An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).
Volume of circulating BLOOD. It is the sum of the PLASMA VOLUME and ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME.
External decompression applied to the lower body. It is used to study orthostatic intolerance and the effects of gravitation and acceleration, to produce simulated hemorrhage in physiologic research, to assess cardiovascular function, and to reduce abdominal stress during childbirth.
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.
Volume of PLASMA in the circulation. It is usually measured by INDICATOR DILUTION TECHNIQUES.
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.
Method for determining the circulating blood volume by introducing a known quantity of foreign substance into the blood and determining its concentration some minutes later when thorough mixing has occurred. From these two values the blood volume can be calculated by dividing the quantity of injected material by its concentration in the blood at the time of uniform mixing. Generally expressed as cubic centimeters or liters per kilogram of body weight.
Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by HYPODERMOCLYSIS.
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.
Translocation of body fluids from one compartment to another, such as from the vascular to the interstitial compartments. Fluid shifts are associated with profound changes in vascular permeability and WATER-ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE. The shift can also be from the lower body to the upper body as in conditions of weightlessness.
The measure of a BLOOD VESSEL's ability to increase the volume of BLOOD it holds without a large increase in BLOOD PRESSURE. The vascular capacitance is equal to the change in volume divided by the change in pressure.
Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.
Solutions having the same osmotic pressure as blood serum, or another solution with which they are compared. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)
Any liquid used to replace blood plasma, usually a saline solution, often with serum albumins, dextrans or other preparations. These substances do not enhance the oxygen- carrying capacity of blood, but merely replace the volume. They are also used to treat dehydration.
A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
Acute hemorrhage or excessive fluid loss resulting in HYPOVOLEMIA.
A drive stemming from a physiological need for WATER.
Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons.
Posture while lying with the head lower than the rest of the body. Extended time in this position is associated with temporary physiologic disturbances.
Reduction of blood viscosity usually by the addition of cell free solutions. Used clinically (1) in states of impaired microcirculation, (2) for replacement of intraoperative blood loss without homologous blood transfusion, and (3) in cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia.
A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
Reduction of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID pressure characterized clinically by HEADACHE which is maximal in an upright posture and occasionally by an abducens nerve palsy (see ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES), neck stiffness, hearing loss (see DEAFNESS); NAUSEA; and other symptoms. This condition may be spontaneous or secondary to SPINAL PUNCTURE; NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; DEHYDRATION; UREMIA; trauma (see also CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA); and other processes. Chronic hypotension may be associated with subdural hematomas (see HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL) or hygromas. (From Semin Neurol 1996 Mar;16(1):5-10; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp637-8)
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
The volume of BLOOD passing through the HEART per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with STROKE VOLUME (volume per beat).
The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.
The posture of an individual lying face up.
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The consumption of liquids.
The amount of BLOOD pumped out of the HEART per beat, not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). It is calculated as the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.
The balance of fluid in the BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; total BODY WATER; BLOOD VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; INTRACELLULAR SPACE, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of WATER and ELECTROLYTES, particularly SODIUM and POTASSIUM.
Starches that have been chemically modified so that a percentage of OH groups are substituted with 2-hydroxyethyl ether groups.
A noninvasive technique that uses the differential absorption properties of hemoglobin and myoglobin to evaluate tissue oxygenation and indirectly can measure regional hemodynamics and blood flow. Near-infrared light (NIR) can propagate through tissues and at particular wavelengths is differentially absorbed by oxygenated vs. deoxygenated forms of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Illumination of intact tissue with NIR allows qualitative assessment of changes in the tissue concentration of these molecules. The analysis is also used to determine body composition.
The volume of packed RED BLOOD CELLS in a blood specimen. The volume is measured by centrifugation in a tube with graduated markings, or with automated blood cell counters. It is an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, ANEMIA shows a low value; POLYCYTHEMIA, a high value.
The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The HEART and the BLOOD VESSELS by which BLOOD is pumped and circulated through the body.

Perflubron emulsion delays blood transfusions in orthopedic surgery. European Perflubron Emulsion Study Group. (1/169)

BACKGROUND: Fluorocarbon emulsions have been proposed as temporary artificial oxygen carriers. The aim of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of perflubron emulsion with the effectiveness of autologous blood or colloid infusion for reversal of physiologic transfusion triggers. METHODS: A multinational, multicenter, randomized, controlled, single-blind, parallel group study was performed in 147 orthopedic patients. Patients underwent acute normovolemic hemodilution with colloid to a target hemoglobin of 9 g/dl with an inspiratory oxygen fraction (FIO2) of 0.40. Patients were then randomized into one of four treatment groups after having reached any of the protocol-defined transfusion triggers including tachycardia (heart rate > 125% of posthemodilution rate or > 110 bpm), hypotension (mean arterial pressure < 75% of posthemodilution level or < or = 60 mmHg), elevated cardiac output (> 150% of posthemodilution level) or decreased mixed venous oxygen partial pressure (PVO2; < 38 mmHg). Treatments in the four groups were 450 ml autologous blood harvested during acute normovolemic hemodilution given at FO2 = 0.40; 450 ml colloid at FIO2 = 1.0; 0.9 g/kg perflubron emulsion with colloid (total = 450 ml) at FIO2 = 1.0; and 1.8 g/kg perflubron emulsion with colloid (total = 450 ml) at FIO2 = 1.0. The primary endpoint was duration of transfusion-trigger reversal. A secondary end-point was percentage of transfusion-trigger reversal. RESULTS: Perflubron emulsion was well tolerated with no serious adverse event attributed to drug treatment. Duration of reversal was longest in the 1.8 g/kg perflubron group (median, 80 min; 95% confidence interval, 60-100 min; P = 0.014 vs. autologous blood, P < 0.001 vs. colloid) followed by the 0.9 g/kg perflubron group (median, 59 min; 95% confidence interval, 40-90 min), the autologous blood group (median, 55 min; 95% confidence interval, 30-70 min) and the colloid group (median, 30 min; 95% confidence interval, 27-60 min). Percentage of reversal was also highest in the 1.8 g/kg perflubron group (97%; P < 0.001 vs. autologous blood; P = 0.014 vs. colloid), followed by 0.9 g/kg perflubron (82%), colloid (76%), and autologous blood (60%). CONCLUSIONS: Perflubron emulsion (1.8 g/kg) combined with 100% oxygen ventilation is more effective than autologous blood or colloid infusion in reversing physiologic transfusion triggers.  (+info)

Modifications of blood volume alter the disposition of markers of blood volume, extracellular fluid, and total body water. (2/169)

Recirculatory pharmacokinetic models for indocyanine green (ICG), inulin, and antipyrine describe intravascular mixing and tissue distribution after i.v. administration. These models characterized physiologic marker disposition in four awake, splenectomized dogs while they were normovolemic, volume loaded (15% of estimated blood volume added as a starch solution), and mildly and moderately hypovolemic (15 and 30% of estimated blood volume removed). ICG-determined blood volumes increased 20% during volume loading and decreased 9 and 22% during mild and moderate hypovolemia. Dye (ICG) dilution cardiac output (CO) increased 31% during volume loading and decreased 27 and 38% during mild and moderate hypovolemia. ICG-defined central and fast peripheral intravascular circuits accommodated blood volume alterations and the fast peripheral circuit accommodated blood flow changes. Inulin-defined extracellular fluid volume contracted 14 and 21% during hypovolemia. Early inulin disposition changes reflected those of ICG. The ICG and inulin elimination clearances were unaffected by altered blood volume. Neither antipyrine-defined total body water volume nor antipyrine elimination clearance changed with altered blood volume. The fraction of CO not involved in drug distribution had a significant effect on the area under the antipyrine concentration-versus-time relationships (AUC) in the first minutes after drug administration. Hypovolemia increased the fraction of CO represented by nondistributive blood flow and increased the antipyrine AUC up to 60% because nondistributive blood flow did not change, despite decreased CO. Volume loading resulted in a smaller (less than 20%) antipyrine AUC decrease despite increased fast tissue distributive flow because nondistributive flow also increased with increased CO.  (+info)

