Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.
Infectious diseases of cattle, sheep, and goats, characterized by blepharospasm, lacrimation, conjunctivitis, and varying degrees of corneal opacity and ulceration. In cattle the causative agent is MORAXELLA (MORAXELLA) BOVIS; in sheep, MYCOPLASMA; RICKETTSIA; CHLAMYDIA; or ACHOLEPLASMA; in goats, RICKETTSIA.
Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with XEROSTOMIA and polyarthritis, it is called SJOGREN'S SYNDROME.
Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria occurring as rods (subgenus Moraxella) or cocci (subgenus Branhamella). Its organisms are parasitic on the mucous membranes of humans and other warm-blooded animals.
Inflammation, often mild, of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of viral agents. Conjunctival involvement may be part of a systemic infection.
The mucous membrane that covers the posterior surface of the eyelids and the anterior pericorneal surface of the eyeball.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is most frequently isolated from bovine eyes in cases of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, INFECTIOUS), but also occurs in unaffected eyes and the nasal cavity of cattle.
Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.
The fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands. This fluid moistens the CONJUNCTIVA and CORNEA.
Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.
The tear-forming and tear-conducting system which includes the lacrimal glands, eyelid margins, conjunctival sac, and the tear drainage system.
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the transparent membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the white part of the eye, resulting in symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, burning, discharge, and increased sensitivity to light.
A species of gram-negative bacteria causing CONJUNCTIVITIS and KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS in SHEEP and GOATS.
Sterile solutions that are intended for instillation into the eye. It does not include solutions for cleaning eyeglasses or CONTACT LENS SOLUTIONS.
Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS, causing a wide range of diseases in humans. Infections are mostly asymptomatic, but can be associated with diseases of the respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. Serotypes (named with Arabic numbers) have been grouped into species designated Human adenovirus A-F.
Inflammation of the lacrimal sac. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A phylum of fungi comprising minute intracellular PARASITES with FUNGAL SPORES of unicellular origin. It has two classes: Rudimicrosporea and MICROSPOREA.
Infections with bacteria of the family MORAXELLACEAE.
Inflammation of the eyelids.
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.
A bacterium which is one of the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY) and sometimes of infantile gastroenteritis.
Sudden outbreaks of a disease in a country or region not previously recognized in that area, or a rapid increase in the number of new cases of a previous existing endemic disease. Epidemics can also refer to outbreaks of disease in animal or plant populations.
A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES rimosus and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.
A genus of ruminants in the family Bovidae. The common name chamois usually refers to the species Rupicapra rupicapra. Rupicapra pyrenaica, found in the Pyrenees, is more properly referred to as the Pyrenean chamois.
The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers: stratified squamous CORNEAL EPITHELIUM; BOWMAN MEMBRANE; CORNEAL STROMA; DESCEMET MEMBRANE; and mesenchymal CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM. It serves as the first refracting medium of the eye. It is structurally continuous with the SCLERA, avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY) caused by species of SHIGELLA.
Measurement of light given off by fluorescein in order to assess the integrity of various ocular barriers. The method is used to investigate the blood-aqueous barrier, blood-retinal barrier, aqueous flow measurements, corneal endothelial permeability, and tear flow dynamics.
A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.
A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.
Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.
The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.
An anti-infective agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.
Facilities which provide care for infants.
Green dyes containing ammonium and aryl sulfonate moieties that facilitate the visualization of tissues, if given intravenously. They have mostly been used in the study of kidney physiology.
Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.
An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
Infections with FUNGI of the phylum MICROSPORIDIA.
Infections with species of the genus MYCOPLASMA.
A genus of gram-negative, mostly facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the family MYCOPLASMATACEAE. The cells are bounded by a PLASMA MEMBRANE and lack a true CELL WALL. Its organisms are pathogens found on the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of humans, ANIMALS, and BIRDS.
An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.
A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732)
A genus of facultatively anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria in the family ACTINOMYCETACEAE, order ACTINOMYCETALES. They are obligate parasites of the PHARYNX in humans and farm animals.
Proteins found in EOSINOPHIL granules. They are primarily basic proteins that play a role in host defense and the proinflammatory actions of activated eosinophils.
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).
Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.
Conjunctival diseases refer to a broad range of disorders that affect the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer layer of the eyeball, causing symptoms such as redness, itching, irritation, discharge, and/or inflammation.
Tuberculous infection of the eye, primarily the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.

Detection of specific Mycoplasma conjunctivae antibodies in the sera of sheep with infectious keratoconjunctivitis. (1/27)

The serological cross reactions between Mycoplasma conjunctivae, the etiological agent of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC), and the antigenetically and phylogenetically closely related Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, which is often found in sheep, were analysed. Cross reacting antigens were identified using sera from sheep with IKC and from sheep of herds known to be free of IKC, as well as rabbit hyperimmune serum specific to the two Mycoplasma species. Cross reactions were predominantly due to the strongly antigenic proteins of 42 kDa and 83 kDa. Serospecific antigens of M. conjunctivae could be separated from cross-reacting antigens by the extraction of Tween 20-soluble membrane proteins. The Tween 20-extracted proteins of the M. conjunctivae strain HRC/581T were used for the development of an indirect ELISA test. This ELISA test was shown to be a useful serological method for the diagnosis of M. conjunctivae infections and to identify infected sheep herds.  (+info)

No sequence variation in part of the hexon and the fibre genes of adenovirus 8 isolated from patients with conjunctivitis or epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) in Norway during 1989 to 1996. (2/27)

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Several local epidemics of keratoconjunctivitis/conjunctivitis caused by adenovirus type 8 (Ad8) occurred in Norway from August 1995 to May 1996. A smaller epidemic occurred in 1992. The Ad8 hexon forms the surface of the virion and contains the hypervariable regions loop I(1) and loop I(2). The fibre mediates the primary contact with cells. Sequence variation in hexon and fibre genes might play an important role in the pathogenicity of adenoviruses. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic variability at the hexon and fibre genes in 26 strains of Ad8 isolated from 1989 to 1996. METHODS: The genetic variability of 26 strains of Ad8 isolated from 1989 to 1996 was studied by sequencing part of the hexon and fibre genes. The Ad8 sequences were compared with each other and with two Ad8 strains from the EMBL database. In addition, 14 of the 26 isolates were subjected to restriction endonuclease analysis. RESULTS: No significant sequence variation was seen during the six year period. CONCLUSION: The Ad8 strains causing epidemics of keratoconjunctivitis/conjunctivitis in Norway are genetically stable.  (+info)

Characterization of LppS, an adhesin of Mycoplasma conjunctivae. (3/27)

A serine-rich membrane protein named LppS from Mycoplasma conjunctivae, the aetiological agent of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) of domestic and wild Caprinae, was characterized. Gene cloning and sequence analysis of the lppS gene revealed that it encoded a membrane protein precursor. The protein had a typical signal sequence and a signal peptidase II cleavage site followed by a cysteine residue representing a potential acylation site. The mature LppS protein had an apparent molecular mass of 150 kDa and was found in the detergent-associated fraction of Tween 20 extracted M. conjunctivae proteins. It possessed a serine-rich domain of 41 aa with 37 (90.2 %) serine residues. Twenty-seven of these serine residues were contiguous. The protein adhered to lamb joint synovial cells. Using an in vitro adhesion model, Fab fragments from IgG directed against recombinant purified LppS were shown to specifically inhibit adhesion of M. conjunctivae to lamb cells. Thus, LppS is likely to be an adhesin of M. conjunctivae that may play an important role in the pathogenesis of IKC.  (+info)

Molecular epidemiology of Mycoplasma conjunctivae in Caprinae: transmission across species in natural outbreaks. (4/27)

Mycoplasma conjunctivae is the etiological agent of infectious keratoconjunctivitis, a highly contagious ocular infection that affects both domestic and wild Caprinae species in the European Alps. In order to study the transmission and spread of M. conjunctivae across domestic and wild Caprinae populations, we developed a molecular method for subtyping and identifying strains of M. conjunctivae. This method is based on DNA sequence determination of a variable domain within the gene lppS, a gene that encodes an antigenic lipoprotein of M. conjunctivae. This domain of lppS shows variations among different strains but remains constant upon generations of individual strains on growth medium and thus allows identification of individual strains and estimation of their phylogenetic intercorrelations. The variable domain of lppS is amplified by PCR using primers that match conserved sequences of lppS flanking it. Sequence analysis of the amplified fragment enables fine subtyping of M. conjunctivae strains. The method is applicable both to isolated strains and to clinical samples directly without requiring the cultivation of the strain. Using this method, we show that M. conjunctivae was transmitted between domestic and wild animals that were grazing in proximate pastures. Certain animals also presented infections with two different strains simultaneously.  (+info)

