A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.
An activity in which the body advances at a slow to moderate pace by moving the feet in a coordinated fashion. This includes recreational walking, walking for fitness, and competitive race-walking.
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.
The region of the lower limb between the FOOT and the LEG.
The inferior part of the lower extremity between the KNEE and the ANKLE.
Comparison of the BLOOD PRESSURE between the BRACHIAL ARTERY and the POSTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY. It is a predictor of PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE.
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.
A regimen or plan of physical activities designed and prescribed for specific therapeutic goals. Its purpose is to restore normal musculoskeletal function or to reduce pain caused by diseases or injuries.
The region of the lower limb in animals, extending from the gluteal region to the FOOT, and including the BUTTOCKS; HIP; and LEG.
Controlled physical activity which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used.
The continuation of the femoral artery coursing through the popliteal fossa; it divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.
The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries.
A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.
The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery.
The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an EXERCISE TEST.
Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs.
Use of a balloon catheter for dilation of an occluded artery. It is used in treatment of arterial occlusive diseases, including renal artery stenosis and arterial occlusions in the leg. For the specific technique of BALLOON DILATION in coronary arteries, ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, CORONARY is available.
Compounds that specifically inhibit PHOSPHODIESTERASE 3.
Narrowing of the spinal canal.
A potent epoxide hydrase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inhibitor. It enhances the tumor-initiating ability of certain carcinogens.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The anterior and posterior arteries created at the bifurcation of the popliteal artery. The anterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle and lies along the tibia at the distal part of the leg to surface superficially anterior to the ankle joint. Its branches are distributed throughout the leg, ankle, and foot. The posterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle, lies behind the tibia in the lower part of its course, and is found situated between the medial malleolus and the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity. Its branches are distributed throughout the leg and foot.
The degree to which BLOOD VESSELS are not blocked or obstructed.
A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Reconstruction or repair of a blood vessel, which includes the widening of a pathological narrowing of an artery or vein by the removal of atheromatous plaque material and/or the endothelial lining as well, or by dilatation (BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY) to compress an ATHEROMA. Except for ENDARTERECTOMY, usually these procedures are performed via catheterization as minimally invasive ENDOVASCULAR PROCEDURES.
A METHYLXANTHINE derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Either of two fleshy protuberances at the lower posterior section of the trunk or HIP in humans and primate on which a person or animal sits, consisting of gluteal MUSCLES and fat.
Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.
A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.
The cavity within the SPINAL COLUMN through which the SPINAL CORD passes.
Operative procedures for the treatment of vascular disorders.
The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.
Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called ATHERECTOMY.
Tetrazoles are heterocyclic organic compounds containing a 1,3,5-triazole ring with an additional nitrogen atom, often used in pharmaceuticals as bioisosteres for carboxylic acid groups due to their isoelectronic nature and similar hydrogen bonding capabilities.
Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
A potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow.
Compounds that increase urine volume by increasing the amount of osmotically active solute in the urine. Osmotic diuretics also increase the osmolarity of plasma.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect combined with real-time imaging. The real-time image is created by rapid movement of the ultrasound beam. A powerful advantage of this technique is the ability to estimate the velocity of flow from the Doppler shift frequency.
The removal of a limb or other appendage or outgrowth of the body. (Dorland, 28th ed)
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
The internal resistance of the BLOOD to shear forces. The in vitro measure of whole blood viscosity is of limited clinical utility because it bears little relationship to the actual viscosity within the circulation, but an increase in the viscosity of circulating blood can contribute to morbidity in patients suffering from disorders such as SICKLE CELL ANEMIA and POLYCYTHEMIA.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
Drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system.
Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
The distal extremity of the leg in vertebrates, consisting of the tarsus (ANKLE); METATARSUS; phalanges; and the soft tissues surrounding these bones.
Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.
Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.
The measurement and recording of MOTOR ACTIVITY to assess rest/activity cycles.
A method of delineating blood vessels by subtracting a tissue background image from an image of tissue plus intravascular contrast material that attenuates the X-ray photons. The background image is determined from a digitized image taken a few moments before injection of the contrast material. The resulting angiogram is a high-contrast image of the vessel. This subtraction technique allows extraction of a high-intensity signal from the superimposed background information. The image is thus the result of the differential absorption of X-rays by different tissues.
Device constructed of either synthetic or biological material that is used for the repair of injured or diseased blood vessels.

Superficial femoral eversion endarterectomy combined with a vein segment as a composite artery-vein bypass graft for infrainguinal arterial reconstruction. (1/786)

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the results of composite artery-vein bypass grafting for infrainguinal arterial reconstruction. METHODS: This study was designed as a retrospective case series in two tertiary referral centers. Forty-eight of 51 patients underwent the procedure of interest for the treatment of ischemic skin lesions (n = 42), rest pain (n = 3), disabling claudication (n = 1), and infected prosthesis (n = 2). The intervention used was infrainguinal composite artery-vein bypass grafting to popliteal (n = 18) and infrapopliteal (n = 30) arteries, with an occluded segment of the superficial femoral artery prepared with eversion endarterectomy and an autogenous vein conduit harvested from greater saphenous veins (n = 43), arm veins (n = 3), and lesser saphenous veins (n = 2). The main outcome measures, primary graft patency rates, foot salvage rates, and patient survival rates, were described by means of the life-table method for a mean follow-up time of 15.5 months. RESULTS: The cumulative loss during the follow-up period was 6% and 24% at 6 and 12 months, respectively. The primary graft patency rates, the foot salvage rates, and the patient survival rates for patients with popliteal grafts were 60.0% +/- 9.07%, 75.7% +/- 9.18%, and 93.5% +/- 6.03%, respectively, at 1 month; 53.7% +/- 11.85%, 68.9% +/- 12.47%, and 85. 0% +/- 9.92% at 1 year; and 46.7% +/- 18.19%, 68.9% +/- 20.54%, and 53.1% +/- 17.15% at 5 years. For infrapopliteal grafts, the corresponding estimates were 72.4% +/- 7.06%, 72.9% +/- 6.99%, and 92.7% +/- 4.79% at 1 month; 55.6% +/- 10.70%, 55.4% +/- 10.07%, and 77.9% +/- 9.02% at 1 year; and 33.6% +/- 22.36%, 55.4% +/- 30.20%, and 20.8% +/- 9.89% at 5 years. CONCLUSION: The composite artery-vein bypass graft is a useful autogenous alternative for infrainguinal arterial reconstruction when a vein of the required quality is not available or when the procedure needs to be confined to the affected limb.  (+info)

Popliteal artery occlusion as a late complication of liquid acrylate embolization for cerebral vascular malformation. (2/786)

Occlusion of arteriovenous malformations of the brain (BAVMs) by means of an endovascular approach with liquid acrylate glue is an established treatment modality. The specific hazards of this procedure are related to the central nervous system. In the case of unexpectedly rapid polymerization of the cyanoacrylate glue and adhesion of the delivering microcatheter to the BAVM, severing the catheter at the site of vascular access is considered an acceptable and safe management. We present a unique complication related to this technique that has not been described yet. Fragmentation and migration of the microcatheter, originally left in place, had caused popliteal artery occlusion, which required saphenous vein interposition, in a 25-year-old man. Suggestions for avoiding this complication are discussed.  (+info)

Peripheral blood flow rates and microvascular responses to orthostatic pressure changes in claudicants before and after revascularisation. (3/786)

OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of arterial reconstruction for occlusive atherosclerotic disease with intermittent claudication on blood flow rate during rest and on microvascular responses to orthostatic pressure changes in the pulp skin of the first toe where arteriovenous anastomoses are numerous. MATERIAL: Eleven patients with Fontaine IIa claudication (ankle blood pressure index > 0.30) before and 7 (range: 2-11) months after intervention. METHODS: Blood flow rate was measured by the heat washout method with the toe at heart level and after passive lowering to 50 cm below this level using a Clark type electrode with thermostatically controlled cap that was fixed to the pulp of the first toe by adhesive tape. RESULTS: At heart level, blood flow rate was lower in claudicants before reconstruction as compared to a group of previously published control subjects (p = 0.0076, Wilcoxon), blood flow rate increased in claudicants from before to after intervention (p = 0.0128), and postoperative blood flow rate was like that of normals (N.S.). Before surgery, blood flow rate in claudicants increased in median with a factor of 1.79 during lowering (p < 0.0051). CONCLUSIONS: The disturbance of the microcirculatory responses to orthostatically induced pressure changes in claudicants reverted towards normal after arterial reconstruction.  (+info)

Spontaneous popliteal artery dissection: a case report and review of the literature. (4/786)

Spontaneous arterial dissection of a peripheral artery involving an extremity is a rare event. We report a case of atraumatic, nonaneurysmal dissection of the popliteal artery that occurred in a 62-year-old man who was admitted with progressive right lower-extremity claudication. Preoperative arteriography was suggestive of arterial dissection, and surgical treatment was undertaken before irreversible ischemia developed. Intraoperatively, a dissection of the popliteal artery was observed, and the patient underwent femoral-popliteal bypass grafting with the ipsilateral, greater saphenous vein and the popliteal artery was ligated distal to the dissection. Spontaneous dissection limited to the popliteal artery has not previously been reported in the literature. Successful management depends on consideration of the diagnosis, particularly when other, more common diseases have been excluded.  (+info)

Leg symptoms, the ankle-brachial index, and walking ability in patients with peripheral arterial disease. (5/786)

