A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613)
Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.
Accumulation of BILIRUBIN, a breakdown product of HEME PROTEINS, in the BLOOD during the first weeks of life. This may lead to NEONATAL JAUNDICE. The excess bilirubin may exist in the unconjugated (indirect) or the conjugated (direct) form. The condition may be self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) or pathological with toxic levels of bilirubin.
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.
A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.
The comparative and theoretical study of culture, often synonymous with cultural anthropology.
Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths.
Repetitive withdrawal of small amounts of blood and replacement with donor blood until a large proportion of the blood volume has been exchanged. Used in treatment of fetal erythroblastosis, hepatic coma, sickle cell anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, septicemia, burns, thrombotic thrombopenic purpura, and fulminant malaria.
A familial form of congenital hyperbilirubinemia transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. It is characterized by icterus and brain damage caused by a glucuronyl transferase deficiency in the liver and faulty bilirubin conjugation.
An infant during the first month after birth.
A condition characterized by an abnormal increase of BILIRUBIN in the blood, which may result in JAUNDICE. Bilirubin, a breakdown product of HEME, is normally excreted in the BILE or further catabolized before excretion in the urine.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

Bilirubin adsorption therapy and subsequent liver transplantation cured severe bilirubin encephalopathy in a long-term survival patient with Crigler-Najjar disease type I. (1/48)

Crigler-Najjar disease (CN) type I is characterized by persistent unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia from birth. The male patient here was diagnosed with this disease as a neonate and had been treated by phototherapy. At age 16 he suddenly developed generalized convulsions, followed by impaired cognitive function. The serum level of bilirubin was extremely high (total bilirubin: 41.7 mg/dl) and there were no other detectable causes responsible for the metabolic encephalopathy. He received bilirubin adsorption therapy several times, and the bilirubin encephalopathy improved in response to the fall in the serum level of bilirubin. After this he underwent a successful liver transplantation in Australia, and recovery of his mental faculties was satisfactory. Within the subsequent 3 years epileptic abnormal discharges on the electroencephalogram disappeared. Phototherapy alone can not prevent the rise in the serum level of bilirubin in adolescent or adult patients with CN type I, therefore such patients tend to experience life-threatening bilirubin encephalopathy. To save patients with the acute onset type of bilirubin encephalopathy, sufficient bilirubin adsorption followed by liver transplantation appears to be the most recommended therapeutic approach.  (+info)

Kernicterus in full-term infants--United States, 1994-1998. (2/48)

Kernicterus is a preventable life-long neurologic syndrome caused by severe and untreated hyperbilirubinemia during the neonatal period. High levels of bilirubin are toxic to the developing newborn. In full-term infants, hyperbilirubinemia symptoms include severe jaundice, lethargy, and poorfeeding. Features of kernicterus may include choreoathetoid cerebral palsy, mental retardation, sensorineural hearing loss, and gaze paresis. Kernicterus is not a reportable condition in the United States, and its prevalence is unknown; however, a pilot registry at a Pennsylvania hospital documented 90 cases in 21 states from 1984 to June 2001 (L. Johnson, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, personal communication, 2001). This report summarizes case histories of four full-term, healthy infants who developed kernicterus and underscores that to prevent kernicterus, newborns must be screened and promptly treated for hyperbilirubinemia.  (+info)

Bilirubin-albumin binding and free bilirubin. (3/48)

The relevance of plasma bilirubin-albumin binding and, in particular, the nonalbumin-bound or "free" bilirubin concentration to neonatal bilirubin toxicity is controversial. The pivotal role that "free" bilirubin played in the bilirubin toxicity that occurred following administration of sulfisoxazole or benzyl alcohol to jaundiced newborns, and the correlation of "free" bilirubin with bilirubin-induced changes in the auditory brainstem response are strong support for measuring "free" bilirubin when evaluating neonatal jaundice. Reliable methods for measuring "free bilirubin" are available, and population reference values are needed to help determine its proper clinical use.  (+info)

P-glycoprotein and bilirubin disposition. (4/48)

P-glycoprotein (Pgp), an ATP-dependent plasma membrane efflux pump, is expressed in abundance on the luminal aspect of brain capillary endothelial cells and astrocytes of the blood-brain barrier where it limits the passage of a variety of lipophilic substrates into the central nervous system. This review summarizes current evidence characterizing (1) unconjugated bilirubin as a potential substrate for Pgp and (2) the ontogeny of Pgp expression at the blood-brain barrier and apical brush border epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract, findings that may provide insights regarding the disposition of bilirubin in immature subjects.  (+info)

Bilirubin brain toxicity. (5/48)

Bilirubin is toxic in most biological systems tested. Several mechanisms have been suggested for this toxic effect, including inhibition of enzyme systems and inhibition of cell regulatory reactions (protein/peptide phosphorylation). The identity of the basic mechanism(s) has not been conclusively proven, but inhibition of peptide phosphorylation, perhaps mediated or modulated by lysine at the active site(s), appears to be compatible with many of the observations currently found in the literature. Bilirubin entry into brain is facilitated by drug displacement of bilirubin from its albumin binding, reduced albumin binding capacity, increased brain bloodflow, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, and other factors. The rate of bilirubin entry into brain, as well as the degree of retention and rate of clearance from brain, depends on which of these circumstances are operative. It is as yet unclear whether the mechanism responsible for increased brain bilirubin is important for toxicity. The mechanism for preferential localization of bilirubin to the basal ganglia in kernicterus is also not known. Bilirubin appears to distribute differentially to brain subcellular compartments and is oxidized in brain by an enzyme localized on the inner mitochondrial membrane. This enzyme is found both in neurons and in glia, but appears to be more active in the latter. The activity increases with postnatal age, and is subject to genetic variability in animals. The enzyme is cytochrome c-dependent. It is as yet not clear whether the activity of this enzyme serves a brain-protective effect in severe hyperbilirubinemia.  (+info)