Hemodynamic patterns and spectral analysis of heart rate variability during dialysis hypotension. (3/169)

Intradialytic hypotension, a major source of morbidity during hemodialysis and ultrafiltration, is often accompanied by paradoxical bradycardia. Relatively little is known about the sequential changes in autonomic nervous system activity up to and during the hypotensive episode. Continuous, beat-to-beat measurements of BP and heart rate were made during hemodialysis in patients prone (n = 8) and not prone (n = 11) to develop intradialytic hypotension. Off-line spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) was performed to assess changes in autonomic nervous system activity during dialysis sessions both with and without hypotension. The low frequency (LF) component of HRV is thought to correlate with sympathetic nervous system activity, the high frequency (HF) component with that of the parasympathetic nervous system. In the sessions not complicated by symptomatic hypotension (n = 26), mean arterial BP (MAP) hardly fell, whereas heart rate increased from 77 +/- 2 to 89 +/- 5 bpm (P < 0.05). The LF component of HRV increased from 45.2 +/- 5.0 normalized units (nu) to 59.9 +/- 4.9 nu (P < 0.05), whereas the HF component fell from 54.8 +/- 5.0 to 40.2 +/- 4.4 nu (P < 0.05). These changes agree with compensatory baroreflex-mediated activation of the sympathetic nervous system (and suppressed parasympathetic activity) during ultrafiltration-induced intravascular volume depletion. In the sessions complicated by severe symptomatic hypotension (n = 22), the changes in heart rate and the results of spectral analysis of HRV were similar to those reported above up to the moment of sudden symptomatic (nausea, vomiting, dizziness, cramps) hypotension, whereas MAP had already fallen gradually from 94 +/- 3 to 85 +/- 3 mmHg (P < 0.05). The sudden further reduction in MAP (to 55 +/- 2 mmHg, P < 0.02) was invariably accompanied by bradycardia (heart rate directly before hypotension 90 +/- 2 bpm, during hypotension 69 +/- 3 bpm, P < 0.002). The LF component of HRV fell from 62.8 +/- 4.6 nu directly before to 40.0 +/- 3.7 nu (P < 0.05) during hypotension, whereas the HF component increased from 37.9 +/- 4.7 to 60.3 +/- 3.7 nu (P < 0.05). These findings agree with activation of the cardiodepressor reflex, involving decreased sympathetic and increased parasympathetic nervous system activity, respectively. These findings indicate that activation of the sympatho-inhibitory cardiodepressor reflex (Bezold-Jarisch reflex), which is a physiologic response to a critical reduction in intravascular volume and cardiac filling, is the cause of sudden intradialytic hypotension.  (+info)

Cardiovascular response to acute hypovolemia in relation to age. Implications for orthostasis and hemorrhage. (4/169)

Venous compliance in the legs of aging man has been found to be reduced with decreased blood pooling (capacitance response) in dependent regions, and this might lead to misinterpretations of age-related changes in baroreceptor function during orthostasis. The hemodynamic response to hypovolemic circulatory stress was studied with the aid of lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) of 60 cmH(2)O in 33 healthy men [18 young (mean age 22 yr) and 15 old (mean age 65 yr)]. Volumetric technique was used in the study of capacitance responses in the calf and arm as well as transcapillary fluid absorption in the arm. LBNP led to smaller increase in heart rate (P < 0.001) and peripheral resistance (P < 0.01) and reduced transcapillary fluid absorption in the arm (P < 0.05) in old subjects. However, blood pooling in the calf was reduced in old subjects (1.66 +/- 0.10 vs. 2.17 +/- 0.13 ml/100 ml tissue; P < 0. 01). Accordingly, during similar blood pooling in the calf (LBNP 80 cmH(2)O in old subjects), no changes in cardiovascular reflex responses with age were found. The capacitance response in the arm (mobilization of peripheral blood to the central circulation) was still reduced, however (0.67 +/- 0.10 vs. 1.37 +/- 0.11 ml/100 ml tissue; P < 0.01). Thus the reduced cardiovascular reflex response found in the elderly during orthostatic stress seems to be caused by a reduced capacitance response in the legs with age and a concomitant smaller central hypovolemic stimulus rather than a reduced efficiency of the reflex response. With similar hypovolemic circulatory stress, no changes in cardiovascular reflex responses are seen with age. The capacitance response in the arm (mobilization of peripheral blood toward the central circulation) is reduced, however, by approximately 50% in the elderly. This might seriously impede the possibility of survival of an acute blood loss.  (+info)

Postoperative hypertensive-hypervolaemic-haemodilution (Triple H) therapy in the treatment of vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. (5/169)

Twenty five patients with post operative ischaemic deficits, following clipping of intracranial aneurysms, were studied. Hypertensive-hypervolaemic-haemodilution (triple H) therapy was given to all patients using colloids and crystalloids. CVP was used to monitor the fluid therapy. Dopamine was needed in 22 patients to elevate the systemic blood pressure. Vasospasm was confirmed in 20 patients with transcranial doppler studies (TCD). 20 (80%) patients survived, 10 (40%) with good outcome, 7 (28%) with fair, 2 (8%) with poor outcome and 1 (4%) with vegetative state. There were 5 (20%) deaths, 4 of which occurred due to infarct. All these patients had poor Hunt and Hess grade at admission, high Fisher grade haemorrhages in the initial CT scan and/or required prolonged temporary clipping at surgery. One death occurred due to central venous line induced septicaemia. The duration of 'triple H therapy' amongst the survivors varied from 2-7 days with an average of 4.6 days. The complications of 'triple H therapy' included hypokalaemia (3 patients), haemorrhagic infarct (1 patient) and septicaemia (1 patient). It is concluded that 'triple H therapy' is useful in treating vasospasm induced ischaemic deficits. It worsens brain oedema in presence of acute infarcts and hence is contraindicated in such patients. A further study involving a larger number of patients with strict haemodynamic and ICP monitoring is suggested to determine the usefulness of individual components of 'triple H therapy'.  (+info)

Influence of hypovolemia on the pharmacokinetics and the electroencephalographic effect of propofol in the rat. (6/169)

BACKGROUND: Hypovolemia decreases the dose requirement for anesthetics, but no data are available for propofol. As it is impossible to study this in patients, a rat model was used in which the influence of hypovolemia on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol was investigated. METHODS: Animals were randomly allocated to either a control (n = 9) or a hypovolemia (n = 9) group, and propofol was infused (150 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1)) until isoelectric periods of 5 s or longer were observed in the electroencephalogram. The changes observed in the electroencephalogram were quantified using aperiodic analysis and used as a surrogate measure of hypnosis. The righting reflex served as a clinical measure of hypnosis. RESULTS: The propofol dose needed to reach the electroencephalographic end point in the hypovolemic rats was reduced by 60% (P < 0.01). This could be attributed to a decrease in propofol clearance and in distribution volume. Protein binding was similar in both groups. To investigate changes in end organ sensitivity during hypovolemia, the electroencephalographic effect versus effect-site concentration relation was studied. The effect-blood concentration relation was biphasic, exhibiting profound hysteresis in both hypovolemic and control animals. Semiparametric minimization of this hysteresis revealed similar equilibration half-lives in both groups. The biphasic effect-concentration relation was characterized by descriptors showing an increased potency of propofol during hemorrhage. The effect-site concentration at the return of righting reflex was 23% (P < 0.01) lower in the hypovolemic animals, also suggesting an increased end organ sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: An increased hypnotic effect of propofol occurs during hypovolemia in the rat and can be attributed to changes in both pharmacokinetics and end organ sensitivity.  (+info)

Issues in contemporary fluid management. (7/169)