OBJECTIVE: To determine how functional status and walking ability are related to both severity of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and PAD-related leg symptoms. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged 55 years and older diagnosed with PAD in a blood flow laboratory or general medicine practice (n = 147). Randomly selected control patients without PAD were identified in a general medicine practice (n = 67). MEASUREMENTS: Severity of PAD was measured with the ankle-brachial index (ABI). All patients were categorized according to whether they had (1) no exertional leg symptoms; (2) classic intermittent claudication; (3) exertional leg symptoms that also begin at rest (pain at rest), or (4) exertional leg symptoms other than intermittent claudication or pain at rest (atypical exertional leg symptoms). Participants completed the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ). The WIQ quantifies patient-reported walking speed, walking distance, and stair-climbing ability, respectively, on a scale of 0 to 100 (100 = best). MAIN RESULTS: In multivariate analyses patients with atypical exertional leg symptoms, intermittent claudication, and pain at rest, respectively, had progressively poorer scores for walking distance, walking speed, and stair climbing. The ABI was measurably and independently associated with walking distance (regression coefficient = 2.87/0.1 ABI unit, p =.002) and walking speed (regression coefficient = 2.09/0.1 ABI unit, p =.015) scores. Among PAD patients only, pain at rest was associated independently with all WIQ scores and six SF-36 domains, while ABI was an independent predictor of WIQ distance score. CONCLUSIONS: Both PAD-related leg symptoms and ABI predict patient-perceived walking ability in PAD.  (+info)

Quality of life associated with varying degrees of chronic lower limb ischaemia: comparison with a healthy sample. (6/786)

OBJECTIVES: To assess quality of life in patients with varying degrees of ischaemia in comparison with controls, and to determine whether the degree of lower limb ischaemia and sense of coherence were associated with quality of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 168 patients, including 93 claudicants and 75 patients with critical ischaemia and 102 controls were studied. Quality of life was assessed using the Nottingham Health Profile in addition to the Sense of Coherence scale. MAIN RESULTS: Patients with lower limb ischaemia scored significantly reduced quality of life in all aspects compared to controls. Pain, physical mobility and emotional reactions were the significant independent factors when using logistic regression analysis. The grade of disease and low sense of coherence were significantly associated with low quality of life. Increasing lower limb ischaemia significantly conferred worse pain, sleeping disturbances and immobility. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the quality of life was impaired among patients with lower limb ischaemia, in all investigated respects. The degree to which quality of life was affected seems to represent an interplay between the grade of ischaemia and the patient's sense of coherence. This suggests the need for a multidimensional assessment prior to intervention.  (+info)

Thermal biofeedback for claudication in diabetes: a literature review and case study. (7/786)

Temperature biofeedback (TBFB) is designed to alter cutaneous temperature in treated extremities by providing information corresponding to minor temperature fluctuations in the context of therapeutic structure and reinforcement. Toe TBFB may improve vascular flow and walking tolerance in patients with peripheral vascular disease. This case study documents improved walking in a diabetes patient with lower extremity complications, and suggests TBFB might increase lower extremity temperature and blood flow volume pulse in uncomplicated diabetes. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) and walking function were assessed in a 60-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes and intermittent claudication, before and after five sessions of TBFB applied to the ventral surface of the great toe. Toe temperature increased during feedback phases but not during baseline phases. Improvements were seen in ankle-brachial index, walking distance, walking speed, and stair climbing. This case indicates the need for extended and controlled study of TBFB for improved vascular and ambulatory function in diabetic claudication.  (+info)

Measuring serum total cholesterol: do vascular surgeons know what they are doing? (8/786)

Raised serum total cholesterol (TC) is an accepted risk factor for both coronary and peripheral vascular disease and three landmark trials have shown the benefit of lowering TC using statins. Vascular surgeons tend to measure TC, but little is known about how they manage hypercholesterolaemia or whether they believe treatment will be of benefit. A questionnaire was sent to listed members of the Vascular Surgical Society of Great Britain and Ireland seeking responses to a range of questions on the measurement and management of raised TC. In all, 374 questionnaires were sent out. The response rate was 67%. Over 90% of respondents said they measured TC and considered a level below 5.5 mmol/l as normal. The cut-off for initiating drug therapy, referral to a dietician or to a lipid specialist varied from 5.5 to 7.5 mmol/l. Most (62%) believed that lowering TC improved coronary mortality, but fewer (26%) that it prevented worsening of claudication. Although most vascular surgeons check for raised TC, the level at which treatment begins and the form it takes varies; in many cases being at odds with recommendations. Few surgeons are convinced of the benefits of lowering TC for claudication and nearly one-fifth do not believe it improves coronary mortality.  (+info)

Intermittent claudication is a medical condition characterized by pain or cramping in the legs, usually in the calf muscles, that occurs during exercise or walking and is relieved by rest. This symptom is caused by insufficient blood flow to the working muscles due to peripheral artery disease (PAD), a narrowing or blockage of the arteries in the limbs. As the individual walks, the muscle demands for oxygen and nutrients increase, but the restricted blood supply cannot meet these demands, leading to ischemia (lack of oxygen) and pain. The pain typically subsides after a few minutes of rest, as the muscle's demand for oxygen decreases, allowing the limited blood flow to compensate. Regular exercise and medications may help improve symptoms and reduce the risk of complications associated with PAD.

Peripheral Vascular Diseases (PVD) refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the blood vessels outside of the heart and brain. These diseases are characterized by a narrowing or blockage of the peripheral arteries, which can lead to reduced blood flow to the limbs, particularly the legs.

The primary cause of PVD is atherosclerosis, a buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the walls of the arteries, forming plaques that restrict blood flow. Other risk factors include smoking, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol levels, and a family history of vascular disease.

Symptoms of PVD can vary depending on the severity of the condition but may include leg pain or cramping during exercise (claudication), numbness or tingling in the legs, coldness or discoloration of the feet, sores or wounds that heal slowly or not at all, and in severe cases, gangrene.

PVD can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke, so it is essential to diagnose and treat the condition as early as possible. Treatment options include lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy diet, medications to control symptoms and reduce the risk of complications, and surgical procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to restore blood flow.

Medical science often defines and describes "walking" as a form of locomotion or mobility where an individual repeatedly lifts and sets down each foot to move forward, usually bearing weight on both legs. It is a complex motor activity that requires the integration and coordination of various systems in the human body, including the musculoskeletal, neurological, and cardiovascular systems.

Walking involves several components such as balance, coordination, strength, and endurance. The ability to walk independently is often used as a measure of functional mobility and overall health status. However, it's important to note that the specific definition of walking may vary depending on the context and the medical or scientific field in question.

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is a medical condition characterized by the narrowing or blockage of arteries that supply blood to the extremities, most commonly the legs. This results in reduced blood flow, leading to symptoms such as leg pain, cramping, numbness, or weakness during physical activity, and in severe cases, tissue damage or gangrene. PAD is often indicative of widespread atherosclerosis, which is the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the buildup of fatty deposits called plaques. It's important to note that early detection and management can help prevent serious complications.

The ankle, also known as the talocrural region, is the joint between the leg and the foot. It is a synovial hinge joint that allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion movements. The ankle is composed of three bones: the tibia and fibula of the lower leg, and the talus of the foot. The bottom portion of the tibia and fibula, called the malleoli, form a mortise that surrounds and articulates with the talus.

The ankle joint is strengthened by several ligaments, including the medial (deltoid) ligament and lateral ligament complex. The ankle also contains important nerves and blood vessels that provide sensation and circulation to the foot.

Damage to the ankle joint, such as sprains or fractures, can result in pain, swelling, and difficulty walking. Proper care and rehabilitation are essential for maintaining the health and function of the ankle joint.

In medical terms, the leg refers to the lower portion of the human body that extends from the knee down to the foot. It includes the thigh (femur), lower leg (tibia and fibula), foot, and ankle. The leg is primarily responsible for supporting the body's weight and enabling movements such as standing, walking, running, and jumping.

The leg contains several important structures, including bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, and joints. These structures work together to provide stability, support, and mobility to the lower extremity. Common medical conditions that can affect the leg include fractures, sprains, strains, infections, peripheral artery disease, and neurological disorders.

The Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) is a medical test used to diagnose and evaluate peripheral artery disease (PAD), a condition characterized by narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels outside of the heart. The ABI measures the ratio of blood pressure in the ankles to the blood pressure in the arms, which can indicate whether there is reduced blood flow to the legs due to PAD.

To perform the test, healthcare professionals measure the blood pressure in both arms and ankles using a blood pressure cuff and a Doppler ultrasound device. The systolic blood pressure (the higher number) is used for the calculation. The ABI value is obtained by dividing the highest ankle pressure by the highest arm pressure.

In healthy individuals, the ABI values typically range from 0.9 to 1.3. Values below 0.9 suggest that there may be narrowed or blocked blood vessels in the legs, indicating PAD. The lower the ABI value, the more severe the blockage is likely to be. Additionally, an ABI of 1.4 or higher may indicate calcification of the arteries, which can also affect blood flow.

In summary, the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) is a medical test that measures the ratio of blood pressure in the ankles to the blood pressure in the arms, providing valuable information about peripheral artery disease and overall circulatory health.

Arterial occlusive diseases are medical conditions characterized by the blockage or narrowing of the arteries, which can lead to a reduction in blood flow to various parts of the body. This reduction in blood flow can cause tissue damage and may result in serious complications such as tissue death (gangrene), organ dysfunction, or even death.

The most common cause of arterial occlusive diseases is atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the inner lining of the artery walls. Over time, this plaque can harden and narrow the arteries, restricting blood flow. Other causes of arterial occlusive diseases include blood clots, emboli (tiny particles that travel through the bloodstream and lodge in smaller vessels), inflammation, trauma, and certain inherited conditions.

