Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
Herpesvirus 1, Bovine
Cattle Diseases
Cattle
Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human
Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease
Pestivirus
Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral
Keratoconjunctivitis, Infectious
Respirovirus
Viral Vaccines
Paramyxoviridae Infections
Neutralization Tests
Pasteurella
Moraxella
Herpesviridae
Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
Nasal Mucosa
Moraxella (Moraxella) bovis
Immune Sera
Culture Techniques
Tracheitis
Kidney
Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary Drugs
Vaccines
Surgery, Veterinary
Schools, Veterinary
Vaccines, Inactivated
BHV-1: new molecular approaches to control a common and widespread infection. (1/94)
BACKGROUND: Herpesviruses are widespread viruses, causing severe infections in both humans and animals. Eradication of herpesviruses is extremely difficult because of their ability to establish latent and life-long infections. However, latency is only one tool that has evolved in herpesviruses to successfully infect their hosts; such viruses display a wide (and still incompletely known) panoply of genes and proteins that are able to counteract immune responses of their hosts. Envelope glycoproteins and cytokine inhibitors are two examples of such weapons. All of these factors make it difficult to develop diagnostics and vaccines, unless they are based on molecular techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Animal herpesviruses, because of their striking similarity to human ones, are suitable models to study the molecular biology of herpesviruses and develop strategies aimed at designing neurotropic live vectors for gene therapy as well as engineered attenuated vaccines. RESULTS: BHV-1 is a neurotropic herpesvirus causing infectious rhinotracheitis (IBR) in cattle. It is a major plague in zootechnics and commercial trade, because of its ability to spread through asymptomatic carrier animals, frozen semen, and embryos. Such portals of infections are also important for human herpesviruses, which mainly cause systemic, eye, and genital tract infections, leading even to the development of cancer. CONCLUSIONS: This review covers both the genetics and molecular biology of BHV-1 and its related herpesviruses. Epidemiology and diagnostic approaches to herpesvirus infections are presented. The role of herpesviruses in gene therapy and a broad introduction to classic and engineered vaccines against herpesviruses are also provided. http://link.springer-ny. com/link/service/journals/00020/bibs/5n5p261.html (+info)Analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and 2-dimensional electrophoresis of haptoglobin in the high-density lipoprotein fraction in cows. (2/94)
Haptoglobin (Hp) is a hemoglobin (Hb)-binding acute-phase protein. Besides its relevance in inflammation, Hp is involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism. In cattle, in addition to the lipoprotein-deficient fraction, Hp is distributed in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and very high-density lipoprotein (VHDL) fractions. The purpose of this study was to determine Hp concentrations in the lipoprotein fractions using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the affinity with Hb, and also to detect structural differences of HDL Hp from that in the lipoprotein-deficient fraction using 2-dimensional electrophoresis. When purified Hp was used as the antigen for the ELISA, the detection limit was 7.4 ng/ml and linearity was obtained from 14.8 to 475 ng/ml. The correlation coefficient between the ELISA and single radial immunodiffusion was 0.884. The ELISA was shown to be applicable to evaluate Hp concentrations in the lipoprotein fractions. Hp concentrations in the lipoprotein fractions were in the range of 0.94 to 8.77 microg of Hp/ml (n = 4), and concentration ratios were 0.2 to 0.3% of whole serum Hp. Of the lipoprotein fractions, Hp was most abundant in HDL, moderate in VHDL and faint in chylomicrons, the very low-density lipoprotein fraction and low-density lipoprotein fraction. By 2-dimensional electrophoresis, alpha- and beta-chains of serum Hp were each separated into 5 spots, and their isoelectric point (pI) values were from 5.05 to 6.28 in the alpha-chain and from 5.92 to 6.95 in the beta-chain. The pI values of HDL Hp were indistinguishable from those of serum Hp. These results indicate that the ELISA based on the affinity with Hb is useful for evaluating Hp concentrations in lipoprotein fractions, and also suggest that HDL Hp is structurally similar to that in the lipoprotein-deficient fraction. (+info)Identification of a mutant bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) in post-arrival outbreaks of IBR in feedlot calves and protection with conventional vaccination. (3/94)
Outbreaks of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) have recently been observed in vaccinated feedlot calves in Alberta a few months post-arrival. To investigate the cause of these outbreaks, lung and tracheal tissues were collected from calves that died of IBR during a post-arrival outbreak of disease. Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), the causative agent of IBR, was isolated from 6 out of 15 tissues. Of these 6 isolates, 5 failed to react with a monoclonal antibody specific for one of the epitopes on glycoprotein D, one of the most important antigens of BHV-1. The ability of one of these mutant BHV-1 isolates to cause disease in calves vaccinated with a modified-live IBR vaccine was assessed in an experimental challenge study. After one vaccination, the majority of the calves developed humoral and cellular immune responses. Secondary vaccination resulted in a substantially enhanced level of immunity in all animals. Three months after the second vaccination, calves were either challenged with one of the mutant isolates or with a conventional challenge strain of BHV-1. Regardless of the type of virus used for challenge, vaccinated calves experienced significantly (P < 0.05) less weight loss and temperature rises, had lower nasal scores, and shed less virus than non-vaccinated animals. The only statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference between the 2 challenge viruses was the amount of virus shed, which was higher in non-vaccinated calves challenged with the mutant virus than in those challenged with the conventional virus. These data show that calves vaccinated with a modified-live IBR vaccine are protected from challenge with either the mutant or the conventional virus. (+info)Characterization of dexamethasone-induced reactivation of latent bovine herpesvirus 1. (4/94)
Synchronous reactivation of bovine herpesvirus type 1 in all latently infected rabbits was achieved following a single intravenous dose of dexamethasone. Reactivated latent virus was first present in ocular secretions between 48 and 72 h post-dexamethasone treatment (PT). Cell-free infectious virus, viral-antigen-containing neurons, and pathologic changes were detectable in trigeminal ganglia (TG) by 48 h PT. A shift from the viral transcriptional pattern characteristic of the latent state (latency-related RNA [LR RNA]) to one typical of that seen during acute infection was detected in a small number of neurons in latently infected TG between 15 and 18 h PT, with viral DNA first detectable by in situ hybridization at 18 to 21 h PT. The number of LR RNA-containing neurons in latently infected TG decreased significantly at 24 and 48 h PT but returned to near-normal levels by 72 h PT. Correlation of this decrease with viral reactivation suggests that altered regulation of LR RNA transcription is a significant event in the process of viral reactivation. (+info)Immediate-early RNA 2.9 and early RNA 2.6 of bovine herpesvirus 1 are 3' coterminal and encode a putative zinc finger transactivator protein. (5/94)