Fluid management strategies need to be guided by an understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying fluid imbalance. In the hypovolaemic patient, reduced circulating blood volume and venous return and, in severe cases, altered tissue perfusion may initiate a cascade of pathophysiologic processes culminating in multiple organ failure. The objectives of fluid management are to maintain adequate blood pressure, tissue oxygenation and intravascular fluid volume. Both crystalloids and colloids can be useful for these purposes. In the hypovolaemic patient with normal pulmonary function, the use of colloids to maintain colloid osmotic pressure can limit the development of peripheral as well as pulmonary oedema. However, choice of fluid is less important in states of increased lung capillary permeability. Further evidence is needed to broaden understanding of the optimal roles for particular fluid management strategies. Experimental models can make an important contribution in gathering such evidence. Rigorous pharmacoeconomic studies are also needed to define the benefits and costs of differing fluid regimens.  (+info)

Pathophysiology of fluid imbalance. (8/169)

Fluid imbalance can arise due to hypovolemia, normovolemia with maldistribution of fluid, and hypervolemia. Trauma is among the most frequent causes of hypovolemia, with its often profuse attendant blood loss. Another common cause is dehydration, which primarily entails loss of plasma rather than whole blood. The consequences of hypovolemia include reduction in circulating blood volume, lower venous return and, in profound cases, arterial hypotension. Myocardial failure may result from increased myocardial oxygen demand in conjunction with reduced tissue perfusion. Finally, anaerobic metabolism due to reduced perfusion may produce acidosis and, together with myocardial dysfunction, precipitate multi-organ failure. The splanchnic organs are particularly susceptible to the deleterious effects of hypotension and hypovolemic shock, and these effects, depending upon their duration and severity, may be irreversible despite restoration of normovolemia by fluid administration. Patient monitoring in the intensive care unit typically relies upon central venous pressure devices, whereas the primary focus in the operating theater is blood volume deficit estimated from suction devices. However, estimates of intraoperative blood loss can be inaccurate, potentially leading to inappropriate fluid management. Normovolemia with maldistribution of fluid can be encountered in shock-specific microcirculatory disorders secondary to hypovolemia, as well as pain and stress. Consequent vasoconstriction and reduced tissue driving pressure, as well as leukocyte and platelet adhesion, and liberation of humoral and cellular mediators, may impair or abolish blood flow in certain areas. The localized perfusion deficit may contribute to multi-organ failure. Choice of resuscitation fluid may be important in this context, since some evidence suggests that at least certain colloids might be helpful in diminishing post-ischemic microvascular leukocyte adherence. Excessive volume administration may lead to fluid overload and associated impairment of pulmonary function. However, entry of fluid into the lungs may also be facilitated by increased vascular permeability in certain pathologic conditions, especially sepsis and endotoxemia, even in the absence of substantially rising hydrostatic pressure. Another condition associated with elevated vascular permeability is systemic capillary leak syndrome. The chief goal of fluid management, based upon current understanding of the pathophysiology of fluid imbalance, should be to ensure adequate oxygen delivery by optimizing blood oxygenation, perfusion pressure, and circulating volume.  (+info)

Hypovolemia is a medical condition characterized by a decreased volume of circulating blood in the body, leading to inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation. This can occur due to various reasons such as bleeding, dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweating, which result in a reduced amount of fluid in the intravascular space.

The severity of hypovolemia depends on the extent of fluid loss and can range from mild to severe. Symptoms may include thirst, dry mouth, weakness, dizziness, lightheadedness, confusion, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, and decreased urine output. Severe hypovolemia can lead to shock, organ failure, and even death if not treated promptly and effectively.

Blood volume refers to the total amount of blood present in an individual's circulatory system at any given time. It is the combined volume of both the plasma (the liquid component of blood) and the formed elements (such as red and white blood cells and platelets) in the blood. In a healthy adult human, the average blood volume is approximately 5 liters (or about 1 gallon). However, blood volume can vary depending on several factors, including age, sex, body weight, and overall health status.

Blood volume plays a critical role in maintaining proper cardiovascular function, as it affects blood pressure, heart rate, and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues throughout the body. Changes in blood volume can have significant impacts on an individual's health and may be associated with various medical conditions, such as dehydration, hemorrhage, heart failure, and liver disease. Accurate measurement of blood volume is essential for diagnosing and managing these conditions, as well as for guiding treatment decisions in clinical settings.

Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) is a medical term that refers to the application of a negative pressure (below atmospheric pressure) to the lower body, while the upper body remains at normal atmospheric pressure. This is typically achieved through the use of an air-tight chamber or suit that covers the lower body from the waist down.

The negative pressure causes fluid to be drawn towards the lower body, which can simulate the effects of weightlessness or reduced gravity on the cardiovascular system. LBNP is often used in research settings to study the physiological responses to changes in gravitational forces, as well as in clinical settings to help prevent or treat various medical conditions, such as orthostatic intolerance, venous ulcers, and chronic wounds.

In medical terms, shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow or when the circulatory system is not functioning properly to distribute oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and organs. This results in a state of hypoxia (lack of oxygen) and cellular dysfunction, which can lead to multiple organ failure and death if left untreated.

Shock can be caused by various factors such as severe blood loss, infection, trauma, heart failure, allergic reactions, and severe burns. The symptoms of shock include low blood pressure, rapid pulse, cool and clammy skin, rapid and shallow breathing, confusion, weakness, and a bluish color to the lips and nails. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment of shock.

Plasma volume refers to the total amount of plasma present in an individual's circulatory system. Plasma is the fluid component of blood, in which cells and chemical components are suspended. It is composed mainly of water, along with various dissolved substances such as nutrients, waste products, hormones, gases, and proteins.

Plasma volume is a crucial factor in maintaining proper blood flow, regulating body temperature, and facilitating the transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other essential components throughout the body. The average plasma volume for an adult human is approximately 3 liters, but it can vary depending on factors like age, sex, body weight, and overall health status.

Changes in plasma volume can have significant effects on an individual's cardiovascular function and fluid balance. For example, dehydration or blood loss can lead to a decrease in plasma volume, while conditions such as heart failure or liver cirrhosis may result in increased plasma volume due to fluid retention. Accurate measurement of plasma volume is essential for diagnosing various medical conditions and monitoring the effectiveness of treatments.

Dehydration is a condition that occurs when your body loses more fluids than it takes in. It's normal to lose water throughout the day through activities like breathing, sweating, and urinating; however, if you don't replenish this lost fluid, your body can become dehydrated.

Mild to moderate dehydration can cause symptoms such as:
- Dry mouth
- Fatigue or weakness
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Headache
- Dark colored urine
- Muscle cramps

Severe dehydration can lead to more serious health problems, including heat injury, urinary and kidney problems, seizures, and even hypovolemic shock, a life-threatening condition that occurs when your blood volume is too low.

Dehydration can be caused by various factors such as illness (e.g., diarrhea, vomiting), excessive sweating, high fever, burns, alcohol consumption, and certain medications. It's essential to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids, especially during hot weather, exercise, or when you're ill.

Blood volume determination is a medical procedure that involves measuring the total amount of blood present in an individual's circulatory system. This measurement is typically expressed in milliliters (mL) or liters (L) and provides important information about the person's overall cardiovascular health and fluid status.

There are several methods for determining blood volume, including:

1. Direct measurement: This involves withdrawing a known volume of blood from the body, labeling the red blood cells with a radioactive or dye marker, reinfusing the cells back into the body, and then measuring the amount of marked cells that appear in subsequent blood samples over time.
2. Indirect measurement: This method uses formulas based on the person's height, weight, sex, and other factors to estimate their blood volume. One common indirect method is the "hemodynamic" calculation, which takes into account the individual's heart rate, stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat), and the concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
3. Bioimpedance analysis: This non-invasive technique uses electrical signals to measure the body's fluid volumes, including blood volume. By analyzing changes in the body's electrical conductivity in response to a small current, bioimpedance analysis can provide an estimate of blood volume.

Accurate determination of blood volume is important for assessing various medical conditions, such as heart failure, shock, anemia, and dehydration. It can also help guide treatment decisions, including the need for fluid replacement or blood transfusions.