Symptoms of arterial occlusive diseases depend on the location and severity of the blockage. Common symptoms include:

* Pain, cramping, or fatigue in the affected limb, often triggered by exercise and relieved by rest (claudication)
* Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected limb
* Coldness or discoloration of the skin in the affected area
* Slow-healing sores or wounds on the toes, feet, or legs
* Erectile dysfunction in men

Treatment for arterial occlusive diseases may include lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet. Medications to lower cholesterol, control blood pressure, prevent blood clots, or manage pain may also be prescribed. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery may be necessary to restore blood flow.

Exercise therapy is a type of medical treatment that uses physical movement and exercise to improve a patient's physical functioning, mobility, and overall health. It is often used as a component of rehabilitation programs for individuals who have experienced injuries, illnesses, or surgeries that have impaired their ability to move and function normally.

Exercise therapy may involve a range of activities, including stretching, strengthening, balance training, aerobic exercise, and functional training. The specific exercises used will depend on the individual's needs, goals, and medical condition.

The benefits of exercise therapy include:

* Improved strength and flexibility
* Increased endurance and stamina
* Enhanced balance and coordination
* Reduced pain and inflammation
* Improved cardiovascular health
* Increased range of motion and joint mobility
* Better overall physical functioning and quality of life.

Exercise therapy is typically prescribed and supervised by a healthcare professional, such as a physical therapist or exercise physiologist, who has experience working with individuals with similar medical conditions. The healthcare professional will create an individualized exercise program based on the patient's needs and goals, and will provide guidance and support to ensure that the exercises are performed safely and effectively.

The term "lower extremity" is used in the medical field to refer to the portion of the human body that includes the structures below the hip joint. This includes the thigh, lower leg, ankle, and foot. The lower extremities are responsible for weight-bearing and locomotion, allowing individuals to stand, walk, run, and jump. They contain many important structures such as bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels.

An exercise test, also known as a stress test or an exercise stress test, is a medical procedure used to evaluate the heart's function and response to physical exertion. It typically involves walking on a treadmill or pedaling a stationary bike while being monitored for changes in heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), and sometimes other variables such as oxygen consumption or gas exchange.

During the test, the patient's symptoms, such as chest pain or shortness of breath, are also closely monitored. The exercise test can help diagnose coronary artery disease, assess the severity of heart-related symptoms, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for heart conditions. It may also be used to determine a person's safe level of physical activity and fitness.

There are different types of exercise tests, including treadmill stress testing, stationary bike stress testing, nuclear stress testing, and stress echocardiography. The specific type of test used depends on the patient's medical history, symptoms, and overall health status.

The popliteal artery is the continuation of the femoral artery that passes through the popliteal fossa, which is the area behind the knee. It is the major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lower leg and foot. The popliteal artery divides into the anterior tibial artery and the tibioperoneal trunk at the lower border of the popliteus muscle. Any damage or blockage to this artery can result in serious health complications, including reduced blood flow to the leg and foot, which may lead to pain, cramping, numbness, or even tissue death (gangrene) if left untreated.

Ischemia is the medical term used to describe a lack of blood flow to a part of the body, often due to blocked or narrowed blood vessels. This can lead to a shortage of oxygen and nutrients in the tissues, which can cause them to become damaged or die. Ischemia can affect many different parts of the body, including the heart, brain, legs, and intestines. Symptoms of ischemia depend on the location and severity of the blockage, but they may include pain, cramping, numbness, weakness, or coldness in the affected area. In severe cases, ischemia can lead to tissue death (gangrene) or organ failure. Treatment for ischemia typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the blocked blood flow, such as through medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

The brachial artery is a major blood vessel in the upper arm. It supplies oxygenated blood to the muscles and tissues of the arm, forearm, and hand. The brachial artery originates from the axillary artery at the level of the shoulder joint and runs down the medial (inner) aspect of the arm, passing through the cubital fossa (the depression on the anterior side of the elbow) where it can be palpated during a routine blood pressure measurement. At the lower end of the forearm, the brachial artery bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries, which further divide into smaller vessels to supply the hand and fingers.

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The femoral artery is the major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lower extremity of the human body. It is a continuation of the external iliac artery and becomes the popliteal artery as it passes through the adductor hiatus in the adductor magnus muscle of the thigh.

The femoral artery is located in the femoral triangle, which is bound by the sartorius muscle anteriorly, the adductor longus muscle medially, and the biceps femoris muscle posteriorly. It can be easily palpated in the groin region, making it a common site for taking blood samples, measuring blood pressure, and performing surgical procedures such as femoral artery catheterization and bypass grafting.

The femoral artery gives off several branches that supply blood to the lower limb, including the deep femoral artery, the superficial femoral artery, and the profunda femoris artery. These branches provide blood to the muscles, bones, skin, and other tissues of the leg, ankle, and foot.

Exercise tolerance is a term used to describe the ability of an individual to perform physical activity or exercise without experiencing symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, or undue fatigue. It is often used as a measure of cardiovascular fitness and can be assessed through various tests, such as a stress test or a six-minute walk test. Exercise intolerance may indicate the presence of underlying medical conditions, such as heart disease, lung disease, or deconditioning.

The iliac arteries are major branches of the abdominal aorta, the large artery that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The iliac arteries divide into two branches, the common iliac arteries, which further bifurcate into the internal and external iliac arteries.

The internal iliac artery supplies blood to the lower abdomen, pelvis, and the reproductive organs, while the external iliac artery provides blood to the lower extremities, including the legs and feet. Together, the iliac arteries play a crucial role in circulating blood throughout the body, ensuring that all tissues and organs receive the oxygen and nutrients they need to function properly.

Angioplasty, balloon refers to a medical procedure used to widen narrowed or obstructed blood vessels, particularly the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. This procedure is typically performed using a catheter-based technique, where a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into an artery, usually through the groin or wrist, and guided to the site of the narrowing or obstruction in the coronary artery.

Once the catheter reaches the affected area, a small balloon attached to the tip of the catheter is inflated, which compresses the plaque against the artery wall and stretches the artery, thereby restoring blood flow. The balloon is then deflated and removed, along with the catheter.

Balloon angioplasty is often combined with the placement of a stent, a small metal mesh tube that helps to keep the artery open and prevent it from narrowing again. This procedure is known as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary angioplasty and stenting.

Overall, balloon angioplasty is a relatively safe and effective treatment for coronary artery disease, although complications such as bleeding, infection, or re-narrowing of the artery can occur in some cases.

Phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) inhibitors are a class of medications that work by blocking the enzyme phosphodiesterase 3, which is responsible for breaking down cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the body. cAMP is a secondary messenger involved in various cellular processes such as regulation of heart function, vascular smooth muscle relaxation, and metabolism.

By inhibiting PDE3, these medications increase the levels of cAMP in the body, leading to vasodilation (relaxation of blood vessels), positive inotropic effects (improvement of heart contractility), and increased lipolysis (breakdown of fats). As a result, PDE3 inhibitors are used in the treatment of conditions such as heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and peripheral vascular disease.

Examples of PDE3 inhibitors include cilostazol, milrinone, and enoximone.

Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal or the neural foramina (the openings through which nerves exit the spinal column), typically in the lower back (lumbar) or neck (cervical) regions. This can put pressure on the spinal cord and/or nerve roots, causing pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected areas, often in the legs, arms, or hands. It's most commonly caused by age-related wear and tear, but can also be due to degenerative changes, herniated discs, tumors, or spinal injuries.

Trichloroepoxypropane (TCP) is not typically considered a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that can have potential health impacts. Therefore, I will provide you with a general definition and some information related to its potential health effects.

Trichloroepoxypropane is an organochlorine compound with the formula Cl3C-C-CO-. It is a colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor. TCP is primarily used as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, such as flame retardants and plastic additives.

In terms of potential health effects, exposure to Trichloroepoxypropane can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. It can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Chronic exposure may lead to more severe health issues, including damage to the liver and kidneys, as well as potential neurological effects. However, it is important to note that Trichloroepoxypropane is not typically encountered in a medical setting, and its health impacts are generally studied within the context of occupational or environmental exposure.

If you have concerns about exposure to this chemical or any other potentially harmful substances, consult with a healthcare professional or poison control center for advice tailored to your specific situation.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

The tibial arteries are three major arteries that supply blood to the lower leg and foot. They are branches of the popliteal artery, which is a continuation of the femoral artery. The three tibial arteries are:

1. Anterior tibial artery: This artery runs down the front of the leg and supplies blood to the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg, as well as to the foot. It becomes the dorsalis pedis artery as it approaches the ankle.
2. Posterior tibial artery: This artery runs down the back of the leg and supplies blood to the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg. It then branches into the fibular (peroneal) artery and the medial and lateral plantar arteries, which supply blood to the foot.
3. Fibular (peroneal) artery: This artery runs down the outside of the leg and supplies blood to the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg. It also provides branches that anastomose with the anterior and posterior tibial arteries, forming a network of vessels that helps ensure adequate blood flow to the foot.

Together, these arteries play a critical role in providing oxygenated blood and nutrients to the lower leg and foot, helping to maintain their health and function.

Vascular patency is a term used in medicine to describe the state of a blood vessel (such as an artery or vein) being open, unobstructed, and allowing for the normal flow of blood. It is an important concept in the treatment and management of various cardiovascular conditions, such as peripheral artery disease, coronary artery disease, and deep vein thrombosis.

