Conditions characterized by language abilities (comprehension and expression of speech and writing) that are below the expected level for a given age, generally in the absence of an intellectual impairment. These conditions may be associated with DEAFNESS; BRAIN DISEASES; MENTAL DISORDERS; or environmental factors.
The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences.
The language and sounds expressed by a child at a particular maturational stage in development.
Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.
Tests designed to assess language behavior and abilities. They include tests of vocabulary, comprehension, grammar and functional use of language, e.g., Development Sentence Scoring, Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Scale, Parsons Language Sample, Utah Test of Language Development, Michigan Language Inventory and Verbal Language Development Scale, Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, Northwestern Syntax Screening Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Ammons Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test, and Assessment of Children's Language Comprehension.
Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.
A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages.
The sum or the stock of words used by a language, a group, or an individual. (From Webster, 3d ed)
The science of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and historical linguistics. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Rehabilitation of persons with language disorders or training of children with language development disorders.
Communication through a system of conventional vocal symbols.
Includes both producing and responding to words, either written or spoken.
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.
Persons with any degree of loss of hearing that has an impact on their activities of daily living or that requires special assistance or intervention.
The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of an individual from birth up to but not including ADOLESCENCE.
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)
Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It conducts and supports biomedical research and research training on normal mechanisms as well as diseases and disorders of hearing, balance, smell, taste, voice, speech, and language. It was established in 1988.
Acquired or developmental conditions marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or generate spoken forms of language.
Electronic hearing devices typically used for patients with normal outer and middle ear function, but defective inner ear function. In the COCHLEA, the hair cells (HAIR CELLS, VESTIBULAR) may be absent or damaged but there are residual nerve fibers. The device electrically stimulates the COCHLEAR NERVE to create sound sensation.
The science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and reception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Measurement of parameters of the speech product such as vocal tone, loudness, pitch, voice quality, articulation, resonance, phonation, phonetic structure and prosody.
Learning to respond verbally to a verbal stimulus cue.
A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.
Specific languages used to prepare computer programs.
Part of an ear examination that measures the ability of sound to reach the brain.
Surgical insertion of an electronic hearing device (COCHLEAR IMPLANTS) with electrodes to the COCHLEAR NERVE in the inner ear to create sound sensation in patients with residual nerve fibers.
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.
The ability to speak, read, or write several languages or many languages with some facility. Bilingualism is the most common form. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Treatment for individuals with speech defects and disorders that involves counseling and use of various exercises and aids to help the development of new speech habits.
The relationships between symbols and their meanings.
Computer processing of a language with rules that reflect and describe current usage rather than prescribed usage.
Procedures for correcting HEARING DISORDERS.
Involuntary ("parrot-like"), meaningless repetition of a recently heard word, phrase, or song. This condition may be associated with transcortical APHASIA; SCHIZOPHRENIA; or other disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p485)
The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes).
Hearing loss due to interference with the mechanical reception or amplification of sound to the COCHLEA. The interference is in the outer or middle ear involving the EAR CANAL; TYMPANIC MEMBRANE; or EAR OSSICLES.
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
The act, process, or an instance of narrating, i.e., telling a story. In the context of MEDICINE or ETHICS, narration includes relating the particular and the personal in the life story of an individual.
Procedures and programs that facilitate the development or skill acquisition in infants and young children who have disabilities, who are at risk for developing disabilities, or who are gifted. It includes programs that are designed to prevent handicapping conditions in infants and young children and family-centered programs designed to affect the functioning of infants and children with special needs. (From Journal of Early Intervention, Editorial, 1989, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 3; A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, prepared for the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 1976)
The act or fact of grasping the meaning, nature, or importance of; understanding. (American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed) Includes understanding by a patient or research subject of information disclosed orally or in writing.
A verbal or nonverbal means of communicating ideas or feelings.
Partial hearing loss in both ears.
Skills in the use of language which lead to proficiency in written or spoken communication.
Wearable sound-amplifying devices that are intended to compensate for impaired hearing. These generic devices include air-conduction hearing aids and bone-conduction hearing aids. (UMDNS, 1999)
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
Any observable response or action of a neonate or infant up through the age of 23 months.
Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.
The ability or act of sensing and transducing ACOUSTIC STIMULATION to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is also called audition.
The transmission and reproduction of transient images of fixed or moving objects. An electronic system of transmitting such images together with sound over a wire or through space by apparatus that converts light and sound into electrical waves and reconverts them into visible light rays and audible sound. (From Webster, 3rd ed)
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.
Any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. For neonates or children younger than 24 months, INFANT BEHAVIOR is available.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
The ability to learn and to deal with new situations and to deal effectively with tasks involving abstractions.
The interactions between parent and child.
Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Persons functioning as natural, adoptive, or substitute parents. The heading includes the concept of parenthood as well as preparation for becoming a parent.
The study of normal and abnormal behavior of children.
Interaction between a mother and child.
A research and development program initiated by the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE to build knowledge sources for the purpose of aiding the development of systems that help health professionals retrieve and integrate biomedical information. The knowledge sources can be used to link disparate information systems to overcome retrieval problems caused by differences in terminology and the scattering of relevant information across many databases. The three knowledge sources are the Metathesaurus, the Semantic Network, and the Specialist Lexicon.
Performance of complex motor acts.
Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
A discipline concerned with relations between messages and the characteristics of individuals who select and interpret them; it deals directly with the processes of encoding (phonetics) and decoding (psychoacoustics) as they relate states of messages to states of communicators.
The artificial language of schizophrenic patients - neologisms (words of the patient's own making with new meanings).
A human infant born before 37 weeks of GESTATION.
The exchange or transmission of ideas, attitudes, or beliefs between individuals or groups.
Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.
Marked depression appearing in the involution period and characterized by hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and agitation.
Those factors, such as language or sociocultural relationships, which interfere in the meaningful interpretation and transmission of ideas between individuals or groups.
The consequences of exposing the FETUS in utero to certain factors, such as NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; DRUGS; RADIATION; and other physical or chemical factors. These consequences are observed later in the offspring after BIRTH.
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)
'Reading' in a medical context often refers to the act or process of a person interpreting and comprehending written or printed symbols, such as letters or words, for the purpose of deriving information or meaning from them.
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.
The continuous developmental process of a culture from simple to complex forms and from homogeneous to heterogeneous qualities.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. There are various forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depending on the time of onset and the duration of these stress symptoms. In the acute form, the duration of the symptoms is between 1 to 3 months. In the chronic form, symptoms last more than 3 months. With delayed onset, symptoms develop more than 6 months after the traumatic event.
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Behaviour and cognitive outcomes from middle ear disease. (1/552)