Fluid therapy, in a medical context, refers to the administration of fluids into a patient's circulatory system for various therapeutic purposes. This can be done intravenously (through a vein), intraosseously (through a bone), or subcutaneously (under the skin). The goal of fluid therapy is to correct or prevent imbalances in the body's fluids and electrolytes, maintain or restore blood volume, and support organ function.

The types of fluids used in fluid therapy can include crystalloids (which contain electrolytes and water) and colloids (which contain larger molecules like proteins). The choice of fluid depends on the patient's specific needs and condition. Fluid therapy is commonly used in the treatment of dehydration, shock, sepsis, trauma, surgery, and other medical conditions that can affect the body's fluid balance.

Proper administration of fluid therapy requires careful monitoring of the patient's vital signs, urine output, electrolyte levels, and overall clinical status to ensure that the therapy is effective and safe.

Orthostatic hypotension is a type of low blood pressure that occurs when you stand up from a sitting or lying position. The drop in blood pressure causes a brief period of lightheadedness or dizziness, and can even cause fainting in some cases. This condition is also known as postural hypotension.

Orthostatic hypotension is caused by a rapid decrease in blood pressure when you stand up, which reduces the amount of blood that reaches your brain. Normally, when you stand up, your body compensates for this by increasing your heart rate and constricting blood vessels to maintain blood pressure. However, if these mechanisms fail or are impaired, orthostatic hypotension can occur.

Orthostatic hypotension is more common in older adults, but it can also affect younger people who have certain medical conditions or take certain medications. Some of the risk factors for orthostatic hypotension include dehydration, prolonged bed rest, pregnancy, diabetes, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, and certain neurological disorders.

If you experience symptoms of orthostatic hypotension, it is important to seek medical attention. Your healthcare provider can perform tests to determine the underlying cause of your symptoms and recommend appropriate treatment options. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, such as increasing fluid intake, avoiding alcohol and caffeine, and gradually changing positions from lying down or sitting to standing up. In some cases, medication may be necessary to manage orthostatic hypotension.

Fluid shifts, in a medical context, refer to the movement or redistribution of fluids between different compartments within the body. The human body is composed of two main fluid compartments: the intracellular fluid (ICF), which is present inside the cells, and the extracellular fluid (ECF), which is outside the cells. The ECF is further divided into interstitial fluid (present in the spaces between cells) and intravascular fluid (present within the blood vessels).

Fluid shifts can occur due to various physiological and pathological conditions, such as changes in hydrostatic pressure, oncotic pressure, or permeability of the capillary membranes. These shifts can have significant impacts on various body systems, particularly the cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal systems. For example, fluid shifting from the intravascular space to the interstitial space can lead to edema (swelling), while fluid shifts into the alveoli in the lungs can cause pulmonary edema and impair breathing.

In a clinical setting, healthcare professionals monitor and manage fluid shifts through various strategies, such as administering intravenous fluids, using diuretics, or implementing mechanical ventilation, depending on the underlying cause and the specific effects of the fluid shift on the patient's condition.

Vascular capacitance is a term used in physiology to describe the ability of blood vessels, particularly veins, to expand and accommodate changes in blood volume. It is the measure of the volume of blood that a vessel can hold for each unit increase in pressure. A larger capacitance means that the blood vessels can store more blood at lower pressures.

In simpler terms, vascular capacitance refers to the compliance or distensibility of the blood vessels. When the heart pumps blood into the arteries, some of it is immediately used by the body's tissues for various functions, while the remaining blood is stored in the veins until needed. The more compliant or distensible the veins are, the greater their capacity to store blood and maintain a relatively stable blood pressure.

Therefore, vascular capacitance plays an essential role in regulating blood pressure and ensuring adequate blood flow to various organs and tissues in the body. Factors that can affect vascular capacitance include age, overall health status, and certain medical conditions such as heart failure or cirrhosis of the liver.

Diuretics are a type of medication that increase the production of urine and help the body eliminate excess fluid and salt. They work by interfering with the reabsorption of sodium in the kidney tubules, which in turn causes more water to be excreted from the body. Diuretics are commonly used to treat conditions such as high blood pressure, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and kidney disease. There are several types of diuretics, including loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, and osmotic diuretics, each with its own mechanism of action and potential side effects. It is important to use diuretics under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can interact with other medications and have an impact on electrolyte balance in the body.

Isotonic solutions are defined in the context of medical and physiological sciences as solutions that contain the same concentration of solutes (dissolved particles) as another solution, usually the bodily fluids like blood. This means that if you compare the concentration of solute particles in two isotonic solutions, they will be equal.

A common example is a 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, also known as normal saline. The concentration of NaCl in this solution is approximately equal to the concentration found in the fluid portion of human blood, making it isotonic with blood.

Isotonic solutions are crucial in medical settings for various purposes, such as intravenous (IV) fluids replacement, wound care, and irrigation solutions. They help maintain fluid balance, prevent excessive water movement across cell membranes, and reduce the risk of damaging cells due to osmotic pressure differences between the solution and bodily fluids.

Plasma substitutes are fluids that are used to replace the plasma volume in conditions such as hypovolemia (low blood volume) or plasma loss, for example due to severe burns, trauma, or major surgery. They do not contain cells or clotting factors, but they help to maintain intravascular volume and tissue perfusion. Plasma substitutes can be divided into two main categories: crystalloids and colloids.

Crystalloid solutions contain small molecules that can easily move between intracellular and extracellular spaces. Examples include normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) and lactated Ringer's solution. They are less expensive and have a lower risk of allergic reactions compared to colloids, but they may require larger volumes to achieve the same effect due to their rapid distribution in the body.

Colloid solutions contain larger molecules that tend to stay within the intravascular space for longer periods, thus increasing the oncotic pressure and helping to maintain fluid balance. Examples include albumin, fresh frozen plasma, and synthetic colloids such as hydroxyethyl starch (HES) and gelatin. Colloids may be more effective in restoring intravascular volume, but they carry a higher risk of allergic reactions and anaphylaxis, and some types have been associated with adverse effects such as kidney injury and coagulopathy.

The choice of plasma substitute depends on various factors, including the patient's clinical condition, the underlying cause of plasma loss, and any contraindications or potential side effects of the available products. It is important to monitor the patient's hemodynamic status, electrolyte balance, and coagulation profile during and after the administration of plasma substitutes to ensure appropriate resuscitation and avoid complications.

Furosemide is a loop diuretic medication that is primarily used to treat edema (fluid retention) associated with various medical conditions such as heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and kidney disease. It works by inhibiting the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter in the ascending loop of Henle in the kidneys, thereby promoting the excretion of water, sodium, and chloride ions. This increased urine output helps reduce fluid accumulation in the body and lower blood pressure.

Furosemide is also known by its brand names Lasix and Frusid. It can be administered orally or intravenously, depending on the patient's condition and the desired rate of diuresis. Common side effects include dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, hearing loss (in high doses), and increased blood sugar levels.

It is essential to monitor kidney function, electrolyte levels, and fluid balance while using furosemide to minimize potential adverse effects and ensure appropriate treatment.

Hemorrhagic shock is a type of shock that occurs when there is significant blood loss leading to inadequate perfusion of tissues and organs. It is characterized by hypovolemia (low blood volume), hypotension (low blood pressure), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and decreased urine output. Hemorrhagic shock can be classified into four stages based on the amount of blood loss and hemodynamic changes. In severe cases, it can lead to multi-organ dysfunction and death if not treated promptly and effectively.

Thirst, also known as dry mouth or polydipsia, is a physiological need or desire to drink fluids to maintain fluid balance and hydration in the body. It is primarily regulated by the hypothalamus in response to changes in osmolality and volume of bodily fluids, particularly blood. Thirst can be triggered by various factors such as dehydration, excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, burns, certain medications, and medical conditions affecting the kidneys, adrenal glands, or other organs. It is a vital homeostatic mechanism to ensure adequate hydration and proper functioning of various bodily systems.