Maintaining vascular patency can help prevent serious complications like tissue damage, organ dysfunction, or even death. This may involve medical interventions such as administering blood-thinning medications to prevent clots, performing procedures to remove blockages, or using devices like stents to keep vessels open. Regular monitoring of vascular patency is also crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of treatments and adjusting care plans accordingly.

Quality of Life (QOL) is a broad, multidimensional concept that usually includes an individual's physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs, and their relationship to salient features of their environment. It reflects the impact of disease and treatment on a patient's overall well-being and ability to function in daily life.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines QOL as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns." It is a subjective concept, meaning it can vary greatly from person to person.

In healthcare, QOL is often used as an outcome measure in clinical trials and other research studies to assess the impact of interventions or treatments on overall patient well-being.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Angioplasty is a medical procedure used to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels, often referred to as coronary angioplasty when it involves the heart's blood vessels (coronary arteries). The term "angio" refers to an angiogram, which is a type of X-ray image that reveals the inside of blood vessels.

The procedure typically involves the following steps:

1. A thin, flexible catheter (tube) is inserted into a blood vessel, usually through a small incision in the groin or arm.
2. The catheter is guided to the narrowed or blocked area using real-time X-ray imaging.
3. Once in place, a tiny balloon attached to the tip of the catheter is inflated to widen the blood vessel and compress any plaque buildup against the artery walls.
4. A stent (a small mesh tube) may be inserted to help keep the blood vessel open and prevent it from narrowing again.
5. The balloon is deflated, and the catheter is removed.

Angioplasty helps improve blood flow, reduce symptoms such as chest pain or shortness of breath, and lower the risk of heart attack in patients with blocked arteries. It's important to note that angioplasty is not a permanent solution for coronary artery disease, and lifestyle changes, medications, and follow-up care are necessary to maintain long-term cardiovascular health.

Pentoxifylline is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as xanthines. Medically, it is defined as a methylxanthine derivative that acts as a vasodilator and improves blood flow by reducing the viscosity of blood. It is used in the treatment of intermittent claudication (pain in the legs due to poor circulation) and may also be used for other conditions that benefit from improved blood flow, such as preventing kidney damage in people with diabetes.

Pentoxifylline works by increasing the flexibility of red blood cells, allowing them to move more easily through narrowed blood vessels, improving oxygen supply to tissues and organs. It also has anti-inflammatory effects that may contribute to its therapeutic benefits.

Common side effects of pentoxifylline include gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Less commonly, it can cause dizziness, headache, or skin rashes. Rare but serious side effects include decreased blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, and liver damage. It is essential to follow the prescribing physician's instructions carefully when taking pentoxifylline and report any unusual symptoms promptly.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

The buttocks are the rounded part of the lower back, above the hips. They are formed by the masses of muscle tissue (gluteal muscles) and fat that cover the coccyx and sacrum, which are the terminal parts of the vertebral column. The primary function of the gluteal muscles is to provide stability and strength for walking, running, and jumping movements.

In anatomical terms, the buttocks are also known as the natis or nates. Medical professionals may use these terms when discussing conditions or treatments related to this area of the body.

Angiography is a medical procedure in which an x-ray image is taken to visualize the internal structure of blood vessels, arteries, or veins. This is done by injecting a radiopaque contrast agent (dye) into the blood vessel using a thin, flexible catheter. The dye makes the blood vessels visible on an x-ray image, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat various medical conditions such as blockages, narrowing, or malformations of the blood vessels.

There are several types of angiography, including:

* Cardiac angiography (also called coronary angiography) - used to examine the blood vessels of the heart
* Cerebral angiography - used to examine the blood vessels of the brain
* Peripheral angiography - used to examine the blood vessels in the limbs or other parts of the body.

Angiography is typically performed by a radiologist, cardiologist, or vascular surgeon in a hospital setting. It can help diagnose conditions such as coronary artery disease, aneurysms, and peripheral arterial disease, among others.

"Recovery of function" is a term used in medical rehabilitation to describe the process in which an individual regains the ability to perform activities or tasks that were previously difficult or impossible due to injury, illness, or disability. This can involve both physical and cognitive functions. The goal of recovery of function is to help the person return to their prior level of independence and participation in daily activities, work, and social roles as much as possible.

Recovery of function may be achieved through various interventions such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech-language therapy, and other rehabilitation strategies. The specific approach used will depend on the individual's needs and the nature of their impairment. Recovery of function can occur spontaneously as the body heals, or it may require targeted interventions to help facilitate the process.

It is important to note that recovery of function does not always mean a full return to pre-injury or pre-illness levels of ability. Instead, it often refers to the person's ability to adapt and compensate for any remaining impairments, allowing them to achieve their maximum level of functional independence and quality of life.

The spinal canal is the bony, protective channel within the vertebral column that contains and houses the spinal cord. It extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the sacrum, where the spinal cord ends and forms the cauda equina. The spinal canal is formed by a series of vertebral bodies stacked on top of each other, intervertebral discs in between them, and the laminae and spinous processes that form the posterior elements of the vertebrae. The spinal canal provides protection to the spinal cord from external trauma and contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates around the cord, providing nutrients and cushioning. Any narrowing or compression of the spinal canal, known as spinal stenosis, can cause various neurological symptoms due to pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots.

Vascular surgical procedures are operations that are performed to treat conditions and diseases related to the vascular system, which includes the arteries, veins, and capillaries. These procedures can be invasive or minimally invasive and are often used to treat conditions such as peripheral artery disease, carotid artery stenosis, aortic aneurysms, and venous insufficiency.

Some examples of vascular surgical procedures include:

* Endarterectomy: a procedure to remove plaque buildup from the inside of an artery
* Bypass surgery: creating a new path for blood to flow around a blocked or narrowed artery
* Angioplasty and stenting: using a balloon to open a narrowed artery and placing a stent to keep it open
* Aneurysm repair: surgically repairing an aneurysm, a weakened area in the wall of an artery that has bulged out and filled with blood
* Embolectomy: removing a blood clot from a blood vessel
* Thrombectomy: removing a blood clot from a vein

These procedures are typically performed by vascular surgeons, who are trained in the diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases.

Regional blood flow (RBF) refers to the rate at which blood flows through a specific region or organ in the body, typically expressed in milliliters per minute per 100 grams of tissue (ml/min/100g). It is an essential physiological parameter that reflects the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues while removing waste products. RBF can be affected by various factors such as metabolic demands, neural regulation, hormonal influences, and changes in blood pressure or vascular resistance. Measuring RBF is crucial for understanding organ function, diagnosing diseases, and evaluating the effectiveness of treatments.

Endarterectomy is a surgical procedure in which the inner lining of an artery (the endothelium) that has become thickened, damaged, or narrowed due to the buildup of fatty deposits, called plaques, is removed. This process helps restore normal blood flow through the artery and reduces the risk of serious complications such as stroke or limb loss.

The procedure typically involves making an incision in the affected artery, carefully removing the plaque and inner lining, and then closing the artery with sutures or a patch graft. Endarterectomy is most commonly performed on the carotid arteries in the neck, but it can also be done on other arteries throughout the body, including the femoral artery in the leg and the iliac artery in the pelvis.

Endarterectomy is usually recommended for patients with significant narrowing of their arteries who are experiencing symptoms such as pain, numbness, or weakness in their limbs, or who have a high risk of stroke due to carotid artery disease. The procedure is generally safe and effective, but like any surgery, it carries risks such as bleeding, infection, and damage to nearby nerves or tissues.

Tetrazoles are a class of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds that contain a five-membered ring with four nitrogen atoms and one carbon atom. They have the chemical formula of C2H2N4. Tetrazoles are stable under normal conditions, but can decompose explosively when heated or subjected to strong shock.

In the context of medicinal chemistry, tetrazoles are sometimes used as bioisosteres for carboxylic acids, as they can mimic some of their chemical and biological properties. This has led to the development of several drugs that contain tetrazole rings, such as the antiviral drug tenofovir and the anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib.

However, it's important to note that 'tetrazoles' is not a medical term per se, but rather a chemical term that can be used in the context of medicinal chemistry or pharmacology.

Arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) is a specific type of arteriosclerosis, which is a hardening and narrowing of the arteries. ASO is also known as peripheral artery disease (PAD). It mainly affects the arteries that supply blood to the legs, but it can also affect the arms, head, and stomach.

In ASO, fatty deposits called plaques build up in the inner lining of the arterial walls, causing them to become thickened and less flexible. This leads to a decrease in blood flow, which can cause symptoms such as leg pain or cramping when walking (claudication), numbness, weakness, and coldness in the legs or feet. In severe cases, ASO can lead to tissue damage, gangrene, and even amputation if left untreated.

ASO is typically caused by risk factors such as smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, and a family history of the disease. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery to improve blood flow.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is given as two figures:

1. Systolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries.
2. Diastolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart rests between beats, allowing it to fill with blood.

Normal blood pressure for adults is typically around 120/80 mmHg, although this can vary slightly depending on age, sex, and other factors. High blood pressure (hypertension) is generally considered to be a reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher, while low blood pressure (hypotension) is usually defined as a reading below 90/60 mmHg. It's important to note that blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day and may be affected by factors such as stress, physical activity, and medication use.

Alprostadil is a synthetic form of prostaglandin E1, which is a naturally occurring substance in the body. It is used medically for several purposes, including:

1. Treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED): Alprostadil can be administered directly into the penis as an injection or inserted as a suppository into the urethra to help improve blood flow and achieve an erection.
2. Prevention of closure of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in premature infants: Alprostadil is used to keep the PDA open, allowing for proper blood flow between the pulmonary artery and the aorta, until surgery can be performed.
3. Treatment of peripheral arterial disease: Alprostadil can be administered intravenously to help improve blood flow in patients with peripheral arterial disease.

