into account. Otherwise, important biological information may be lost.  (+info)

Hypospadias is a congenital condition in males where the urethral opening (meatus), which is the end of the urethra through which urine exits, is not located at the tip of the penis but instead appears on the underside of the penis. The severity of hypospadias can vary, with some cases having the meatus located closer to the tip and others further down on the shaft or even at the scrotum or perineum (the area between the scrotum and the anus). This condition affects about 1 in every 200-250 male newborns. The exact cause of hypospadias is not fully understood, but it's believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Surgical correction is usually recommended during infancy or early childhood to prevent complications such as difficulty urinating while standing, problems with sexual function, and psychological issues related to body image.

Cryptorchidism is a medical condition in which one or both of a male infant's testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum before birth or within the first year of life. Normally, the testicles descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during fetal development in the second trimester. If the testicles do not descend on their own, medical intervention may be necessary to correct the condition.

Cryptorchidism is a common birth defect, affecting about 3-5% of full-term and 30% of preterm male infants. In most cases, the testicle will descend on its own within the first six months of life. If it does not, treatment may be necessary to prevent complications such as infertility, testicular cancer, and inguinal hernia.

Treatment for cryptorchidism typically involves surgery to bring the testicle down into the scrotum. This procedure is called orchiopexy and is usually performed before the age of 2. In some cases, hormonal therapy may be used as an alternative to surgery. However, this approach has limited success and is generally only recommended in certain situations.

Overall, cryptorchidism is a treatable condition that can help prevent future health problems if addressed early on. Regular check-ups with a pediatrician or healthcare provider can help ensure timely diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

A urinary fistula is an abnormal connection or passage between the urinary tract and another organ or tissue, such as the bladder, ureter, or kidney, and the skin, vagina, or intestine. This condition can lead to urine leakage through the abnormal opening, causing discomfort, infection, and other complications if not treated promptly and effectively. Urinary fistulas can be caused by various factors, including surgery, injury, radiation therapy, inflammation, or cancer. The type and location of the fistula will determine the specific symptoms and treatment options.

Urologic surgical procedures in males refer to various surgical operations performed on the male urinary system and reproductive organs. These may include:

1. Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP): A procedure used to treat an enlarged prostate, where excess tissue is removed through the urethra using a specialized instrument.
2. Radical Prostatectomy: The surgical removal of the entire prostate gland and some surrounding tissues, usually performed as a treatment for prostate cancer.
3. Cystectomy: Surgical removal of the bladder, often due to bladder cancer. In males, this procedure may also involve removing the prostate and seminal vesicles.
4. Nephrectomy: The surgical removal of a kidney, usually performed due to kidney disease or cancer.
5. Pyeloplasty: A procedure to correct a blockage in the renal pelvis, the part of the kidney where urine collects before flowing into the ureter.
6. Ureterostomy: A surgical procedure that creates an opening from the ureter to the outside of the body, often performed when a portion of the urinary system needs to be bypassed or drained.
7. Orchiectomy: The surgical removal of one or both testicles, often performed as a treatment for testicular cancer.
8. Vasectomy: A minor surgical procedure for male sterilization, where the vas deferens are cut and sealed to prevent sperm from reaching the semen.
9. Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE): A surgical procedure used to extract sperm directly from the testicles, often performed as part of assisted reproductive techniques for infertile couples.

These procedures may be performed using open surgery, laparoscopy, or robotic-assisted surgery, depending on the specific circumstances and patient factors.

Urogenital surgical procedures refer to surgeries that are performed on the urinary and genital systems. The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, while the genital system includes the reproductive organs such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, and penis.

Urogenital surgical procedures can be performed for various reasons, including the treatment of diseases, injuries, or congenital abnormalities. Some examples of urogenital surgical procedures include:

1. Cystectomy: the removal of the bladder.
2. Nephrectomy: the removal of a kidney.
3. Prostatectomy: the removal of all or part of the prostate gland.
4. Hysterectomy: the removal of the uterus and sometimes the ovaries and fallopian tubes.
5. Vasectomy: a surgical procedure for male sterilization, in which the vas deferens is cut and tied.
6. Vaginoplasty: a surgical procedure to construct or repair a vagina.
7. Urethroplasty: a surgical procedure to reconstruct or repair the urethra.
8. Pyeloplasty: a surgical procedure to correct a congenital or acquired narrowing of the renal pelvis, the area where urine collects before flowing into the ureter.

These procedures can be performed using various surgical techniques, including open surgery, laparoscopic surgery, and robotic-assisted surgery. The choice of technique depends on several factors, including the patient's overall health, the location and extent of the disease or injury, and the surgeon's expertise.

A cutaneous fistula is a type of fistula that occurs when a tract or tunnel forms between the skin (cutaneous) and another organ or structure, such as the gastrointestinal tract, vagina, or urinary system. Cutaneous fistulas can result from various medical conditions, including infections, inflammatory diseases, surgical complications, trauma, or malignancies.

Cutaneous fistulas may present with symptoms such as drainage of fluid or pus from the skin, pain, redness, swelling, or irritation around the affected area. The treatment for cutaneous fistulas depends on their underlying cause and can range from conservative management with antibiotics and wound care to surgical intervention.

It is essential to seek medical attention if you suspect a cutaneous fistula, as untreated fistulas can lead to complications such as infection, sepsis, or tissue damage. A healthcare professional can provide an accurate diagnosis and develop an appropriate treatment plan based on the individual's needs.

Urethral diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as pain or discomfort during urination, difficulty in urinating, blood in urine, and abnormal discharge. Some common urethral diseases include urethritis (inflammation of the urethra), urethral stricture (narrowing of the urethra due to scar tissue or inflammation), and urethral cancer. The causes of urethral diseases can vary, including infections, injuries, congenital abnormalities, and certain medical conditions. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing urethral diseases and preventing complications.

The penis is a part of the male reproductive and urinary systems. It has three parts: the root, the body, and the glans. The root attaches to the pelvic bone and the body makes up the majority of the free-hanging portion. The glans is the cone-shaped end that protects the urethra, the tube inside the penis that carries urine from the bladder and semen from the testicles.

The penis has a dual function - it acts as a conduit for both urine and semen. During sexual arousal, the penis becomes erect when blood fills two chambers inside its shaft. This process is facilitated by the relaxation of the smooth muscles in the arterial walls and the trappping of blood in the corpora cavernosa. The stiffness of the penis enables sexual intercourse. After ejaculation, or when the sexual arousal passes, the muscles contract and the blood flows out of the penis back into the body, causing it to become flaccid again.

The foreskin, a layer of skin that covers the glans, is sometimes removed in a procedure called circumcision. Circumcision is often performed for religious or cultural reasons, or as a matter of family custom. In some countries, it's also done for medical reasons, such as to treat conditions like phimosis (an inability to retract the foreskin) or balanitis (inflammation of the glans).

It's important to note that any changes in appearance, size, or function of the penis should be evaluated by a healthcare professional, as they could indicate an underlying medical condition.

The foreskin is a double-layered fold of skin that covers and protects the head (glans) of the penis. It is a normal part of male anatomy and varies in length and coverage from person to person. The inner layer of the foreskin is highly sensitive and contains a high concentration of nerve endings, which can contribute to sexual pleasure.