Hypernatremia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high concentration of sodium (na+) in the blood, specifically a serum sodium level greater than 145 mEq/L. Sodium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate water balance in and around your cells. It's crucial for many body functions, including the maintenance of blood pressure, regulation of nerve and muscle function, and regulation of fluid balance.

Hypernatremia typically results from a deficit of total body water relative to solute, which can be caused by decreased water intake, increased water loss, or a combination of both. Common causes include dehydration due to severe vomiting or diarrhea, excessive sweating, burns, kidney diseases, and the use of certain medications such as diuretics.

Symptoms of hypernatremia can range from mild to severe and may include thirst, muscle weakness, lethargy, irritability, confusion, seizures, and in extreme cases, coma or even death. Treatment typically involves correcting the underlying cause and gradually rehydrating the individual with intravenous fluids to restore normal sodium levels.

Bed rest is a medical recommendation for a person to limit their activities and remain in bed for a period of time. It is often ordered by healthcare providers to help the body recover from certain medical conditions or treatments, such as:

* Infections
* Pregnancy complications
* Recent surgery
* Heart problems
* Blood pressure fluctuations
* Bleeding
* Bone fractures
* Certain neurological conditions

The duration of bed rest can vary depending on the individual's medical condition and response to treatment. While on bed rest, patients are typically advised to change positions frequently to prevent complications such as bedsores, blood clots, and muscle weakness. They may also receive physical therapy, occupational therapy, or other treatments to help maintain their strength and mobility during this period.

Head-down tilt (HDT) is a positioning technique often used in medical settings, particularly during diagnostic procedures or treatment interventions. In this position, the person lies down on a specially designed table with their head tilted below the horizontal plane, typically at an angle of 6 degrees to 15 degrees, but sometimes as steep as 90 degrees. This posture allows for various medical evaluations such as carotid sinus massage or intracranial pressure monitoring. It is also used in space medicine to simulate some effects of weightlessness on the human body during spaceflight. Please note that prolonged exposure to head-down tilt can have physiological consequences, including changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and eye function, which should be monitored and managed by healthcare professionals.

Hemodilution is a medical term that refers to the reduction in the concentration of certain components in the blood, usually referring to red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin. This occurs when an individual's plasma volume expands due to the infusion of intravenous fluids or the body's own production of fluid, such as during severe infection or inflammation. As a result, the number of RBCs per unit of blood decreases, leading to a lower hematocrit and hemoglobin level. It is important to note that while hemodilution reduces the concentration of RBCs in the blood, it does not necessarily indicate anemia or blood loss.

Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Syndrome, also known as the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis (SIAD), is a condition characterized by the excessive release or action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) leading to an imbalance of water and electrolytes in the body.

ADH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling the amount of urine produced by the kidneys. In normal conditions, ADH levels increase in response to dehydration or decreased blood volume, causing the kidneys to retain water and decrease urine output.

However, in Inappropriate ADH Syndrome, there is an overproduction or inappropriate release of ADH, even when the body does not need it. This can lead to a condition called hyponatremia, which is low sodium levels in the blood. Hyponatremia can cause symptoms such as headache, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or death.

Inappropriate ADH Syndrome can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, brain tumors, lung diseases, and other medical conditions that affect the production or release of ADH. It is important to diagnose and treat Inappropriate ADH Syndrome promptly to prevent serious complications from hyponatremia. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and adjusting fluid intake and electrolyte levels as needed.

Hemodynamics is the study of how blood flows through the cardiovascular system, including the heart and the vascular network. It examines various factors that affect blood flow, such as blood volume, viscosity, vessel length and diameter, and pressure differences between different parts of the circulatory system. Hemodynamics also considers the impact of various physiological and pathological conditions on these variables, and how they in turn influence the function of vital organs and systems in the body. It is a critical area of study in fields such as cardiology, anesthesiology, and critical care medicine.

Intracranial hypotension is a medical condition characterized by reduced pressure within the cranial cavity (the space containing brain and cerebrospinal fluid). This can occur due to several reasons, most commonly being a spontaneous or traumatic CSF leak (cerebrospinal fluid leak) from the dural membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The decrease in CSF pressure can cause various symptoms such as headaches (often positional), nausea, vomiting, neck pain, blurred vision, ringing in the ears, and cognitive impairment. Treatment typically involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, which may include bed rest, hydration, caffeine, epidural blood patch procedures, or surgical repair of CSF leaks.

Hemorrhage is defined in the medical context as an excessive loss of blood from the circulatory system, which can occur due to various reasons such as injury, surgery, or underlying health conditions that affect blood clotting or the integrity of blood vessels. The bleeding may be internal, external, visible, or concealed, and it can vary in severity from minor to life-threatening, depending on the location and extent of the bleeding. Hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment to prevent further blood loss, organ damage, and potential death.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is given as two figures:

1. Systolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries.
2. Diastolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart rests between beats, allowing it to fill with blood.

Normal blood pressure for adults is typically around 120/80 mmHg, although this can vary slightly depending on age, sex, and other factors. High blood pressure (hypertension) is generally considered to be a reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher, while low blood pressure (hypotension) is usually defined as a reading below 90/60 mmHg. It's important to note that blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day and may be affected by factors such as stress, physical activity, and medication use.

Cardiac output is a measure of the amount of blood that is pumped by the heart in one minute. It is defined as the product of stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle during each contraction) and heart rate (the number of contractions per minute). Normal cardiac output at rest for an average-sized adult is about 5 to 6 liters per minute. Cardiac output can be increased during exercise or other conditions that require more blood flow, such as during illness or injury. It can be measured noninvasively using techniques such as echocardiography or invasively through a catheter placed in the heart.

Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, often expressed as beats per minute (bpm). It can vary significantly depending on factors such as age, physical fitness, emotions, and overall health status. A resting heart rate between 60-100 bpm is generally considered normal for adults, but athletes and individuals with high levels of physical fitness may have a resting heart rate below 60 bpm due to their enhanced cardiovascular efficiency. Monitoring heart rate can provide valuable insights into an individual's health status, exercise intensity, and response to various treatments or interventions.

The supine position is a term used in medicine to describe a body posture where an individual is lying down on their back, with their face and torso facing upwards. This position is often adopted during various medical procedures, examinations, or when resting, as it allows for easy access to the front of the body. It is also the position automatically assumed by most people who are falling asleep.

It's important to note that in the supine position, the head can be flat on the surface or raised with the use of pillows or specialized medical equipment like a hospital bed. This can help to alleviate potential issues such as breathing difficulties or swelling in the face and head.

Hypotension is a medical term that refers to abnormally low blood pressure, usually defined as a systolic blood pressure less than 90 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or a diastolic blood pressure less than 60 mm Hg. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels as the heart pumps blood.

Hypotension can cause symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, weakness, and fainting, especially when standing up suddenly. In severe cases, hypotension can lead to shock, which is a life-threatening condition characterized by multiple organ failure due to inadequate blood flow.

Hypotension can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, medical conditions such as heart disease, endocrine disorders, and dehydration. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of hypotension, as it can indicate an underlying health issue that requires treatment.

Hyponatremia is a condition characterized by abnormally low sodium levels in the blood, specifically levels less than 135 mEq/L. Sodium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate water balance in and around your cells and plays a crucial role in nerve and muscle function. Hyponatremia can occur due to various reasons, including certain medical conditions, medications, or excessive water intake leading to dilution of sodium in the body. Symptoms may range from mild, such as nausea, confusion, and headache, to severe, like seizures, coma, or even death in extreme cases. It's essential to seek medical attention if you suspect hyponatremia, as prompt diagnosis and treatment are vital for a favorable outcome.

The term "drinking" is commonly used to refer to the consumption of beverages, but in a medical context, it usually refers to the consumption of alcoholic drinks. According to the Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, "drinking" is defined as:

1. The act or habit of swallowing liquid (such as water, juice, or alcohol)
2. The ingestion of alcoholic beverages

It's important to note that while moderate drinking may not pose significant health risks for some individuals, excessive or binge drinking can lead to a range of negative health consequences, including addiction, liver disease, heart disease, and increased risk of injury or violence.