Bilirubin and the auditory system. (6/48)

The auditory system is highly sensitive to bilirubin toxicity. Damage to the auditory nervous system includes auditory neuropathy or auditory dyssynchrony and auditory processing problems which may occur with or without deafness, hearing loss. Auditory dysfunction may occur in children with or without other signs of classical kernicterus. Bilirubin selectively damages the brainstem auditory nuclei, and may also damage the auditory nerve and spiral ganglion containing cell bodies of primary auditory neurons. The inner ear, thalamic and cortical auditory pathways appear to be spared. Noninvasive auditory neurophysiological tests such as the auditory brainstem response (ABR) or brainstem auditory response (BAER) play an important role in the early detection of bilirubin-induced auditory and central nervous system dysfunction in the neonate.  (+info)

Criteria for treatment of neonatal jaundice. (7/48)

Treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is usually based on the measurements of total serum bilirubin levels. Based on empirical data, it is generally recommended to start phototherapy at lower levels in low birth weight and very low birth weight infants than in term infants, but no general agreement exists on exact limits. Treatment criteria in preterm infants do not, however, have the same empirical backing as in term infants. The very low and extremely low birth weight infants are more susceptible to bilirubin toxicity. However, bilirubin may function as an antioxidant and enzyme inducer in these infants. Several other different approaches to establish treatment criteria have also been suggested, and a summary of these are presented and discussed. With the exception of measurement of unbound bilirubin, very few of these approaches have been validated in routine clinical settings. However, unbound bilirubin is at present mainly used also as a parameter to be evaluated in relation to total bilirubin values. The present treatment criteria result in a considerable overtreatment particularly of term infants. However, with a more relaxed attitude toward neonatal hyperbilirubinemia by health care professionals, kernicterus is again reported in term infants. Because the basic mechanisms of bilirubin toxicity as well as the relative significance of the maximum serum bilirubin level compared to the duration of hyperbilirubinemia are not known, individual assessment of a newborn infant's tolerance for hyperbilirubinemia is difficult. Major changes in the empirically developed criteria for treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn are therefore not justified in the near future. For term infants, the search for validated criteria for follow-up of jaundiced infants after discharge are therefore more important than revision of existing criteria for phototherapy.  (+info)

OBSERVATION OF CHILDREN'S TEETH AS A DIAGNOSTIC AID: II. DEVELOPMENTAL DIFFICULTIES REFLECTED IN ENAMEL AND PIGMENT CHANGES IN TEETH. (8/48)

Current interest in tetracycline staining of teeth and other enamel defects led to this review. In the handicapped child structural defects that were seen in the dental enamel may provide a most accurate etiological clue. The method of determining the time of insult is described. Comments are made on seven states in which enamel dysplasia may be frequently observed. A simple means of identifying tetracycline pigment incorporated in dental enamel is outlined. Bilirubin staining of teeth is also shown and warnings are given about the indelible nature of these pigments.  (+info)

Kernicterus is a severe form of brain damage caused by high levels of bilirubin, a yellow pigment that forms when red blood cells break down. It's most commonly seen in newborns, particularly those with a condition called ABO or Rh incompatibility, where the baby's blood type is different from the mother's. This can lead to an increased breakdown of the baby's red blood cells and a buildup of bilirubin.

In kernicterus, the bilirubin reaches such high levels that it becomes toxic and can damage the brain, particularly areas like the basal ganglia and brainstem. This can result in symptoms such as severe jaundice (a yellowing of the skin and eyes), lethargy, high-pitched crying, poor feeding, and eventually seizures, hearing loss, and developmental delays.

Kernicterus is preventable with timely treatment, which may include phototherapy (using light to break down bilirubin) or exchange transfusion (replacing the baby's blood with fresh donor blood). If you suspect your newborn has jaundice or if their skin appears yellow, it's important to seek medical attention immediately.

Neonatal jaundice is a medical condition characterized by the yellowing of a newborn baby's skin and eyes due to an excess of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellowish substance produced by the normal breakdown of red blood cells, which are then processed by the liver and excreted through the bile. In neonatal jaundice, the liver is not yet fully developed and cannot process bilirubin quickly enough, leading to its accumulation in the body.

Neonatal jaundice typically appears within the first 2-4 days of life and can range from mild to severe. Mild cases may resolve on their own without treatment, while more severe cases may require medical intervention such as phototherapy or a blood transfusion. Risk factors for neonatal jaundice include prematurity, bruising during birth, blood type incompatibility between mother and baby, and certain genetic disorders.

It is important to monitor newborns closely for signs of jaundice and seek medical attention if concerned, as untreated neonatal jaundice can lead to serious complications such as brain damage or hearing loss.

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is a condition characterized by an excessively high level of bilirubin in the blood of newborn infants. Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment produced by the normal breakdown of red blood cells. Normally, bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through the bile into the digestive system. However, in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, the liver may be unable to process bilirubin quickly enough, leading to its accumulation in the bloodstream. This can cause the skin and eyes of the newborn to appear yellow, a condition known as jaundice.

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is relatively common and usually resolves on its own within a few days or weeks. However, if bilirubin levels become too high, they can cause brain damage (kernicterus) in severe cases. Treatment may include phototherapy to help break down bilirubin, exchange transfusions, or other interventions to support liver function and reduce bilirubin levels.