Bacteriological investigation of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in Norwegian sheep. (5/27)

Contagious keratoconjunctivitis is a rather common disease in Norwegian sheep. Since the knowledge of its aetiology is limited, the present study was performed to determine the microorganisms involved. Local veterinarians throughout the country collected conjunctival swabs from both sick (n = 43) and healthy (n = 42) sheep on 15 farms with outbreaks of ovine keratoconjunctivitis, and further from healthy sheep (n = 50) on 17 farms not showing any signs of conjunctival disease. All samples were cultivated for bacteria and mycoplasma. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from 3 cases (1%) in one single herd. Staphylococcus aureus (5%), Corynebacterium spp. (2%) and Escherichia coli (4%) were isolated only in herds with keratoconjunctivitis, but from both sick and healthy animals. Moraxella (Branhamella) ovis was isolated from 28% of sampled animals in affected herds and from 10% of sampled animals in healthy herds. The corresponding numbers for Moraxella spp. were 9%/12%, for Pseudomonas spp. 7%/8%, for Staphylococcus spp. 22//22%, for Bacillus spp. 12%/14%, for Micrococcus spp. 6%/2% and for Streptococcus/Enterococcus spp. 2%/2%. Mycoplasma conjunctivae was isolated from 16 animals with keratoconjunctivitis (37%) and from 3 animals without clinical signs (7%) in farms with keratoconjunctivitis. In farms without clinical signs of keratoconjunctivitis, M. conjunctivae was isolated in 4 animals (8%). To our knowledge, this is the first time M. conjunctivae has been isolated in Norway. Other predisposing agents found were Moraxella (Branhamella) ovis and Listeria monocytogenes. The etiological importance of different microorganisms in ovine keratoconjunctivitis seems to vary; some are probably only present as secondary invaders. Other possible causes of ovine keratoconjunctivitis in Norway, such as Chlamydia psittaci, remain to be investigated.  (+info)

Diagnosis of a mixed mycoplasma infection associated with a severe outbreak of bovine pinkeye in young calves. (6/27)

Mycoplasma bovoculi and Mycoplasma bovis were both isolated from conjunctival swabs taken from young calves showing symptoms consistent with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye). No Moraxella spp. or other nonmycoplasma bacteria were isolated in association with this severe clinical outbreak. Based on laboratory tests and clinical observations, the first phase of the disease was likely pneumonic in nature, possibly caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus and M. bovis. In the subsequent phase of the disease course, infection with both M. bovoculi and M. bovis resulted in ocular disease. A combination of microbiological, serological, and molecular diagnosticmethods was used to elucidate the etiology of the outbreak.  (+info)

Genetic and environmental factors associated with incidence of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in preweaned beef calves. (7/27)

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is one of the most economically important diseases in preweaned calves. This study examined the health records of 45,497 calves over a 20-yr period to determine environmental and genetic factors influencing the incidence of IBK. Three data sets were analyzed with an animal model. The first data set (n = 41,986) evaluated environmental factors and genetic differences among nine purebred (Angus, Braunvieh, Charolais, Gelbvieh, Hereford, Limousin, Pinzgauer, Red Poll, and Simmental) and three composite breeds (MARC I, MARC II, and MARC III). Weaning weights of calves diagnosed with IBK were 8.9 kg lighter (P < 0.05) than weights of healthy calves. Incidence of IBK was related to age of the calf and the seasonal life cycle of the face fly (Musca autumnalis). Incidence of IBK increased in the spring (June), peaked during the summer months (July to September), and then decreased in the fall. Herefords were the most susceptible breed (P < 0.05) compared with all other purebreds and composites. Estimates of direct heritability for the incidence of IBK were generally low and ranged from 0.00 to 0.28 by breed. The maternal permanent environmental and genetic effects of the dam on the incidence of IBK were not significant for most breeds. The second data set (n = 9,606) was used to estimate heterosis for the incidence of IBK from a Hereford and Angus diallel design. The heterosis effect for the incidence of IBK in reciprocal Hereford/Angus crossbred calves was slightly negative (P = 0.12) but not large. The higher incidence of IBK in Angus x Hereford calves compared with Hereford x Angus calves (13.3 vs. 8.9%) suggests a maternal effect related to the incidence of IBK. Incidence of IBK in crossbred calves sired by tropically adapted breeds (Brahma, Boran, Tuli) compared with purebred and crossbred Bos taurus types was investigated in the third data set (n = 2,622). Crossbred calves sired by tropically adapted breeds had a lower incidence of IBK than most Bos taurus types (P < 0.05), but they were not different than either reciprocal crosses of Hereford and Angus or purebred Angus calves. Response to selection for decreasing the incidence of IBK is likely to be slow because of low heritability and low incidence in most breeds. Significant breed differences for incidence of IBK may be important to some producers and management systems.  (+info)

Effects of Moraxella (Branhamella) ovis culture filtrates on bovine erythrocytes, peripheral mononuclear cells, and corneal epithelial cells. (8/27)

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a highly contagious ocular disease that affects cattle of all ages and that occurs worldwide. Piliated hemolytic Moraxella bovis is recognized as the etiologic agent of IBK. According to data from the Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, however, Moraxella (Branhamella) ovis has been isolated with increasing frequency from cattle affected with IBK. The objective of this study was, therefore, to examine M. ovis field isolates for the presence of the putative virulence factors of M. bovis. Culture filtrates from selected M. ovis field isolates demonstrated hemolytic activity on bovine erythrocytes and cytotoxic activity on bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and corneal epithelial cells. The hemolytic activity of the culture filtrates was attenuated after heat treatment. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the M. bovis hemolysin-cytotoxin also recognized a protein of approximately 98 kDa in a Western blot assay. These data indicate that the M. ovis field isolates examined produce one or more heat-labile exotoxins and may suggest that M. ovis plays a role in the pathogenesis of IBK.  (+info)

Keratoconjunctivitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of both the cornea (the clear, outer layer at the front of the eye) and the conjunctiva (the mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye).

The condition can cause symptoms such as redness, pain, sensitivity to light, watery eyes, and a gritty or burning sensation in the eyes. Keratoconjunctivitis can be caused by various factors, including viral or bacterial infections, allergies, or environmental irritants like dust, smoke, or chemical fumes.

Treatment for keratoconjunctivitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include medications such as antibiotics, antivirals, or anti-inflammatory agents to reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms. In some cases, artificial tears or lubricants may also be recommended to help keep the eyes moist and comfortable.

Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) is a medical condition that refers to an inflammation of both the cornea (kerato-) and the conjunctiva (-conjunctivitis), which are the transparent membranes that cover the front part of the eye. IKC is caused by an infection, most commonly due to viral or bacterial pathogens.

The viral form of IKC is often caused by adenoviruses and can be highly contagious, spreading through respiratory droplets, contaminated surfaces, or direct contact with the infected person's eyes. The symptoms may include redness, watery eyes, sensitivity to light, a gritty or burning sensation in the eyes, and discharge. In some cases, there might be swollen lymph nodes near the ear or neck.

Bacterial IKC can result from various bacterial species, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Haemophilus influenzae. The symptoms of bacterial IKC are similar to those of viral IKC but may also include more purulent discharge and potential complications like corneal ulcers or abscesses.

Treatment for infectious keratoconjunctivitis depends on the underlying cause. Viral IKC typically resolves within 1-3 weeks without specific treatment, although cool compresses and artificial tears may help alleviate symptoms. Bacterial IKC may require antibiotic eye drops or ointments to clear the infection and prevent complications. In both cases, good hygiene practices are essential to prevent spreading the infection to others.

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, also known as dry eye syndrome, is a condition characterized by decreased quality and/or quantity of tears to lubricate and nourish the eye. This can result in discomfort, visual disturbance, and potentially damage to the ocular surface. It is often associated with inflammation of the conjunctiva and the cornea. The symptoms may include dryness, scratchiness, burning, foreign body sensation, pain, redness, blurred vision, and light sensitivity.

Allergic conjunctivitis is a type of conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva, the membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids) caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. It is often characterized by redness, itching, watering, and swelling of the eyes. In some cases, the eyes may also become sensitive to light. Allergic conjunctivitis is not contagious and can be treated with medications such as antihistamines, decongestants, or mast cell stabilizers.