Stroke volume is a term used in cardiovascular physiology and medicine. It refers to the amount of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each contraction (systole). Specifically, it is the difference between the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole (when the ventricle is filled with blood) and the volume at the end of systole (when the ventricle has contracted and ejected its contents into the aorta).

Stroke volume is an important measure of heart function, as it reflects the ability of the heart to pump blood effectively to the rest of the body. A low stroke volume may indicate that the heart is not pumping efficiently, while a high stroke volume may suggest that the heart is working too hard. Stroke volume can be affected by various factors, including heart disease, high blood pressure, and physical fitness level.

The formula for calculating stroke volume is:

Stroke Volume = End-Diastolic Volume - End-Systolic Volume

Where end-diastolic volume (EDV) is the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole, and end-systolic volume (ESV) is the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of systole.

Water-electrolyte balance refers to the regulation of water and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate) in the body to maintain homeostasis. This is crucial for various bodily functions such as nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, fluid balance, and pH regulation. The body maintains this balance through mechanisms that control water intake, excretion, and electrolyte concentration in various body fluids like blood and extracellular fluid. Disruptions in water-electrolyte balance can lead to dehydration or overhydration, and imbalances in electrolytes can cause conditions such as hyponatremia (low sodium levels) or hyperkalemia (high potassium levels).

Hydroxyethyl starch derivatives are modified starches that are used as plasma expanders in medicine. They are created by chemically treating corn, potato, or wheat starch with hydroxylethyl groups, which makes the starch more soluble and less likely to be broken down by enzymes in the body. This results in a large molecule that can remain in the bloodstream for an extended period, increasing intravascular volume and improving circulation.

These derivatives are available in different molecular weights and substitution patterns, which affect their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. They are used to treat or prevent hypovolemia (low blood volume) due to various causes such as bleeding, burns, or dehydration. Common brand names include Hetastarch, Pentastarch, and Voluven.

It's important to note that the use of hydroxyethyl starch derivatives has been associated with adverse effects, including kidney injury, coagulopathy, and pruritus (severe itching). Therefore, their use should be carefully monitored and restricted to specific clinical situations.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive optical technique that uses the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (approximately 700-2500 nanometers) to analyze various chemical and physical properties of materials, primarily in the fields of biomedical research and industry. In medicine, NIRS is often used to measure tissue oxygenation, hemodynamics, and metabolism, providing valuable information about organ function and physiology. This technique is based on the principle that different molecules absorb and scatter near-infrared light differently, allowing for the identification and quantification of specific chromophores, such as oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and cytochrome c oxidase. NIRS can be employed in a variety of clinical settings, including monitoring cerebral or muscle oxygenation during surgery, assessing tissue viability in wound healing, and studying brain function in neuroscience research.

Hematocrit is a medical term that refers to the percentage of total blood volume that is made up of red blood cells. It is typically measured as part of a complete blood count (CBC) test. A high hematocrit may indicate conditions such as dehydration, polycythemia, or living at high altitudes, while a low hematocrit may be a sign of anemia, bleeding, or overhydration. It is important to note that hematocrit values can vary depending on factors such as age, gender, and pregnancy status.

Resuscitation is a medical term that refers to the process of reversing cardiopulmonary arrest or preventing further deterioration of someone in cardiac or respiratory arrest. It involves a series of interventions aimed at restoring spontaneous blood circulation and breathing, thereby preventing or minimizing tissue damage due to lack of oxygen.

The most common form of resuscitation is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), which combines chest compressions to manually pump blood through the body with rescue breaths to provide oxygen to the lungs. In a hospital setting, more advanced techniques such as defibrillation, medication administration, and intubation may also be used as part of the resuscitation process.

The goal of resuscitation is to stabilize the patient's condition and prevent further harm while treating the underlying cause of the arrest. Successful resuscitation can lead to a full recovery or, in some cases, result in varying degrees of neurological impairment depending on the severity and duration of the cardiac or respiratory arrest.

The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is a biological system responsible for pumping and transporting blood throughout the body in animals and humans. It consists of the heart, blood vessels (comprising arteries, veins, and capillaries), and blood. The main function of this system is to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body to maintain homeostasis and support organ function.

The heart acts as a muscular pump that contracts and relaxes to circulate blood. It has four chambers: two atria on the top and two ventricles on the bottom. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body, pumps it through the lungs for oxygenation, and then sends it back to the left side of the heart. The left side of the heart then pumps the oxygenated blood through the aorta and into the systemic circulation, reaching all parts of the body via a network of arteries and capillaries. Deoxygenated blood is collected by veins and returned to the right atrium, completing the cycle.

The cardiovascular system plays a crucial role in regulating temperature, pH balance, and fluid balance throughout the body. It also contributes to the immune response and wound healing processes. Dysfunctions or diseases of the cardiovascular system can lead to severe health complications, such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.