Alprostadil works by relaxing smooth muscle tissue in blood vessels, which increases blood flow and helps to lower blood pressure. It may also have other effects on the body, such as reducing the risk of blood clots and modulating inflammation.

It is important to note that alprostadil should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can have serious side effects if not used properly.

Osmotic diuretics are a type of diuretic medication that increase the excretion of urine by increasing the osmolarity of filtrate in the renal tubules. This is achieved by the drugs being freely filtered through the glomerulus and then not being reabsorbed in the tubules, which creates an osmotic gradient that promotes the movement of water into the tubular lumen, thereby increasing urine production.

Examples of osmotic diuretics include mannitol and urea. These medications are primarily used to promote diuresis in patients with conditions such as cerebral edema or increased intracranial pressure, as well as in the treatment of acute renal failure. It is important to note that osmotic diuretics can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances if not used carefully, so close monitoring of fluid and electrolyte levels is necessary during treatment.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Ultrasonography, Doppler, and Duplex are diagnostic medical techniques that use sound waves to create images of internal body structures and assess their function. Here are the definitions for each:

1. Ultrasonography: Also known as ultrasound, this is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of internal organs and tissues. A small handheld device called a transducer is placed on the skin surface, which emits and receives sound waves. The returning echoes are then processed to create real-time visual images of the internal structures.
2. Doppler: This is a type of ultrasound that measures the velocity and direction of blood flow in the body by analyzing the frequency shift of the reflected sound waves. It can be used to assess blood flow in various parts of the body, such as the heart, arteries, and veins.
3. Duplex: Duplex ultrasonography is a combination of both gray-scale ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound. It provides detailed images of internal structures, as well as information about blood flow velocity and direction. This technique is often used to evaluate conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, carotid artery stenosis, and peripheral arterial disease.

In summary, ultrasonography is a diagnostic imaging technique that uses sound waves to create images of internal structures, Doppler is a type of ultrasound that measures blood flow velocity and direction, and duplex is a combination of both techniques that provides detailed images and information about blood flow.

Amputation is defined as the surgical removal of all or part of a limb or extremity such as an arm, leg, foot, hand, toe, or finger. This procedure is typically performed to remove damaged or dead tissue due to various reasons like severe injury, infection, tumors, or chronic conditions that impair circulation, such as diabetes or peripheral arterial disease. The goal of amputation is to alleviate pain, prevent further complications, and improve the patient's quality of life. Following the surgery, patients may require rehabilitation and prosthetic devices to help them adapt to their new physical condition.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

Blood viscosity is a measure of the thickness or flow resistance of blood. It is defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear rate within the flowing blood, which reflects the internal friction or resistance to flow. Blood viscosity is primarily determined by the concentration and size of red blood cells (hematocrit), plasma proteins, and other blood constituents. An increase in any of these components can raise blood viscosity, leading to impaired blood flow, reduced oxygen delivery to tissues, and potential cardiovascular complications if not managed appropriately.

The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.

Platelet aggregation inhibitors are a class of medications that prevent platelets (small blood cells involved in clotting) from sticking together and forming a clot. These drugs work by interfering with the ability of platelets to adhere to each other and to the damaged vessel wall, thereby reducing the risk of thrombosis (blood clot formation).

Platelet aggregation inhibitors are often prescribed for people who have an increased risk of developing blood clots due to various medical conditions such as atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, stroke, or a history of heart attack. They may also be used in patients undergoing certain medical procedures, such as angioplasty and stenting, to prevent blood clot formation in the stents.

Examples of platelet aggregation inhibitors include:

1. Aspirin: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that irreversibly inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in platelet activation and aggregation.
2. Clopidogrel (Plavix): A P2Y12 receptor antagonist that selectively blocks ADP-induced platelet activation and aggregation.
3. Prasugrel (Effient): A third-generation thienopyridine P2Y12 receptor antagonist, similar to clopidogrel but with faster onset and greater potency.
4. Ticagrelor (Brilinta): A direct-acting P2Y12 receptor antagonist that does not require metabolic activation and has a reversible binding profile.
5. Dipyridamole (Persantine): An antiplatelet agent that inhibits platelet aggregation by increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in platelets, which leads to decreased platelet reactivity.
6. Iloprost (Ventavis): A prostacyclin analogue that inhibits platelet aggregation and causes vasodilation, often used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
7. Cilostazol (Pletal): A phosphodiesterase III inhibitor that increases cAMP levels in platelets, leading to decreased platelet activation and aggregation, as well as vasodilation.
8. Ticlopidine (Ticlid): An older P2Y12 receptor antagonist with a slower onset of action and more frequent side effects compared to clopidogrel or prasugrel.

Fibrinogen is a soluble protein present in plasma, synthesized by the liver. It plays an essential role in blood coagulation. When an injury occurs, fibrinogen gets converted into insoluble fibrin by the action of thrombin, forming a fibrin clot that helps to stop bleeding from the injured site. Therefore, fibrinogen is crucial for hemostasis, which is the process of stopping bleeding and starting the healing process after an injury.

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. It is a complex phenomenon that can result from various stimuli, such as thermal, mechanical, or chemical irritation, and it can be acute or chronic. The perception of pain involves the activation of specialized nerve cells called nociceptors, which transmit signals to the brain via the spinal cord. These signals are then processed in different regions of the brain, leading to the conscious experience of pain. It's important to note that pain is a highly individual and subjective experience, and its perception can vary widely among individuals.

In medical terms, the foot is the part of the lower limb that is distal to the leg and below the ankle, extending from the tarsus to the toes. It is primarily responsible for supporting body weight and facilitating movement through push-off during walking or running. The foot is a complex structure made up of 26 bones, 33 joints, and numerous muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves that work together to provide stability, balance, and flexibility. It can be divided into three main parts: the hindfoot, which contains the talus and calcaneus (heel) bones; the midfoot, which includes the navicular, cuboid, and cuneiform bones; and the forefoot, which consists of the metatarsals and phalanges that form the toes.

Cardiovascular agents are a class of medications that are used to treat various conditions related to the cardiovascular system, which includes the heart and blood vessels. These agents can be further divided into several subcategories based on their specific mechanisms of action and therapeutic effects. Here are some examples:

1. Antiarrhythmics: These drugs are used to treat abnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmias. They work by stabilizing the electrical activity of the heart and preventing irregular impulses from spreading through the heart muscle.
2. Antihypertensives: These medications are used to lower high blood pressure, also known as hypertension. There are several classes of antihypertensive drugs, including diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
3. Anticoagulants: These drugs are used to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger. They work by interfering with the coagulation cascade, which is a series of chemical reactions that lead to the formation of a blood clot.
4. Antiplatelet agents: These medications are used to prevent platelets in the blood from sticking together and forming clots. They work by inhibiting the aggregation of platelets, which are small cells in the blood that help form clots.
5. Lipid-lowering agents: These drugs are used to lower cholesterol and other fats in the blood. They work by reducing the production or absorption of cholesterol in the body or increasing the removal of cholesterol from the bloodstream. Examples include statins, bile acid sequestrants, and PCSK9 inhibitors.
6. Vasodilators: These medications are used to widen blood vessels and improve blood flow. They work by relaxing the smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels, causing them to dilate or widen. Examples include nitrates, calcium channel blockers, and ACE inhibitors.
7. Inotropes: These drugs are used to increase the force of heart contractions. They work by increasing the sensitivity of heart muscle cells to calcium ions, which are necessary for muscle contraction.

These are just a few examples of cardiovascular medications that are used to treat various conditions related to the heart and blood vessels. It is important to note that these medications can have side effects and should be taken under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

Vasodilator agents are pharmacological substances that cause the relaxation or widening of blood vessels by relaxing the smooth muscle in the vessel walls. This results in an increase in the diameter of the blood vessels, which decreases vascular resistance and ultimately reduces blood pressure. Vasodilators can be further classified based on their site of action:

1. Systemic vasodilators: These agents cause a generalized relaxation of the smooth muscle in the walls of both arteries and veins, resulting in a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and preload (the volume of blood returning to the heart). Examples include nitroglycerin, hydralazine, and calcium channel blockers.
2. Arterial vasodilators: These agents primarily affect the smooth muscle in arterial vessel walls, leading to a reduction in afterload (the pressure against which the heart pumps blood). Examples include angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and direct vasodilators like sodium nitroprusside.
3. Venous vasodilators: These agents primarily affect the smooth muscle in venous vessel walls, increasing venous capacitance and reducing preload. Examples include nitroglycerin and other organic nitrates.

Vasodilator agents are used to treat various cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, angina, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is essential to monitor their use carefully, as excessive vasodilation can lead to orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, or fluid retention.

The lumbar vertebrae are the five largest and strongest vertebrae in the human spine, located in the lower back region. They are responsible for bearing most of the body's weight and providing stability during movement. The lumbar vertebrae have a characteristic shape, with a large body in the front, which serves as the main weight-bearing structure, and a bony ring in the back, formed by the pedicles, laminae, and processes. This ring encloses and protects the spinal cord and nerves. The lumbar vertebrae are numbered L1 to L5, starting from the uppermost one. They allow for flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation movements of the trunk.

Pathological constriction refers to an abnormal narrowing or tightening of a body passage or organ, which can interfere with the normal flow of blood, air, or other substances through the area. This constriction can occur due to various reasons such as inflammation, scarring, or abnormal growths, and can affect different parts of the body, including blood vessels, airways, intestines, and ureters. Pathological constriction can lead to a range of symptoms and complications depending on its location and severity, and may require medical intervention to correct.