"Moraxella" is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that are commonly found on the mucous membranes of humans and animals. They are non-motile and catalase-positive. Some species of Moraxella can cause infections in humans, such as M. catarrhalis, which is a common cause of respiratory tract infections like bronchitis and otitis media (middle ear infection) in children. Another species, M. nonliquefaciens, can be found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals, but it's not considered to be pathogenic.

It is worth noting that Moraxella genus was previously classified under the name Neisseria, but based on genetic and biochemical evidence, they are now considered separate genera.

Viral conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye (sclera) and the inner surface of the eyelids, caused by a viral infection. The condition is often characterized by redness, watering, gritty or burning sensation in the eyes, and a clear, watery discharge. In some cases, it may also cause swelling of the eyelids and light sensitivity.

The most common viruses that can cause conjunctivitis are adenoviruses, which are responsible for about 65-90% of all viral conjunctivitis cases. Other viruses that can cause the condition include herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus (which causes chickenpox and shingles), and picornaviruses.

Viral conjunctivitis is highly contagious and can spread easily through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces. It typically affects one eye first and then spreads to the other eye within a few days. The condition usually resolves on its own within 1-2 weeks, although in some cases it may take longer to clear up completely.

There is no specific treatment for viral conjunctivitis, and antibiotics are not effective against viral infections. However, cool compresses and artificial tears can help alleviate symptoms such as discomfort and dryness. It is important to practice good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding touching the eyes, to prevent the spread of the virus to others.

The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the front part of the eye, also known as the sclera. It helps to keep the eye moist and protected from irritants. The conjunctiva can become inflamed or infected, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye).

Adenoviruses are a group of viruses that commonly cause respiratory infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and fevers in humans. They can also cause conjunctivitis (pink eye), croup, and stomach and intestinal inflammation (gastroenteritis). Adenovirus infections are most common in children, but people of any age can be infected. The viruses spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or through contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. There is no specific treatment for adenovirus infections, and most people recover on their own within a week or two. However, some people may develop more severe illness, particularly those with weakened immune systems. Preventive measures include frequent hand washing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals. Some adenoviruses can also cause serious diseases in people with compromised immune systems, such as transplant recipients and people undergoing cancer treatment. There are vaccines available to prevent some types of adenovirus infections in military recruits, who are at higher risk due to close living quarters and stress on the immune system from basic training.

In medical terms, "tears" are a clear, salty liquid that is produced by the tear glands (lacrimal glands) in our eyes. They serve to keep the eyes moist, protect against dust and other foreign particles, and help to provide clear vision by maintaining a smooth surface on the front of the eye. Tears consist of water, oil, and mucus, which help to prevent evaporation and ensure that the tears spread evenly across the surface of the eye. Emotional or reflexive responses, such as crying or yawning, can also stimulate the production of tears.

Adenoviridae infections refer to diseases caused by members of the Adenoviridae family of viruses, which are non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses. These viruses can infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and birds. In humans, adenovirus infections can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the specific type of virus and the age and immune status of the infected individual.

Common manifestations of adenovirus infections in humans include:

1. Respiratory illness: Adenoviruses are a common cause of respiratory tract infections, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and croup. They can also cause conjunctivitis (pink eye) and pharyngoconjunctival fever.
2. Gastrointestinal illness: Some types of adenoviruses can cause diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, particularly in children and immunocompromised individuals.
3. Genitourinary illness: Adenoviruses have been associated with urinary tract infections, hemorrhagic cystitis, and nephritis.
4. Eye infections: Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is a severe form of conjunctivitis caused by certain adenovirus types.
5. Central nervous system infections: Adenoviruses have been linked to meningitis, encephalitis, and other neurological disorders, although these are rare.

Transmission of adenoviruses typically occurs through respiratory droplets, contaminated surfaces, or contaminated water. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals. There is no specific treatment for adenovirus infections, but supportive care can help alleviate symptoms. In severe cases or in immunocompromised patients, antiviral therapy may be considered.

The lacrimal apparatus is a complex system in the eye that produces, stores, and drains tears. It consists of several components including:

1. Lacrimal glands: These are located in the upper outer part of the eyelid and produce tears to keep the eye surface moist and protected from external agents.
2. Tear ducts (lacrimal canaliculi): These are small tubes that drain tears from the surface of the eye into the lacrimal sac.
3. Lacrimal sac: This is a small pouch-like structure located in the inner part of the eyelid, which collects tears from the tear ducts and drains them into the nasolacrimal duct.
4. Nasolacrimal duct: This is a tube that runs from the lacrimal sac to the nose and drains tears into the nasal cavity.

The lacrimal apparatus helps maintain the health and comfort of the eye by keeping it lubricated, protecting it from infection, and removing any foreign particles or debris.

Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, a thin, clear membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer surface of the eye. The condition can cause redness, itching, burning, tearing, discomfort, and a gritty feeling in the eyes. It can also result in a discharge that can be clear, yellow, or greenish.

Conjunctivitis can have various causes, including bacterial or viral infections, allergies, irritants (such as smoke, chlorine, or contact lens solutions), and underlying medical conditions (like dry eye or autoimmune disorders). Treatment depends on the cause of the condition but may include antibiotics, antihistamines, anti-inflammatory medications, or warm compresses.

It is essential to maintain good hygiene practices, like washing hands frequently and avoiding touching or rubbing the eyes, to prevent spreading conjunctivitis to others. If you suspect you have conjunctivitis, it's recommended that you consult an eye care professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

Mycoplasma conjunctivae is a species of bacteria that belongs to the class Mollicutes and the genus Mycoplasma. It is known to cause infectious keratoconjunctivitis, an inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva, in various animals such as sheep, goats, and wild ungulates (hoofed mammals).

This bacterium lacks a cell wall, which makes it resistant to many antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis. It can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated fomites (inanimate objects), making it a significant pathogen in veterinary medicine, particularly in intensive farming settings.

It is important to note that Mycoplasma conjunctivae does not infect humans and is not associated with any human diseases.

Ophthalmic solutions are sterile, single-use or multi-dose preparations in a liquid form that are intended for topical administration to the eye. These solutions can contain various types of medications, such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, antihistamines, or lubricants, which are used to treat or prevent ocular diseases and conditions.

The pH and osmolarity of ophthalmic solutions are carefully controlled to match the physiological environment of the eye and minimize any potential discomfort or irritation. The solutions may be packaged in various forms, including drops, sprays, or irrigations, depending on the intended use and administration route.

It is important to follow the instructions for use provided by a healthcare professional when administering ophthalmic solutions, as improper use can lead to eye injury or reduced effectiveness of the medication.

Adenoviruses, Human: A group of viruses that commonly cause respiratory illnesses, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and croup, in humans. They can also cause conjunctivitis (pink eye), cystitis (bladder infection), and gastroenteritis (stomach and intestinal infection).

Human adenoviruses are non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that belong to the family Adenoviridae. There are more than 50 different types of human adenoviruses, which can be classified into seven species (A-G). Different types of adenoviruses tend to cause specific illnesses, such as respiratory or gastrointestinal infections.

Human adenoviruses are highly contagious and can spread through close personal contact, respiratory droplets, or contaminated surfaces. They can also be transmitted through contaminated water sources. Some people may become carriers of the virus and experience no symptoms but still spread the virus to others.

Most human adenovirus infections are mild and resolve on their own within a few days to a week. However, some types of adenoviruses can cause severe illness, particularly in people with weakened immune systems, such as infants, young children, older adults, and individuals with HIV/AIDS or organ transplants.

There are no specific antiviral treatments for human adenovirus infections, but supportive care, such as hydration, rest, and fever reduction, can help manage symptoms. Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and not sharing personal items like towels or utensils.

Dacryocystitis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of the lacrimal sac, which is a small sac-like structure located in the inner corner of the eye near the nose. The lacrimal sac is responsible for draining tears from the eye into the nasal cavity.

Dacryocystitis can occur as a result of an infection or obstruction in the tear drainage system, leading to the accumulation of tears and other debris in the lacrimal sac. This can cause symptoms such as redness, swelling, pain, and tenderness in the affected area, as well as discharge from the eye or nose.

In some cases, dacryocystitis may be treated with antibiotics to clear up any infection. In more severe cases, surgery may be required to remove any blockages and improve tear drainage. If left untreated, dacryocystitis can lead to complications such as the formation of an abscess or damage to the eye.