"Hypovolemia definition - MedicineNet". Medterms.com. 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2015-11-01. "Hypovolemia , definition of hypovolemia ... Hypovolemia refers to the loss of extracellular fluid and should not be confused with dehydration. Hypovolemia is caused by a ... Signs and symptoms of hypovolemia progress with increased loss of fluid volume. Early symptoms of hypovolemia include headache ... Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion or volume contraction, is a state of abnormally low extracellular fluid in the body ...
Blood loss (hypovolemia) Alcohol consumption. In addition, the vision becomes blurred or double since eye muscles lose their ...
... hypovolemia and hypervolemia are imbalances. Water is necessary for all life on Earth. Humans can survive for 4 to 6 weeks ...
Hypovolemia then leads to metabolic alkalosis (increase in blood pH) by stimulating bicarbonate reabsorption in order to ... Withholding calcium and initiating IV fluids such as saline to correct hypovolemia. The initial rate of infusion is generally ... Pregnant individuals have an increased risk for developing MAS due to hyperemesis (which can cause hypovolemia) and enhanced ... Hypercalcemia affects the kidneys in multiple ways that altogether contributes to hypovolemia. Prolonged hypercalcemia can ...
Priming the circuit prior to treatments reduces the adverse effects associated with hypovolemia, due to large volumes of blood ... Reduces risk of hypotension related to hypovolemia. Electrolyte imbalances: There are large volumes of separated blood ...
Definition of Hypovolemia Retrieved on July 2, 2009 TheFreeDictionary.com --> hypovolemia Citing Saunders Comprehensive ... ECF volume contraction or hypovolemia is usually the type of volume contraction of primary concern in emergency, since ECF is ... which is termed hypovolemia. Thus, it primarily affects the circulatory system, potentially causing hypovolemic shock. ... Volume contraction is sometimes even used synonymously with hypovolemia.[citation needed] Volume contraction of intracellular ...
Definition of Hypovolemia Retrieved on July 2, 2009 TheFreeDictionary.com --> hypovolemia Citing Saunders Comprehensive ... The most common cause of hypovolemia is diarrhea or vomiting. The other causes are usually divided into renal and extrarenal ... is termed hypovolemia, and its signs include, in order of severity: a fast pulse infrequent and low volume urination dry mucous ...
Rapid correction of hypovolemia is the first priority. Restoring blood volume is vital to correcting hypotension, hypovolemia, ... If hyponatremia (low sodium) and hyperkalemia (high potassium) are severe, the resulting hypovolemia, prerenal azotemia, and ... Treatment is directed towards (1) correcting hypotension, hypovolemia, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis; (2) ...
Maizel J, Airapetian N, Lorne E, Tribouilloy C, Massy Z, Slama M (July 2007). "Diagnosis of central hypovolemia by using ...
Hypovolemia can be induced by excessive use of diuretics. Low blood pressure may also be attributed to heat stroke which can be ... Reduced blood volume, hypovolemia, is the most common cause of hypotension. This can result from hemorrhage; insufficient fluid ... It is commonly seen in hypovolemia and as a result of various medications. In addition to blood pressure-lowering medications, ... Hypotension can be caused by strenuous exercise, excessive heat, low blood volume (hypovolemia), hormonal changes, widening of ...
There was probably a hypovolaemia present. At the postmortem inspection, probably the main findings were pulmonary oedema and ...
Contraindications are severe obstructive cardiomyopathy, hypovolemia, tachycardia, and ventricular aneurysm. Breast feeding is ...
Some specialists in severe cases give saline intravenously for hypovolemia, which, if it is the cause, brings the orthostatic ... Treatment of coexisting conditions, e.g., hypovolemia, also is used. ... Many people suffering from anorexia experience orthostatic hypertension Hypovolemia can cause orthostatic hypertension Renal ...
Therefore, the observed CSF hypotension is a result of CSF hypovolemia and reduced epidural venous pressure. Cranial CSF leaks ... For this reason, a SCSFL is referred to as CSF hypovolemia as opposed to CSF hypotension. Spontaneous intracranial hypotension ... Mokri, B. (1999). "Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks: from intracranial hypotension to cerebrospinal fluid hypovolemia-- ... Kelley, G (2004). "CSF hypovolemia vs intracranial hypotension in "spontaneous intracranial hypotension syndrome"". Neurology. ...
In severe hypovolemia, the neck veins may not be distended. The suppressed heart sounds occur due to the muffling effects of ...
In treating hypovolemic shock, it is important to determine the cause of the underlying hypovolemia, which may be the result of ... Hypovolemic shock is a form of shock caused by severe hypovolemia (insufficient blood volume or extracellular fluid in the body ... The SI correlates with the extent of hypovolemia and thus may facilitate the early identification of severely injured patients ... Tachypnoea owing to hypoxia and acidosis, general weakness caused by hypoxia and acidosis, thirst induced by hypovolaemia, and ...
Hypovolaemia is corrected by oral rehydration solution. Agitated, confused and non-cooperative patients are given a 5% dextrose ...
"Effects of hypovolemia and posture on responses to the Valsalva maneuver". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 67 (4 ...
and "electrolyte disturbances". Small bowel obstruction can result in severe renal damage and hypovolemia. while evolving into ...
Volume status Hypovolemia Hypervolemia "How much blood is in the human body? What to know". June 2020. Lee, LanNa (1998). Elert ...
The cessation of urine flow prevents the hypovolemia and hypertonicity from getting worse; the drinking of water corrects the ...
Hypertonic saline may be preferable to mannitol in persons with hypovolemia or hyponatremia. Mannitol is an alcohol derivative ...
Boys with salt-wasting disease present early with symptoms of hyponatremia and hypovolemia. Boys with non-salt-wasting disease ... and potentially fatal hypovolemia and shock. A missed diagnosis of salt-loss CAH is related to the increased risk of early ...
She diagnosed hypovolaemia from gastroenteritis, and administered intravenous fluid replacement. Blood tests were sent off for ...
Typically, clinical signs are due to hypovolemia after the tumor ruptures, causing extensive bleeding. Owners of the affected ...
Consistent tachycardia should be evaluated for conditions such as anemia, hyperthermia, hypovolemia, and sepsis. Consistent ...
Patients may present with hypovolemia or be in circulatory shock because of internal bleeding. Ideally, ultrasound will show ...
The opposite condition is hypovolemia, which is too little fluid volume in the blood. Fluid volume excess in the intravascular ...
Hypovolemia is a result of a lack of circulating body fluids, principally blood volume. This is usually (though not exclusively ...
Hypovolaemia and facial injuries in the multiply injured patient". International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 37 ...
"Hypovolemia definition - MedicineNet". Medterms.com. 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2015-11-01. "Hypovolemia , definition of hypovolemia ... Hypovolemia refers to the loss of extracellular fluid and should not be confused with dehydration. Hypovolemia is caused by a ... Signs and symptoms of hypovolemia progress with increased loss of fluid volume. Early symptoms of hypovolemia include headache ... Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion or volume contraction, is a state of abnormally low extracellular fluid in the body ...
Its essential that fluid balance charts are accurately completed in order to determine a patients fluid input and output and identify any potential fluid loss or gain that could be detrimental, requiring escalation of care.
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Evaluation of microvascular oxygenation during central hypovolemia with Resonance Raman Spectroscopy and Visible Light ...
Hypovolemia. Signs and symptoms of hypovolemia include low CVP or PCWP. Treatment consists of replacement with isotonic sodium ... Causes of postoperative hypotension include hypovolemia from decreased intravascular volume, decreased peripheral resistance ... Perioperatively, the patient is treated for hypovolemia, hyperkalemia, and hyponatremia as necessary. ...
A Systematic Review of Neuroprotective Strategies during Hypovolemia and Hemorrhagic Shock.. Nistor M, Behringer W, Schmidt M, ...
Mammography Debate - When to Start Screening - At what age is it recommended for a woman to start routine mammograms: A. 40 years old B. 50 years old C. Neither A or B D. Both A and B. Until last year, t... ...
Dive into the research topics of Control of cerebral blood velocity with furosemide-induced hypovolemia and upright tilt. ... Control of cerebral blood velocity with furosemide-induced hypovolemia and upright tilt. ...
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Hypovolemia. Hypovolemia refers to a decreased volume of fluid in the vascular system with or without whole body fluid ... Hypovolemia due to decreased oncotic pressure is suspected in patients that have a total protein , 35 g/L (3.5 g/dL) or albumin ... Treating hypovolemia due to blood loss. The decision of when to use blood products instead of balanced electrolyte solutions is ... Hypovolemia and dehydration are not mutually exclusive nor are they always linked. Hypotension may exist separately or along ...
Precipitants of hepatic encephalopathy should be corrected (eg, hypovolemia, metabolic disturbances, GI bleeding, infection, ...
Precipitants of hepatic encephalopathy should be corrected (eg, hypovolemia, metabolic disturbances, GI bleeding, infection, ...
Nonhemorrhagic hypovolemia Isotonic crystalloid solutions are typically given for intravascular repletion during shock and ... A CVP > 12 to 15 mm Hg casts doubt on hypovolemia as the sole etiology of hypoperfusion, and fluid administration risks fluid ... a modest increase in CVP in response to fluid generally indicates hypovolemia. An increase of > 3 to 5 mm Hg in response to a ... hypovolemia. Colloid solutions are generally not used. Patients with dehydration and adequate circulatory volume typically have ...
Hypovolemia (dehydration). *Heart attack. *Kidney disease, including glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, and acute tubular ...