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) contains three major immediate-early (IE) genes involved in regulation of the productive cycle of replication. Two spliced IE RNAs, IER4.2 (4.2 kb) and IER2.9 (2.9 kb), are under the control of a single promoter; IER1.7 (1.7 kb) is transcribed from a different promoter in the opposite direction. Examining the kinetics of transcription, we found that the IER4.2/2.9 promoter was turned off at the end of the IE period. An alternative promoter became active, directing synthesis of an unspliced early RNA, ER2.6 (2.6 kb), which was colinear with the second exon of IER2.9 except for its 5' end in the intron about 10 bases upstream of the splice site. Sequence analysis revealed a single open reading frame common to IER2.9 and ER2.6 with a coding potential of 676 amino acids. The putative protein, named p135, contained a cysteine-rich zinc finger domain near the N terminus with homology to ICP0 of herpes simplex virus type 1, to protein 61 of varicella-zoster virus, to early protein 0 of pseudorabies virus, and to other viral and cellular proteins. The remaining parts of p135 exhibited only limited homology, mainly with pseudorabies virus protein 0, but the entire sequence was highly conserved between two strains of BHV-1 (K22 and Jura). The latency-related antisense transcript covered a large portion of ER2.6 excluding the zinc finger coding region. In transient expression assays, p135 activated a variety of promoters, including that for ER2.6, but repressed the IER1.7 promoter. Thus, p135 combines functional characteristics of ICP0, a strong transactivator, and of protein 61, a repressor. BHV-1 seems to have evolved a subtle mechanism to ensure the continued synthesis of p135 while turning off IER4.2, which encodes p180, the herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP4 homolog. (+info)Viral agents and associated lesions detected in a 10-year study of bovine abortions and stillbirths. (6/94)
In a 10-year survey started in 1980, specimens from 8,995 bovine abortions and stillbirths were submitted to the South Dakota Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory. Of these, 8,962 were suitable for some type of examination. Viruses were associated with 948 (10.58%). Bovine herpesvirus-1 (IBR) was detected in 485 (5.41%), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was detected in 407 (4.54%). In 1 year of the survey, BVDV was detected in 8/32 fetuses that had lesions of passive congestion. Bovine herpesvirus-4 was isolated from 47 specimens (0.52%), parvovirus and enterovirus were each isolated from 2, and adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, and pseudorabies virus were each isolated from 1. Malignant lymphoid neoplasia was present in 2 fetuses, and their abortion was assumed to have been caused by the bovine leukosis virus. (+info)Design-based analysis of surveys: a bovine herpesvirus 1 case study. (7/94)
This paper critically assesses the design implications for the analysis of surveys of infections. It indicates the danger of not accounting for the study design in the statistical investigation of risk factors. A stratified design often implies an increased precision while clustering of infection results in a decreased precision. Through pseudo-likelihood estimation and linearisation of the variance estimator, the design effects can be taken into account in the analysis. The intra-cluster-correlation can be investigated through a logistic random effect model and a generalised estimating equation (GEE), allowing the investigation of the extent of spread of infections in a herd (cluster). The advantage of using adaptive Gaussian quadrature in a logistic random effect model is discussed. Applicable software is briefly reviewed. The methods are illustrated with data from a bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) serosurvey of Belgian cattle. (+info)Cell-mediated cytotoxic responses in lungs following a primary bovine herpes virus type 1 infection. (8/94)
Non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted cytotoxicity is an important part of the immune reaction mounted in response to bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV-1) infection. In this study, we evaluated the effect of BHV-1 infection on the ability of lung parenchyma leucocytes (LPL), cranial tracheobronchial lymph node cells (BLNC) and peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes (PBML) to mediate this function. While LPL from non-infected calves mediated cytotoxicity against BHV-1-infected cells, a similar activity could not be detected in PBML or BLNC. In contrast, both LPL and PBML from naive calves could mediate cytotoxicity against K562 target cells but only after activation with interleukin-2 (IL-2). BLNC were unable to kill K562 cells. Infection of calves with BHV-1 enhanced the ability of LPL and PBML to kill BHV-1-infected cells. This enhancement was detected as early as Day 1 after infection in LPL whereas it could only be detected in PBML 8 days after infection. The results demonstrate that the leucocyte population present at the site of infection was able to mediate a potentially important antiviral function and that this function was enhanced rapidly in response to infection. Thus LPL-mediated cytotoxicity may be an important mechanism for the recovery from BHV-1 infection. (+info)Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a viral disease in cattle, also known as Red Nose or Cattle Distemper. It is caused by the bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1). The virus primarily affects the upper respiratory tract, leading to symptoms such as nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, and fever. In severe cases, it can also cause ulcers in the mouth and cornea, abortions in pregnant cows, and inflammation of the genital organs (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis or balanoposthitis).
IBR is highly contagious and can be spread through direct contact with infected animals, contaminated feed and water, and aerosols from respiratory secretions. The virus can establish latency in the nervous system of recovered animals, which can lead to recurrent outbreaks in a herd. IBR is a significant disease in the cattle industry due to its economic impact, including decreased milk production, weight loss, reduced fertility, and increased mortality rates. Vaccination is available to control the spread of the disease and reduce its clinical signs.
Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is a species-specific virus that belongs to the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, and genus Varicellovirus. This virus is the causative agent of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), which is a significant respiratory disease in cattle. The infection can also lead to reproductive issues, including abortions, stillbirths, and inflammation of the genital tract (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis) in cows and infertility in bulls.
The virus is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, their respiratory secretions, or contaminated objects. Once an animal is infected, BoHV-1 establishes a lifelong latency in the nervous system, from where it can periodically reactivate and shed the virus, even without showing any clinical signs. This makes eradication of the virus challenging in cattle populations.
Vaccines are available to control IBR, but they may not prevent infection or shedding entirely. Therefore, ongoing management practices, such as biosecurity measures and surveillance programs, are essential to minimize the impact of this disease on cattle health and productivity.
Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:
1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.
It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.
"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.
Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human (HPIV-3) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Respirovirus. It is one of the four serotypes of human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs), which are important causes of acute respiratory tract infections in infants, young children, and immunocompromised individuals.
HPIV-3 primarily infects the upper and lower respiratory tract, causing a wide range of clinical manifestations, from mild to severe respiratory illnesses. The incubation period for HPIV-3 infection is typically 3-7 days. In infants and young children, HPIV-3 can cause croup (laryngotracheobronchitis), bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, while in adults, it usually results in mild upper respiratory tract infections, such as the common cold.
The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected respiratory secretions or contaminated surfaces, and infection can occur throughout the year but tends to peak during fall and winter months. Currently, there are no approved vaccines for HPIV-3; treatment is primarily supportive and focuses on managing symptoms and complications.
Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease (BVD-MD) is a complex of diseases caused by the Bovine Virus Diarrhea virus (BVDV) and is a significant problem in the global cattle industry. The disease can manifest in various forms, from mild respiratory or reproductive issues to severe, life-threatening conditions such as mucosal disease.
Mucosal disease is the most acute form of BVD-MD and occurs when an animal that has been persistently infected (PI) with a specific strain of BVDV develops a secondary infection with a cytopathic biotype of the virus. PI animals are those that were infected in utero with BVDV before they developed immune competence, resulting in them shedding large amounts of the virus throughout their lives.