Microsporidia are a group of small, obligate intracellular parasites that belong to the kingdom Fungi. They are characterized by their spore stage, which contains a unique infection apparatus called the polar tube or coiled filament. These spores can infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and insects.

In humans, Microsporidia can cause chronic diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. They can also infect various other tissues, including the eye, muscle, and kidney, leading to a variety of clinical manifestations.

Microsporidia were once considered to be protozoa but are now classified as fungi based on genetic and biochemical evidence. There are over 1,300 species of Microsporidia, with at least 14 species known to infect humans.

Moraxellaceae is a family of Gram-negative, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the environment and on the mucosal surfaces of humans and animals. Infections caused by Moraxellaceae are relatively rare but can occur, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Two genera within this family, Moraxella and Acinetobacter, are most commonly associated with human infections. Moraxella catarrhalis is a leading cause of respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis, otitis media (middle ear infection), and sinusitis, particularly in children and the elderly. It can also cause conjunctivitis (pink eye) and pneumonia.

Acinetobacter species, on the other hand, are often found in soil and water and can colonize the skin and mucous membranes of humans without causing harm. However, they can become opportunistic pathogens in hospital settings, causing a range of infections such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, wound infections, and meningitis, particularly in critically ill or immunocompromised patients.

Infections caused by Moraxellaceae can be treated with antibiotics, but the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains is a growing concern. Proper infection control measures, such as hand hygiene and environmental cleaning, are essential to prevent the spread of these infections in healthcare settings.

Blepharitis is a common inflammatory condition that affects the eyelids, specifically the eyelash follicles and the edges of the eyelids (called the "eyelid margins"). It can cause symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, burning, and a crusty or flaky buildup on the lashes. Blepharitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial infection, skin disorders like seborrheic dermatitis or rosacea, and meibomian gland dysfunction. It is often a chronic condition that requires ongoing treatment to manage symptoms and prevent recurrence.

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own moisture-producing glands, particularly the tear and salivary glands. This can lead to symptoms such as dry eyes, dry mouth, and dryness in other areas of the body. In some cases, it may also affect other organs, leading to a variety of complications.

There are two types of Sjögren's syndrome: primary and secondary. Primary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when the condition develops on its own, while secondary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when it develops in conjunction with another autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.

The exact cause of Sjögren's syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment typically focuses on relieving symptoms and may include artificial tears, saliva substitutes, medications to stimulate saliva production, and immunosuppressive drugs in more severe cases.

Shigella flexneri is a species of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is one of the four species of the genus Shigella, which are the causative agents of shigellosis, also known as bacillary dysentery.

Shigella flexneri is responsible for causing a significant proportion of shigellosis cases worldwide, particularly in developing countries with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. The bacteria can be transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water, and can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and tenesmus (the urgent need to defecate).

The infection can lead to inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the intestines, resulting in the destruction of the epithelial cells and the formation of ulcers. In severe cases, Shigella flexneri can invade the bloodstream and cause systemic infections, which can be life-threatening for young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.

The diagnosis of Shigella flexneri infection typically involves the detection of the bacteria in stool samples using culture methods or molecular techniques such as PCR. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, although resistance to multiple drugs has been reported in some strains. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, safe food handling, and access to clean water.

An epidemic is the rapid spread of an infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time. It is typically used to describe situations where the occurrence of a disease is significantly higher than what is normally expected in a certain area or community. Epidemics can be caused by various factors, including pathogens, environmental changes, and human behavior. They can have serious consequences for public health, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. To control an epidemic, public health officials often implement measures such as vaccination, quarantine, and education campaigns to prevent further spread of the disease.

Oxytetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is part of the tetracycline class. It works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, thereby preventing bacterial growth and reproduction. Medical definition: "A linear tetra cyclic amide antibiotic derived from Streptomyces rimosus, with a wide range of antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. It is used especially in the treatment of rickettsial infections, respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and sexually transmitted diseases." (Source: Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary)

"Rupicapra" is not a medical term, but a genus name for a group of wild caprine animals, also known as wild goats. The two living species are the Western Rupicapra (Rupicapra rupicapra) and the Eastern Rupicapra (Rupicapra pyrenaica). They are native to mountainous regions in Europe and Asia.

In a medical context, "rupicapra" may appear in rare cases as part of a scientific name for a disease or condition that is named after the animal, but I couldn't find any specific examples of this usage.

The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. It plays a crucial role in focusing vision. The cornea protects the eye from harmful particles and microorganisms, and it also serves as a barrier against UV light. Its transparency allows light to pass through and get focused onto the retina. The cornea does not contain blood vessels, so it relies on tears and the fluid inside the eye (aqueous humor) for nutrition and oxygen. Any damage or disease that affects its clarity and shape can significantly impact vision and potentially lead to blindness if left untreated.

Shigella vaccines are immunizations that are developed to protect against Shigella infection, which is caused by the bacterium Shigella spp. These vaccines aim to stimulate the immune system to produce an immune response (the production of antibodies and activation of immune cells) that will provide protection against future Shigella infections.

There are currently no licensed Shigella vaccines available for use, although several candidate vaccines are in various stages of development and clinical trials. These vaccines typically contain inactivated or attenuated (weakened) forms of the bacteria, or specific components of the bacteria that can stimulate an immune response.

Shigella infection can cause a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, and tenesmus (the strong, frequent urge to have a bowel movement). In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as dehydration, seizures, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), which is a serious condition that can cause kidney failure. Shigella infection is most commonly transmitted through contaminated food or water, or direct contact with an infected person's feces.

Fluorophotometry is a medical diagnostic technique that measures the concentration of fluorescein dye in various tissues, particularly the eye. This technique utilizes a specialized instrument called a fluorophotometer which emits light at a specific wavelength that causes the fluorescein to emit light at a longer wavelength. The intensity of this emitted light is then measured and used to calculate the concentration of fluorescein in the tissue.

Fluorophotometry is often used in ophthalmology to assess the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier, which can be helpful in diagnosing and monitoring conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and uveitis. It may also have applications in other medical fields for measuring the concentration of fluorescent markers in various tissues.

Cromolyn sodium is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as mast cell stabilizers. It works by preventing the release of certain chemicals from mast cells, which are immune system cells found in various tissues throughout the body, including the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract.

Mast cells play an important role in the body's allergic response. When a person is exposed to an allergen, such as pollen or pet dander, mast cells release chemicals like histamine, which can cause symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as itching, swelling, and inflammation.

Cromolyn sodium is used to prevent asthma attacks, hay fever, and other allergic reactions. It is often prescribed for people who have difficulty controlling their symptoms with other medications, such as inhaled corticosteroids or antihistamines.

The medication is available in various forms, including inhalers, nasal sprays, and eye drops. When used as an inhaler, cromolyn sodium is typically administered four times a day to prevent asthma symptoms. As a nasal spray or eye drop, it is usually used several times a day to prevent allergic rhinitis or conjunctivitis.

While cromolyn sodium can be effective in preventing allergic reactions, it does not provide immediate relief of symptoms. It may take several days or even weeks of regular use before the full benefits of the medication are felt.

Fluorescein is not a medical condition or term, but rather a diagnostic dye used in various medical tests and procedures. Medically, it is referred to as Fluorescein Sodium, a fluorescent compound that absorbs light at one wavelength and emits light at another longer wavelength when excited.

In the field of ophthalmology (eye care), Fluorescein is commonly used in:

1. Fluorescein angiography: A diagnostic test to examine blood flow in the retina and choroid, often used to diagnose and manage conditions like diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinal vessel occlusions.
2. Tear film assessment: Fluorescein dye is used to evaluate the quality of tear film and diagnose dry eye syndrome by observing the staining pattern on the cornea.
3. Corneal abrasions/foreign body detection: Fluorescein dye can help identify corneal injuries, such as abrasions or foreign bodies, under a cobalt blue light.

In other medical fields, fluorescein is also used in procedures like:

1. Urinary tract imaging: To detect urinary tract abnormalities and evaluate kidney function.
2. Lymphangiography: A procedure to visualize the lymphatic system.
3. Surgical navigation: In some surgical procedures, fluorescein is used as a marker for better visualization of specific structures or areas.

Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:

1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.

Topical administration refers to a route of administering a medication or treatment directly to a specific area of the body, such as the skin, mucous membranes, or eyes. This method allows the drug to be applied directly to the site where it is needed, which can increase its effectiveness and reduce potential side effects compared to systemic administration (taking the medication by mouth or injecting it into a vein or muscle).