Jaundice is a medical condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, sclera (whites of the eyes), and mucous membranes due to an excess of bilirubin in the bloodstream. Bilirubin is a yellow-orange pigment produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. Normally, bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through bile into the digestive system. However, if there's an issue with bilirubin metabolism or elimination, it can accumulate in the body, leading to jaundice.

Jaundice can be a symptom of various underlying conditions, such as liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis), gallbladder issues (gallstones, tumors), or blood disorders (hemolysis). It is essential to consult a healthcare professional if jaundice is observed, as it may indicate a severe health problem requiring prompt medical attention.

Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment that is produced by the liver when it breaks down old red blood cells. It is a normal byproduct of hemoglobin metabolism and is usually conjugated (made water-soluble) in the liver before being excreted through the bile into the digestive system. Elevated levels of bilirubin can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes. Increased bilirubin levels may indicate liver disease or other medical conditions such as gallstones or hemolysis. It is also measured to assess liver function and to help diagnose various liver disorders.

Ethnology is a branch of anthropology that focuses on the systematic study of the cultural, biological, social, and linguistic diversity of human groups both past and present. It involves the comparison and analysis of different ethnic groups, their customs, beliefs, and practices, with the aim of understanding the underlying patterns and processes that shape human culture and society.

In a medical context, ethnology can be used to study the cultural factors that influence health outcomes and healthcare practices among different populations. This may include examining traditional healing systems, attitudes towards illness and disease, and the social determinants of health in different ethnic groups. The insights gained from such research can help inform the development of culturally sensitive healthcare policies and interventions that are tailored to the needs of diverse communities.

Phototherapy is a medical treatment that involves the use of light to manage or improve certain conditions. It can be delivered in various forms, such as natural light exposure or artificial light sources, including lasers, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), or fluorescent lamps. The wavelength and intensity of light are carefully controlled to achieve specific therapeutic effects.

Phototherapy is most commonly used for newborns with jaundice to help break down bilirubin in the skin, reducing its levels in the bloodstream. This type of phototherapy is called bilirubin lights or bili lights.

In dermatology, phototherapy can be applied to treat various skin conditions like psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo, and acne. Narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) therapy, PUVA (psoralen plus UVA), and blue or red light therapies are some examples of dermatological phototherapies.

Phototherapy can also be used to alleviate symptoms of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and other mood disorders by exposing patients to bright artificial light, which helps regulate their circadian rhythms and improve their mood. This form of phototherapy is called light therapy or bright light therapy.

It's essential to consult a healthcare professional before starting any phototherapy treatment, as inappropriate use can lead to adverse effects.

An exchange transfusion of whole blood is a medical procedure in which a patient's blood is gradually replaced with donor whole blood. This procedure is typically performed in newborns or infants who have severe jaundice caused by excessive levels of bilirubin, a yellowish pigment that forms when hemoglobin from red blood cells breaks down.

During an exchange transfusion, the baby's blood is removed through a vein or artery and replaced with donor whole blood through another vein or artery. The process is repeated several times until a significant portion of the baby's blood has been exchanged with donor blood. This helps to reduce the levels of bilirubin in the baby's blood, which can help prevent or treat brain damage caused by excessive bilirubin.

Exchange transfusions are typically performed in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and require close monitoring by a team of healthcare professionals. The procedure carries some risks, including infection, bleeding, and changes in blood pressure or heart rate. However, it can be a lifesaving treatment for newborns with severe jaundice who are at risk of developing serious complications.

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome is a rare inherited genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of bilirubin, a yellow pigment produced when hemoglobin breaks down. This condition is characterized by high levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood, which can lead to jaundice, kernicterus, and neurological damage if left untreated.

There are two types of Crigler-Najjar Syndrome: Type I and Type II.

Type I is the more severe form, and it is caused by a mutation in the UGT1A1 gene, which encodes for an enzyme responsible for conjugating bilirubin. People with this type of Crigler-Najjar Syndrome have little to no functional enzyme activity, leading to very high levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood. This form is usually diagnosed in infancy and requires regular phototherapy or a liver transplant to prevent neurological damage.

Type II is a milder form of the disorder, caused by a mutation that results in reduced enzyme activity but not complete loss of function. People with this type of Crigler-Najjar Syndrome usually have milder symptoms and may not require regular phototherapy or a liver transplant, although they may still be at risk for neurological damage if their bilirubin levels become too high.

Both types of Crigler-Najjar Syndrome are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop the condition.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Hyperbilirubinemia is a medical condition characterized by an excessively high level of bilirubin in the bloodstream. Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment produced by the liver when it breaks down old red blood cells. Normally, bilirubin is conjugated (made water-soluble) in the liver and then excreted through the bile into the digestive system. However, if there is a problem with the liver's ability to process or excrete bilirubin, it can build up in the blood, leading to hyperbilirubinemia.

Hyperbilirubinemia can be classified as either unconjugated or conjugated, depending on whether the bilirubin is in its direct (conjugated) or indirect (unconjugated) form. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia can occur due to increased production of bilirubin (such as in hemolytic anemia), decreased uptake of bilirubin by the liver, or impaired conjugation of bilirubin in the liver. Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, on the other hand, is usually caused by a problem with the excretion of conjugated bilirubin into the bile, such as in cholestatic liver diseases like hepatitis or cirrhosis.