Actigraphy is a non-invasive method used to estimate sleep-wake patterns and physical activity levels over extended periods, typically ranging from several days to weeks. It involves the use of a small device called an actigraph, which is usually worn on the wrist like a watch.

The actigraph contains an accelerometer that detects movement and records the intensity and duration of motion. This data is then analyzed using specialized software to provide information about sleep and wake times, as well as patterns of physical activity.

Actigraphy can be useful in assessing various sleep disorders, such as insomnia, circadian rhythm disorders, and sleep-related breathing disorders. It can also help evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for these conditions. However, it is important to note that actigraphy is not a substitute for a formal sleep study (polysomnography) and should be used in conjunction with other assessment tools and clinical evaluations.

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the blood vessels and blood flow within the body. It combines the use of X-ray technology with digital image processing to produce detailed images of the vascular system.

In DSA, a contrast agent is injected into the patient's bloodstream through a catheter, which is typically inserted into an artery in the leg and guided to the area of interest using fluoroscopy. As the contrast agent flows through the blood vessels, X-ray images are taken at multiple time points.

The digital subtraction process involves taking a baseline image without contrast and then subtracting it from subsequent images taken with contrast. This allows for the removal of background structures and noise, resulting in clearer images of the blood vessels. DSA can be used to diagnose and evaluate various vascular conditions, such as aneurysms, stenosis, and tumors, and can also guide interventional procedures such as angioplasty and stenting.

A blood vessel prosthesis is a medical device that is used as a substitute for a damaged or diseased natural blood vessel. It is typically made of synthetic materials such as polyester, Dacron, or ePTFE (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene) and is designed to mimic the function of a native blood vessel by allowing the flow of blood through it.

Blood vessel prostheses are used in various surgical procedures, including coronary artery bypass grafting, peripheral arterial reconstruction, and the creation of arteriovenous fistulas for dialysis access. The choice of material and size of the prosthesis depends on several factors, such as the location and diameter of the vessel being replaced, the patient's age and overall health status, and the surgeon's preference.

It is important to note that while blood vessel prostheses can be effective in restoring blood flow, they may also carry risks such as infection, thrombosis (blood clot formation), and graft failure over time. Therefore, careful patient selection, surgical technique, and postoperative management are crucial for the success of these procedures.