OBJECTIVES: To resolve controversies over associations between a history of middle ear disease and psychosocial or cognitive/educational outcomes. DESIGN: Multipurpose longitudinal birth cohort study. Original cohort comprised all UK births between 5 and 11 April 1970; data were available for approximately 12,000 children at 5 years old and 9000 children at 10 years old. METHODS: For 5 year old children, parent reported data were available on health, social, and behavioural factors, including data on two validated markers of middle ear disease. Cognitive tests were administered at 5 and 10 years of age, and behavioural problems rated at 10 years by the child's teacher. RESULTS: After adjustment for social background and maternal malaise, the developmental sequelae of middle ear disease remained significant even at 10 years. The largest effects were observed in behaviour problems and language test data at age 5, but effect sizes were modest overall. IMPLICATIONS: These results provide an epidemiological basis for policies that aim to minimise the sequelae of middle ear disease by awareness in parents and preschool teachers, early referral, and intervention for more serious or persistent cases.  (+info)

Clinical characteristics of children with mental retardation of unknown etiology in Korea. (2/552)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of children with mental retardation (MR) of unknown etiology for early recognition and intervention. In this study, we defined children with MR of unknown etiology as those without clear etiologies for MR despite extensive evaluation and were not associated with pathological behavioral problems such as pervasive developmental disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The clinical characteristics of children with MR of unknown etiology were as follows. 1) MR of unknown etiology was 48.8% of all MR. 2) MR of unknown etiology was more common in males. 3) Delayed language development was a leading factor that made the parents of children with MR of unknown etiology seek help from physicians. However, most of the children with MR of unknown etiology showed a relatively uniform delay in several areas of development. 4) Most children with MR of unknown etiology were delayed walkers. 5) Most children with MR of unknown etiology were mild cases.  (+info)