Symptoms of hyperbilirubinemia can include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, light-colored stools, itching, and fatigue. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may involve medications, dietary changes, or surgery.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

... studies on Kernicterus "What are Jaundice and Kernicterus? , CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 December 2018 ... Kernicterus is a bilirubin-induced brain dysfunction. The term was coined in 1904 by Christian Georg Schmorl. Bilirubin is a ... In neonates with kernicterus, the Moro reflex may be absent or symmetrically reduced.[citation needed] Measuring the serum ... Cochlear implants and hearing aids have also been known to improve the hearing loss that can come with kernicterus (auditory ...
It can also cause some kernicterus and petechiae. Kernicterus causes yellow pigmentation of the skin, brain damage, and ... "Kernicterus". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2014. " ...
"Kernicterus". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2020-07-31. Faulhaber FR, Procianoy RS, Silveira RC ( ... If acute bilirubin encephalopathy is not addressed promptly, Kernicterus syndrome can develop and cause permanent brain damage ... kernicterus), leading to cerebral palsy, auditory neuropathy, gaze abnormalities and dental enamel hypoplasia. The therapy uses ...
Symptoms of kernicterus include athetoid cerebral palsy and in severe cases, may lead to death of the patient. Most cases of ... Kernicterus affects mainly the basal ganglia, and its effects can spread to the hippocampus, geniculate nuclei, and cranial ... Hamza A (2019). "Kernicterus". Autopsy & Case Reports. 9 (1): e2018057. doi:10.4322/acr.2018.057. PMC 6394357. PMID 30863731. ... Chronic bilirubin encephalopathy, also known as kernicterus, is a brain-damaging complication associated with both preterm and ...
Furthermore, those affected may develop kernicterus (deposits of pigment in the brain) that can cause nerve degeneration. In ... Press, Dove (2018-03-07). "Acute bilirubin encephalopathy and its progression to kernicterus: cur - RRN". Research and Reports ... Shapiro, Steven M. (January 2005). "Definition of the Clinical Spectrum of Kernicterus and Bilirubin-Induced Neurologic ... Shapiro, Steven M.; Bhutani, Vinod K.; Johnson, Lois (2006). "Hyperbilirubinemia and Kernicterus". Clinics in Perinatology. 33 ...
Infants with kernicterus may have a fever or seizures. High pitched crying is an effect of kernicterus.[citation needed] ... kernicterus). Quick and accurate treatment of neonatal jaundice helps to reduce the risk of neonates developing kernicterus. ... Shah, Z; Chawla, A; Patkar, D; Pungaonkar, S (March 2003). "MRI in kernicterus". Australas Radiol. 47 (1): 55-7. doi:10.1046/j. ... Juetschke, L.J. (2005, Mar/Apr). Kernicterus: still a concern. Neonatal Network, 24(2), 7-19, 59-62 Colletti, JE; Kothari, S; ...
Martich-Kriss, V; Kollias, SS; Ball WS, Jr (April 1995). "MR findings in kernicterus". American Journal of Neuroradiology. 16 ( ...
This is termed kernicterus, or bilirubin encephalopathy. Kernicterus is rare in adults but is prevalent in newborns with ... Chalasani, N; Chowdhury, Nr; Chowdhury, Jr; Boyer, Td (1997). "Kernicterus in an adult who is heterozygous for Crigler-Najjar ... Only in extreme cases does kernicterus, a type of brain injury, occur. Therapy for adult hyperbilirubinemia targets the ... The risk of developing kernicterus in CN-2 patients increases during physiological stress, such as prolonged fasting or ...
If bilirubin levels in babies are very high for too long, a type of brain damage, known as kernicterus, may occur. Jaw - The ... "Facts about Jaundice and Kernicterus". CDC. February 23, 2015. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August ...
The Moro reflex is impaired or absent in infants with kernicterus. An exaggerated Moro reflex can be seen in infants with ... cite book}}: ,journal= ignored (help) "Kernicterus". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2019-08-06. ...
Reddy, D. K.; Pandey, S. (2021). Kernicterus. StatPearls. PMID 32644546. Marcuello E, Altés A, Menoyo A, Del Rio E, Gómez-Pardo ... Rennie, Janet M.; Beer, Jeanette; Upton, Michele (2019). "Learning from claims: hyperbilirubinaemia and kernicterus". Archives ... as the high bilirubin causes irreversible neurological disability in the form of kernicterus. The enzymes that are defective in ... "Acute bilirubin encephalopathy and its progression to kernicterus: current perspectives". Research and Reports in Neonatology. ...
"Congenital familial nonhemolytic jaundice with kernicterus; a new clinical entity". American Journal of Diseases of Children. ...
... kernicterus - may occur leading to significant disability. Kernicterus is associated with increased unconjugated bilirubin ( ... ISBN 978-0-19-922888-1.[page needed] "Facts about Jaundice and Kernicterus". CDC. 23 February 2015. Archived from the original ... O'Keefe L (May 2001). "Increased vigilance needed to prevent kernicterus in newborns". American Academy of Pediatrics. 18 (5): ... kernicterus). The most common cause of jaundice in infants is normal physiologic jaundice. Pathologic causes of neonatal ...
Bhutani, Vinod K. (2003). "Newborn Jaundice and Kernicterus - Health and Societal Perspectives". Indian Journal of Pediatrics. ... kernicterus), and death. Jaundice can be treated through phototherapy, which breaks down the excess bilirubin in a jaundiced ...
This can result in kernicterus if left unchecked. If the bilirubin level is sufficiently high as to cause worry, it can be ... Lande, Lottie (1948). "Clinical signs and development of survivors of kernicterus due to Rh sensitization". The Journal of ... Shapiro, Steven M (2004). "Definition of the Clinical Spectrum of Kernicterus and Bilirubin-Induced Neurologic Dysfunction ( ... or rapidly rising bilirubin Prolonged hyperbilirubinemia Bilirubin Induced Neurological Dysfunction Cerebral Palsy Kernicterus ...
His research also increased scientific understanding of kernicterus. 1927 Fellow of the American Association for the ...
This type of neurological injury is known as kernicterus. The spectrum of clinical effect is called bilirubin encephalopathy. ... as they increase unconjugated bilirubin leading to kernicterus. Drugs such as protease inhibitors like Indinavir can also cause ...