Topical medications come in various forms, including creams, ointments, gels, lotions, solutions, sprays, and patches. They may be used to treat localized conditions such as skin infections, rashes, inflammation, or pain, or to deliver medication to the eyes or mucous membranes for local or systemic effects.

When applying topical medications, it is important to follow the instructions carefully to ensure proper absorption and avoid irritation or other adverse reactions. This may include cleaning the area before application, covering the treated area with a dressing, or avoiding exposure to sunlight or water after application, depending on the specific medication and its intended use.

A corneal ulcer is a medical condition that affects the eye, specifically the cornea. It is characterized by an open sore or lesion on the surface of the cornea, which can be caused by various factors such as bacterial or fungal infections, viruses, or injury to the eye.

The cornea is a transparent tissue that covers the front part of the eye and protects it from harmful particles, bacteria, and other foreign substances. When the cornea becomes damaged or infected, it can lead to the development of an ulcer. Symptoms of a corneal ulcer may include pain, redness, tearing, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, and a white spot on the surface of the eye.

Corneal ulcers require prompt medical attention to prevent further damage to the eye and potential loss of vision. Treatment typically involves antibiotics or antifungal medications to eliminate the infection, as well as pain management and measures to protect the eye while it heals. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the damage to the cornea.

Sulfacetamide is a sulfa drug, an antibiotic that is used to treat various infections caused by bacteria. It works by interfering with the ability of bacteria to produce folic acid, which is necessary for their growth and reproduction. Sulfacetamide is often used to treat skin infections, including acne, rosacea, and seborrheic dermatitis.

In medical terms, sulfacetamide can be defined as a topical antibiotic drug that is chemically related to sulfonamides. It is available in various forms, such as creams, lotions, gels, and solutions, and is usually applied directly to the affected area of the skin.

It's important to note that while sulfacetamide can be effective against many types of bacteria, it may not work for all strains, and some people may be allergic to it. Therefore, it should only be used under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare provider.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. The term "nurseries" is not typically used as a medical term. However, in a general or colloquial context, a nursery often refers to a place where young children are cared for, such as a daycare center or a room in a home dedicated to a child's needs.

If you intended to ask about "nurseries" in the context of horticulture or botany, they refer to places where plants are propagated and grown, often for commercial purposes.

In the medical field, terms with similar spellings but different meanings include:

1. Neonatal Nurseries - These are specialized units in hospitals that provide care for newborn babies who require advanced medical attention, usually born prematurely or with health issues.
2. Nursing Homes/Nurseries for the Elderly - While not directly related to medical definitions, nursing homes are facilities that provide long-term care and support for elderly individuals who can no longer live independently.

Please clarify if you meant a different term or context, so I can provide a more accurate response.

Lissamine Green Dyes are a type of diagnostic dye used in ophthalmology to assess the health and integrity of the tear film and the corneal surface. These dyes have a green color and are often used in conjunction with other dyes like fluorescein. When applied to the eye, Lissamine Green Dyes selectively stain areas of the eye that have been damaged or disrupted, such as areas of dryness, irritation, or inflammation.

The dye binds to denatured proteins and cellular debris on the surface of the eye, highlighting any abnormalities in the tear film or corneal epithelium. Lissamine Green Dyes can help diagnose conditions such as dry eye syndrome, exposure keratopathy, and corneal abrasions. The dye is generally considered safe for use in diagnostic procedures, but it should be used with caution and according to proper protocols to minimize any potential risks or discomfort to the patient.

Viral eye infections are caused by viruses that invade different parts of the eye, leading to inflammation and irritation. Some common types of viral eye infections include conjunctivitis (pink eye), keratitis, and dendritic ulcers. These infections can cause symptoms such as redness, watering, soreness, sensitivity to light, and discharge. In some cases, viral eye infections can also lead to complications like corneal scarring and vision loss if left untreated. They are often highly contagious and can spread through contact with contaminated surfaces or respiratory droplets. Antiviral medications may be used to treat certain types of viral eye infections, but in many cases, the infection will resolve on its own over time. Preventive measures such as good hygiene and avoiding touching the eyes can help reduce the risk of viral eye infections.

Naphazoline is an imidazole-derived direct-acting sympathomimetic amine, which is primarily used as a decongestant in over-the-counter (OTC) nasal sprays and eye drops. It works by narrowing the blood vessels in the lining of the nose and eyes, providing temporary relief from stuffiness, congestion, and swelling caused by allergies or the common cold.

The medical definition of Naphazoline is:

A decongestant and mydriatic agent with a rapid onset of action; used as an ingredient in various topical ophthalmic and nasal preparations to relieve redness, itching, and swelling associated with allergies or other causes. Naphazoline's therapeutic effect is due to its alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist properties, which cause vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the affected area.

Common brand names containing Naphazoline include:

* Clear Eyes®
* Naphcon®
* Opcon-A®
* Privine®
* Vasocon-A®

As with any medication, it is essential to follow the recommended dosage and usage guidelines provided by the manufacturer or healthcare professional. Prolonged use of Naphazoline can lead to a rebound effect, where the nasal congestion worsens upon discontinuation of the drug. If you experience any adverse effects or have concerns about using Naphazoline, consult your healthcare provider for advice.

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

Microsporidiosis is an infection caused by microscopic, single-celled parasites belonging to the phylum Microspora. These parasites are primarily intracellular and can infect various organisms, including humans. Infection typically occurs through ingestion of spores present in contaminated food, water, or soil, or through inhalation of spores. Once inside a host, the spores germinate, releasing the infective sporoplasm that invades host cells and multiplies within them.

In humans, microsporidiosis can cause various symptoms depending on the species involved and the immune status of the host. In immunocompetent individuals, it may present as self-limiting diarrhea or mild gastrointestinal disturbances. However, in immunocompromised patients (e.g., those with HIV/AIDS, organ transplants, or using immunosuppressive medications), microsporidiosis can lead to severe and chronic diarrhea, wasting, and potentially life-threatening complications affecting various organs such as the eyes, kidneys, and respiratory system.

Diagnosis of microsporidiosis typically involves detecting the parasites in stool or tissue samples using specialized staining techniques (e.g., chromotrope stains) or molecular methods (e.g., PCR). Treatment usually includes antiparasitic drugs such as albendazole, which has activity against many microsporidian species. In severe cases or when the infection involves multiple organs, additional supportive care and management of underlying immunodeficiencies may be necessary.

Mycoplasma infections refer to illnesses caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Mycoplasma. These are among the smallest free-living organisms, lacking a cell wall and possessing a unique molecular structure. They can cause various respiratory tract infections (like pneumonia, bronchitis), urogenital infections, and other systemic diseases in humans, animals, and birds.

The most common Mycoplasma species that infect humans include M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, M. hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Transmission usually occurs through respiratory droplets or sexual contact. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the site of infection but may include cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, fatigue, joint pain, rash, and genital discharge or pelvic pain in women. Diagnosis often requires specific laboratory tests due to their unique growth requirements and resistance to many common antibiotics. Treatment typically involves macrolide or fluoroquinolone antibiotics.

Mycoplasma: A type of bacteria that lack a cell wall and are among the smallest organisms capable of self-replication. They can cause various infections in humans, animals, and plants. In humans, they are associated with respiratory tract infections (such as pneumonia), urogenital infections (like pelvic inflammatory disease), and some sexually transmitted diseases. Mycoplasma species are also known to contaminate cell cultures and can interfere with research experiments. Due to their small size and lack of a cell wall, they are resistant to many common antibiotics, making them difficult to treat.

Antazoline is an antihistamine drug that is used primarily for its anti-allergic and analgesic (pain-relieving) effects. It works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms. Antazoline is often found in combination with other medications, such as naphazoline, in over-the-counter products used to relieve redness and irritation in the eyes and nose.

The medical definition of Antazoline can be described as:

A first-generation antihistamine drug that exhibits both H1 receptor antagonist and local anesthetic properties. It is primarily used as a topical ophthalmic or nasal preparation to relieve redness, itching, and discomfort associated with allergic conjunctivitis and rhinitis. Antazoline may also be combined with other agents, such as naphazoline, in the treatment of sinus congestion and nasal stuffiness.

The off-label uses of Antazoline include:

* Treatment of vertigo and motion sickness
* As an adjunct to local anesthetics to prolong their duration of action

It is important to note that the use of Antazoline may be associated with certain side effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, and headache. It should be used with caution in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, or bladder neck obstruction.