Hypovolemia - Epidemiology Forecast - 2032. January, 2022 , Published by: DelveInsight , USD $3,950 * Scabies - Epidemiology ...
Hypovolemia Case Study. 646 Words , 3 Pages. * Mechanism of action: synthetic catecholamine with primarily beta1-adrenergic ...
fluid volume and electrolyte/ion disorders: fluid volume disorders; dehydration; hypovolemia; volume overload; electrolyte ...
Resuscitation of intraoperative hypovolemia: A comparison of normal saline and hyperosmotic/hyperoncotic solutions in swine. ... Resuscitation of intraoperative hypovolemia: A comparison of normal saline and hyperosmotic/hyperoncotic solutions in swine. / ... Resuscitation of intraoperative hypovolemia : A comparison of normal saline and hyperosmotic/hyperoncotic solutions in swine. ... Resuscitation of intraoperative hypovolemia: A comparison of normal saline and hyperosmotic/hyperoncotic solutions in swine. ...
... severe hypovolemia; major surgery; trauma; severe metabolic, endocrine, or electrolyte disorders; or uncontrolled epilepsy). ...
Hypovolemia (low blood volume) or * Stomach or bowel bleeding-Use with caution. May make these conditions worse. ...
Hypovolemia (low blood volume) or. *Kyphoscoliosis (curvature of the spine with breathing problems) or ...
29 Hemorrhage and Hypovolemia. -Marc R. Raffe and Wayne E. Wingfield. 30 The Management of Acute Heart Failure. -Anthony P. ...
... hypovolemia) and increases in plasma osmolality by (1) stimulating antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, and (2) stimulating ... The body responds to dehydration (low blood volume, hypovolemia) and increases in plasma osmolality by (1) stimulating ...
... severe hypovolemia; major surgery; trauma; severe metabolic, endocrine, or electrolyte disorders; or uncontrolled epilepsy). ...
Cardiovascular collapse due to hypovolemia *Convulsions or seizures (uncommon) Laboratory Findings (non-specific) *Hematuria ...
Clinical assessment of hypovolemia (dehydration) in children. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Aug. 19, 2016. ... Treatment of hypovolemia (dehydration) in children. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Aug. 19, 2016. ...
Both hypovolemia and hypervolemia are harmful states, and attempts have to be made to administer the fluids in the best ... Maizel J, Airapetian N, Lorne E, Tribouilloy C, Massy Z, Slama M (2007) Diagnosis of central hypovolemia by using passive leg ... Optimal fluid management does improve patient outcome; hypovolemia and hypervolemia are harmful. Statement of fact. ... in a systematic evaluation of physical findings in patients with hypovolemia [30]. A random effects model produced a ...
Hypovolemia/Dehydration. • Thirst. • Rapid weight loss. • Orthostatic hypotension • Tachycardia. • Low blood pressure. • ...
  • Hypovolemia refers to the loss of extracellular fluid and should not be confused with dehydration. (wikipedia.org)
  • The physical exam will help determine if the patient has whole body fluid loss (e.g., dehydration in patients with renal disease), vascular space fluid loss (e.g., hypovolemia due to blood loss), or hypervolemia (e.g., heart disease, iatrogenic fluid overload). (aaha.org)
  • The body responds to dehydration (low blood volume, hypovolemia) and increases in plasma osmolality by (1) stimulating antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, and (2) stimulating thirst. (physiologyweb.com)
  • Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion or volume contraction, is a state of abnormally low extracellular fluid in the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • The signs and symptoms of hypovolemia worsen as the amount of fluid lost increases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Signs and symptoms of hypovolemia progress with increased loss of fluid volume. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conclusions: Hypertonic saline-dextran solution resuscitation of intraoperative hypovolemia is performed effectively with smaller fluid and sodium loads, and is devoid of the deleterious effects associated with fluid accumulation induced by a conventional isotonic solution regimen. (utmb.edu)
  • Vascular dysfunction was defined as hypovolemia requiring transfusion or use of vasoactives. (cdc.gov)
  • AKI risk factors are diabetes, history of CKD, older age, sepsis, hypovolemia/shock, cardiac surgery, infusion of contrast agents, chronic history of congestive heart failure and liver failure ( 2 ). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In children, compensation can result in an artificially high blood pressure despite hypovolemia (a decrease in blood volume). (wikipedia.org)
  • Children typically are able to compensate (maintain blood pressure despite hypovolemia) for a longer period than adults, but deteriorate rapidly and severely once they are unable to compensate (decompensate). (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Hypovolemia can be recognized by a fast heart rate, low blood pressure, and the absence of perfusion as assessed by skin signs (skin turning pale) and/or capillary refill on forehead, lips and nail beds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Medicin Sans France provided logistic support and additional and hypovolaemia and subsequent impairment of blood pressure expertise. (who.int)
  • A spontaneous form of CSF hypovolemia have also known as spontaneous intracranial hypotension and usually take chronic and/or benign clinical course 8 ). (e-jnic.org)
  • 30 , 31 , 35 CSF hypovolemia (craniospinal hypotension) is a disorder that is frequently associated with dural defects, occasionally with intraspinal fluid collection of variable longitudinal extent and rarely with red blood cells (RBCs) or xanthochromia in the CSF. (ajnr.org)
  • Headache with Cerebrospinal Fluid Hypovolemia after Radiotherapy for Jugular Paraganglioma. (iasp-pain.org)
  • A proposed pathomechanism of three clinical phenomena due to postoperative cerebrospinal fluid hypovolemia. (e-jnic.org)
  • Untreated hypovolemia or excessive and rapid losses of volume may lead to hypovolemic shock. (wikipedia.org)
  • The signs and symptoms of hypovolemia worsen as the amount of fluid lost increases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion or volume contraction, is a state of abnormally low extracellular fluid in the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conclusions: Hypertonic saline-dextran solution resuscitation of intraoperative hypovolemia is performed effectively with smaller fluid and sodium loads, and is devoid of the deleterious effects associated with fluid accumulation induced by a conventional isotonic solution regimen. (utmb.edu)
  • the sodium deficit causes hypovolemia. (merckmanuals.com)
  • 2 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 36 Some reports have also noted an association between SS and CSF hypovolemia and low-pressure headache. (ajnr.org)
  • Albumin (human) injection is used to treat low blood volume (hypovolemia). (drugs.com)
  • An individual with hypothermia requires immediate warming and administration of intravenous fluids to correct hypovolemia. (firstaidcprmississauga.ca)
  • Hypovolemia alters the effect of several intravenous anesthetics by influencing pharmacokinetics and end-organ sensitivity. (silverchair.com)
  • Hypovolemia does not alter the electroencephalographic effect of isoflurane, in contrast to several intravenous anesthetics. (silverchair.com)
  • HYPOVOLEMIA increases the effect of several classes of intravenous anesthetics, including opioids, 1-3 sedative hypnotics, 4-9 benzodiazepines, 8,9 and local anesthetics. (silverchair.com)
  • These pharmacokinetic characteristics suggest that hypovolemia might influence the effect of inhalation anesthetics to a lesser extent than for intravenous anesthetics, although the effects on end-organ sensitivity are unclear. (silverchair.com)
  • citation needed] Hypovolemia can be recognized by a fast heart rate, low blood pressure, and the absence of perfusion as assessed by skin signs (skin turning pale) and/or capillary refill on forehead, lips and nail beds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vital signs or postural changes have poor sensitivity in identifying blood loss or hypovolemia. (thennt.com)
  • The other form of CSF hypovolemia is postoperative and often show problematic acute exacerbations during recovery from anesthesia or critical care except intraoperative therapeutic extensive CSF removal 18 ) in some particular conditions. (e-jnic.org)
  • It is important to note that hypovolemia develops once the body has lost a large amount of blood or bodily fluids in which it could no longer support normal circulation and bodily functions. (firstaidcprmississauga.ca)
  • 4. If hypovolemia is present, push IV fluids. (studystack.com)
  • We conducted the current study to investigate the influence of hypovolemia induced by blood loss on the electroencephalographic effect of isoflurane. (silverchair.com)
  • Conditions that affect the stomach and intestines can lead to hypovolemia. (firstaidcprmississauga.ca)
  • Hypovolemia did not shift the concentration-effect relation (the effect site concentration that produced 50% of the maximal effect was 1.2 +/- 0.2% under control conditions, 1.2 +/- 0.2% with 20% bleeding, and 1.1 +/- 0.2% with 30% bleeding). (silverchair.com)
  • Background and Methods: We compared a hypertonic saline-dextran solution (7.5% NaCl/6% dextran-70) with 0.9% NaCl (normal saline) for treatment of intraoperative hypovolemia. (utmb.edu)
  • The donor twin experiences progressive loss of blood volume ( hypovolemia ). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Medicin Sans France provided logistic support and additional and hypovolaemia and subsequent impairment of blood pressure expertise. (who.int)
  • Since only the early recognition and prompt treatment may reverse those situations, the author try to settle and summarize comprehensively the postoperative adverse events due to CSF hypovolemia through the review of recently published or frequently cited reports on the postoperative CSF hypovolemia. (e-jnic.org)
  • Hypovolemia is caused by a variety of events, but these can be simplified into two categories: those that are associated with kidney function and those that are not. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hypovolemia" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (jefferson.edu)
  • Hypovolemia is considered as a medical emergency. (firstaidcprmississauga.ca)