In some cases, the foreskin may become tight or difficult to retract (a condition known as phimosis), which can cause discomfort or pain during sexual activity or other activities that stretch the foreskin. In these cases, medical intervention may be necessary to alleviate the problem. Some people choose to undergo circumcision, a surgical procedure in which the foreskin is removed, for cultural, religious, or personal reasons. However, circumcision is not medically necessary for most people and carries some risks, such as infection, bleeding, and scarring.

The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. In males, it also serves as the conduit for semen during ejaculation. The male urethra is longer than the female urethra and is divided into sections: the prostatic, membranous, and spongy (or penile) urethra. The female urethra extends from the bladder to the external urethral orifice, which is located just above the vaginal opening.

"Male genitalia" refers to the reproductive and sexual organs that are typically present in male individuals. These structures include:

1. Testes: A pair of oval-shaped glands located in the scrotum that produce sperm and testosterone.
2. Epididymis: A long, coiled tube that lies on the surface of each testicle where sperm matures and is stored.
3. Vas deferens: A pair of muscular tubes that transport sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
4. Seminal vesicles: Glands that produce a fluid that mixes with sperm to create semen.
5. Prostate gland: A small gland that surrounds the urethra and produces a fluid that also mixes with sperm to create semen.
6. Bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands): Two pea-sized glands that produce a lubricating fluid that is released into the urethra during sexual arousal.
7. Urethra: A tube that runs through the penis and carries urine from the bladder out of the body, as well as semen during ejaculation.
8. Penis: The external organ that serves as both a reproductive and excretory organ, expelling both semen and urine.

Morning sickness is a common condition during pregnancy, typically characterized by nausea and vomiting. It usually occurs in the morning, although it can happen at any time of the day. The exact cause is not known, but it's thought to be due to the hormonal changes that occur during early pregnancy. For most women, morning sickness improves or goes away after the first trimester. However, for some, it may last longer. While it can be unpleasant and uncomfortable, morning sickness is generally not harmful to the mother or baby, unless it's severe and leads to dehydration or weight loss. In such cases, medical attention is required.

'46, XY Disorders of Sex Development' (DSD) is a term used to describe conditions in which individuals are born with chromosomes, gonads, or genitals that do not fit typical definitions of male or female. In these cases, the individual has 46 chromosomes, including one X and one Y chromosome (46, XY), which would typically result in the development of male characteristics. However, for various reasons, the sexual differentiation process may be disrupted, leading to atypical development of the internal and/or external sex organs.

There are several possible causes of 46, XY DSD, including genetic mutations, hormonal imbalances, or anatomical abnormalities. These conditions can range from mild to severe in terms of their impact on physical health and sexual function, and they may also have psychological and social implications.

Examples of 46, XY DSD include complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS), and disorders of gonadal development such as Swyer syndrome. Treatment for 46, XY DSD may involve surgical intervention, hormone replacement therapy, and/or psychological support.

A urethral stricture is a narrowing or constriction of the lumen (inner space) of the urethra, which can obstruct the normal flow of urine. This condition most commonly results from scarring due to injury, infection, inflammation, or previous surgeries in the region. Urethral strictures may cause various symptoms, such as weak urinary stream, straining to urinate, urinary frequency, urgency, hesitancy, and occasionally blood in the urine. The diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history assessment, and imaging studies like retrograde urethrography or urethral ultrasound. Treatment options may include dilations, internal urethrotomy, or urethral reconstruction surgery depending on the severity and location of the stricture.

Endocrine disruptors are defined as exogenous (external) substances or mixtures that interfere with the way hormones work in the body, leading to negative health effects. They can mimic, block, or alter the normal synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of natural hormones in the body responsible for maintaining homeostasis, reproduction, development, and/or behavior.

Endocrine disruptors can be found in various sources, including industrial chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. They have been linked to a range of health problems, such as cancer, reproductive issues, developmental disorders, neurological impairments, and immune system dysfunction.

Examples of endocrine disruptors include bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and certain pesticides like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and vinclozolin.

It is important to note that endocrine disruptors can have effects at very low doses, and their impact may depend on the timing of exposure, particularly during critical windows of development such as fetal growth and early childhood.

A surgical flap is a specialized type of surgical procedure where a section of living tissue (including skin, fat, muscle, and/or blood vessels) is lifted from its original site and moved to another location, while still maintaining a blood supply through its attached pedicle. This technique allows the surgeon to cover and reconstruct defects or wounds that cannot be closed easily with simple suturing or stapling.

Surgical flaps can be classified based on their vascularity, type of tissue involved, or method of transfer. The choice of using a specific type of surgical flap depends on the location and size of the defect, the patient's overall health, and the surgeon's expertise. Some common types of surgical flaps include:

1. Random-pattern flaps: These flaps are based on random blood vessels within the tissue and are typically used for smaller defects in areas with good vascularity, such as the face or scalp.
2. Axial pattern flaps: These flaps are designed based on a known major blood vessel and its branches, allowing them to cover larger defects or reach distant sites. Examples include the radial forearm flap and the anterolateral thigh flap.
3. Local flaps: These flaps involve tissue adjacent to the wound and can be further classified into advancement, rotation, transposition, and interpolation flaps based on their movement and orientation.
4. Distant flaps: These flaps are harvested from a distant site and then transferred to the defect after being tunneled beneath the skin or through a separate incision. Examples include the groin flap and the latissimus dorsi flap.
5. Free flaps: In these flaps, the tissue is completely detached from its original blood supply and then reattached at the new site using microvascular surgical techniques. This allows for greater flexibility in terms of reach and placement but requires specialized expertise and equipment.

Surgical flaps play a crucial role in reconstructive surgery, helping to restore form and function after trauma, tumor removal, or other conditions that result in tissue loss.

3-Oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase is an enzyme that plays a role in steroid metabolism. It is involved in the conversion of certain steroids into others by removing hydrogen atoms and adding oxygen to create double bonds in the steroid molecule. Specifically, this enzyme catalyzes the dehydrogenation of 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroids at the 4th position, which results in the formation of a 4,5-double bond.

The enzyme is found in various tissues throughout the body and is involved in the metabolism of several important steroid hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. It helps to regulate the levels of these hormones in the body by converting them into their active or inactive forms as needed.

Deficiencies or mutations in the 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase enzyme can lead to various medical conditions, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which is characterized by abnormal hormone levels and development of sexual characteristics.

Urogenital abnormalities refer to structural or functional anomalies that affect the urinary and genital systems. These two systems are closely linked during embryonic development, and sometimes they may not develop properly, leading to various types of congenital defects. Urogenital abnormalities can range from minor issues like a bifid scrotum (a condition where the scrotum is split into two parts) to more severe problems such as bladder exstrophy (where the bladder develops outside the body).

These conditions may affect urination, reproduction, and sexual function. They can also increase the risk of infections and other complications. Urogenital abnormalities can be diagnosed through physical examination, imaging tests, or genetic testing. Treatment options depend on the specific condition but may include surgery, medication, or lifestyle changes.