Fluorometholone is a type of corticosteroid medication that is often used in eye drops to treat various inflammatory conditions of the eye, such as allergies, uveitis, and keratitis. It works by reducing inflammation and suppressing the activity of the immune system in the eye.

Fluorometholone has a fluorinated molecule, which makes it more lipophilic (fat-soluble) than some other corticosteroids, allowing it to penetrate the eye tissue more effectively. It is available in various strengths and forms, including solutions and ointments, for topical application to the eye.

As with any medication, fluorometholone can have side effects, such as increased pressure inside the eye (glaucoma), cataracts, and delayed healing of wounds. It is important to follow the instructions of your healthcare provider when using this medication and report any unusual symptoms or concerns promptly.

Arcanobacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that are facultatively anaerobic and non-spore forming. These bacteria were previously classified as part of the Corynebacterium genus but were reclassified due to genetic differences. They are normal flora in the human respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, but some species have been associated with human diseases such as endocarditis, bacteremia, and wound infections. The most well-known species is Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, which can cause pharyngitis and skin infections. Proper identification of these bacteria is important for appropriate treatment, as some species may be resistant to certain antibiotics.

Eosinophil granule proteins are a group of biologically active molecules that are stored within the granules of eosinophils, which are types of white blood cells. These proteins include:

1. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP): A protein with potent ribonuclease activity and the ability to disrupt cell membranes. It is involved in the immune response against parasites and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and allergies.
2. Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO): An enzyme that generates hypohalous acids, which can cause oxidative damage to cells and tissues. It contributes to the microbicidal activity of eosinophils and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases.
3. Major basic protein (MBP): A highly cationic protein that can disrupt cell membranes, leading to cell lysis. MBP is involved in the immune response against parasites and has been linked to tissue damage in several inflammatory conditions, such as asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, and eosinophilic esophagitis.
4. Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN): A protein with ribonuclease activity that can induce histamine release from mast cells and contribute to the inflammatory response. EDN is also involved in the immune response against parasites and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, allergies, and other inflammatory diseases.

These eosinophil granule proteins are released during eosinophil activation and degranulation, which can occur in response to various stimuli, such as immune complexes, cytokines, and infectious agents. Their release contributes to the inflammatory response and can lead to tissue damage in various diseases.

Bacillary dysentery is a type of dysentery caused by the bacterium Shigella. It is characterized by the inflammation of the intestines, particularly the colon, resulting in diarrhea that may contain blood and mucus. The infection is typically spread through contaminated food or water, or close contact with an infected person. Symptoms usually appear within 1-4 days after exposure and can include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, and tenesmus (the strong, frequent urge to have a bowel movement). In severe cases, bacillary dysentery can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and other complications. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria, as well as fluid replacement to prevent dehydration.

Corneal opacity refers to a condition in which the cornea, the clear front part of the eye, becomes cloudy or opaque. This can occur due to various reasons such as injury, infection, degenerative changes, or inherited disorders. As a result, light is not properly refracted and vision becomes blurred or distorted. In some cases, corneal opacity can lead to complete loss of vision in the affected eye. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medication, corneal transplantation, or other surgical procedures.

Conjunctival diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the conjunctiva, which is the thin, clear mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye (known as the sclera). The conjunctiva helps to keep the eye moist and protected from irritants.

Conjunctival diseases can cause a range of symptoms, including redness, itching, burning, discharge, grittiness, and pain. Some common conjunctival diseases include:

1. Conjunctivitis (pink eye): This is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or allergies. Symptoms may include redness, itching, discharge, and watery eyes.
2. Pinguecula: This is a yellowish, raised bump that forms on the conjunctiva, usually near the corner of the eye. It is caused by an overgrowth of connective tissue and may be related to sun exposure or dry eye.
3. Pterygium: This is a fleshy growth that extends from the conjunctiva onto the cornea (the clear front part of the eye). It can cause redness, irritation, and vision problems if it grows large enough to cover the pupil.
4. Allergic conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Symptoms may include redness, itching, watery eyes, and swelling.
5. Chemical conjunctivitis: This is an irritation or inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by exposure to chemicals such as chlorine, smoke, or fumes. Symptoms may include redness, burning, and tearing.
6. Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC): This is a type of allergic reaction that occurs in response to the presence of a foreign body in the eye, such as a contact lens. Symptoms may include itching, mucus discharge, and a gritty feeling in the eye.

Treatment for conjunctival diseases depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, over-the-counter medications or home remedies may be sufficient to relieve symptoms. However, more severe cases may require prescription medication or medical intervention. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider if you experience persistent or worsening symptoms of conjunctival disease.

Ocular tuberculosis (OTB) is a form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB), which results from the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria outside the lungs. In ocular tuberculosis, these bacteria primarily affect the eye and its surrounding structures.

The most common form of OTB is tubercular uveitis, which involves inflammation of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, and choroid). Other forms of OTB include:

* Tubercular conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane that covers the front part of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids.
* Tubercular keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea, the transparent outer layer at the front of the eye.
* Tubercular scleritis: Inflammation of the sclera, the white protective coating of the eye.
* Tubercular episcleritis: Inflammation of the episclera, a thin layer of tissue between the conjunctiva and sclera.
* Tubercular dacryoadenitis: Inflammation of the lacrimal gland, which produces tears.
* Tubercular optic neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain.

Diagnosis of OTB can be challenging due to its varied clinical presentations and the need for laboratory confirmation. A definitive diagnosis typically requires the isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from ocular tissues or fluids, which may involve invasive procedures. In some cases, a presumptive diagnosis might be made based on clinical findings, epidemiological data, and response to anti-tuberculous therapy.

Treatment for OTB usually involves a standard anti-tuberculosis regimen consisting of multiple drugs (isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide) for at least six months. Corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents might be used concomitantly to manage inflammation and prevent tissue damage. Close monitoring is essential to ensure treatment adherence, assess response to therapy, and detect potential side effects.

Dry eye syndrome, also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a condition characterized by insufficient lubrication and moisture of the eyes. This occurs when the tears produced by the eyes are not sufficient in quantity or quality to keep the eyes moist and comfortable. The medical definition of dry eye syndromes includes the following symptoms:

1. A gritty or sandy sensation in the eyes
2. Burning or stinging sensations
3. Redness and irritation
4. Blurred vision that improves with blinking
5. Light sensitivity
6. A feeling of something foreign in the eye
7. Stringy mucus in or around the eyes
8. Difficulty wearing contact lenses
9. Watery eyes, which may seem contradictory but can be a response to dryness
10. Eye fatigue and discomfort after prolonged screen time or reading

The causes of dry eye syndromes can include aging, hormonal changes, certain medical conditions (such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Sjogren's syndrome), medications (antihistamines, decongestants, antidepressants, birth control pills), environmental factors (dry air, wind, smoke, dust), and prolonged screen time or reading.

Treatment for dry eye syndromes depends on the severity of the condition and its underlying causes. It may include artificial tears, lifestyle changes, prescription medications, and in some cases, surgical procedures to improve tear production or drainage.