The secondary infection with the cytopathic biotype of BVDV causes extensive damage to the animal's lymphoid tissues and gastrointestinal tract, leading to severe clinical signs such as:
1. Profuse diarrhea
2. High fever (up to 41°C or 105.8°F)
3. Ulcerative lesions in the mouth, esophagus, and intestines
4. Severe dehydration
5. Depression and loss of appetite
6. Weight loss
7. Weakness
8. Increased respiratory rate
9. Swelling of the head, neck, and brisket
10. Death within 2-3 weeks after the onset of clinical signs
Morbidity and mortality rates in BVD-MD outbreaks can be high, causing significant economic losses for farmers due to decreased production, increased veterinary costs, and animal deaths. Prevention strategies include vaccination programs, biosecurity measures, and testing for PI animals to remove them from the herd.
I. Definition:
An abortion in a veterinary context refers to the intentional or unintentional termination of pregnancy in a non-human animal before the fetus is capable of surviving outside of the uterus. This can occur spontaneously (known as a miscarriage) or be induced through medical intervention (induced abortion).
II. Common Causes:
Spontaneous abortions may result from genetic defects, hormonal imbalances, infections, exposure to toxins, trauma, or other maternal health issues. Induced abortions are typically performed for population control, humane reasons (such as preventing the birth of a severely deformed or non-viable fetus), or when the pregnancy poses a risk to the mother's health.
III. Methods:
Veterinarians may use various methods to induce abortion depending on the species, stage of gestation, and reason for the procedure. These can include administering drugs that stimulate uterine contractions (such as prostaglandins), physically removing the fetus through surgery (dilation and curettage or hysterectomy), or using techniques specific to certain animal species (e.g., intrauterine infusion of hypertonic saline in equids).
IV. Ethical Considerations:
The ethics surrounding veterinary abortions are complex and multifaceted, often involving considerations related to animal welfare, conservation, population management, and human-animal relationships. Veterinarians must weigh these factors carefully when deciding whether to perform an abortion and which method to use. In some cases, legal regulations may also influence the decision-making process.
V. Conclusion:
Abortion in veterinary medicine is a medical intervention that can be used to address various clinical scenarios, ranging from unintentional pregnancy loss to deliberate termination of pregnancy for humane or population control reasons. Ethical considerations play a significant role in the decision-making process surrounding veterinary abortions, and veterinarians must carefully evaluate each situation on a case-by-case basis.
Vertebrate viruses are a type of virus that primarily infect and replicate in vertebrates, which include animals such as mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians. These viruses can cause a wide range of diseases, from mild symptoms to severe or even life-threatening conditions.
Vertebrate viruses are highly diverse and can be classified into different families based on their genetic material (DNA or RNA), structure, and replication strategy. Some examples of vertebrate viruses include influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus, rabies virus, and Zika virus.
Vertebrate viruses can enter the host cell through various mechanisms, such as binding to specific receptors on the cell surface or using cellular machinery to gain entry. Once inside the host cell, the virus takes over the cell's machinery to produce new viral particles, which can then infect other cells and spread throughout the body.
Vertebrate viruses have evolved complex mechanisms to evade the host immune system, such as suppressing the immune response or altering the expression of host genes. Understanding how vertebrate viruses interact with their hosts is crucial for developing effective antiviral therapies and vaccines.
Pestivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae, which are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses. There are several species within this genus that can cause disease in animals, including bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cattle, border disease virus (BDV) in sheep, and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in pigs. These viruses can cause a range of clinical signs, including respiratory and enteric diseases, reproductive failures, and immunosuppression. They are primarily spread through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, and can also be transmitted through contaminated fomites and semen. Prevention and control measures include vaccination, biosecurity practices, and testing and culling of infected animals.
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a viral disease that primarily affects cattle, but can also infect other ruminants such as sheep and goats. The disease is caused by the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), which belongs to the family Flaviviridae and genus Pestivirus.
There are two biotypes of BVDV, type 1 and type 2, which can be further divided into various subtypes based on their genetic makeup. The virus can cause a range of clinical signs in infected animals, depending on the age and immune status of the animal, as well as the strain of the virus.
Acute infection with BVDV can cause fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, nasal discharge, and diarrhea, which can be severe and life-threatening in young calves. In addition, BVDV can cause reproductive problems such as abortion, stillbirth, and the birth of persistently infected (PI) calves. PI animals are those that were infected with BVDV in utero and have the virus continuously present in their bloodstream and other tissues throughout their lives. These animals serve as a source of infection for other cattle and can spread the virus to naive herds.
BVDV is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, such as saliva, nasal secretions, and feces. The virus can also be spread indirectly through contaminated feed, water, and equipment. Prevention and control measures for BVDV include biosecurity practices, vaccination, and testing to identify and remove PI animals from herds.
Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) is a medical condition that refers to an inflammation of both the cornea (kerato-) and the conjunctiva (-conjunctivitis), which are the transparent membranes that cover the front part of the eye. IKC is caused by an infection, most commonly due to viral or bacterial pathogens.
The viral form of IKC is often caused by adenoviruses and can be highly contagious, spreading through respiratory droplets, contaminated surfaces, or direct contact with the infected person's eyes. The symptoms may include redness, watery eyes, sensitivity to light, a gritty or burning sensation in the eyes, and discharge. In some cases, there might be swollen lymph nodes near the ear or neck.
Bacterial IKC can result from various bacterial species, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Haemophilus influenzae. The symptoms of bacterial IKC are similar to those of viral IKC but may also include more purulent discharge and potential complications like corneal ulcers or abscesses.
Treatment for infectious keratoconjunctivitis depends on the underlying cause. Viral IKC typically resolves within 1-3 weeks without specific treatment, although cool compresses and artificial tears may help alleviate symptoms. Bacterial IKC may require antibiotic eye drops or ointments to clear the infection and prevent complications. In both cases, good hygiene practices are essential to prevent spreading the infection to others.
Respirovirus is not typically used as a formal medical term in modern taxonomy. However, historically, it was used to refer to a genus of viruses within the family Paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales. This genus included several important human and animal pathogens that cause respiratory infections.
Human respiroviruses include:
1. Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) types 1, 2, and 3: These viruses are a common cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, such as croup, bronchitis, and pneumonia, particularly in young children.
2. Sendai virus (also known as murine respirovirus): This virus primarily infects rodents but can occasionally cause mild respiratory illness in humans, especially those who work closely with these animals.
The term "respirovirus" is not officially recognized by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) anymore, and these viruses are now classified under different genera within the subfamily Pneumovirinae: Human parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3 belong to the genus Orthorubulavirus, while Human parainfluenza virus 2 is placed in the genus Metapneumovirus.
A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.
Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.
It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.
Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.
Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.
There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.
In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.
Paramyxoviridae is a family of viruses that includes several important pathogens causing respiratory infections in humans and animals. According to the medical perspective, Paramyxoviridae infections refer to the diseases caused by these viruses.