Dopey's seizure. (3/552)

Angelman syndrome is a neurogenetic condition namely characterized by developmental delay, virtual absence of expressive verbal language, peculiar organization of movement, seizures and happy demeanor. This syndrome has been recognized since 1965, but it seems that Walt Disney presented an original depiction of it in his first full-length animated film, including myoclonic jerks and an apparently generalized tonic-clonic seizure.  (+info)

Second-order belief attribution in Williams syndrome: intact or impaired? (4/552)

Second-order mental state attribution in a group of children with Williams syndrome was investigated. The children were compared to age, IQ, and language-matched groups of children with Prader-Willi syndrome or nonspecific mental retardation. Participants were given two trials of a second-order reasoning task. No significant differences between the Williams syndrome and Prader-Willi or mentally retarded groups on any of the test questions were found. Results contrast with the view that individuals with Williams syndrome have an intact theory of mind and suggest that in their attributions of second-order mental states, children with Williams syndrome perform no better than do other groups of children with mental retardation.  (+info)

Language disorders: a 10-year research update review. (5/552)

OBJECTIVE: To review the past 10 years of research in child language or communication disorders, which are highly prevalent in the general population and comorbid with childhood psychiatric disorders. METHOD: A literature search of 3 major databases was conducted. The child language literature, describing the domains of language development--phonology, grammar, semantics, and pragmatics--is reviewed. RESULTS: Disorders of grammar, semantics, and pragmatics, but not phonology, overlap significantly with childhood psychiatric disorders. Receptive language disorders have emerged as high-risk indicators, often undiagnosed. Language disorders and delays are psychiatric risk factors and have implications for evaluation, therapy, and research. However, they are often undiagnosed in child mental health and community settings. The research has focused mostly on monolingual English-speaking children. CONCLUSION: Awareness of basic child language development, delay, and deviance is crucial for the practicing child and adolescent psychiatrist, who must diagnose and refer relevant cases for treatment and remediation. Future research needs to address the growing language diversity of our clinical populations.  (+info)

Evaluating the effects of functional communication training in the presence and absence of establishing operations. (6/552)

We conducted functional analyses of aberrant behavior with 4 children with developmental disabilities. We then implemented functional communication training (FCT) by using different mands across two contexts, one in which the establishing operation (EO) that was relevant to the function of aberrant behavior was present and one in which the EO that was relevant to the function of aberrant behavior was absent. The mand used in the EO-present context served the same function as aberrant behavior, and the mand used in the EO-absent context served a different function than the one identified via the functional analysis. In addition, a free-play (control) condition was conducted for all children. Increases in relevant manding were observed in the EO-present context for 3 of the 4 participants. Decreases in aberrant behavior were achieved by the end of the treatment analysis for all 4 participants. Irrelevant mands were rarely observed in the EO-absent context for 3 of the 4 participants. Evaluating the effectiveness of FCT across different contexts allowed a further analysis of manding when the establishing operations were present or absent. The contributions of this study to the understanding of functional equivalence are also discussed.  (+info)

Assessment of a response bias for aggression over functionally equivalent appropriate behavior. (7/552)

We evaluated the effects of a dense (fixed-ratio 1) schedule of reinforcement for an 11-year-old boy's mands for toys while aggression produced the same toys on various schedules chosen on the basis of a progressive-ratio probe. Based on the probe session data, we accurately predicted that aggression would be more probable than mands when the schedules were equal or slightly discrepant, but that mands would be more probable when the schedule discrepancy was large.  (+info)

The SPCH1 region on human 7q31: genomic characterization of the critical interval and localization of translocations associated with speech and language disorder. (8/552)