Surgery is not always required for minor hypospadias like glanular hypospadias and coronal hypospadias if the meatus is of good ... Example of penis with hypospadias Penis with hypospadias (1) and two fistulae (2) Adult penis with hypospadias Adult penis with ... of infants with distal hypospadias and 10% with proximal hypospadias. The combination of hypospadias and an undescended ... In most cases, hypospadias is not associated with any other condition. Hypospadias is however itself recognized as an intersex ...
The second-most frequently encountered genital abnormality in children is known as hypospadias which is present in 1 out of 250 ... It is important to note that some children may have chordee without any accompanying hypospadias or epispadias. Fortunately, ... Among the most common anomalies are hypospadias, epispadias, chordee, ambiguous genitalia, undescended testicles, inguinal ... Baskin L (May 2017). "What Is Hypospadias?". Clinical Pediatrics. 56 (5): 409-418. doi:10.1177/0009922816684613. PMID 28081624 ...
B2M Hypospadias 1, X-linked; 300633; AR Hypospadias 2, X-linked; 300758; MAMLD1 Hypothryoidism, congenital, nongoitrous 4; ... STX16 Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias; 264600; SRD5A2 Pseudoxanthoma elasticum; 264800; ABCC6 Pseudoxanthoma elasticum ...
... was born with severe hypospadias and has experienced over 20 surgeries and four full reconstructions. He says that ... "HEA Board and Staff". Hypospadias and Epispadias Association. Archived from the original on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2014-01-03. " ... of the Hypospadias and Epispadias Association, and a former member of the defunct Intersex Society of North America. Devore, ... Hypospadias and Epispadias Association. January 1, 2014. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved 2016-05-12. " ...
... he suffers from hypospadias. Early on, Matthew watches as a woman named Patty and her boyfriend Crick fight. Crick is the ...
Baskin LS (December 6, 2012). Hypospadias and Genital Development. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 37-. ISBN 978-1-4419- ...
Hypospadias and Genital Development. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 545: 243-253. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.501.721. doi ...
Springer, A.; van den Heijkant, M.; Baumann, S. (June 2016). "Worldwide prevalence of hypospadias". Journal of Pediatric ... hypospadias, labial or inguinal (groin) masses (which may turn out to be testes) in girls and undescended testes (which may ...
McIndoe, A. H. (1937). "Operation for the cure of adult hypospadias". British Medical Journal. 1 (3972): 385-404. doi:10.1136/ ... McIndoe, A. H. (1948). "The treatment of hypospadias". British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1 (1): 29-47. doi:10.1016/s0007-1226 ... McIndoe, A. H. (1937). "The treatment of hypospadias". American Journal of Surgery. 38: 176-185. doi:10.1016/s0002-9610(37) ...
Hypospadias is a developmental disorder where the meatus is positioned wrongly at birth. Hypospadias can also occur ... Andrews HO, Nauth-Misir R, Shah PJ (March 1998). "Iatrogenic hypospadias-a preventable injury?". Spinal Cord. 36 (3): 177-80. ...
They were born with hypospadias. The Schultz family later moved to Lilburn, Georgia. Scout was a fourth year computer ...
Hadidi, Ahmed (2022). Hypospadias Surgery: An Illustrated Textbook. Springer. pp. 115, 624. ISBN 9783030942489. McGregor, ...
Handbook of Pediatric Urology, Laurence S. Baskin and Barry A. Kogan, Editors (2005) Hypospadias and Genital Development, ... Baskin, Laurence S. (2004). Hypospadias and Genital Development, Volume 545. Springer. ISBN 978-0306481772. Retrieved 2014-01- ...
Hypospadias and cryptorchidism have been observed. TET3 gene encodes for Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 3 (TET3) which-similar ...
... mild androgen insensitivity syndrome may result in gynecomastia and hypospadias. Neither gynecomastia nor hypospadias require ... It is also possible to have a urethral opening located along the shaft; this condition is known as hypospadias. Due to the ... Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias (PPSH) - A form of ambiguous genitalia which results in a phallic structure that is ... "Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias (PPSH) in sibs". Birth Defects Original Article Series. 7 (6): 140-144. ISSN 0547-6844 ...
This is often associated with hypospadias. The prostatic utricle is the homologue of the female uterus (including the cervix) ...
For apparent male genitalia: nonpalpable testes, micropenis, isolated perineal hypospadias, or mild hypospadias with ... Cryptorchidism and hypospadias must be addressed to prevent damage to the seminiferous tubules that are essential for ... Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias presenting with female appearing genitalia and pubertal virilization is the classical ... This defect results in a spectrum of phenotypes including overt genital ambiguity, hypospadias, and micropenis. Affected males ...
Hypospadias and chordee have also been reported. Also, a variety of kidney malformations have been reported in infants with ... Boys with distal 18q- may have genital anomalies, the most frequent being cryptorchidism and hypospadias.[citation needed] ...
Entry "hypospadias" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. OED 2nd edition, 1989 as /hɪpəʊˈspeɪdɪəs/~/haɪpəʊˈspeɪdɪəs/ Eberhard ... conditions congenital adrenal hyperplasia microphallus repair hypospadias repair pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias ...
A study on Hypospadias (2016), recruited a control group (i.e. men without Hypospadias) via the Swedish Population Registry, ... "Sexuality and fertility in men with hypospadias; improved outcome". Andrology. 5 (2): 286-293. doi:10.1111/andr.12309. ISSN ...
He had imperforated anus, hypospadias, bifid scrotum, meatuses on both glandes, two bladders and two colons, and had normal ... Failure in proper fusion of urethral folds results in hypospadias. Failure in mesoderm cell migration results in epispadia. ... Elumalai, Ganesh (2017). ""HYPOSPADIAS" ITS EMBRYOLOGICAL BASIS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE". Elixir Embryology: 44481-44487. Levin ...
He devised his own approach to the repair of hypospadias and worked on improvements to the management of other genitourinary, ... In formulating his version of the hypospadias repair, Browne knew that fistulae lined with epithelium would not close, so he ... Goldin, J. H. (July 1975). "Experience with the Denis Browne Repair of hypospadias". Proceedings of the Royal Society of ... and he introduced new thoughts on the development and management of conditions such as club foot and hypospadias. ...
He was noted to have ankyloglossia and hypospadias. He was also found to have whorls and loops in his fingerprints just like ...
In 1994 he described the tubularized incised plate (TIP) repair of hypospadias, which has become known as the Snodgrass repair ... Nicol Bush, he also developed the STAG repair for severe hypospadias and the Snodbush repair used mainly for reoperations after ... In 1994, Snodgrass published a description of the TIP repair of hypospadias. The technique has become popularly known as the ... In 2014, Snodgrass and Nicol Bush left UT Southwestern to establish PARC Urology for complex hypospadias in children and adults ...
Surgery may be able to repair the hypospadias. The testes should be salvaged by orchiopexy if possible. Testosterone must be ... The most commonly described phenotype is a small phallus, perineal hypospadias, small blind pseudovaginal pouch, and intra- ...
Bengt Johansen, and was originally designed as a surgical repair for hypospadias. Over the years, the surgery has evolved into ... "Urethroplasty Using Transverse Penile Island Flap for Hypospadias". The Journal of Urology. 136 (3): 643-644. doi:10.1016/s0022 ...
These include cryptorchidism, hypoplastic scrotum, microphallus, and hypospadias. These men could be diagnosed[clarification ...
Jayanthi VR (October 2003). "The modified Snodgrass hypospadias repair: reducing the risk of fistula and meatal stenosis". The ... Meir DB, Livne PM (June 2004). "Is prophylactic antimicrobial treatment necessary after hypospadias repair?". The Journal of ... recommends the use of a modified Snodgrass hypospadias repair. In females, meatal stenosis can usually be treated in the ... suggest that use of a broad spectrum antibiotic after hypospadias repair will "probably reduce meatal stenosis [rates]", while ...