Some notable human paramyxovirus infections include:
1. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection: RSV is a common cause of respiratory tract infections, particularly in young children and older adults. It can lead to bronchiolitis and pneumonia, especially in infants and patients with compromised immune systems.
2. Measles (Rubeola): Measles is a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, cough, coryza (runny nose), conjunctivitis, and a maculopapular rash. It can lead to severe complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis, and even death, particularly in malnourished children and individuals with weakened immune systems.
3. Parainfluenza Virus Infection: Parainfluenza viruses are responsible for upper and lower respiratory tract infections, including croup, bronchitis, and pneumonia. They mainly affect young children but can also infect adults, causing mild to severe illnesses.
4. Mumps: Mumps is a contagious viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands, causing painful swelling. It can lead to complications such as meningitis, encephalitis, deafness, and orchitis (inflammation of the testicles) in rare cases.
5. Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) Infection: HMPV is a respiratory virus that can cause upper and lower respiratory tract infections, similar to RSV and parainfluenza viruses. It mainly affects young children and older adults, leading to bronchitis, pneumonia, and exacerbations of chronic lung diseases.
Prevention strategies for Paramyxoviridae infections include vaccination programs, practicing good personal hygiene, and implementing infection control measures in healthcare settings.
Neutralization tests are a type of laboratory assay used in microbiology and immunology to measure the ability of a substance, such as an antibody or antitoxin, to neutralize the activity of a toxin or infectious agent. In these tests, the substance to be tested is mixed with a known quantity of the toxin or infectious agent, and the mixture is then incubated under controlled conditions. After incubation, the mixture is tested for residual toxicity or infectivity using a variety of methods, such as cell culture assays, animal models, or biochemical assays.
The neutralization titer is then calculated based on the highest dilution of the test substance that completely neutralizes the toxin or infectious agent. Neutralization tests are commonly used in the diagnosis and evaluation of immune responses to vaccines, as well as in the detection and quantification of toxins and other harmful substances.
Examples of neutralization tests include the serum neutralization test for measles antibodies, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for dengue virus antibodies, and the cytotoxicity neutralization assay for botulinum neurotoxins.
"Pasteurella" is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic coccobacilli that are part of the family Pasteurellaceae. These bacteria are commonly found as normal flora in the upper respiratory tracts of animals, including cats, dogs, and livestock. They can cause a variety of infections in humans, such as wound infections, pneumonia, and septicemia, often following animal bites or scratches. Two notable species are Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella canis. Proper identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing are essential for appropriate treatment.
Pasteurella infections are diseases caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Pasteurella, with P. multocida being the most common species responsible for infections in humans. These bacteria are commonly found in the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tracts of animals, particularly domestic pets such as cats and dogs.
Humans can acquire Pasteurella infections through animal bites, scratches, or contact with contaminated animal secretions like saliva. The infection can manifest in various forms, including:
1. Skin and soft tissue infections: These are the most common types of Pasteurella infections, often presenting as cellulitis, abscesses, or wound infections after an animal bite or scratch.
2. Respiratory tract infections: Pasteurella bacteria can cause pneumonia, bronchitis, and other respiratory tract infections, especially in individuals with underlying lung diseases or weakened immune systems.
3. Ocular infections: Pasteurella bacteria can infect the eye, causing conditions like conjunctivitis, keratitis, or endophthalmitis, particularly after an animal scratch to the eye or face.
4. Septicemia: In rare cases, Pasteurella bacteria can enter the bloodstream and cause septicemia, a severe and potentially life-threatening condition.
5. Other infections: Pasteurella bacteria have also been known to cause joint infections (septic arthritis), bone infections (osteomyelitis), and central nervous system infections (meningitis or brain abscesses) in some cases.
Prompt diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment are crucial for managing Pasteurella infections, as they can progress rapidly and lead to severe complications, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems.
"Moraxella" is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that are commonly found on the mucous membranes of humans and animals. They are non-motile and catalase-positive. Some species of Moraxella can cause infections in humans, such as M. catarrhalis, which is a common cause of respiratory tract infections like bronchitis and otitis media (middle ear infection) in children. Another species, M. nonliquefaciens, can be found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals, but it's not considered to be pathogenic.
It is worth noting that Moraxella genus was previously classified under the name Neisseria, but based on genetic and biochemical evidence, they are now considered separate genera.
Herpesviridae is a family of large, double-stranded DNA viruses that includes several important pathogens affecting humans and animals. The herpesviruses are characterized by their ability to establish latency in infected host cells, allowing them to persist for the lifetime of the host and leading to recurrent episodes of disease.
The family Herpesviridae is divided into three subfamilies: Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae, and Gammaherpesvirinae. Each subfamily includes several genera and species that infect various hosts, including humans, primates, rodents, birds, and reptiles.
Human herpesviruses include:
* Alphaherpesvirinae: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
* Betaherpesvirinae: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A), Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), and Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7)
* Gammaherpesvirinae: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as HHV-8)
These viruses are responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, from mild skin lesions to life-threatening diseases. Primary infections usually occur during childhood or adolescence and can be followed by recurrent episodes due to virus reactivation from latency.
Maternally-acquired immunity (MAI) refers to the passive immunity that is transferred from a mother to her offspring, typically through the placenta during pregnancy or through breast milk after birth. This immunity is temporary and provides protection to the newborn or young infant against infectious agents, such as bacteria and viruses, based on the mother's own immune experiences and responses.
In humans, maternally-acquired immunity is primarily mediated by the transfer of antibodies called immunoglobulins (IgG) across the placenta to the fetus during pregnancy. This process begins around the 20th week of gestation and continues until birth, providing the newborn with a range of protective antibodies against various pathogens. After birth, additional protection is provided through breast milk, which contains secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) that helps to prevent infections in the infant's gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
Maternally-acquired immunity is an essential mechanism for protecting newborns and young infants, who have not yet developed their own active immune responses. However, it is important to note that maternally-acquired antibodies can also interfere with the infant's response to certain vaccines, as they may neutralize the vaccine antigens before the infant's immune system has a chance to mount its own response. This is one reason why some vaccines are not recommended for young infants and why the timing of vaccinations may be adjusted in cases where maternally-acquired immunity is present.
Nasal mucosa refers to the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity. It is a delicate, moist, and specialized tissue that contains various types of cells including epithelial cells, goblet cells, and glands. The primary function of the nasal mucosa is to warm, humidify, and filter incoming air before it reaches the lungs.
The nasal mucosa produces mucus, which traps dust, allergens, and microorganisms, preventing them from entering the respiratory system. The cilia, tiny hair-like structures on the surface of the epithelial cells, help move the mucus towards the back of the throat, where it can be swallowed or expelled.
The nasal mucosa also contains a rich supply of blood vessels and immune cells that help protect against infections and inflammation. It plays an essential role in the body's defense system by producing antibodies, secreting antimicrobial substances, and initiating local immune responses.
Virus cultivation, also known as virus isolation or viral culture, is a laboratory method used to propagate and detect viruses by introducing them to host cells and allowing them to replicate. This process helps in identifying the specific virus causing an infection and studying its characteristics, such as morphology, growth pattern, and sensitivity to antiviral agents.