... (IBK), also known as pinkeye, New Forest eye or blight, is a veterinary infection of ... Farming Small Areas, August/September, 2008, "Clearing up pinkeye" Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis at Wikivet accessed ... The disease may be complicated by concurrent infection with viruses such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (bovine ...
M. bovoculi can cause infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo of Moraxella bovoculi Angelos, J. A ... nov., isolated from calves with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary ... concentrations of selected antimicrobial agents for Moraxella bovoculi associated with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis ...
"Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis" is caused by an adenovirus infection. "Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis" (IBK) is a ... "Pink eye in sheep and goat" is another infectious keratoconjunctivitis of veterinary concern, mostly caused by Chlamydophila ... The term "vernal keratoconjunctivitis" (VKC) is used to refer to keratoconjunctivitis occurring in spring, and is usually ... eMedicine - on Atopic keratoconjunctivitis eMedicine - on Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis v t e (Articles with short description ...
Treatment of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) associated with Moraxella bovis sensitive to tulathromycin. Pigs: ... Sheep: Treatment of the early stages of infectious pododermatitis (foot rot) associated with virulent Dichelobacter nodosus ...
... bovis is the cause of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, known colloquially in the United Kingdom as New Forest ...
ISBN 978-1-119-02893-2. De Jonge, Bert; Van Brantegem, Leen; Chiers, Koen (2020). "Infectious canine hepatitis, not only in the ... Adenovirus infection can also cause adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. Typically one eye is affected after an incubation period ... Severe liver damage is a classical infectious disease seen in unvaccinated dogs. "Adenovirus Clinical Overview for Healthcare ... Other types cause sporadic infection and occasional outbreaks; for example, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is associated with ...
... infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis). George M. Garrity: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2. Auflage. Springer, ...
It is the cause of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, a contagious ocular disease of cattle, referred to colloquially as ... Springer, New York, 2005, Volume 2: The Proteobacteria, Par`t B: The Gammaproteobacteria "Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis in ...
... infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis) to cattle.[citation needed] As for human disease, M. autumnalis may have transmitted ...
Adenoviruses are the most common cause of viral conjunctivitis (adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis). Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis ... The most common infectious causes are viral followed by bacterial. The viral infection may occur along with other symptoms of a ... published on epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.: 437 "Madras eye" is a colloquial term that has been used in India for the disease ... Some more serious conditions can present with a red eye, such as infectious keratitis, angle-closure glaucoma, or iritis. These ...
Diaz JH (2010). "Mite-transmitted dermatoses and infectious diseases in returning travelers". J Travel Med. 17 (1): 21-31. doi: ... Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis Herpetic sycosis Herpetic whitlow HIV-associated pruritus Human monkeypox Human T-lymphotropic ... Hawryluk EB, Izikson L, English JC (2010). "Non-Infectious Granulomatous Diseases of the Skin and their Associated Systemic ... infectious labial dermatitis, sheep pox) Orf-induced immunobullous disease Orolabial herpes (herpes labialis) Papular purpuric ...
... keratoconjunctivitis, infectious MeSH C01.252.354.800 - tuberculosis, ocular MeSH C01.252.354.900 - uveitis, suppurative MeSH ... keratoconjunctivitis, infectious MeSH C01.539.375.354.800 - tuberculosis, ocular MeSH C01.539.375.354.900 - uveitis, ...
South Korea Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, an infection of cattle caused by a rod shaped bacterium Innsbruck Airport, ...
The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 179 (Supplement_1): S1-S7. doi:10.1086/514308. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 9988155. Ikegami, ... Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (adenovirus 8) Human immunodeficiency virus (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Ebola Rift ... Vaccinia Herpes simplex Herpes zoster Mumps Infectious mononucleosis Influenza Cytomegalic inclusion disease ...
... an inflammation of the outermost layer of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, ... an infectious conjunctivitis in cattle caused by the bacterium Moraxella bovis "Pinkeye" (South Park), an episode of the ...
Herpes zoster with ophthalmic complications 053.20 Herpes zoster dermatitis of eyelid 053.21 Herpes zoster keratoconjunctivitis ... This is a shortened version of the first chapter of the ICD-9: Infectious and Parasitic Diseases. It covers ICD codes 001 to ... 137 Tuberculosis, respiratory, late effects 138 Polio, late effects 139 Late effects of other infectious and parasitic diseases ... elsewhere classified 009 Ill-defined intestinal infections 009.1 Colitis enteritis and Gastroenteritis of presumed infectious ...
These infectious agents produce proteases and collagenases which break down the corneal stroma. Complete loss of the stroma can ... Other tests that may be necessary include a Schirmer's test for keratoconjunctivitis sicca and an analysis of facial nerve ... Topical antibiotics are used at hourly intervals to treat infectious corneal ulcers. Cycloplegic eye drops are applied to give ... Other eye conditions can cause corneal ulcers, such as entropion, distichiasis, corneal dystrophy, and keratoconjunctivitis ...
... keratoconjunctivitis sicca (persistent dryness of the cornea and conjunctiva), and infectious dermatitis (inflammation of the ... This condition was initially thought to be associated with infectious agents (such as Treponema pertenue and Treponema pallidum ...
... oxidase-positive diplococcus bacterium species implicated in infectious keratoconjunctivitis in cattle Mycobacterium bovis, a ...
... keratoconjunctivitis, infectious MeSH C11.204.564.585.630 - keratoconjunctivitis sicca MeSH C11.204.627 - keratoconus MeSH ... keratoconjunctivitis, infectious MeSH C11.187.183.394.550 - keratoconjunctivitis sicca MeSH C11.187.183.749 - Reactive ... keratoconjunctivitis, infectious MeSH C11.294.354.800 - tuberculosis, ocular MeSH C11.294.354.900 - uveitis, suppurative MeSH ... keratoconjunctivitis sicca MeSH C11.496.260.719 - Sjögren syndrome MeSH C11.496.260.892 - xerophthalmia MeSH C11.496.456 - ...
For most infectious diseases, this duration reflects known patterns of persistence and shedding of infectious agents associated ... Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in a chronic care facility: risk factors and measures for control. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41(11): ... Airborne precautions prevent transmission of infectious agents that remain infectious over long distances when suspended in the ... The experience of infectious patients in isolation. Nurs Times 1993;89(30):53-6. Evans HL, Shaffer MM, Hughes MG, et al. ...
These infectious agents produce proteases and collagenases which break down the corneal stroma. Complete loss of the stroma can ... Other tests that may be necessary include a Schirmer's test for keratoconjunctivitis sicca and an analysis of facial nerve ... It is also a barrier to infectious agents. The epithelium sticks to the basement membrane, which also separates the epithelium ... Other eye conditions can cause corneal ulcers, such as entropion, distichiae, corneal dystrophy, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca ...
In addition, it may potentially increase the severity of existing fungal or infectious conditions such as herpes zoster or ... Tacrolimus solution, as drops, is sometimes prescribed by veterinarians for keratoconjunctivitis, and other dry eye maladies, ... tacrolimus aqueous suspension on tear production in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca". Veterinary Ophthalmology. 8 (4): 225 ...
Frequently, inflammatory, infectious, degenerative, traumatic or iatrogenic (e.g. contact lenses) conditions can be responsible ... Common causes of CNV within the cornea include trachoma, corneal ulcers, phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis, rosacea keratitis, ...
The sores may last anywhere from 3-10 days and are very infectious. Some people have recurrences either in the same location or ... In primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) individuals have dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) and a dry mouth (xerostomia). Based on ...
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca - dry eyes (H20.0) Iritis - inflammation of the iris (H20.0, H44.1) Uveitis - inflammatory process ... Chorioretinal inflammation in infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhere Chorioretinitis: syphilitic, late ( A52.7 ... Involvement of eyelid in other infectious diseases classified elsewhere Involvement of eyelid in: herpesviral (herpes simplex) ...
Infectious canine hepatitis is a sometimes fatal infectious disease of the liver. Canine herpesvirus is an infectious disease ... Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye) is common in dogs. Symptoms include eye redness, a yellow or greenish discharge, ... Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by a spirochaete. Symptoms include liver and kidney failure and vasculitis. Lyme ... Echinococcosis is an infectious disease infecting dogs and sheep. Heartworm disease is caused by Dirofilaria immitis, which ...
The decrease in exposure to infectious stimuli may result in an imbalance between the infectious-response ("protective") ... atopic keratoconjunctivitis. The likelihood of having asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis together is 10 times higher than ... in an infant's or child's environment can lead to a decline in the number of infectious stimuli that are necessary for the ...
Sjögren introduced the term keratoconjunctivitis sicca for the symptom of dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis). In 1933, he ... Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C, and human T-cell leukemia virus-1 are among the most studied infectious agents in Sjögren's ... The term "keratoconjunctivitis sicca" was coined by Sjögren himself and began to be identified as Sjögren's syndrome in ... Sjögren clarified that keratoconjunctivitis sicca, resulting from water deficiency, had no relation to xerophthalmia, resulting ...
Wilson-Holt, N; Dart, J K G (September 1989). "Thiomersal keratoconjunctivitis, frequency, clinical spectrum and diagnosis". ... epidemiological and cost aspects of contact lens related infectious keratitis in Belgium: results of a seven-year retrospective ... and neurotrophic keratoconjunctivitis. Contact lenses that deliver drugs to the eye have also been developed. Glass lenses were ... keratoconjunctivitis sicca), microphthalmia, keratoconus, corneal ectasia, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Sjögren's syndrome, ...