Because of lower serum bilirubin, kernicterus is rare in type II. Bile is pigmented, instead of pale in type I or dark as ... Before the availability of phototherapy, these children died of kernicterus (bilirubin encephalopathy) or survived until early ...
Lande, Lottie (1948). "Clinical signs and development of survivors of kernicterus due to Rh sensitization". The Journal of ... Shapiro, Steven M (2004). "Definition of the Clinical Spectrum of Kernicterus and Bilirubin-Induced Neurologic Dysfunction ( ... or rapidly rising bilirubin Prolonged hyperbilirubinemia Bilirubin Induced Neuorlogical Dysfunction Cerebral Palsy Kernicterus ...
Like other forms of severe neonatal jaundice, there is the possibility of the neonate developing acute or chronic kernicterus, ... Lande L (June 1948). "Clinical signs and development of survivors of kernicterus due to Rh sensitization". The Journal of ... Isoimmunization is a risk factor for neurotoxicity and lowers the level at which kernicterus can occur. Untreated profound ... Shapiro SM (January 2005). "Definition of the clinical spectrum of kernicterus and bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction ( ...
Lande, Lottie (1948). "Clinical signs and development of survivors of kernicterus due to Rh sensitization". The Journal of ... Shapiro, Steven M (2004). "Definition of the Clinical Spectrum of Kernicterus and Bilirubin-Induced Neurologic Dysfunction ( ... or rapidly rising bilirubin Prolonged hyperbilirubinemia Bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction Cerebral palsy Kernicterus ...
Lande, Lottie (1948). "Clinical signs and development of survivors of kernicterus due to Rh sensitization". The Journal of ... Shapiro, Steven M (2004). "Definition of the Clinical Spectrum of Kernicterus and Bilirubin-Induced Neurologic Dysfunction ( ... or rapidly rising bilirubin Prolonged hyperbilirubinemia Bilirubin Induced Neurological Dysfunction Cerebral Palsy Kernicterus ...
If left untreated, Lucey-Driscoll syndrome may lead to seizures, kernicterus, and even death. Once treated, most patients will ...
If used during pregnancy, it may increase the risk of kernicterus in the baby. While the company that makes it does not ...
Schmorl coined the term "kernicterus" (jaundice of the basal ganglia) for the yellow staining phenomenon. Ueber das Vorkommen ... 2] Pioneers in the Scientific Study of Neonatal Jaundice and Kernicterus This article incorporates translated text from an ...
In 1904 Schmorl coined the term kernicterus to describe nuclear jaundice of the basal ganglia. This condition was earlier ... Pioneers in the Scientific Study of Neonatal Jaundice and Kernicterus Pediatrics / August 2000, Volume 106 / Issue 2. [1] ...
... that can lead to kernicterus. Infection, including sepsis, pneumonia, and urinary tract infection [1] The chance of survival at ...
Symptoms of favism include hemolysis, prolonged jaundice, kernicterus, and even acute renal failure in extreme cases. Divicine ...
... in the neonate may be a symptom of meningitis, tetanus, severe kernicterus, or the rare maple syrup urine disease ...
... kernicterus, and barbiturate overdose. Diagnosis can be made via combination of physical exam, particularly deficits of the ...
... studies on Kernicterus "What are Jaundice and Kernicterus? , CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 December 2018 ... Kernicterus is a bilirubin-induced brain dysfunction. The term was coined in 1904 by Christian Georg Schmorl. Bilirubin is a ... In neonates with kernicterus, the Moro reflex may be absent or symmetrically reduced.[citation needed] Measuring the serum ... Cochlear implants and hearing aids have also been known to improve the hearing loss that can come with kernicterus (auditory ...
Any baby can get jaundice. Severe jaundice that is not treated can cause brain damage.
Learn all about kernicterus, a form of brain damage linked to severe jaundice in newborns. We look at the complications, ... Kernicterus occurs when bilirubin levels in the blood become so high that it crosses the blood-brain barrier and damages the ... Kernicterus is always treated in a hospital immediately.. Most babies with jaundice at levels that warrant treatment, and all ... Kernicterus is brain damage caused by severe, untreated jaundice or high blood levels of a substance called bilirubin. The ...
A pilot kernicterus registry monitoring the cases of babies with kernicterus in the United States who have been voluntarily ... Kernicterus. Magnetic resonance image of a 21-month-old with kernicterus. The area of abnormality is the symmetric high- ... encoded search term (Kernicterus) and Kernicterus What to Read Next on Medscape ... Kernicterus. Updated: Dec 20, 2020 * Author: Shelley C Springer, JD, MD, MSc, MBA, FAAP; Chief Editor: Ted Rosenkrantz, MD more ...
Copyright © 2023 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. All rights reserved.. ...
A pilot kernicterus registry monitoring the cases of babies with kernicterus in the United States who have been voluntarily ... Kernicterus. Magnetic resonance image of a 21-month-old with kernicterus. The area of abnormality is the symmetric high- ... encoded search term (Kernicterus) and Kernicterus What to Read Next on Medscape ... Kernicterus. Updated: Dec 20, 2020 * Author: Shelley C Springer, JD, MD, MSc, MBA, FAAP; Chief Editor: Ted Rosenkrantz, MD more ...
Historically, the term kernicterus refers to an anatomic diagnosis made at autopsy based on a characteristic pattern of ... In a pilot study registry monitoring babies with kernicterus, more than 95% of the cases were discharged from the hospital in ... Because of a resurgence of kernicterus during the 1990s, in the United States, studies suggested that hospital discharge of ... Evidence Suggests There Was Not a Resurgence of Kernicterus in the 1990s Pediatrics 2011;127;672. 11. Slusher TM, Olusanya ...
NICU-PEDIA is the complete resource for NICU families from admission to discharge and beyond. The website presents a wealth of information from neonatologists for families with preterm babies.
encoded search term (Kernicterus) and Kernicterus What to Read Next on Medscape ... Kernicterus Differential Diagnoses. Updated: Apr 02, 2014 * Author: Shelley C Springer, JD, MD, MSc, MBA, FAAP; Chief Editor: ... Clinical reports of kernicterus in the absence of profound hyperbilirubinemia, coupled with the lack of definitive standards of ... Neurological complications of kernicterus. Can J Neurol Sci. 2005 Aug. 32(3):311-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