In cases where the individual is being evaluated for ambiguous genitalia, such as a small phallus, hypospadias, or labioscrotal ... External genital ambiguities can include hypospadias, micropenis, and clitoromegaly. Typically, the appearance of XX males ... hypospadias). A small number of affected people have external genitalia that do not look clearly male or clearly female ( ...
This blind ending structure can be associated with hypospadias. This is distinct from a Cowper duct syringocele, which arises ...
Hypospadias (hype-oh-spay-dee-us) is a birth defect in boys where the opening of the urethra is not located at the tip of the ... What is Hypospadias?. Hypospadias is a birth defect in boys in which the opening of the urethra is not located at the tip of ... Types of Hypospadias. The type of hypospadias a boy has depends on the location of the opening of the urethra:. *Subcoronal: ... The causes of hypospadias in most infants are unknown. In most cases, hypospadias is thought to be caused by a combination of ...
Surgery is not always required for minor hypospadias like glanular hypospadias and coronal hypospadias if the meatus is of good ... Example of penis with hypospadias Penis with hypospadias (1) and two fistulae (2) Adult penis with hypospadias Adult penis with ... of infants with distal hypospadias and 10% with proximal hypospadias. The combination of hypospadias and an undescended ... In most cases, hypospadias is not associated with any other condition. Hypospadias is however itself recognized as an intersex ...
Learn more about hypospadias including how to identify the presenting variations in the newborn. ... Infants with hypospadias should not undergo circumcision. Currently, most infants with hypospadias undergo surgical ... Hypospadias has a long history in medicine. First described in the second century by Galen, who gave the condition its name,[1] ... Hypospadias usually occurs as an isolated defect, but can be part of a recognized syndrome or associated with other genital ...
Hypospadias is a birth (congenital) defect in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis. The urethra is ... Hypospadias is a birth (congenital) defect in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis. The urethra is ... Hypospadias is a birth (congenital) defect in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis. The urethra is ... Infants with hypospadias who have one or both testicles that have not moved down into the scrotum may need genetic testing ( ...
Hypospadias is an abnormality of anterior urethral and penile development in which the urethral opening is ectopically located ... Hypospadias: Are we as good as we think when we correct proximal hypospadias?. J Pediatr Urol. 2016 Aug. 12 (4):196.e1-5. [QxMD ... Outcome after Hypospadias Repair: Evaluation Using the Hypospadias Objective Penile Evaluation Score. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2018 ... encoded search term (Hypospadias) and Hypospadias What to Read Next on Medscape ...
If hypospadias is noted at birth, it is strongly recommended that the child not have a circumcision. The foreskin that is ... What is hypospadias?. Hyposadias is a congenital defect noted in boys. The location of the meatus (outlet for urine on the ... This type of hypospadias may be missed at birth and may only be noted at the time of or following circumcision. Other ... Hypospadias is treated with surgery. The type of procedures needed for reconstruction are dependent on the degree of the ...
Treatments and Tools for hypospadias. Find hypospadias information, treatments for hypospadias and hypospadias symptoms. ... hypospadias - MedHelps hypospadias Center for Information, Symptoms, Resources, ... My 21 year old son had a mild hypospadias repaired as a toddler. He seems to be the only o... ... My son who is 17 underwent HYPOSPADIAS surgery when he was 2 years old at the Chicago Child... ...
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Hypospadias - patient information guide A condition in which the urethra opens somewhere on the undersurface of the penis. ... Surgery to correct hypospadias is widely available on the NHS. Who will my child see?. As a patient with hypospadias, your ... Hypospadias. Hypospadias is a condition in which the urethra (the tube through which urine is passed) opens somewhere on the ... In most boys with relatively mild hypospadias correction is achieved in a single operation. More severe hypospadias might need ...
My son has mild hypospadias. Will he grow out of it?. Hypospadias will not correct itself over time. Mild hypospadias may need ... Hypospadias. * Hypospadias (hypo-spay-dius) is an abnormality of the penis. It affects about one in 150 male babies, and is ... Treatment for hypospadias. The treatment options depend on how severe the hypospadias is. Sometimes your childs urinary tract ... Signs and symptoms of hypospadias. There are different types of hypospadias, depending on the symptoms. Signs that your child ...
What causes hypospadias?. Hypospadias occurs when the urethra (the duct that lets urine flow from the bladder to outside the ... How common is hypospadias?. Hypospadias is a fairly common congenital (present at birth) condition of the penis. It has been ... With hypospadias, there may be less foreskin on the underside of the penis. In addition, children with hypospadias may have ... How is hypospadias diagnosed?. Hypospadias is diagnosed with a physical exam after birth. Your pediatrician, pediatric ...
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For the future, to be able to assess the true prevalence of hypospadias and changes in prevalence collaboration of national and ... True prevalence of hypospadias and trends were difficult to estimate. ... Worldwide prevalence of hypospadias A Springer 1 , M van den Heijkant 2 , S Baumann 3 ... Worldwide prevalence of hypospadias A Springer et al. J Pediatr Urol. 2016 Jun. ...
This masterclass is aimed at SpRs in Paediatric and Plastic surgery who envisage performing hypospadias surgery and ... Consultants in Paediatric and Plastic surgery who wish to discuss approaches to hypospadias. It is run by the Royal College of ...
1.-Hypospadias-Final-06.11.17-web Page last updated: 16 October 2019 ...
The objective is to examine how health professionals frame hypospadias and hypospadias surgery in medical and non-medical ways. ... Shaping parents, shaping penises: How medical teams frame parents decisions in response to hypospadias.. British Journal of ... Hypospadias surgery is routinely carried out in infancy, despite criticism by international organizations concerned about ... Some psychological specialists in this area are actively framing hypospadias in ways that enable some parents to choose a non- ...
Hypospadias associated with the use of high dose megestrol acetate in an HIV infected woman. ... Hypospadias associated with the use of high dose megestrol acetate in an HIV infected woman. ...
Prevalence of hypospadias and other genital anomalies among singleton births, 1988-1997, in Scotland ... Prevalence of hypospadias and other genital anomalies among singleton births, 1988-1997, in Scotland ...
Hypospadias Male Odds Ratio Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular Risk Factors Young Adult ... Nonselective β-blockers (adjusted OR 3.22, 95% CI 1.47-7.05) were associated with hypospadias; however, P values adjusted for ... Using telephone interviews from mothers of 2,131 children with severe hypospadias and 5,129 nonmalformed male control children ... We confirmed prior findings for associations between hypospadias and untreated hypertension (adjusted OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.76-2.48 ...
I did my Surgical &Pediatric Surgical training from the prestigious All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi. During the 6 years I spent at AIIMS, I got trained in all aspects of Pediatric surgery. I obtained my Masters degree (M.ChPediatric surgery) from AIIMS with a Gold Medal in 1999. ...
Category Archives: Hypospadias information Hypospadias information, Hypospadias surgery Chapter 2: Hypospadias and Surgery ( ... Hypospadias information, Hypospadias research Physical and Psychological Effects Of Hypospadias (Chapter 1 part 5). April 29, ... Hypospadias information, Hypospadias research Physical and Psychological Effects Of Hypospadias (Chapter 1 part 4). April 29, ... Information about hypospadias for men, boys and parents from the UK Hypospadias Trust. Recent Posts. * Chapter 3: Psychological ...