The steps involved in virus cultivation typically include:
1. Collection of a clinical sample (e.g., throat swab, blood, sputum) from the patient.
2. Preparation of the sample by centrifugation or filtration to remove cellular debris and other contaminants.
3. Inoculation of the prepared sample into susceptible host cells, which can be primary cell cultures, continuous cell lines, or embryonated eggs, depending on the type of virus.
4. Incubation of the inoculated cells under appropriate conditions to allow viral replication.
5. Observation for cytopathic effects (CPE), which are changes in the host cells caused by viral replication, such as cell rounding, shrinkage, or lysis.
6. Confirmation of viral presence through additional tests, like immunofluorescence assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or electron microscopy.
Virus cultivation is a valuable tool in diagnostic virology, vaccine development, and research on viral pathogenesis and host-virus interactions. However, it requires specialized equipment, trained personnel, and biosafety measures due to the potential infectivity of the viruses being cultured.
I'm happy to help, but I want to clarify that the term "sheep diseases" refers to a wide range of health issues that can affect sheep populations. It's not a single medical condition with a specific definition. Here are some examples of common diseases that can affect sheep:
1. Ovine Johne's Disease (OJD): A chronic, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It affects the intestines and can cause weight loss, diarrhea, and death.
2. Footrot: A highly contagious bacterial infection that affects the feet of sheep, causing lameness, swelling, and pain. It's caused by the bacteria Dichelobacter nodosus.
3. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It affects the lymph nodes and can cause abscesses, weight loss, and death.
4. Contagious Ecthyma (Orf): A highly contagious viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes of sheep, causing sores and lesions.
5. Mastitis: An inflammation of the mammary gland in sheep, usually caused by a bacterial infection. It can cause decreased milk production, fever, and loss of appetite.
6. Pneumonia: A respiratory infection that can affect sheep, causing coughing, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by various bacteria or viruses.
7. Enterotoxemia: A potentially fatal disease caused by the overproduction of toxins in the intestines of sheep, usually due to a bacterial infection with Clostridium perfringens.
8. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM): A neurological disorder that affects the brain of sheep, causing symptoms such as blindness, circling, and seizures. It's often caused by a thiamine deficiency or excessive sulfur intake.
9. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can affect sheep, causing abortion, stillbirth, and neurological symptoms.
10. Blue tongue: A viral disease that affects sheep, causing fever, respiratory distress, and mouth ulcers. It's transmitted by insect vectors and is often associated with climate change.
Keratoconjunctivitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of both the cornea (the clear, outer layer at the front of the eye) and the conjunctiva (the mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye).
The condition can cause symptoms such as redness, pain, sensitivity to light, watery eyes, and a gritty or burning sensation in the eyes. Keratoconjunctivitis can be caused by various factors, including viral or bacterial infections, allergies, or environmental irritants like dust, smoke, or chemical fumes.
Treatment for keratoconjunctivitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include medications such as antibiotics, antivirals, or anti-inflammatory agents to reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms. In some cases, artificial tears or lubricants may also be recommended to help keep the eyes moist and comfortable.
Herpesviridae infections refer to diseases caused by the Herpesviridae family of double-stranded DNA viruses, which include herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). These viruses can cause a variety of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild skin lesions to severe systemic diseases.
After the initial infection, these viruses typically become latent in various tissues and may reactivate later in life, causing recurrent symptoms. The clinical presentation of Herpesviridae infections depends on the specific virus and the immune status of the host. Common manifestations include oral or genital ulcers (HSV-1 and HSV-2), chickenpox and shingles (VZV), mononucleosis (CMV), roseola (HHV-6), and Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV-8).
Preventive measures include avoiding close contact with infected individuals during the active phase of the infection, practicing safe sex, and avoiding sharing personal items that may come into contact with infectious lesions. Antiviral medications are available to treat Herpesviridae infections and reduce the severity and duration of symptoms.
'Immune sera' refers to the serum fraction of blood that contains antibodies produced in response to an antigenic stimulus, such as a vaccine or an infection. These antibodies are proteins known as immunoglobulins, which are secreted by B cells (a type of white blood cell) and can recognize and bind to specific antigens. Immune sera can be collected from an immunized individual and used as a source of passive immunity to protect against infection or disease. It is often used in research and diagnostic settings to identify or measure the presence of specific antigens or antibodies.
Culture techniques are methods used in microbiology to grow and multiply microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses, in a controlled laboratory environment. These techniques allow for the isolation, identification, and study of specific microorganisms, which is essential for diagnostic purposes, research, and development of medical treatments.
The most common culture technique involves inoculating a sterile growth medium with a sample suspected to contain microorganisms. The growth medium can be solid or liquid and contains nutrients that support the growth of the microorganisms. Common solid growth media include agar plates, while liquid growth media are used for broth cultures.
Once inoculated, the growth medium is incubated at a temperature that favors the growth of the microorganisms being studied. During incubation, the microorganisms multiply and form visible colonies on the solid growth medium or turbid growth in the liquid growth medium. The size, shape, color, and other characteristics of the colonies can provide important clues about the identity of the microorganism.
Other culture techniques include selective and differential media, which are designed to inhibit the growth of certain types of microorganisms while promoting the growth of others, allowing for the isolation and identification of specific pathogens. Enrichment cultures involve adding specific nutrients or factors to a sample to promote the growth of a particular type of microorganism.
Overall, culture techniques are essential tools in microbiology and play a critical role in medical diagnostics, research, and public health.
Tracheitis is a medical condition that involves inflammation of the trachea, or windpipe. It can cause symptoms such as cough, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and fever. Tracheitis can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, and it may also occur as a complication of other respiratory conditions. In some cases, tracheitis may require medical treatment, including antibiotics for bacterial infections or corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of tracheitis, especially if they are severe or persistent.
A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:
1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.
2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.
3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).
4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.
5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.
Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Moraxellaceae is a family of Gram-negative, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the environment and on the mucosal surfaces of humans and animals. Infections caused by Moraxellaceae are relatively rare but can occur, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.
Two genera within this family, Moraxella and Acinetobacter, are most commonly associated with human infections. Moraxella catarrhalis is a leading cause of respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis, otitis media (middle ear infection), and sinusitis, particularly in children and the elderly. It can also cause conjunctivitis (pink eye) and pneumonia.
Acinetobacter species, on the other hand, are often found in soil and water and can colonize the skin and mucous membranes of humans without causing harm. However, they can become opportunistic pathogens in hospital settings, causing a range of infections such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, wound infections, and meningitis, particularly in critically ill or immunocompromised patients.
Infections caused by Moraxellaceae can be treated with antibiotics, but the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains is a growing concern. Proper infection control measures, such as hand hygiene and environmental cleaning, are essential to prevent the spread of these infections in healthcare settings.