The exact incidence of kernicterus is unknown. A pilot kernicterus registry monitoring the cases of babies with kernicterus in ... encoded search term (Kernicterus) and Kernicterus What to Read Next on Medscape ... Kernicterus. Updated: Apr 02, 2014 * Author: Shelley C Springer, JD, MD, MSc, MBA, FAAP; Chief Editor: Ted Rosenkrantz, MD more ... Kernicterus is now recognized in the premature infant and, very rarely, in the term infant in the absence of profound ...
Kernicterus, Medical Professionals and Judgement. We Think Your Baby Has Kernicterus. Post navigation. ← Kernicterus, Medical ... They told us Kernicterus is a spectrum, but what did that really mean? This uncharted path of uncertainty was torturous. ... We worried endlessly about cerebral palsy - which is another symptom of Kernicterus. ...
Kernicterus - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional ... In preterm infants, kernicterus may not cause recognizable clinical symptoms or signs. Early symptoms of kernicterus in term ... Kernicterus may result in intellectual disability Intellectual Disability Intellectual disability is characterized by ... There is no treatment once kernicterus develops; it must be prevented by treating hyperbilirubinemia Treatment Jaundice is a ...
If you believe that you or a loved one developed Kernicterus due to negligence and medical malpractice, you may be entitled to ... What is Kernicterus disease in a newborn? Kernicterus is a type of brain damage/disorder that is caused by severe jaundice. It ... Kernicterus Newborn Symptoms Symptoms of kernicterus in a newborn may include:. *Very yellow or orange skin (a common sign of ... Kernicterus is very rare in adults, although it can occur. Kernicterus is caused in adults for the same reasons as newborns - ...
If your newborn child develops kernicterus, discuss your rights and legal options immediately with a Halifax medical ... What is Kernicterus?. Kernicterus is a serious medical condition that occurs in infants when jaundice has gone untreated for ... In rare cases, kernicterus is fatal.. However, kernicterus is easily treated and the early detection and treatment of jaundice ... As we have indicated above, jaundice, which can lead to kernicterus, is easily treated. But kernicterus, once it develops, is ...
Keywords: acute bilirubin encephalopathy; hyperbilirubinemia; kernicterus; low-middle income country; maternal instruction; ...
Kernicterus see Jaundice * Lactose Intolerance * Liver Cancer * Liver Cirrhosis see Cirrhosis * Liver Diseases ...
Causes of direct hyperbilirubinemia / Toxic bili level in infant - risk for kernicterus / Kernicterus pathophys, s/sx. ...
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a birth injury causing permanent damage. Learn what causes HIE and your legal options if your newborn suffers from HIE.
What are jaundice and kernicterus? (2020). https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/jaundice/facts.html ...
Why is kernicterus still a major cause of death and disability in low-income and middle-income countries? Arch Dis Child 99: ... Why is kernicterus still a major cause of death and disability in low-income and middle-income countries? Arch Dis Child 99: ... Jaundice and kernicterus in the moderately preterm infant. Clin Perinatol 40: 679-688. ... Jaundice and kernicterus in the moderately preterm infant. Clin Perinatol 40: 679-688. ...
Severe jaundice that is not treated can cause brain damage, called kernicterus. Kernicterus is a cause of CP that potentially ... Jaundice and kernicterus― Jaundice is the yellow color seen in the skin of many newborns. Jaundice happens when a chemical ... Sometimes, kernicterus results from ABO or Rh blood type difference between the mother and baby. This causes the red blood ... If there is a difference in the blood type or Rh incompatibility between mother and baby it can cause Jaundice and kernicterus ...
8] kernicterus, and a history of exchange transfusion.. Diagnosis. The minimal tests required to guide the investigation of ...
Individuals with one or more of the following conditions qualify for membership at Lakeshore:. ...
Kernicterus appeared again to be on the rise after a decrease in previously published reports. The evolution of the germinal ... MR findings in kernicterus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16:819-821. ...
Kernicterus Kernicterus Kernicterus is brain damage caused by unconjugated bilirubin deposition in basal ganglia and brain stem ... Although it is now rare, kernicterus still occurs and can nearly always be prevented. Kernicterus is brain damage caused by ... It provides definitive treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and prevention of kernicterus. (See also the American Academy ... Only unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia can cause kernicterus, so if conjugated bilirubin is elevated, the level of unconjugated ...
Kernicterus. This is the most severe form of hyperbilirubinemia. Its because of the buildup of bilirubin in your babys brain ...
Kernicterus, a type of brain damage, has developed in newborn infants exposed to berberine.. Breast-feeding: Its likely unsafe ... It can cause kernicterus, a rare type of brain damage that can occur in newborns who have severe jaundice. There isnt enough ...
Increased destruction of red blood cells contributes to the risk of jaundice and kernicterus. Treatment of this complication is ...
Having kernicterus (a type of brain damage that can happen when severe newborn jaundice goes untreated) ...
  • Though mild jaundice is very common in newborns, some factors are known to increase the risk of severe jaundice and kernicterus significantly. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Infants are also more prone to severe jaundice and kernicterus because their livers are not fully developed and are less capable of removing bilirubin from the blood. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Jaundice and kernicterus ― Jaundice is the yellow color seen in the skin of many newborns. (cdc.gov)
  • Evaluation of oxidant and antioxidant status in infants with hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus. (medscape.com)
  • The use of phototherapy has increased in recent years, perhaps because of better identification of infants with hyperbilirubinemia, fear of kernicterus, the general assumption that phototherapy is safe, and the use of light therapy units at home. (medscape.com)