Hypospadias is a condition where the penile opening, or urethra, is located somewhere along the underside of the penis rather ... Hypospadias. What is hypospadias?. Hypospadias is a condition where the penile opening, or urethra, is located somewhere along ... As hypospadias is managed with surgery, a pediatric urologist will be involved in care after birth. The results of surgery in ... Hypospadias can occur alone, or may be a part of syndromes including other fetal abnormalities. Especially when in the presence ...
Hypospadias is a congenital defect causing the urethral meatus to be located at an abnormal site, usually on the under side of ... Hypospadias is a congenital defect causing the urethral meatus to be located at an abnormal site, usually on the under side of ... Hypospadias is a congenital defect causing the urethral meatus to be located at an abnormal site, usually on the under side of ... Hypospadias occurs due to arrest of penile development, leading to hypoplasia of the ventral tissue of the penis. ...
Hypospadias repair with the glanular-frenular collar (GFC) technique. J Pediatr Urol 13:34.e1-34.e6, 2017 (PDF) ... Özbey H Hypospadias surgery and translational medicine. J Pediatr Urol. 2022 Mar 1:S1477-5131(22)00079-1. (PDF) ... Özbey H, Anand S. Letter to Editor: Utility of genetic work-up for 46,XY patients with severe hypospadias. J Pediatr Urol 2022 ... Özbey H, Morozov D. Hypospadias surgery, erectile dysfunction and the distal ligament. J Pediatr Urol, 17:592-593, 2021 (PDF) ...
Undescended testes and hernias can be associated with hypospadias.. Incidence of hypospadias. Hypospadias are among the most ... Hypospadias. Hypospadias is a birth defect of the urethra in the male that involves an abnormally placed urethral meatus ( ... Causes of hypospadias. Most hypospadias are sporadic, without inheritance or family recurrence. For most cases, no cause can be ... Treatment of hypospadias. Glanular hypospadias are primarily a cosmetic defect and have little effect on function except for ...
Hypospadias. Hypospadias is a birth defect in which the male urine tube (urethra) opening is not located at the tip of the ... Hypospadias is a disorder that occurs in about 5 out of 1,000 baby boys. Some baby boys who have other health problems like ... Hypospadias can be repaired through surgery. Usually the surgical repair is done when the baby is 6 to 12 months old. At this ... With hypospadias, the urethral opening may be located anywhere along the urethra but is most commonly along the underside of ...
... and urethral dehiscence following hypospadias surgery. A 3-year-old white boy who underwent primary distal hypospadias surgery ... Epidermal inclusion cyst as a complication of hypospadias surgery is a very rare situation. The diagnosis is made ... Guler, Y., Tatar, Z., Ucpinar, B. et al. An epidermal cyst of the penis after distal hypospadias surgery: a case report. J Med ... A 3-year-old white boy who had undergone distal hypospadias surgery 1.5 years ago presented with a slowly growing mass on the ...
With hypospadias, the end of the tube is lower down on the underside of the penis. Or it may be in the scrotum. ... Hypospadias is a problem where the opening of the urethra is not at the tip of the penis. ...
Hypospadias Specialty Center. 3716 Standridge Drive Suite 200. The Colony, TX 75056 ...
  • Most cases of hypospadias will need surgery to correct the defect. (cdc.gov)
  • Some cases of hypospadias are also associated with undescended testicles (see our fact sheet Undescended testes ). (rch.org.au)
  • Very minor cases of hypospadias may not cause problems as the boy develops. (uturology.com)
  • Surgery may be recommended in all but the most minor cases of hypospadias. (uturology.com)
  • Mild cases of hypospadias don't normally affect sexual and reproductive functions and are therefore left alone, but more serious cases can be treated through surgery between the ages of 3 and 18 months. (gettingpregnant.co.uk)
  • Results: Among 41,578 mothers, who delivered singleton live male births, the median genistein intake was 15.3 mg/day, and a total of 51 cases of hypospadias were identified. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Results Between January 2014 and December 2018, a total of 8,990 cases of hypospadias were evaluated in Colombia. (thieme-connect.de)
  • In boys with hypospadias, the urethra forms abnormally during weeks 8-14 of pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
  • Boys with hypospadias can sometimes have a curved penis. (cdc.gov)
  • In some boys with hypospadias, the testicle has not fully descended into the scrotum. (cdc.gov)
  • Some boys with hypospadias have one or both testicles that have not moved down into the scrotum (undescended testicle). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Defects of the testosterone biosynthetic pathway in boys with hypospadias. (medscape.com)
  • In many boys with hypospadias there is also a downward bend on the penis noticed especially on erection. (bapras.org.uk)
  • The majority of boys with hypospadias have no other health problems. (uturology.com)
  • Some boys with hypospadias experience recurring urinary tract infections and need additional surgery to correct these problems. (thrivehealthcares.com)
  • Hypospadias (pronounced hype-oh-spay-dee-us) is a birth defect in boys where the opening of the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body) is not located at the tip of the penis. (cdc.gov)
  • Hypospadias is a birth defect in boys in which the opening of the urethra is not located at the tip of the penis. (cdc.gov)
  • Hypospadias is a common variation in fetal development of the penis in which the urethra does not open from its usual location on the head of the penis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hypospadias is however itself recognized as an intersex condition by several intersex rights activist groups, who consider the repositioning of a working urethra on a child too young to consent to be a human rights violation. (wikipedia.org)
  • For these reasons or others, people with hypospadias may choose to seek urethroplasty, a surgical extension of the urethra using a skin graft. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hypospadias is a birth (congenital) defect in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A prostatic utricle is occasionally noted when catheterization of the urethra is attempted in patients with hypospadias. (medscape.com)
  • Hypospadias is a condition in which the urethra (the tube through which urine is passed) opens somewhere on the undersurface of the penis. (bapras.org.uk)
  • In 30% of cases, however, hypospadias can be more serious, with the urethra opening on the shaft or at the base of the penis. (bapras.org.uk)
  • The images below show on the left, a case of mild hypospadias, where the opening of the urethra is on the undersurface of the penis but quite near the tip. (bapras.org.uk)
  • Hypospadias occurs when the urethra (the duct that lets urine flow from the bladder to outside the body) does not completely wrap into a tube when the fetus is developing. (healthychildren.org)
  • Hypospadias is a condition where the penile opening, or urethra, is located somewhere along the underside of the penis rather than at the tip. (columbia.edu)
  • Hypospadias is a birth defect of the urethra in the male that involves an abnormally placed urethral meatus (opening). (alanjpark.com)
  • Hypospadias of the shaft (when the urethra opens on the shaft), and peroneum (when the urethra opens on the perineum) occur in up to 20 and 30% of cases respectively. (alanjpark.com)
  • A 3-year-old white boy who had undergone distal hypospadias surgery 1.5 years ago presented with a slowly growing mass on the left side of his penis and dehiscence of the urethra. (biomedcentral.com)
  • With hypospadias, the urethral opening may be located anywhere along the urethra but is most commonly along the underside of the penis near the tip. (rochester.edu)
  • Hypospadias occurs during fetal development when, reacting to hormone stimulation, the foreskin and urethra form. (uturology.com)
  • Hypospadias is caused by disruption of the hormones that stimulate development of the urethra and foreskin during pregnancy. (thrivehealthcares.com)
  • Several complications can occur after hypospadias surgery, including the formation of fistulae or strictures and stenosis in the urethra and scarring within the foreskin that restricts urine passage. (thrivehealthcares.com)