... , also known as vascular claudication, is a symptom that describes muscle pain on mild exertion (ache ... of the Western population older than 65 years and for intermittent claudication this number is around 5%. Intermittent ... Intermittent claudication is a symptom and is by definition diagnosed by a patient reporting a history of leg pain with walking ... "Intermittent Claudication". BBC Health. Visser K, Kuntz KM, Donaldson MC, Gazelle GS, Hunink MG (2003). "Pretreatment imaging ...
Weakness is also a prominent feature of spinal claudication that is not usually present in intermittent claudication. Blocking ... Intermittent vascular (or arterial) claudication (Latin: claudicatio intermittens) most often refers to cramping pains in the ... Cilostazol (trade name: Pletal) is FDA approved for intermittent claudication. It is contraindicated in patients with heart ... Simon RW, Simon-Schulthess A, Simon-Schulthess A, Amann-Vesti BR (April 2007). "Intermittent claudication". BMJ. 334 (7596): ...
In a Cochrane systematic review on the use of pentoxifylline for intermittent claudication in 2015, the following was concluded ... Broderick C, Forster R, Abdel-Hadi M, Salhiyyah K (October 2020). "Pentoxifylline for intermittent claudication". The Cochrane ... Given all these factors, the role of pentoxifylline in intermittent claudication remains uncertain, although this medication ... or weakness in the arms or legs which occurs due to intermittent claudication, a form of muscle pain resulting from peripheral ...
"Evaluation of Treatment in Intermittent Claudication". BMJ. 2 (4694): 1413-1418. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4694.1413. PMC 2039597. PMID ...
Gillhespy, RO (1957). "Nicotinyl Alcohol Tartrate in Intermittent Claudication". British Medical Journal. 18 (2): 207-208. doi: ... mainly in symptoms related to intermittent claudication, ulcer healing and others. At least a couple of uses for this agent ...
Severe vasoconstriction may cause symptoms of intermittent claudication. Ergotamine interacts with serotonin, adrenergic, and ...
Peripheral vascular examination Intermittent claudication Al-Qaisi, M; Nott, DM; King, DH; Kaddoura, S (2009). "Ankle brachial ...
Cilostazol is used for the treatment of intermittent claudication. This drug has a much weaker positive inotropic effect than ...
Severe vasoconstriction may result in symptoms of intermittent claudication. The mechanism that leads to vasoconstriction ...
Cerebrovascular disease, stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA). Peripheral arterial disease, intermittent claudication and ...
However, those with intermittent claudication struggle to maintain standard values of systolic pressure, while recovery back to ... Symptoms in this case will simply be intermittent claudication. Sudden narrowing leads to more severe consequences, given the ... The commonest symptom of arterial occlusion is intermittent claudication, which consists of a painful, aching sensation in the ... Exercise testing is a simplistic, non-invasive method of diagnosing intermittent claudication. Blood pressure measurements at ...
Also: Raynaud's syndrome, intermittent claudication, epilepsy, depression, Parkinson's disease, glaucoma. Use in pregnancy is ... Noteworthy side effects include dry mouth, headache, fatigue, dizziness, intermittent facial oedema, nausea, sleep disturbances ...
... particularly of the calves Intermittent claudication; Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome; Chronic venous insufficiency. Poor ...
Anagrelide Cilostazol is used in the treatment of intermittent claudication. Pimobendan is FDA approved for veterinary use in ...
Imaging of spinal stenosis: neurogenic intermittent claudication and cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Radiol Clin North Am. ...
"The history of intermittent claudication due to arterial disease" (in French). Elsevier Masson. Media related to Henri Bouley ...
"Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication". Journal of ...
Djoussé L, Levy D, Murabito JM, Cupples LA, Ellison RC (2000). "Alcohol consumption and risk of intermittent claudication in ... A study found that moderate consumption of alcohol had a protective effect against intermittent claudication. The lowest risk ...
The International Association for the Study of Pain defines neurogenic claudication as, "pain from intermittent compression and ... Kobayashi S (April 2014). "Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of intermittent claudication in patients with lumbar canal ... In contrast to NC, vascular claudication does not vary with changes in posture. Patients with vascular claudication may ... The walking distance necessary to produce pain in vascular claudication is more consistent than in neurogenic claudication. ...
The pathophysiology is similar to that seen in angina pectoris and intermittent claudication. The most common cause of ... Synonym: intestinal angina." Hallmark of condition: Intermittent abdominal pain a fixed period of time after eating. Physical ... Stedman's Medical Dictionary Online defines abdominal angina as "intermittent abdominal pain, frequently occurring at a fixed ...
Rationale and design for PACE: patients with intermittent claudication injected with ALDH bright cells. Am Heart J. 2014 Nov; ... Patients With Intermittent Claudication Injected With ALDH Bright Cells). Circulation. 2017 Apr 11;135(15):1417-1428. doi: ...
... is also licensed for the treatment of intermittent claudication due to peripheral arterial disease. Naftidrofuryl ...
Typically, patients present with intermittent claudication that is worsened with exercise and relieved with rest. Associated ... This results in claudication and chronic leg ischemia. This condition mainly occurs more in young athletes than in the ... Vascular claudication (secondary to atherosclerosis): The obstruction of arterial flow leads to muscular ischemia and causes ... Patients with PAES mainly present with intermittent feet and calf pain associated with exercises and relieved with rest. PAES ...
In this way, stable angina may be thought of as being similar to intermittent claudication symptoms. Other recognized ...
... intermittent claudication after walking a distance of more than 200 meters Stage IIb: intermittent claudication after walking a ... mild claudication Grade I, Category 2: moderate claudication Grade I, Category 3: severe claudication Grade II, Category 4: ... High blood pressure increases the risk of intermittent claudication, the most common symptom of PAD, by 2.5- to 4-fold in men ... For those with intermittent claudication from PAD, stopping smoking and supervised exercise therapy may improve outcomes. ...
They have cold legs and feet or have pain in their legs with exercise (intermittent claudication). In cases of more severe ...
"Safety, Efficacy, and Pharmacokinetics (PK) Study of Trans Sodium Crocetinate (TSC) in Patients With Intermittent Claudication ...
... is approved for the treatment of intermittent claudication in the United States and United Kingdom. Cilostazol is ... is a medication used to help the symptoms of intermittent claudication in peripheral vascular disease. If no improvement is ... FDA concluded that fully informed patients and physicians should be able to choose to use it to treat intermittent claudication ...
It is more severe than intermittent claudication, which is also a pain in the legs from arterial insufficiency.[citation needed ... Compared to the other manifestation of PAD, intermittent claudication, CLI has a negative prognosis within a year after the ...
2012). "Results for primary bypass versus primary angioplasty/stent for intermittent claudication due to superficial femoral ... 2011). "Trends in the national outcomes and costs for claudication and limb threatening ischemia: angioplasty vs bypass graft ...
Intermittent claudication, also known as vascular claudication, is a symptom that describes muscle pain on mild exertion (ache ... of the Western population older than 65 years and for intermittent claudication this number is around 5%. Intermittent ... Intermittent claudication is a symptom and is by definition diagnosed by a patient reporting a history of leg pain with walking ... "Intermittent Claudication". BBC Health. Visser K, Kuntz KM, Donaldson MC, Gazelle GS, Hunink MG (2003). "Pretreatment imaging ...
Filed Under: Prevention, Epidemiology & Outcomes Tagged With: american heart association, intermittent claudication, PAD, ...
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Centers RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.. ...
Ginkgo biloba for intermittent claudication Cochrane Systematic Reviews. Ginkgo biloba for intermittent claudication ... People with intermittent claudication (IC) suffer from pain in the muscles of the leg occurring during exercise which is ... Ginkgo biloba for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD006888. DOI: ...
The effects of nordic walking training on blood antioxidant defence in patients with intermittent claudication. Atherosclerosis ... Nordic pole walking improves walking capacity in patients with intermittent claudication: a randomized controlled trial. ... Nordic Walking & Intermittent Claudication. Link: https://www.atherosclerosis-journal.com/article/S0021-9150(18)30626-9/ ... clinical trial comparing Nordic pole walking and a standard home exercise programme in patients with intermittent claudication ...
Ramipril improves walking times and quality of life in patients with stable intermittent claudication ... Ramipril improves walking times and quality of life in patients with stable intermittent claudication ...
Self-administration of a questionnaire on chest pain and intermittent claudication. ...
Cost-effectiveness analysis, Intermittent claudication, Monte Carlo method, Randomized controlled trial, Value of information ... Conclusions: 1) The optimal study for patients with intermittent claudication collects data on two key parameters for 525 ... intermittent claudication, methodology, money, parameter, priority journal, quality adjusted life year, quality of life, ... Results: The optimal study design for the treatment of intermittent claudication involves a randomized controlled trial ...
Amputation, Intermittent claudication, Peripheral arterial disease, Surgery. in European journal of vascular and endovascular ... Low Risk of Procedure Related Major Amputation Following Revascularisation for Intermittent Claudication : A Population Based ... Intermittent claudication; Peripheral arterial disease; Surgery}}, language = {{eng}}, number = {{5}}, pages = {{817--822}}, ... To investigate the risk of procedure-related major amputation attributable to revascularization for intermittent claudication ( ...
Minimal correlation between physical exercise capacity and daily activity in patients with intermittent claudication. A cross- ... association between several physical exercise capacity outcomes and physical activity in a general intermittent claudication ...
Factors Associated with Sedentary Behavior in Patients with Intermittent Claudication. B. Q. Farah, R. M. Ritti-Dias, G. G. ... Factors Associated with Sedentary Behavior in Patients with Intermittent Claudication. / Farah, B. Q.; Ritti-Dias, R. M.; ... Factors Associated with Sedentary Behavior in Patients with Intermittent Claudication. In: European Journal of Vascular and ... Factors Associated with Sedentary Behavior in Patients with Intermittent Claudication. European Journal of Vascular and ...
... Brevetti G;Perna S;SABBA, Carlo;Martone VD; ... A double-blind, dose titration study was designed to assess the efficacy of propionyl-l-carnitine in intermittent claudication ... A double-blind, dose titration study was designed to assess the efficacy of propionyl-l-carnitine in intermittent claudication ...
Exercise Intervention for the Treatment of Patients with Intermittent Claudication Published 2022 This is an update of SPARG ...
Treatment of intermittent claudication. (a long, tube-shaped device) into a major blood vessel, usually the one at the top of ... Once in place, that bypass provides enough blood flow to prevent intermittent claudication. Atherectomy. This procedure uses a ... then steer the catheter through your blood vessels to the areas where your arteries are narrow enough to cause claudication. ...
The future of exercise therapy for people with intermittent claudication? Journal of Vascular Societies Great Britain and ...
I still have some pain when walking, the leg cramps seldom, toes are better, and bad swelling only when I overdo. I believe the [ArtAssist®] machine has kept me from worse and I will continue to use it. ...
Buflomedil for intermittent claudication answers are found in the Cochrane Abstracts powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for ... "Buflomedil for Intermittent Claudication." Cochrane Abstracts, Evidence Central, evidence.unboundmedicine.com/evidence/view/ ... intermittent_claudication_New_search_for_studies_and_content_updated__no_change_to_conclusions_ DB - Evidence Central DP - ... intermittent_claudication_New_search_for_studies_and_content_updated__no_change_to_conclusions_. ...
Exercise for intermittent claudication. Physical Therapy. 2011 Jul;91(7):997-1002 Brunelle CL, Mulgrew JA. My Comments This was ... Exercise for Intermittent Claudication. August 12, 2021. June 27, 2014. by Chad Reilly ... Tags Exercise, intermittent claudication, legacy, peripheral artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, supervised exercise ... Exercise for intermittent claudication. Physical Therapy. 2011 Jul;91(7):997-1002 Brunelle CL, Mulgrew JA. ...
Antiplatelet agents for intermittent claudication. Lookup NU author(s): Peng Wong, Professor Gerard Stansby ...
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) & Intermittent Claudication. Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) & Intermittent Claudication. ... The Intermittent Claudication Service is a nurse-led service, consultants will not see claudication referrals without a nurse ... Intermittent Claudication Service UHCW. The clinic assesses and treats patients with symptoms of Peripheral Arterial Disease ( ... Referrals sent to a consultant clinic will be redirected to the nurse-led claudication clinic. ...
Symptoms of intermittent claudication include pain and cramping in the leg. This leg pain is usually felt when the person is ... Intermittent claudication can be treated by medications or by surgery. The medical treatment of intermittent claudication ... Symptoms of intermittent claudication include pain and cramping in the leg. This leg pain is usually felt when the person is ... Intermittent claudication is most often caused by peripheral artery disease (PAD). This is a condition which is caused by ...
Intermittent Claudication. Oct 23, 2023. Claudication is most often a symptom of peripheral artery disease. The peripheral ...
Many will suffer from intermittent claudication (IC), which leads to marked impairment of quality of life (QoL). Besides ... Safety and efficacy of cilostazol in the management of intermittent claudication Article ...
N2 - INTRODUCTION: Intermittent claudication (IC) caused by peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common cardiovascular disease ... AB - INTRODUCTION: Intermittent claudication (IC) caused by peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common cardiovascular disease ... INTRODUCTION: Intermittent claudication (IC) caused by peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common cardiovascular disease. ... abstract = "INTRODUCTION: Intermittent claudication (IC) caused by peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common cardiovascular ...