  • These practical guidelines can be tailored for effective use in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus throughout the world. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Some researchers believe the inclusion of the inherited forms of newborn hemolytic disease into the newborn metabolic screen may assist in identifying a newborn at risk for hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus, such as glucose- 6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • hyperbilirubinemia can prevent extreme hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Kernicterus is brain damage caused by severe, untreated jaundice or high blood levels of a substance called bilirubin. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Currently, kernicterus refers specifically to severe damage to the nervous system caused by jaundice. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • However, all types of damage related to severe jaundice are also considered to be forms or stages of kernicterus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Kernicterus develops from severe, untreated jaundice. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • People should seek immediate medical attention any time they suspect symptoms of severe jaundice or kernicterus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Though many of these conditions can increase a baby's risk for severe jaundice, prompt treatment of high bilirubin levels can almost always prevent kernicterus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It is unknown whether minor degrees of kernicterus can cause less severe neurologic impairment (eg, perceptual-motor problems, learning disorders). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Kernicterus is a rare brain condition caused by severe jaundice that has been left untreated. (selectjustice.com)
  • However, if left untreated, severe jaundice can develop into kernicterus, which is a serious type of brain damage. (selectjustice.com)
  • If either level is high, then the baby (or adult) is at risk of developing severe jaundice and, ultimately, kernicterus. (selectjustice.com)
  • When severe jaundice goes untreated for too long, it can cause a condition called kernicterus. (cdc.gov)
  • It can cause kernicterus, a rare type of brain damage that can occur in newborns who have severe jaundice . (webmd.com)
  • When unmonitored or untreated, neonatal jaundice can lead to severe neurotoxicity, including kernicterus and other associated morbidities. (newswise.com)
  • Most questions were designed severe neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia using a "yes/no" answer format, with a can lead to irreversible brain damage and Newborns, 6 days of age or older, ad- possibility to provide single or multiple- kernicterus [3]. (who.int)
  • Phototherapy has long been standard treatment for hyperbilirubinemia of newborns, which can cause deafness and brain damage ( kernicterus ) when severe and untreated. (medscape.com)
  • Severe birth Asphyxia was identified as the commonest cause of death in the neonatal period followed by birth trauma, kernicterus and congenital heart diseases. (who.int)
  • As such, some parents with newborns who have contracted kernicterus are pursuing lawsuits for negligence and medical malpractice against the people and institutions tasked with caring for their infants. (selectjustice.com)
  • Kernicterus is caused in adults for the same reasons as newborns - dangerously high bilirubin levels. (selectjustice.com)
  • Kernicterus is now rarely seen in the United States due to routine bilirubin screening of all newborns. (healthline.com)
  • We worried endlessly about cerebral palsy - which is another symptom of Kernicterus . (pic-k.org)
  • Kernicterus can lead to a wide range of health problems, ranging from hearing loss to cerebral palsy. (selectjustice.com)
  • Kernicterus can cause brain damage that leads to hearing loss, vision problems, cerebral palsy, and intellectual disabilities. (apmlawyers.com)
  • In industrialized countries, only 0.4 to 2.7 of every 100, 000 children develop kernicterus or a condition called acute bilirubin encephalopathy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A pilot registry for acute and chronic kernicterus in term and near-term infants. (medscape.com)
  • Kernicterus is brain damage caused by unconjugated bilirubin deposition in basal ganglia and brain stem nuclei, caused by either acute or chronic hyperbilirubinemia. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Bilirubin is normally removed by the liver - a mother's liver will remove a baby's bilirubin during pregnancy - but newborn babies' livers are sometimes not developed enough to this effectively, leading to a buildup of bilirubin in the child's blood, and potentially causing kernicterus if left untreated. (selectjustice.com)
  • If these symptoms are ignored in a newborn baby, and the baby's jaundice is not treated, the child will almost certainly develop kernicterus. (apmlawyers.com)
  • Kernicterus, a type of brain damage , has developed in newborn infants exposed to berberine. (webmd.com)
  • Kernicterus occurs when bilirubin levels in the blood become so high that it crosses the blood-brain barrier and damages the brain tissue. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • However, because some babies develop kernicterus with relatively modest bilirubin levels, no known absolute level of bilirubin below which the infant is completely safe is recognized. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Conventional wisdom characterizes kernicterus as prevalent in the 1950s and 1960s, virtually eradicated in the 1970s and 1980s, only to reappear during the 1990s. (medscape.com)
  • Because of a resurgence of kernicterus during the 1990s, in the United States, studies suggested that hospital discharge of term infants at 24-48 hours of life was a factor. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Evidence suggests there was not a "resurgence" of kernicterus in the 1990s. (medscape.com)
  • Prevention of hyperbilirubinemia is the best way to minimize the incidence of kernicterus. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • System-based approach to management of neonatal jaundice and prevention of kernicterus. (medscape.com)