The KE family is a large three-generation pedigree in which half the members are affected with a severe speech and language disorder that is transmitted as an autosomal dominant monogenic trait. In previously published work, we localized the gene responsible (SPCH1) to a 5.6-cM region of 7q31 between D7S2459 and D7S643. In the present study, we have employed bioinformatic analyses to assemble a detailed BAC-/PAC-based sequence map of this interval, containing 152 sequence tagged sites (STSs), 20 known genes, and >7.75 Mb of completed genomic sequence. We screened the affected chromosome 7 from the KE family with 120 of these STSs (average spacing <100 kb), but we did not detect any evidence of a microdeletion. Novel polymorphic markers were generated from the sequence and were used to further localize critical recombination breakpoints in the KE family. This allowed refinement of the SPCH1 interval to a region between new markers 013A and 330B, containing approximately 6.1 Mb of completed sequence. In addition, we have studied two unrelated patients with a similar speech and language disorder, who have de novo translocations involving 7q31. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses with BACs/PACs from the sequence map localized the t(5;7)(q22;q31.2) breakpoint in the first patient (CS) to a single clone within the newly refined SPCH1 interval. This clone contains the CAGH44 gene, which encodes a brain-expressed protein containing a large polyglutamine stretch. However, we found that the t(2;7)(p23;q31.3) breakpoint in the second patient (BRD) resides within a BAC clone mapping >3.7 Mb distal to this, outside the current SPCH1 critical interval. Finally, we investigated the CAGH44 gene in affected individuals of the KE family, but we found no mutations in the currently known coding sequence. These studies represent further steps toward the isolation of the first gene to be implicated in the development of speech and language.  (+info)

Language development disorders, also known as language impairments or communication disorders, refer to a group of conditions that affect an individual's ability to understand and/or use spoken or written language in a typical manner. These disorders can manifest as difficulties with grammar, vocabulary, sentence structure, word finding, following directions, and/or conversational skills.

Language development disorders can be receptive (difficulty understanding language), expressive (difficulty using language to communicate), or mixed (a combination of both). They can occur in isolation or as part of a broader neurodevelopmental disorder, such as autism spectrum disorder or intellectual disability.

The causes of language development disorders are varied and may include genetic factors, environmental influences, neurological conditions, hearing loss, or other medical conditions. It is important to note that language development disorders are not the result of low intelligence or lack of motivation; rather, they reflect a specific impairment in the brain's language processing systems.

Early identification and intervention for language development disorders can significantly improve outcomes and help individuals develop effective communication skills. Treatment typically involves speech-language therapy, which may be provided individually or in a group setting, and may involve strategies such as modeling correct language use, practicing targeted language skills, and using visual aids to support comprehension.

Language development refers to the process by which children acquire the ability to understand and communicate through spoken, written, or signed language. This complex process involves various components including phonology (sound system), semantics (meaning of words and sentences), syntax (sentence structure), and pragmatics (social use of language). Language development begins in infancy with cooing and babbling and continues through early childhood and beyond, with most children developing basic conversational skills by the age of 4-5 years. However, language development can continue into adolescence and even adulthood as individuals learn new languages or acquire more advanced linguistic skills. Factors that can influence language development include genetics, environment, cognition, and social interactions.

Child language refers to the development of linguistic abilities in children, including both receptive and expressive communication. This includes the acquisition of various components of language such as phonology (sound system), morphology (word structure), syntax (sentence structure), semantics (meaning), and pragmatics (social use of language).

Child language development typically follows a predictable sequence, beginning with cooing and babbling in infancy, followed by the use of single words and simple phrases in early childhood. Over time, children acquire more complex linguistic structures and expand their vocabulary to communicate more effectively. However, individual differences in the rate and pace of language development are common.

Clinical professionals such as speech-language pathologists may assess and diagnose children with language disorders or delays in order to provide appropriate interventions and support for typical language development.

Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) are a group of conditions that affect the development and functioning of the brain, leading to delays in many areas of development. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) has replaced the term "pervasive developmental disorders" with "autism spectrum disorder" and "other neurodevelopmental disorders."

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The symptoms of ASD can range from mild to severe, and the condition affects approximately 1 in 54 children in the United States.

Other neurodevelopmental disorders that were previously classified as PDDs include:

1. Intellectual disability (ID): a condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disorder used to be referred to as "mental retardation."
2. Communication disorders: these are disorders that affect an individual's ability to communicate, including language disorders, speech sound disorders, and stuttering.
3. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
4. Specific learning disorder: a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to learn and use specific academic skills, such as reading, writing, or mathematics.
5. Motor disorders: these are disorders that affect an individual's movement and coordination, including developmental coordination disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, and tic disorders.