Veterinary medicine is the branch of medical science that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and injuries in non-human animals. The profession of veterinary medicine is dedicated to the care, health, and welfare of animals, as well as to the promotion of human health through animal research and public health advancements. Veterinarians employ a variety of diagnostic methods including clinical examination, radiography, laboratory testing, and ultrasound imaging. They use a range of treatments, including medication, surgery, and dietary management. In addition, veterinarians may also advise on preventative healthcare measures such as vaccination schedules and parasite control programs.
Veterinary drugs, also known as veterinary medicines, are substances or combinations of substances used to treat, prevent, or diagnose diseases in animals, including food-producing species and pets. These drugs can be administered to animals through various routes such as oral, topical, injectable, or inhalation. They contain active ingredients that interact with the animal's biological system to produce a therapeutic effect. Veterinary drugs are subject to regulatory control and must be prescribed or recommended by a licensed veterinarian in many countries to ensure their safe and effective use.
Veterinary education is a postsecondary educational process and training that prepares students to become licensed veterinarians. The curriculum typically includes courses in biochemistry, anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, pathology, microbiology, immunology, toxicology, animal nutrition, parasitology, and veterinary clinical practice.
In addition to classroom instruction, veterinary education also involves hands-on training through clinical rotations in veterinary hospitals, clinics, and research laboratories. Students learn how to diagnose and treat diseases and injuries in a variety of animals, including domestic pets, livestock, and wildlife.
Veterinary education typically takes four years to complete and is offered by colleges or schools of veterinary medicine that are accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Council on Education. After completing their education, graduates must pass a licensing exam in order to practice veterinary medicine. Continuing education is also required throughout their careers to maintain their license and stay up-to-date with advances in the field.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. It typically contains an agent that resembles the disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it encounters in the future.
Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight disease that is already present). The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccinations are generally administered through needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.
The term "vaccine" comes from Edward Jenner's 1796 use of cowpox to create immunity to smallpox. The first successful vaccine was developed in 1796 by Edward Jenner, who showed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox did not get smallpox. He reasoned that exposure to cowpox protected against smallpox and tested his theory by injecting a boy with pus from a cowpox sore and then exposing him to smallpox, which the boy did not contract. The word "vaccine" is derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 during a conversation with a fellow physician and later in the title of his 1801 Inquiry.
Veterinary surgery refers to the surgical procedures performed on animals by trained veterinarians or veterinary surgeons. It involves the use of various surgical techniques and tools to diagnose, treat, or prevent diseases and injuries in animals. This can include soft tissue surgeries such as abdominal or thoracic surgeries, orthopedic surgeries for bone and joint issues, neurological surgeries, oncological surgeries for the removal of tumors, and reconstructive surgeries. Veterinary surgeons must complete extensive education and training in order to provide safe and effective surgical care for animals.
I'm not a medical professional, but I can try to help you with that. "Schools, veterinary" is not a medical condition or term related to human health. Instead, it refers to educational institutions that offer programs and training for individuals who wish to become veterinarians or work in animal care.
Veterinary schools provide advanced education and training in animal medicine, surgery, and healthcare. Students typically complete a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree program, which includes classroom instruction, laboratory work, and clinical experience. Upon graduation, they are eligible to take licensing exams and practice veterinary medicine.
Therefore, "schools, veterinary" is not a medical definition related to human health but rather a term used to describe educational institutions that specialize in training professionals in animal healthcare.
Inactivated vaccines, also known as killed or non-live vaccines, are created by using a version of the virus or bacteria that has been grown in a laboratory and then killed or inactivated with chemicals, heat, or radiation. This process renders the organism unable to cause disease, but still capable of stimulating an immune response when introduced into the body.
Inactivated vaccines are generally considered safer than live attenuated vaccines since they cannot revert back to a virulent form and cause illness. However, they may require multiple doses or booster shots to maintain immunity because the immune response generated by inactivated vaccines is not as robust as that produced by live vaccines. Examples of inactivated vaccines include those for hepatitis A, rabies, and influenza (inactivated flu vaccine).
Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1
Varicellovirus
Antelope Island
Bison
Bovine respiratory disease
Orthoherpesviridae
Mass mortality event
Alphaherpesvirinae
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
Novartis
List of MeSH codes (C02)
IBR
List of MeSH codes (C22)
Veterinary virology
Nasal vaccine
Evaluation of endocrine and immune responses of steers challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in: American...
Ribonucleotides in Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus DNA | Microbiology Society
Farm Health Online - Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub - Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
Vaccination Strategies to Maximize Preventive Health and to Minimize Adverse Effects on Market Quality | Cornell University...
WOAH reported infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) on two cattle farms in Qyzylorda. - Emergence - Your Guide to...
Viral Causes | Infonet Biovision Home.
Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 - Wikipedia
Animal Facility Disinfectant - Revival Animal Health
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
Viruses | Free Full-Text | Serosurveillance and Molecular Investigation of Wild Deer in Australia Reveals Seroprevalence of...
Vaccines | Free Full-Text | Dendritic Cell Tumor Vaccination via Fc Gamma Receptor Targeting: Lessons Learned from Pre-Clinical...