  • Most males with Opitz G/BBB syndrome have genital abnormalities such as the urethra opening on the underside of the penis (hypospadias), undescended testes (cryptorchidism), an underdeveloped scrotum, or a scrotum divided into two lobes (bifid scrotum). (nih.gov)
  • Hypospadias Congenital anomalies of the urethra in boys usually involve anatomic abnormalities of the penis and vice versa. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Specific features of LCH may include a small penis (micropenis), a urethra opening (hole) on the underside of the penis rather than at the tip (hypospadias), and a scrotum that is divided into two halves (bifid scrotum). (nih.gov)
  • Chordee is found in 10% of distal hypospadias and 50% of proximal hypospadias cases at the time of surgery. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is noted to be an increase in erectile problems in people with hypospadias, particularly when associated with a chordee (down curving of the shaft). (wikipedia.org)
  • Defined as an atypical urethral opening anywhere along the shaft of the penis, scrotum, or perineum, hypospadias is often associated with a deficient prepuce and chordee. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, children with hypospadias may have 'chordee,' a downward bend or curve in the penis. (healthychildren.org)
  • Surgical intervention is generally recommended for posterior and median forms of hypospadias as well as distal forms presenting an associated pathology (e.g., chordee). (hypospadiasuk.co.uk)
  • The external aspect of a penis with hypospadias must be taken into account during the clinical examination, even if there are no physical difficulties with the stream of urine or chordee [22] (Zaontz & Packer, 1997). (hypospadiasuk.co.uk)
  • When the hypospadias is very proximal, or there are associated birth defects such as chordee, the best management can be a more complicated decision. (alanjpark.com)
  • FOR DOCTORS - PART VI Two Stage repair A small group of patients with severe proximal hypospadias, chordee, and a small phallus as well as patients with recurrent hypospadias and fibrous unhealthy skin may benefit from a two-stage procedure (Fig. 10). (hypospadie24.com)
  • He has over 90% success with single-stage correction of most of hypospadias (including moderate to severe hypospadias with chordee). (hypospadiasclinics.com)
  • Roughly 90% of cases are the less serious distal hypospadias, in which the urethral opening (the meatus) is on or near the head of the penis (glans). (wikipedia.org)
  • Hypospadias, or atypical placement of the urethral meatus, is a common finding during routine examination of the newborn. (medscape.com)
  • Hypospadias and urethral development. (medscape.com)
  • In 70% of hypospadias cases, the abnormality is mild, with the urethral opening only marginally misplaced near the tip of the penis. (bapras.org.uk)
  • Specific to hypospadias there is a risk that the boy might develop a leak between where the urethral opening was and its new position. (bapras.org.uk)
  • Hypospadias is a congenital defect causing the urethral meatus to be located at an abnormal site, usually on the under side of the penis rather than at the tip. (teachmepaediatrics.com)
  • Here we describe a case of a patient with a penile epidermoid cyst, which occurred in the circumcision line on the left side of his penis, and urethral dehiscence following hypospadias surgery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A 3-year-old white boy who underwent primary distal hypospadias surgery 1.5 years ago presented with a slowly growing mass in the left ventrolateral portion of the penile circumcision line and urethral dehiscence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To correct hypospadias and achieve a terminal meatus, one may use one of the following basic principles or tissues: Urethral mobilisation a. (hypospadie24.com)
  • Hypospadias is a common congenital defect, affecting 150 of 350 male births, where a male baby is born with a misplaced urethral opening. (gettingpregnant.co.uk)
  • The urethral opening (known as the meatus) is normally found on the tip of the penis, but in men affected by hypospadias it is located on the underside of the penis. (gettingpregnant.co.uk)
  • Around 70% of men with hypospadias have a urethral opening located near the head of the penis, but in extreme cases it may be located as far down as the scrotum. (gettingpregnant.co.uk)
  • Abstract Purpose Urethral fistula and dehiscence are common after hypospadias surgery. (hal.science)
  • Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly in which due to the incomplete fusion of urethral folds the meatus opens on the ventral surface of the penis. (com.pk)
  • Hypospadias is a birth defect that results when the urethral opening (meatus) isn't at the tip of the penis. (thrivehealthcares.com)
  • This type of hypospadias may be missed at birth and may only be noted at the time of or following circumcision. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Overall, the median PPPS score was 17 (IQR: 16-18) with no significant difference in the penile perception score between the type of hypospadias, relationship of the person interviewed with the child (mother, father or other), nor the children's age. (org.pk)
  • More severe forms of hypospadias occur when the opening is in the middle or base of the penis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In the mildest forms of hypospadias, the opening is located on the glans (head of the penis). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Most of the mild forms can be corrected using a single procedure in the outpatient setting, however severe forms of hypospadias may require two or more procedures for correction and may need hospitalization. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Hypospadias can sometimes be linked to an undescended testicle or other congenital conditions, but most children with hypospadias do not have any other differences in development. (healthychildren.org)
  • What are other differences children with hypospadias may have? (healthychildren.org)
  • The best interests of children with hypospadias may well be served when psychological pathways are highlighted, providing opportunities to support the flourishing of children whose genital appearance raises the question of medical intervention. (open.ac.uk)
  • Abnormal foreskin distribution on the penis (usually only half of the penis has foreskin in children with hypospadias). (hypospadiasclinics.com)
  • Evaluation of Risk Factors in Children with Hypospadias by Eda Celebi Bitkin is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License . (grandjournalofurology.com)
  • Surgery to correct hypospadias is widely available on the NHS. (bapras.org.uk)
  • Most operations to correct hypospadias are very successful. (bapras.org.uk)
  • Surgery to correct hypospadias should be only done by an experienced paediatric urologist (a doctor who specialises in urinary-tract systems). (rch.org.au)
  • In most (80-85%) cases, a single operation is sufficient to correct hypospadias with excellent results. (hypospadiasclinics.com)
  • The remainder have proximal hypospadias, in which the meatus is all the way back on the shaft of the penis, near or within the scrotum. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most common associated difference is an undescended testicle, which has been reported in around 3% of infants with distal hypospadias and 10% with proximal hypospadias. (wikipedia.org)
  • of these 24 (40%) had proximal hypospadias and 36 (60%) had distal hypospadias. (org.pk)
  • It can also be at the base of the penis or inside the scrotum (called proximal hypospadias). (thrivehealthcares.com)
  • Özbey H Correspondence to the comment on "Symptomatic corpus spongiosum defect in adolescents and young adults who underwent distal hypospadias repair during childhood. (arthypospadias.com)
  • FOR DOCTORS - PART IV Grade II or Distal Hypospadias: "The Slit-like adjusted Mathieu (SLAM) Technique" The meatal-based flap technique of Mathieu is the most popular technique for distal hypospadias repair and has withstood the test of time. (hypospadie24.com)
  • Hypospadias occurs due to arrest of penile development , leading to hypoplasia of the ventral tissue of the penis. (teachmepaediatrics.com)
  • In this case report we have presented an epidermal penile cyst, following hypospadias surgery in a pediatric patient. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present cross-sectional study sought to evaluate the Paediatric Penile Perception Score (PPPS) as a tool to assess parental perception of hypospadias repair in children. (org.pk)