The medical definition of 'Child Development Disorders, Pervasive' has been replaced with more specific diagnoses in the DSM-5 to better reflect the diverse nature of these conditions and improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning.

A language test is not a medical term per se, but it is commonly used in the field of speech-language pathology, which is a medical discipline. A language test, in this context, refers to an assessment tool used by speech-language pathologists to evaluate an individual's language abilities. These tests typically measure various aspects of language, including vocabulary, grammar, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.

Language tests can be standardized or non-standardized and may be administered individually or in a group setting. The results of these tests help speech-language pathologists diagnose language disorders, develop treatment plans, and monitor progress over time. It is important to note that language testing should be conducted by a qualified professional who has experience in administering and interpreting language assessments.

Language disorders, also known as communication disorders, refer to a group of conditions that affect an individual's ability to understand or produce spoken, written, or other symbolic language. These disorders can be receptive (difficulty understanding language), expressive (difficulty producing language), or mixed (a combination of both).

Language disorders can manifest as difficulties with grammar, vocabulary, sentence structure, and coherence in communication. They can also affect social communication skills such as taking turns in conversation, understanding nonverbal cues, and interpreting tone of voice.

Language disorders can be developmental, meaning they are present from birth or early childhood, or acquired, meaning they develop later in life due to injury, illness, or trauma. Examples of acquired language disorders include aphasia, which can result from stroke or brain injury, and dysarthria, which can result from neurological conditions affecting speech muscles.

Language disorders can have significant impacts on an individual's academic, social, and vocational functioning, making it important to diagnose and treat them as early as possible. Treatment typically involves speech-language therapy to help individuals develop and improve their language skills.

Sign language is not considered a medical term, but it is a visual-manual means of communication used by individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. It combines hand shapes, orientation, and movement of the hands, arms, or body, along with facial expressions and lip patterns. Different sign languages exist in various countries and communities, such as American Sign Language (ASL) and British Sign Language (BSL).

However, I can provide a definition related to medical terminology that involves the use of gestures for communication purposes:

Gesture (in medical context): A bodily action or movement, often used to convey information or communicate. In some medical situations, healthcare professionals may use simple, predefined gestures to elicit responses from patients who have difficulty with verbal communication due to conditions like aphasia, dysarthria, or being in a coma. These gestures can be part of a more comprehensive system called "gesture-based communication" or "nonverbal communication."

For sign language specifically, you may consult resources related to linguistics, special education, or deaf studies for detailed definitions and descriptions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "vocabulary" is a term related to language and communication, rather than medicine or healthcare. It refers to the words and phrases that a person knows and uses in their communication. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "linguistics" is not a term that has a medical definition. Lingustics is the scientific study of language and its structure. It involves analysing language form, language meaning, and language in context.

If you have any questions related to healthcare or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help answer them!

Language therapy, also known as speech-language therapy, is a type of treatment aimed at improving an individual's communication and swallowing abilities. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) or therapists provide this therapy to assess, diagnose, and treat a wide range of communication and swallowing disorders that can occur in people of all ages, from infants to the elderly.

Language therapy may involve working on various skills such as:

1. Expressive language: Improving the ability to express thoughts, needs, wants, and ideas through verbal, written, or other symbolic systems.
2. Receptive language: Enhancing the understanding of spoken or written language, including following directions and comprehending conversations.
3. Pragmatic or social language: Developing appropriate use of language in various social situations, such as turn-taking, topic maintenance, and making inferences.
4. Articulation and phonology: Correcting speech sound errors and improving overall speech clarity.
5. Voice and fluency: Addressing issues related to voice quality, volume, and pitch, as well as stuttering or stammering.
6. Literacy: Improving reading, writing, and spelling skills.
7. Swallowing: Evaluating and treating swallowing disorders (dysphagia) to ensure safe and efficient eating and drinking.

Language therapy often involves a combination of techniques, including exercises, drills, conversation practice, and the use of various therapeutic materials and technology. The goal of language therapy is to help individuals with communication disorders achieve optimal functional communication and swallowing abilities in their daily lives.