UK Cattle Disease Annual Surveillance Report (2006) | The Cattle Site
European Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
Dispositions - R&O 2012 and 2013
The affects of herpes in cattle
Publications at this Location : USDA ARS
Notifiable diseases in Northern Ireland | Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs
Screening of a genome-reduced Corynebacterium glutamicum - Global Musa Genomics Consortium (MUSA2)
Beef Calf Preconditioning Programs | Page 26 | Mississippi State University Extension Service
MSD Extends IBR Control Options with Launch of Inactivated Marker Vaccine | The Beef Site
2009, №12 eng | СФНЦА РАН
Administration of Vaccines in Animals - Pharmacology - Merck Veterinary Manual
BOVILIS® NASALGEN® 3 | Merck Animal Health USA
Top Performance The Original 256 Disinfectant, Detergent, & Deodorant
EEA-Lex | European Free Trade Association
Blue Tongue Virus
On-Ranch Vaccinations Establish Lifetime Cattle Health - Red Angus
Cattle16
- WOAH reported infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) on two cattle farms in Qyzylorda. (emergence-msd-animal-health.com)
- It is caused by a virus related to the one that causes Bovine Viral Diarrhea disease in cattle. (infonet-biovision.org)
- Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is a virus of the family Herpesviridae and the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, known to cause several diseases worldwide in cattle, including rhinotracheitis, vaginitis, balanoposthitis, abortion, conjunctivitis, and enteritis. (wikipedia.org)
- The herpes virus of cattle is called infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBR). (beefmagazine.com)
- Viral Infections Associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex in Cattle Bovine herpesvirus 1 infections are widespread in the cattle population. (merckvetmanual.com)
- This product has been shown to be effective for the vaccination of healthy cattle, 1 week of age or older against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and parainfluenza 3 virus (PI 3 ). (merck-animal-health-usa.com)
- Effect of Ambient Temperature on Viral Replication and Serum Antibody Titers Following Administration of a Commercial Intranasal Modified-Live Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Parainfluenza-3 Virus Vaccine to Beef Cattle Housed in High- and Moderate-Ambient Temperature Environments. (merck-animal-health-usa.com)
- The survey's findings identified immunization as the most important component of a healthy beef cattle herd to aid in the prevention of infectious diseases. (redangus.org)
- On September 5, 2022, coming from Sète, she was turned away from Algiers with 787 slaughter cattle because of a dispute over three young bulls vaccinated against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. (robindesbois.org)
- Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is one of the biggest infectious disease challenges facing the cattle industry. (msd-animal-health-hub.co.uk)
- BoHV-1, a major cattle pathogen, is typically responsible of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) causing severe economic losses in livestock [2]. (groundwater-2011.net)
- In addition to being very annoying to cattle, face flies play a role in the transmission of Moraxella bovis , the principal causal agent of bovine pinkeye or infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. (uky.edu)
- One Shot BVD helps provide beef and dairy cattle with combined respiratory protection against Mannheimia haemolytica and bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) Types 1 and 2 viruses in a single dose. (animalhealthexpress.com)
- The viral envelope glycoprotein D from bovine herpesviruses 1 and 5 (BoHV-1 and -5), two important pathogens of cattle, is a major component of the virion and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of herpesviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
- BoHV-1 is a pathogen of cattle associated with two major syndromes, called infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) disseminates easily, is difficult to control, and is widely spread in cattle herds worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
Pustular vulvovaginitis2
- The genital disease causes infectious pustular vulvovaginitis in cows and infectious balanoposthitis in bulls. (wikipedia.org)
- 10. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis. (advocatekhoj.com)
Vaccine4
- Timing between vaccination and challenge with infectious agent is an important determinant of vaccine success. (cornell.edu)
- UK - MSD Animal Health has launched an inactivated marker vaccine for use in the control of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR). (thebeefsite.com)
- In the following study, it is hypothesised that an intranasal administration (of a bovine CDK8-IN-1 vaccine) CDK8-IN-1 could afford a protection against the CDK8-IN-1 clinical genital infection. (groundwater-2011.net)
- If you have questions about the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) fraction of the vaccine shedding, have your herd health veterinarian call one of the company's technical consultant veterinarians for advice. (beefmagazine.com)
Herpesvirus1
- Background The subfamily em Alphaherpesvirinae /em includes a cluster of closely related ruminant viruses with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) as prototype [1]. (groundwater-2011.net)
Diseases1
- Pestiviruses account for important diseases in animals such as Classical swine fever (CSF) and Bovine viral diarrhoea / Mucosal disease (BVD/MD). According to the current O.I.E. list CSF and BVD/MD are notifiable diseases and eradication programms are administered in many countries worldwide. (bionity.com)
Parainfluenza2
- Helps protect against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus, parainfluenza 3 (PI 3 ) virus, M. haemolytica and BVD Types 1 and 2 viruses. (animalhealthexpress.com)
- Helps provide comprehensive respiratory protection against BRSV, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus, parainfluenza 3 (PI 3 ) virus, M. haemolytica and BVD Types 1 and 2 viruses. (animalhealthexpress.com)
Herpes virus1
- Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a viral respiratory disease caused by bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1). (farmhealthonline.com)
Rabies1
- Sale bulls are inoculated against lumpy skin, rabies, bovine viral diarrhoea and infectious bovine Rhinotracheitis, and are tested for trichomoniasis and vibriosis. (farmersweekly.co.za)
BRSV1
- Offers superior respiratory protection against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) of INFORCE 3 with the complementary M. haemolytica and BVD protection of ONE SHOT BVD. (animalhealthexpress.com)
Genital Campylobacteriosis1
- 3. Bovine genital campylobacteriosis. (advocatekhoj.com)
Vaccines1
- Vaccines should be administered at times of low stress and several weeks prior to expected changes in management that may increase stress or exposure to infectious agents. (cornell.edu)
Virus4
- Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus was grown in the presence of 5- 3 H-uridine in a continuous line of bovine kidney cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- BVD is the most commonly diagnosed virus in bovine abortion cases in Europe and North America. (infonet-biovision.org)
- They have proven their safety and efficacy in the target bovine species since they are efficacious at reducing disease severity, virus shedding, and circulation in a population [4,5]. (groundwater-2011.net)
- Coupled with the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus, M. bovis can cause a much more severe inflammatory condition. (uky.edu)
Inflammation1
- Rhinotracheitis refers to inflammation of the nose and trachea (windpipe). (beefmagazine.com)
Contagious2
- Infectious Bronchitis in Poultry Infectious bronchitis is an acute, highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease in chickens. (merckvetmanual.com)
- 7. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. (advocatekhoj.com)
Avian2
- 2. Avian infectious bronchitis. (advocatekhoj.com)
- 3. Avian infectious laryngotracheitis. (advocatekhoj.com)
Tuberculosis1
- 5. Bovine tuberculosis. (advocatekhoj.com)
Viruses1
- Types 1 and 2 viruses, two of the major respiratory viruses that cause bovine respiratory disease (BRD). (animalhealthexpress.com)
Calf1
- One Shot BVD helps offer combine respiratory protection against Mannheimia haemolytica, the No. 1 calf killer, and bovine viral diarrhea. (animalhealthexpress.com)
Beef2
- Bovine respiratory disease is the most common - and costly - ailment in all stages of beef production," said Tarpoff. (redangus.org)
- I've been to countless beef meetings where the topic of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is discussed. (beefmagazine.com)
Disease4
- BoHV-1 is also a contributing factor in shipping fever, also known as bovine respiratory disease (BRD). (wikipedia.org)
- The respiratory disease caused by BoHV-1 is commonly known as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. (wikipedia.org)
- Helps provide a convenient and effective way to combat bovine respiratory disease (BRD). (animalhealthexpress.com)
- 10. Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease). (advocatekhoj.com)
Turkey1
- 14. Turkey rhinotracheitis. (advocatekhoj.com)
Equine1
- 6. Equine infectious anaemia. (advocatekhoj.com)
Viral Diarrhoea2
- 2014. Aspects of bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhoea virus herd-level seroprevalence and vaccination in dairy and beef herds in Northern Ireland. (ugm.ac.id)
- For active immunisation of cows and heifers to protect the foetus against trans-placental infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhoea virus. (breslinspharmacy.ie)