  • After hypospadias repair, parents/guardians were interviewed about meatus, glans, skin, and general appearance using a standardised questionnaire to report penile appearance and penile perception. (org.pk)
  • The study revealed that penile perception score (PPPS) is a valuable tool that can be used to assess parental penile perception regarding the child's penile appearance and noted overall high satisfaction after hypospadias repair. (org.pk)
  • Hypospadias, paediatric penile perception score (PPPS). (org.pk)
  • Men who had severe untreated hypospadias reported worse SHIM and IPSS scores, more ventral penile curvature resulting in difficulty with sexual intercourse, lower satisfaction with their meatus, and more sitting to urinate. (thrivehealthcares.com)
  • One study found that men with untreated hypospadias have more frequent sitting to urinate and experience less satisfaction with their penile curvature and genital appearance. (thrivehealthcares.com)
  • With the increasing birth prevalence of hypospadias , there is growing concern for pollutant exposure interfering with normal penile development. (bvsalud.org)
  • First described by Duckett in 1981, and initially employed for the surgical correction of mid-penile hypospadias, the onlay preputial island flap urethroplasty has progressively gained increasing popularity, extending its indication to proximal forms. (diagnosticgreen.com)
  • There is a high association between a prominent utricle, an outpouching off the posterior aspect of the prostate, and hypospadias, particularly the more severe forms. (medscape.com)
  • More severe hypospadias might need more than one operation to achieve a satisfactory result. (bapras.org.uk)
  • The treatment options depend on how severe the hypospadias is. (rch.org.au)
  • Özbey H, Anand S. Letter to Editor: Utility of genetic work-up for 46,XY patients with severe hypospadias. (arthypospadias.com)
  • About 10-15 % of hypospadias are of the very severe type, usually associated with a small penis, bifid scrotum (scrotum spilt into two halves in the midline) & scrotal transposition (scrotum overriding the penis) where it may be difficult to estimate the sex of the child at first look. (hypospadiasclinics.com)
  • One-stage transverse preputial island flap urethroplasty (onlay urethroplasty) was selected for severe hypospadias. (hal.science)
  • Infants with hypospadias who have one or both testicles that have not moved down into the scrotum may need genetic testing ( karyotyping ) to check for genetic conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Depending on the severity of the condition, this may involve creating a new opening at the tip of the penis (intact hypospadias) or making a hole in the penis shaft or scrotum, where the testicles are located (reduced or complete hypospadias). (thrivehealthcares.com)
  • Because the doctor might need to use the foreskin to make some of the repairs, a baby boy with hypospadias should not be circumcised. (cdc.gov)
  • In other cases, the foreskin (prepuce) is typical and the hypospadias is concealed. (wikipedia.org)
  • A newborn with typical-appearing foreskin and a straight penis who is discovered to have hypospadias after the start of circumcision can have circumcision completed without concern for jeopardizing hypospadias repair. (wikipedia.org)
  • A variant of hypospadias is the megameatus intact prepuce form (MIP), in which the foreskin is completely formed. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The foreskin that is removed at the time of circumcision is used for the reconstruction of the hypospadias. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • With hypospadias, there may be less foreskin on the underside of the penis. (healthychildren.org)
  • A distal hypospadias may be suspected even in an uncircumcised boy from an abnormally formed foreskin and downward tilt of the glans. (alanjpark.com)
  • Currently, most infants with hypospadias undergo surgical reconstruction between 4 and 8 months of age. (medscape.com)
  • Before going into any further detail on the techniques currently utilized by pediatric urologists specializing in the surgical approach to hypospadias - known as 'hypospadiology' (Sheldon & Duckett, 1987) - I will briefly review the history of surgery for hypospadias as well as providing an overview of the main changes which have taken place regarding opinions about the best age for the operation. (hypospadiasuk.co.uk)
  • Surgical treatment for hypospadias has long represented 'a great challenge' (Perovic, Scepanovic, Vukadinovic et al. (hypospadiasuk.co.uk)
  • While different types of surgical treatment have been mentioned over the centuries [23] , the 'modern principles' of surgery for hypospadias were only described for the first time during the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, in Europe, by German and French surgeons (e.g. (hypospadiasuk.co.uk)
  • Surgical repair of hypospadias is nearly always successful in one procedure and can usually be performed in the first year of life or at age 3. (alanjpark.com)
  • Correction of the 3 features of the hypospadias can be undertaken through a multitude of surgical techniques, but procedures vary depending on individual presentation , surgical and parental preference (and patient if old enough). (teachmepaediatrics.com)
  • Özbey H Letter to editor: Surgical process variables for the classification of hypospadias. (arthypospadias.com)
  • CDC used Facebook to survey men to learn more about hypospadias in adults who never received surgical repair or experienced complications from previous repairs. (thrivehealthcares.com)
  • To this end, we have first introduced the EleVision IR system (Medtronic Ltd., Hong Kong, China) to assess the vascular perfusion of the preputial island flap in a 13-month-old boy undergoing the onlay urethroplasty for the surgical correction of a mid-shaft hypospadias. (diagnosticgreen.com)
  • CDC continues to study birth defects like hypospadias and how to prevent them. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC researchers study birth defects like hypospadias and are investigating ways to prevent them. (thrivehealthcares.com)
  • Cryptorchidism and hypospadias are common genital birth defects that affect 2-9% and 0.2-1% of male newborns, respectively. (diethylstilbestrol.co.uk)
  • Genetic defects in androgen production or action can cause both cryptorchidism and hypospadias, but these are not common. (diethylstilbestrol.co.uk)
  • A monogenic reason for cryptorchidism or hypospadias has been identified only in a small proportion of all cases. (diethylstilbestrol.co.uk)
  • In some cases, if the hypospadias is very mild and there is no curve in the penis, surgery may be optional. (medlineplus.gov)
  • My 21 year old son had a mild hypospadias repaired as a toddler. (medhelp.org)
  • In most boys with relatively mild hypospadias correction is achieved in a single operation. (bapras.org.uk)
  • Unless it is very mild, hypospadias usually requires surgery. (rch.org.au)
  • Researchers have found that even mild hypospadias can cause problems in adulthood. (thrivehealthcares.com)
  • This masterclass is aimed at SpR's in Paediatric and Plastic surgery who envisage performing hypospadias surgery and Consultants in Paediatric and Plastic surgery who wish to discuss approaches to hypospadias. (baps.org.uk)
  • We investigated whether the preoperative use of topical promestriene could reduce healing complications in hypospadias surgery. (hal.science)
  • The rationale of the study is that if the early complications rate of two staged AB repair comes out significantly lower than other studies then it will help reconsider the existing guidelines of hypospadias surgery. (com.pk)
  • Özbey H Letter to editor: Further misconceptions in glans penis anatomy and hypospadias surgery. (arthypospadias.com)
  • Fig. 1: Classifications of hypospadias, according to location of meatus into 4 grades Fig. 2 a - c: Classification of glans configuration in hypospadias. (hypospadie24.com)