  • However, remembering that physiologic hyperbilirubinemia is a diagnosis of exclusion is important, and kernicterus, when it occurs, is devastating. (medscape.com)
  • Kernicterus is a serious medical condition that occurs in infants when jaundice has gone untreated for too long. (apmlawyers.com)
  • Although it is now rare, kernicterus still occurs and can nearly always be prevented. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Whereas it is undeniable that kernicterus remains a cause of major neurologic morbidity in the infant population, population studies of children born in California between 1988 and 1997 suggest the prevalence of kernicterus has remained virtually unchanged since 1980. (medscape.com)
  • Gkoltsiou K, Tzoufi M, Counsell S, Rutherford M, Cowan F. Serial brain MRI and ultrasound findings: relation to gestational age, bilirubin level, neonatal neurologic status and neurodevelopmental outcome in infants at risk of kernicterus. (medscape.com)
  • In the vast majority of cases, kernicterus is associated with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia during the neonatal period. (wikipedia.org)
  • Early symptoms of kernicterus in term infants are lethargy, poor feeding, and vomiting. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Historically, the term kernicterus refers to an anatomic diagnosis made at autopsy based on a characteristic pattern of staining found in babies who had marked hyperbilirubinemia before they died. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • There is no reliable test to determine the presence of kernicterus, and the diagnosis is made presumptively. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A definite diagnosis of kernicterus can be made only by autopsy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • What exactly is kernicterus, and how does this medical condition develop in an infant? (apmlawyers.com)
  • Theoretically, most cases of kernicterus may be completely prevented by initiation of phototherapy in every baby shortly after birth. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical reports of kernicterus in the absence of profound hyperbilirubinemia, coupled with the lack of definitive standards of care for the initiation of phototherapy, further complicate this exposure. (medscape.com)
  • If you believe that you or a loved one developed Kernicterus due to negligence and medical malpractice, you may be entitled to compensation. (selectjustice.com)
  • If your child is suffering with kernicterus, you should make arrangements to speak with a Halifax medical malpractice lawye r to discuss your concerns - and learn about your babies legal rights and options. (apmlawyers.com)
  • What are your rights as a parent if medical malpractice is the reason your child developed kernicterus? (apmlawyers.com)
  • If you will continue reading this brief discussion of kernicterus, medical malpractice, and your family's rights, these questions will be answered, but if kernicterus has struck your own family, you'll need the personalized legal advice that a Halifax medical malpractice lawyer will provide. (apmlawyers.com)
  • In a pilot study registry monitoring babies with kernicterus, more than 95% of the cases were discharged from the hospital in less than 72 hours. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Note the above is not an exhaustive list of kernicterus symptoms in babies or adults. (selectjustice.com)
  • Cases of kernicterus involving adults are considered very rare, and only a few have been reported. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Kernicterus is very rare in adults , although it can occur. (selectjustice.com)
  • Kernicterus is a bilirubin-induced brain dysfunction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Kernicterus is usually considered far more likely to impact infants because their blood-brain barrier is not fully developed. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • [ 1 ] The term kernicterus literally means "yellow kern," with kern indicating the most commonly afflicted region of the brain (ie, the nuclear region). (medscape.com)
  • Improved brain imaging modalities, such as MRI and ultrasonography, may be emerging as instrumental tools to help clarify the complex picture of kernicterus in contrast with asymptomatic bilirubin staining of brain tissues. (medscape.com)
  • Kernicterus is brain damage caused by unconjugated bilirubin deposition in basal ganglia and brain stem nuclei. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Kernicterus is a form of brain damage that infants can suffer that may be caused if an infant's doctor is negligent. (apmlawyers.com)
  • In most cases, medical providers treat jaundice before kernicterus or brain damage becomes a concern. (apmlawyers.com)
  • In rare cases, kernicterus is fatal. (apmlawyers.com)
  • There is currently a gap in point of care testing devices for G6PD, a deficiency that leads to hyperbilirubinemia and approximately 21% of kernicterus cases. (newswise.com)
  • Remember, sulfonamides displace bilirubin off its albumin binding site, thus worsening kernicterus. (infantrisk.com)
  • Moreover, some of the common symptoms of kernicterus may indicate another illness or disease. (selectjustice.com)
  • When hyperbilirubinemia increases past a mild level, it leads to jaundice, raising the risk of progressing to kernicterus. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this article, we examine the symptoms of kernicterus, along with its causes and risk factors. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Kernicterus results from an increased concentration of indirect, or unconjugated, bilirubin. (medscape.com)
  • Hervieux first described the condition in 1847, and Schmorl first used the term kernicterus as early as 1903. (medscape.com)
  • Ebbesen F. Recurrence of kernicterus in term and near-term infants in Denmark. (medscape.com)
  • It is important to understand that jaundice, which can lead to kernicterus, is easily treated, as long as it is diagnosed in a timely manner. (apmlawyers.com)
  • As we have indicated above, jaundice, which can lead to kernicterus, is easily treated. (apmlawyers.com)
  • It is critical that doctors (and parents) be aware of the early initial symptoms of kernicterus. (apmlawyers.com)
  • The main signs of kernicterus are linked to the signs of jaundice, i.e., yellow or orange discoloring of the skin and eyes. (selectjustice.com)