Diarrhea Virus4
- And the stress of the storm will leave its mark on surviving herds, the South Dakota State University Agricultural Extension Service said , leaving the remaining cattle vulnerable to ruinous diseases with names like infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus. (nbcnews.com)
- Detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1a by virus neutralization. (tamu.edu)
- The FP Support Guarantee is their commitment to providing veterinarians and producers with confidence that their decision to use Zoetis-branded reproductive vaccines will be supported if a calf is identified with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) persistent infection (PI), or if there is an abortion due to Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus (IBR). (houlihansaddlery.com)
- Cattlemaster Gold FP 5 L5 is for vaccination of healthy cattle, including pregnant cows, as an aid in preventing abortion caused by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis persistently infected calves caused by bovine virus diarrhea virus Types 1 and 2, respiratory disease caused by IBR, BVD parainfluenza3 and bovine respiratory syncytial virus and leptospirosis. (freedomagandenergy.com)
Respiratory disease8
- This review examines in some detail the topics of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, shipping fever, and viral-bacterial interactions in the production of respiratory disease in various species. (nih.gov)
- The bovine respiratory disease complex. (nih.gov)
- BoHV-1 is also a contributing factor in shipping fever, also known as bovine respiratory disease (BRD). (wikipedia.org)
- The respiratory disease caused by BoHV-1 is commonly known as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. (wikipedia.org)
- bovine herpesvirus Type 1), persistently infected calves caused by bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus Types 1 and 2, and respiratory disease caused by IBR, BVD (Types 1 and 2), Parainfluenza 3 (PI3), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and all 5 Leptos. (animalhealthexpress.com)
- Bovi-Shield Gold IBR-BVD is for the vaccination of healthy cattle to prevent respiratory disease caused by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and as an aid in preventing respiratory disease caused by bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) Types 1 and 2. (valleyvet.com)
- Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus is an under- appreciated cause of respiratory disease in calves and adult cattle. (leawhitehighlandcattle.com)
- Calves running with their dams on grass pastures are considered to be at low risk for developing pneumonia because they are not facing any of the risks typically associated with bovine respiratory disease (i.e. trucking, commingling, diet change, etc. (ksubci.org)
Alphaherpesvirus2
- Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), caused by Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), is a disease of cattle responsible for significant economic losses worldwide. (qxmd.com)
- Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is a virus of the family Herpesviridae and the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, known to cause several diseases worldwide in cattle, including rhinotracheitis, vaginitis, balanoposthitis, abortion, conjunctivitis, and enteritis. (wikipedia.org)
Herpesvirus Type3
- 2011. Development of a sandwich ELISA for the detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1. (ugm.ac.id)
- Antigenic differences between the major glycoproteins of bovine herpesvirus type 1.1 and bovine encephalitis herpesvirus type 1.3. (ugm.ac.id)
- Detection of antibodies to bovine herpesvirus type 1 (VN), the causative agent of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus, by virus neutralization. (tamu.edu)
Virus9
- IBR - Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis - often referred to as "red-nose," this virus causes massive upper respiratory inflammation. (umn.edu)
- Most stockmen use a vaccine that includes BVD (bovine virus diarrhea) and IBR (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis). (hobbyfarms.com)
- The owner of the dead cows was working with a local veterinarian, who initially believed a virus such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) or bovine virus diarrhea. (learnthat.org)
- Detection of infectious bronchitis virus. (cdc.gov)
- Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis is a very common respiratory virus that is easily contracted by a susceptible animal. (leawhitehighlandcattle.com)
- Bovine Viral Diarrhea: this virus is probably one of the nastiest viruses your animals could pick up at a show, but will probably be the one that causes the individual animal the least obvious problem. (leawhitehighlandcattle.com)
- For the active immunisation of cattle against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), to reduce virus shedding and clinical signs including, in female cattle, abortions associated with BHV-1 infection. (breslinspharmacy.ie)
- For vaccination of healthy cattle as an aid in preventing infectious bovine rhinotracheitis caused by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus and bovine viral diarrhea (Type 1 and Type 2) caused by bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus. (animalhealthusa.com)
- Significant viral DNA (likely correlating to infectious virus) in tissues necessitates enhanced biosafety measures in healthcare and autopsy settings. (cdc.gov)
Calves3
- Viral-bacterial pneumonia in calves: duration of the interaction between bovine herpesvirus 1 and Pasteurella haemolytica. (nih.gov)
- Pneumonia in calves produced with aerosols of bovine herpesvirus 1 and Pasteurella haemolytica. (nih.gov)
- eggs per gram of faeces as the three important infections statistically associated with infectious disease mortality in these calves. (cdc.gov)
Pathogens1
- However, other pathogens such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis could be included in the differential diagnosis. (veterinaryirelandjournal.com)
Diseases7
- Common diseases spread between animals by direct contact include bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), and mastitis. (iastate.edu)
- They protect cattle from bovine respiratory diseases, brucellosis, viral diarrhea, and other serious illnesses. (wellfarmvets.com)
- By priming the immune system, vaccines help prevent infections, reduce the severity of diseases, and contribute to herd immunity, safeguarding individuals and communities from infectious diseases. (wellfarmvets.com)
- Infectious livestock diseases remain a major threat to attaining food security and are a source of economic and livelihood losses for people dependent on livestock for their livelihood. (cdc.gov)
- Knowledge of the vital infectious diseases that account for the majority of deaths is crucial in determining disease control strategies and in the allocation of limited funds available for disease control. (cdc.gov)
- The control strategies for the identified infectious diseases have been discussed. (cdc.gov)
- For example, cattle should receive several vaccines to keep them healthy and prevent diseases like infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), and PI3 (a viral infection that affects the respiratory system). (gianteaglepetrx.com)
Abortion1
- Cattlemaster Gold FP 5L5 is for the vaccination of healthy cattle, including pregnant cows, as an aid in preventing abortion caused by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR. (animalhealthexpress.com)
Causative agent1
- Considering the increasing incidence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in Indonesia, it was necessary to conduct a more in-depth study of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) as the causative agent of IBR disease. (ugm.ac.id)
Vaccines1
- Vaccines providing protection against Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), vibriosis and leptospirosis are essential. (genex.coop)
Herds1
- 450) from 44 herds collected in 2016 in the framework of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis serologic monitoring. (cdc.gov)
Antibodies1
- We screened all samples for the presence of IDV antibodies by HI tests performed as previously described ( 2 ) using D/bovine/France/5920/2014 viral strain (D/swine/Oklahoma/2011 lineage). (cdc.gov)
Mastitis2
- This study evaluated the seroprevalence and associated factors of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), and to analyze the possible relationship between IBR, BVD, and the occurrence of mastitis. (scielo.br)
- Vaksin mati polivalen untuk bovine mastitis, dalam emulsi injeksi. (hipra.com)
Infection1
- 1996. Immunology of bovine herpesvirus 1 infection. (ugm.ac.id)
Detection1
- Detection of Trichomonas foetus in bovine by culture. (tamu.edu)
Type1
- This product has been shown to be effective for the vaccination of healthy cattle three months of age or older against Infectious Bovine rhinotracheitis, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Type 1, Haemophilus Somnus, Mannheimia Haemolutica Type A-1, Mannheimia Haemolutica Type A-6, & Pasteurella Multocida Type A-3. (healthypets.com)
Cattle characterized1
- It is an infectious almost invariably fatal disease of cattle characterized by catarrhal inflammation of the nasal and oral mucosa (inflammation of the upper respiratory and alimentary epithelia), keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis, rapid dehydration, and generalized enlargement of lymph nodes. (farmanimalreport.com)
Programs1
- Control programs for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in European countries: an overview. (qxmd.com)