  • The combination of hypospadias and an undescended testicle sometimes indicates a child has an intersex condition, so additional testing may be recommended to make sure the child does not have congenital adrenal hyperplasia with salt wasting or a similar condition where immediate medical intervention is needed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Where hypospadias is seen as a genital ambiguity in a child, the World Health Organization standard of care is to delay surgery until the child is old enough to participate in informed consent, unless emergency surgery is needed because the child lacks a urinary opening. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glanular hypospadias are primarily a cosmetic defect and have little effect on function except for direction of the urinary stream. (alanjpark.com)
  • The cause of hypospadias is unknown, however there is association of the condition with a maternal vegetarian diet during pregnancy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because the cause of hypospadias is not fully understood, there are currently no recommendations for prevention. (uturology.com)
  • Usually, doctors find out whether a child has hypospadias when they do an exam shortly after the baby is born. (thrivehealthcares.com)
  • Surgery for hypospadias is done either as a day case or with a brief hospital stay. (bapras.org.uk)
  • What is the goal of surgery for hypospadias? (healthychildren.org)
  • After a review of the history of surgery for hypospadias, I shall move on to the question of the appropriate age for surgery, where I will try to show that changes have taken place in this field in recent years. (hypospadiasuk.co.uk)
  • What is the etiology of hypospadias? (medscape.com)
  • It is generally accepted that genetic and environmental factors play a major role in the etiology of hypospadias. (nih.gov)
  • Multifactorial factors such as genetic predisposition and environmental factors play a role in the etiology of hypospadias. (grandjournalofurology.com)
  • Although combinations of environmental and genetic factors play a role in the etiology of hypospadias, many unexplained factors are responsible for this disease. (grandjournalofurology.com)
  • Infants with hypospadias should not undergo circumcision. (medscape.com)
  • Infants with hypospadias should not be circumcised . (medlineplus.gov)
  • In 1981, a review by Khuri of more than 1000 patients with hypospadias reported that the incidence of undescended testes and inguinal hernias was 9% for each. (medscape.com)
  • The aim of the present study was to analyze the number of cases reported between 2014 and 2018 and the geographical distribution of access to healthcare of patients with hypospadias in Colombia. (thieme-connect.de)
  • If we consider that the prevalence rates of hypospadias remain stable, ∼ 87% of the patients with hypospadias will not be evaluated by a subspecialist. (thieme-connect.de)
  • The combination of hypospadias and undescended testis can be an indicator of an underlying difference/disorder of sex development (DSD). (medscape.com)
  • Recent studies have implicated factors such as familial inheritance, low birth weight, assisted reproductive technology, advanced maternal age, paternal subfertility, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the pathogenesis of hypospadias. (medscape.com)
  • Pharmacologic and Environmental Endocrine Disruptors in the Pathogenesis of Hypospadias: a Review. (medscape.com)
  • Classification Anatomic classification of hypospadias recognizes the level of the meatus without taking into account curvature. (hypospadie24.com)
  • Researchers estimate that about 1 in every 200 babies is born with hypospadias in the United States, 1,2 making it one of the most common birth defects. (cdc.gov)
  • began with births in 2014), to understand the causes of and risks for birth defects, like hypospadias. (cdc.gov)
  • Hypospadias are among the most common birth defects of the male genitalia but widely varying incidences have been reported from different countries, from as low as 1 in 4000 to as high as 1 in 125 boys.There has been some evidence that the incidence of hypospadias around the world has been increasing in recent decades. (alanjpark.com)
  • Hypospadias ranks among one of the most common birth defects, affecting approximately one in every 200 boys. (uturology.com)
  • We assess the association between hypospadias and hormonally active hazardous air pollutants (HAHAPs) through a nationwide database of hazardous air pollutants and the Texas Birth Defects Registry (TBDR). (bvsalud.org)
  • Hypospadias usually occurs as an isolated defect, but can be part of a recognized syndrome or associated with other genital anomalies. (medscape.com)
  • Hypospadias occurs in about 1 in 200 newborn boys in the United States. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When hypospadias occurs, the end of this tube does not form properly and the urine can come out in the wrong place. (rch.org.au)
  • The exact prevalence of hypospadias is of major interest for healthcare providers, clinical medicine, and research. (nih.gov)
  • To review the literature regarding the worldwide prevalence of hypospadias. (nih.gov)
  • HEA offers support and education of people born with hypospadias or epispadias and their families, loved ones, and medical care givers. (cdc.gov)
  • What are the symptoms of hypospadias? (healthychildren.org)
  • The symptoms of hypospadias may look a little different for each boy who has the condition. (uturology.com)
  • In the United States a study reported that hypospadias was the most common congenital anomaly among whites. (hypospadie24.com)
  • abstract = "Objective: To explore the association between isoflavone intake in early pregnancy (the critical window of masculinisation) and hypospadias. (elsevierpure.com)
  • My son who is 17 underwent HYPOSPADIAS surgery when he was 2 years old at the Chicago Child. (medhelp.org)
  • This diagram shows the operative sequence in repair of hypospadias. (bapras.org.uk)
  • Hypospadias repair with the glanular-frenular collar (GFC) technique. (arthypospadias.com)
  • Gearhart, JP 2004, ' Use of buccal mucosa patch graft for recurrent large urethrocutaneous fistula after hypospadias repair: Editorial comment ', Urologia Internationalis , vol. 72, no. 4. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The type of procedures needed for reconstruction are dependent on the degree of the hypospadias. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Özbey H Providing a fossa navicularis in reconstruction of hypospadias. (arthypospadias.com)
  • If hypospadias is noted at birth, it is strongly recommended that the child not have a circumcision . (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • If hypospadias is suspected or detected, your pediatrician may advise against circumcision until your child can be evaluated by a pediatric urologist or pediatric surgeon . (healthychildren.org)
  • Higher Incidence of Hypospadias in Monochorionic Twins. (medscape.com)
  • Increased incidence of hypospadias in small-for-gestational age infants in a neonatal intensive-care unit. (medscape.com)
  • Incidence of hypospadias is around 1 in 300 male births. (teachmepaediatrics.com)
  • FOR DOCTORS - PART I Incidence One in 125 boys has hypospadias. (hypospadie24.com)
  • It is important to evaluate the position of the testes and assess for the presence of inguinal hernia as part of the physical examination for hypospadias. (medscape.com)
  • [ 32 ] In a 1999 study by Kaefer et al, DSD states were identified in approximately 30% of patients with unilateral or bilateral undescended testes and hypospadias, and more proximal meatal location carried a higher association of DSD states than more distal meatal location. (medscape.com)
  • Undescended testes and hernias can be associated with hypospadias. (alanjpark.com)
  • A joint international study on the epidemiology of hypospadias. (medscape.com)
  • The genetic factors contributing to hypospadias and their clinical utility in its diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Thirty-six patients who applied to the pediatric endocrinology and urology outpatient clinics with the diagnosis of hypospadias were evaluated retrospectively. (grandjournalofurology.com)
  • Other congenital anomalies may be noted to be present with hypospadias, so a thorough physical examination should be conducted at birth. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Hypospadias is one of the more common congenital anomalies. (columbia.edu)
  • Aims: Although the long-term outcomes of hypospadias surgery are considered important for psychosexual development, only a few attempts have been made to evaluate patient psico-pathology. (pediatrmedchir.org)
  • The outcomes of men who have untreated hypospadias in adulthood vary depending on the severity and how old they were when they weren't treated. (thrivehealthcares.com)