keywords = "Endovascular revascularisation, Exercise, Intermittent claudication, Peripheral arterial disease, Physical activity ... for intermittent claudication (IC) have a meaningful impact on physical activity, despite extensive research on their effect on ... for intermittent claudication (IC) have a meaningful impact on physical activity, despite extensive research on their effect on ... for intermittent claudication (IC) have a meaningful impact on physical activity, despite extensive research on their effect on ...
... discover.dc.nihr.ac.uk/content/signal-00582/exercise-improves-intermittent-claudication-leg-pain-on-walking#.WuWDae7uKPU. ... Exercise improves intermittent claudication leg pain on walking ?‍♂️??‍♀️? ,a href=https://discover.dc.nihr.ac.uk/content/ ... Exercise improves intermittent claudication leg pain on walking ?‍♂️??‍♀️? https:// ...
Estimation of walking distance in intermittent claudication: Need for standardization. D. Duprez, T. De Backer, M. De Buyzere, ... Estimation of walking distance in intermittent claudication: Need for standardization. / Duprez, D.; De Backer, T.; De Buyzere ... Duprez, D., De Backer, T., De Buyzere, M., & Clement, D. L. (1999). Estimation of walking distance in intermittent claudication ... Duprez, D, De Backer, T, De Buyzere, M & Clement, DL 1999, Estimation of walking distance in intermittent claudication: Need ...
In the treatment of patients with intermittent claudication, primary care physicians should focus on evaluation, risk factor ... A Primary Care Approach to the Patient with Claudication TERESA L. CARMAN, BERNARDO B. FERNANDEZ, JR. ...
... intermittent claudication, critical limb ischemia, acute limb ischemia, or asymptomatic)?. 3.2.1 Intermittent claudication. ... 3.2.1 Intermittent claudication*3.2.2 Chronic limb-threatening ischemia*3.2.3 Acute limb ischemia*3.2.4 Asymptomatic PAD ... Jelnes R, Gaardsting O, Jensen KH, BÆkgaard N, Tønnesen KH, Schroeder T. Fate in intermittent claudication: outcome and risk ... We recommend that the choice of revascularization procedure for intermittent claudication should be individualized, have the ...
Gender differences following supervised exercise therapy in patients with intermittent claudication. L.N.M. Gommans, M.R.M. ... Gender differences following supervised exercise therapy in patients with intermittent claudication. In: Journal of Vascular ... Gender differences following supervised exercise therapy in patients with intermittent claudication. / Gommans, L.N.M.; ... Gender differences following supervised exercise therapy in patients with intermittent claudication. Journal of Vascular ...
  • However, as other conditions such as sciatica can mimic intermittent claudication, testing is often performed to confirm the diagnosis of peripheral artery disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Magnetic resonance angiography and duplex ultrasonography appear to be slightly more cost-effective in diagnosing peripheral artery disease among people with intermittent claudication than projectional angiography. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intermittent claudication is most often caused by peripheral artery disease (PAD). (drpensler.com)
  • Claudication is most often a symptom of peripheral artery disease. (nuhs.edu)
  • INTRODUCTION: Intermittent claudication (IC) caused by peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common cardiovascular disease. (regionh.dk)
  • To describe physical activity habits and barriers for physical activity practice in patients with peripheral artery disease and claudication symptoms during Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. (northumbria.ac.uk)
  • The effects of nordic walking training on blood antioxidant defence in patients with intermittent claudication. (inwa-nordicwalking.com)
  • Randomized clinical trial comparing Nordic pole walking and a standard home exercise programme in patients with intermittent claudication. (inwa-nordicwalking.com)
  • Objective: The aim of this study is to design the optimal study comparing endovascular revascularization and supervised exercise training for patients with intermittent claudication and to demonstrate value of information (VOI) analysis of patient-level data from an economic randomized controlled trial to guide future research. (eur.nl)
  • Results: The optimal study design for the treatment of intermittent claudication involves a randomized controlled trial collecting data on the quality-adjusted life expectancy and additional admission costs for 525 patients per treatment arm. (eur.nl)
  • The surgical treatment of intermittent claudication which is called revascularization, is a procedure done on patients who do not respond to the medications. (drpensler.com)
  • abstract = "Background: It is unclear whether supervised exercise therapy (SET), home based exercise therapy (HBET), and endovascular revascularisation (ER) for intermittent claudication (IC) have a meaningful impact on physical activity, despite extensive research on their effect on walking performance.Methods: Multiple databases were searched systematically up to May 2018 for randomised controlled trials with objective measurements of physical activity in patients with IC. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • In the treatment of patients with intermittent claudication, primary care physicians should focus on evaluation, risk factor modification and exercise. (aafp.org)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8610-0613 , Copeland, Robert , Le Faucheur, Alexis , Gernigon, Marie , Nawaz, Shah and Abraham, Pierre (2013) Feasibility and validity of self-reported walking capacity in patients with intermittent claudication. (yorksj.ac.uk)
  • The primary aim of this study was to assess if self-reported measures of walking limitation correlate better with a community-based assessment of maximum walking distance (MWD) than they do with laboratory-based tests in patients with intermittent claudication. (yorksj.ac.uk)
  • Presently, clinicians would include "selected" patients with intermittent claudication who have disabling symptoms and proximal disease above the inguinal ligament. (nih.gov)
  • For patients in whom medical and exercise therapy fail or those who have claudication symptoms that are lifestyle-limiting, surgical treatment includes either open bypass surgery or endovascular therapy (eg, stents, balloons, or atherectomy devices). (medscape.com)
  • What are the symptoms of intermittent claudication? (drpensler.com)
  • Symptoms of intermittent claudication include pain and cramping in the leg. (drpensler.com)
  • The diagnosis of intermittent claudication is made after the doctor listens to the patient's symptoms, examines them and orders a Doppler ultrasound. (drpensler.com)
  • Learn about how diet, lifestyle, and supplements may provide benefits for Intermittent Claudication Symptoms. (examine.com)
  • Intermittent claudication-like syndrome secondary to atherosclerosis i" by Hugues Beaufrère, Kali A. Holder et al. (lsu.edu)
  • This case is the first report, to our knowledge, of an intermittent claudication-like syndrome associated with peripheral atherosclerosis in a psittacine bird. (lsu.edu)
  • Because ginkgo is reputed to improve blood flow, this herb has been studied in people with intermittent claudication (pain caused by inadequate blood flow [atherosclerosis] to the legs). (healthyplace.com)
  • Claudication, which is defined as reproducible ischemic muscle pain, is one of the most common manifestations of peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) caused by atherosclerosis. (medscape.com)
  • Examination of a patient with claudication should include a complete lower-extremity evaluation and pulse examination, including measuring segmental pressures. (medscape.com)
  • Objective: To investigate the risk of procedure-related major amputation attributable to revascularization for intermittent claudication (IC) in a population-based observational cohort study. (lu.se)
  • Background: It is unclear whether supervised exercise therapy (SET), home based exercise therapy (HBET), and endovascular revascularisation (ER) for intermittent claudication (IC) have a meaningful impact on physical activity, despite extensive research on their effect on walking performance. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • Demographic data, body mass index, comorbid conditions, and measures of severity of PAD (ankle brachial index, ischemic window, claudication measurements, peak oxygen uptake and walking economy) were obtained. (psu.edu)
  • Exercise improves intermittent claudication leg pain on walking ?‍♂️? (firstprinciplesofmovement.com)
  • Because ginkgo improves blood flow, it has been studied in people with intermittent claudication, or pain caused by reduced blood flow to the legs. (limamemorial.org)
  • A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the association between several physical exercise capacity outcomes and physical activity in a general intermittent claudication population. (mcroberts.nl)
  • Current studies on gender-related outcomes following supervised exercise therapy (SET) for intermittent claudication (IC) yield conflicting results. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • How is the diagnosis of intermittent claudication made? (drpensler.com)
  • Based on the clinical signs and results of the diagnostic workup, the presumptive diagnosis was intermittent claudication, a condition caused by peripheral vascular disease and defined as intermittent weakness and pain in the legs induced by exercise and relieved by rest. (lsu.edu)
  • Risk factors for developing the PAD that leads to intermittent claudication include smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels. (drpensler.com)
  • Although not all studies agree, ginkgo may help treat dementia (including Alzheimer disease) and intermittent claudication, or poor circulation in the legs. (limamemorial.org)
  • Intermittent claudication, also known as vascular claudication, is a symptom that describes muscle pain on mild exertion (ache, cramp, numbness or sense of fatigue), classically in the calf muscle, which occurs during exercise, such as walking, and is relieved by a short period of rest. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intermittent claudication is a symptom and is by definition diagnosed by a patient reporting a history of leg pain with walking relieved by rest. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most common symptom is muscle pain in the lower limbs on exercise-intermittent claudication. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intermittent claudication (IC) is the most commonly reported symptom of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). (ku.dk)
  • Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, adrenergic agents such as alpha-1 blockers and beta-blockers and alpha-2 agonists, antiplatelet agents (aspirin and clopidogrel), naftidrofuryl, pentoxifylline, and cilostazol (selective PDE3 inhibitor) are used for the treatment of intermittent claudication. (wikipedia.org)
  • The medical treatment of intermittent claudication includes medications like cilostazol which widens the arteries to improve the flow of blood through them and reduce pain. (drpensler.com)
  • clarification needed] It is distinct from neurogenic claudication, which is associated with lumbar spinal stenosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intermittent claudication and lateral lumbar disc protrusions. (bmj.com)
  • After adjustment for established individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease, residents in neighborhoods with scores in the highest quartile of the psychosocial hazards scale had more than 4 times higher odds of a history of myocardial infarction and more than 3 times higher odds of myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or intermittent claudication compared with residents living in neighborhoods scoring in the lowest quartile. (cdc.gov)
  • What is the treatment of intermittent claudication? (drpensler.com)
  • Pentoxifylline is used in the treatment of Intermittent Claudication and belongs to the drug class miscellaneous coagulation modifiers . (drugs.com)
  • Three months later, she was referred to our hospital for further evaluation and treatment of intermittent claudication, refractory hypertension, and acute kidney injury (Cre 2.25 mg/dl, eGFR 19.2 ml/min/1.73 m 2 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Treatment of claudication is medical, with surgery reserved for severe cases. (medscape.com)
  • People with intermittent claudication (IC) suffer from pain in the muscles of the leg occurring during exercise which is relieved by a short period of rest. (menopause.org.au)
  • Many will suffer from intermittent claudication (IC), which leads to marked impairment of quality of life (QoL). (ochsner.org)
  • Intermittent claudication can be treated by medications or by surgery. (drpensler.com)
  • Alternative exercise modes, such as cycling, strength training and upper-arm ergometry compared to supervised walking programmes showed no difference in maximum walking distance or pain-free walking distance for people with intermittent claudication. (wikipedia.org)
  • Self-administration of a questionnaire on chest pain and intermittent claudication. (bmj.com)
  • Leg pain, otherwise known as Intermittent Claudication, is a condition which is caused by inadequate blood flow in the muscles of the leg. (drpensler.com)
  • People with intermittent claudication have a hard time walking without feeling extreme pain. (limamemorial.org)
  • People with intermittent claudication have difficulty walking without suffering extreme pain. (healthyplace.com)
  • Intermittent claudication typically causes pain that occurs with physical activity. (medscape.com)
  • Two months before admission, after a major flood and exposure to standing water for weeks, an abnormal sensation developed in her right foot, which progressed to pain and intermittent claudication. (cdc.gov)
  • After TEVAR reset the entrapment of the ET, the intermittent claudication, refractory hypertension, and acute kidney injury were immediately relieved (Supplementary Fig. 1 ) The institutional IRB did not approve this study, because IRB approval is not needed for case reports in our institute. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Intermittent claudication most commonly manifests in men older than 50 years. (wikipedia.org)
  • They then steer the catheter through your blood vessels to the areas where your arteries are narrow enough to cause claudication. (medizzy.com)
  • The future of exercise therapy for people with intermittent claudication? (kingston.ac.uk)
  • It might also be that people who end up with intermittent claudication generally aren't the kind of people who enjoy cardiovascular exercise for it's own right (I know I sure don't), so maybe they need that extra push to get going. (spinalflowyoga.com)
  • A double-blind, dose titration study was designed to assess the efficacy of propionyl-l-carnitine in intermittent claudication. (uniba.it)
  • One of the hallmarks of arterial claudication is that it occurs intermittently. (wikipedia.org)
  • Claudication occurs during physical activity and is relieved after a short rest. (medscape.com)
  • Once in place, that bypass provides enough blood flow to prevent intermittent claudication. (medizzy.com)
  • Intermittent claudication is a disorder of blood flow that limits mobility, and some supplements that aid in blood flow are known to prolong walking time and quality of life in persons with this condition. (examine.com)