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), also known as pinkeye, New Forest eye or blight, is a veterinary infection of ... Farming Small Areas, August/September, 2008, "Clearing up pinkeye" Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis at Wikivet accessed ... The disease may be complicated by concurrent infection with viruses such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (bovine ...
Microsporidial Keratoconjunctivitis after Rugby Tournament, Singapore. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(9):1484-1486. doi: ... Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in healthy individuals: a case series. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:1420-5. DOIPubMedGoogle ... Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:504-8. DOIPubMedGoogle ... Characteristics of microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in an eastern Indian cohort: a case series. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. ...
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis causes serious pain, which reduces the amount of time the animal spends grazing, and in ... Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis. Diseases and conditions image EquiMed Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). ... Pinkeye is the common name for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). This eye disease causes a lot of pain, which ... IBR (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, or "red nose") can be mistaken for pinkeye because it can cause runny eyes and eye ...
... also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) or keratitis sicca, is a multifactorial disease of the tears and the ocular ... Dry eye may be complicated by sterile or infectious corneal ulceration, particularly in patients with SS. Ulcers are typically ... encoded search term (Dry Eye Disease (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca)) and Dry Eye Disease (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca) What to ... Dry Eye Disease (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca). Updated: Jun 06, 2023 * Author: Trent Tsun-Kang Chiang, MD, MS; Chief Editor: ...
Keratoconjunctivitis happens when both your cornea and your conjunctiva become inflamed. There are several different types. ... Keratoconjunctivitis can be infectious or non-infectious. Non-infectious causes include allergies, autoimmune disorders or ... The type of keratoconjunctivitis you have corresponds to whats causing it.. Non-infectious keratoconjunctivitis. There are ... Infectious keratoconjunctivitis. This type includes bacterial, viral and fungal forms. Some of these forms include:. *Epidemic ...
WHAT IS PINKEYE The scientific name for pinkeye is infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). It is a disease of cornea (eye ... WHAT IS PINKEYE The scientific name for pinkeye is infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). It is a disease of cornea (eye ...
QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI FOR INFECTIOUS BOVINE KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS - (Proceedings) Casas, E., Stone, R.T. 2006. Quantitative ... Putative quantitative trait loci associated with the probability of contracting infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis - (Peer ... Putative quantitative trait loci associated with the probability of contracting infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Journal ... trait loci for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis [abstract]. Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Animal ...
globally, the leading infectious cause of blindness. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis typically affects young atopic adults ... vernal keratoconjunctivitis (see Clinical Management Guideline). *atopic keratoconjunctivitis (see Clinical Management ... On a global scale, a major cause of conjunctival scarring and blindness is an infectious disease called trachoma, which is not ...
Effectiveness of a cytolysin-enriched vaccine for protection of cattle against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis ... suggests that tulathromycin may be a rational choice as a single-injection treatment for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis ... was an effective treatment of calves with experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. The long serum half- ... for treatment of induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in calves. ...
Atopic keratoconjunctivitis. This is the Inflammation of the cornea and the conjunctiva (the membrane that covers the front of ... Infectious conjunctivitis. The eyes are not immune to bacterial and viral infections. Some of the common bacteria found in ... Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). This is another condition where the membrane that covers the front of the eye becomes ... Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). (n.d.). http://www.umkelloggeye.org/conditions-treatments/vernal-keratoconjunctivitis-vkc. ...
Dynamics of an Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis Outbreak by Mycoplasma conjunctivae on Pyrenean Chamois Rupicapra p. pyrenaica ... Between 2006 and 2008, an outbreak of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) affected Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra p. pyrenaica, ...
... is necessary to determine whether the MbxA-P vaccine can prevent naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. ...
Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (primary pathogen): Mycoplasma conjunctivae, Chlamydophila pecorum. Recommended initial testing ... Common Differentials: Trauma, Mycoplasma keratoconjunctivitis (Mycoplasma spp), Chlamydophila Keratoconjunctivitis ( ... Caprine/Ovine Infectious Abortion Diagnostic Plan. Caprine/Ovine Dermatology Diagnostic Plan. Caprine/Ovine Neurologic Disease ... Caprine/Ovine Infectious Abortion. This plan was created to assist with the investigation of etiologic agents that may cause ...
If you have any questions regarding keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), please call us at Eye Care for Animals. ... Cytology and/or culture may also be recommended to quantify the health of the conjunctival cells and look for infectious ... Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is due to dysfunction in the corneal tear film, and it results in patchy, dry areas across the ... Another cause of keratoconjunctivitis sicca is a toxic effect produced by some sulfa-containing antibiotics and non-steroidal ...
... is regarded as a causative agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), the most common ocular disease of cattle. ... Moraxella bovis (M. bovis) is regarded as a causative agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), the most common ... Infectious Disease Commons, Medical Immunology Commons, Medical Pathology Commons, Virology Commons ...
Infectious Conjunctivitis - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the Merck Manuals - Medical Consumer ... This infection, called epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (see table Some Causes and Features of Eye Pain ), is extremely contagious ... Prognosis for Infectious Conjunctivitis Most people with infectious conjunctivitis eventually get better without treatment. ... Treatment of Infectious Conjunctivitis *. For the discharge of bacterial conjunctivitis, washing the eyelid and warm, wet ...
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), usually affects young boys, tends to be bilateral, and occurs in warm weather. VKC is ... As with any mucous membrane, infectious agents may adhere to the conjunctiva, thus overwhelming normal defense mechanisms and ... In keratoconjunctivitis, an associated corneal involvement is present.. Several studies demonstrate that acute conjunctivitis ... Family members with similar complaints typically present with conjunctivitis from an infectious cause. A history of a recent ...
Fungal keratitis is a serious infectious keratopathy related to fungal virulence and excessive inflammatory responses. ... Fungal keratitis is a serious infectious keratopathy with a high incidence of vision loss, which is mainly caused by Fusarium ... including adenoviral epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (Ou et al. 2013, Nelson et al. 2001). ... In addition, flavopiridol has been recognized as a candidate in infectious diseases (Ou et al. 2013, Nelson et al. 2001). ...
... and Control of Infectious Diseases; Career Development Div, Office of Workforce and Career Development, CDC. Editorial Note:. ... Adenoviruses are known to cause outbreaks of disease, including keratoconjunctivitis, and tracheobronchitis and other ... Principles and practice of infectious disease. 6th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2004. ...
Infectious keratitis. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) are the most common causes of infectious ... Keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) are seen in about 10-20% of patients who are HIV positive, ... Microsporidia keratoconjunctivitis. Superficial keratoconjunctivitis is more common in HIV-positive patients with microsporidia ... Infectious choroiditis represents fewer than 1% of ocular disorders in HIV-positive patients, with Pneumocystis jiroveci being ...
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Pink Eye or Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis. Extension Publication • Lice: What They Are and How to Control Them. Extension ...
Infectious conjunctivitis. *Bacterial conjunctivitis is an infection most often caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal ... The viral infection Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is very contagious and is the red-eye most associated with the term " ... Infectious conjunctivitis. This type of conjunctivitis is usually treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointments. Bacterial ... There are three main types of conjunctivitis: allergic, infectious and chemical. The cause of conjunctivitis varies depending ...
With Phase 2 clinical history, iCo-008 is targeted for the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis and wet age-related macular ... utilizing a known anti-fungal drug to treat life-threatening infectious diseases. iCo trades on the TSX Venture Exchange under ...
With Phase 2 clinical history, iCo-008 is targeted for the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis and wet age-related macular ... utilizing a known anti-fungal drug to treat life-threatening infectious diseases. iCo trades on the TSX Venture Exchange under ...
vernal keratoconjunctivitis), infectious reasons (trachoma: Picture 2; herpes zoster; parasitosis: dermodex folliculorum), ...
infectious B30.0 lagophthalmic - see Keratoconjunctivitis, specified type NEC neurotrophic H16.23- phlyctenular H16.25- ... Keratoconjunctivitis. Keratoconjunctivitis ICD-10-CM Alphabetical Index The ICD-10-CM Alphabetical Index is designed to allow ... There are 16 terms under the parent term Keratoconjunctivitis in the ICD-10-CM Alphabetical Index. ... Source: http://icd.codes/icd10cm/alphabetical-index/keratoconjunctivitis ...
Post-infectious *Sarcoidosis (Ann Ophthalmol 1989;21:92) *Sjögren syndrome *Stevens-Johnson syndrome *Systemic sclerosis * ... Atopic keratoconjunctivitis *Burns *Discoid lupus erythematosus (Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2002;10:287) *Epidermolysis bullosa ...
... a bacterium that is the primary causative agent of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye). Costs associated with pinkeye ...

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