Speech is the vocalized form of communication using sounds and words to express thoughts, ideas, and feelings. It involves the articulation of sounds through the movement of muscles in the mouth, tongue, and throat, which are controlled by nerves. Speech also requires respiratory support, phonation (vocal cord vibration), and prosody (rhythm, stress, and intonation).

Speech is a complex process that develops over time in children, typically beginning with cooing and babbling sounds in infancy and progressing to the use of words and sentences by around 18-24 months. Speech disorders can affect any aspect of this process, including articulation, fluency, voice, and language.

In a medical context, speech is often evaluated and treated by speech-language pathologists who specialize in diagnosing and managing communication disorders.

In the context of medical and clinical psychology, particularly in the field of applied behavior analysis (ABA), "verbal behavior" is a term used to describe the various functions or purposes of spoken language. It was first introduced by the psychologist B.F. Skinner in his 1957 book "Verbal Behavior."

Skinner proposed that verbal behavior could be classified into several categories based on its function, including:

1. Mand: A verbal operant in which a person requests or demands something from another person. For example, saying "I would like a glass of water" is a mand.
2. Tact: A verbal operant in which a person describes or labels something in their environment. For example, saying "That's a red apple" is a tact.
3. Echoic: A verbal operant in which a person repeats or imitates what they have heard. For example, saying "Hello" after someone says hello to you is an echoic.
4. Intraverbal: A verbal operant in which a person responds to another person's verbal behavior with their own verbal behavior, without simply repeating or imitating what they have heard. For example, answering a question like "What's the capital of France?" is an intraverbal.
5. Textual: A verbal operant in which a person reads or writes text. For example, reading a book or writing a letter are textual.

Understanding the function of verbal behavior can be helpful in assessing and treating communication disorders, such as those seen in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). By identifying the specific functions of a child's verbal behavior, therapists can develop targeted interventions to help them communicate more effectively.

Deafness is a hearing loss that is so severe that it results in significant difficulty in understanding or comprehending speech, even when using hearing aids. It can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life due to various causes such as disease, injury, infection, exposure to loud noises, or aging. Deafness can range from mild to profound and may affect one ear (unilateral) or both ears (bilateral). In some cases, deafness may be accompanied by tinnitus, which is the perception of ringing or other sounds in the ears.

Deaf individuals often use American Sign Language (ASL) or other forms of sign language to communicate. Some people with less severe hearing loss may benefit from hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive listening devices. Deafness can have significant social, educational, and vocational implications, and early intervention and appropriate support services are critical for optimal development and outcomes.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "hearing impairment" is defined as "hearing loss greater than 40 decibels (dB) in the better ear in adults or greater than 30 dB in children." Therefore, "Persons with hearing impairments" refers to individuals who have a significant degree of hearing loss that affects their ability to communicate and perform daily activities.

Hearing impairment can range from mild to profound and can be categorized as sensorineural (inner ear or nerve damage), conductive (middle ear problems), or mixed (a combination of both). The severity and type of hearing impairment can impact the communication methods, assistive devices, or accommodations that a person may need.

It is important to note that "hearing impairment" and "deafness" are not interchangeable terms. While deafness typically refers to a profound degree of hearing loss that significantly impacts a person's ability to communicate using sound, hearing impairment can refer to any degree of hearing loss that affects a person's ability to hear and understand speech or other sounds.

Child development is a multidisciplinary field that examines the biological, psychological, emotional, and social growth and changes that occur in human beings between birth and the onset of adulthood. It involves a complex interaction of genetics, environment, culture, and experiences that shape a child's growth and development over time.

Child development is typically divided into several domains, including:

1. Physical Development: This refers to the growth and changes in a child's body, including their motor skills, sensory abilities, and overall health.
2. Cognitive Development: This involves the development of a child's thinking, learning, problem-solving, memory, language, and other mental processes.
3. Emotional Development: This refers to the development of a child's emotional awareness, expression, understanding, and regulation.
4. Social Development: This involves the development of a child's ability to interact with others, form relationships, communicate effectively, and understand social norms and expectations.

Child development is an ongoing process that occurs at different rates and in different ways for each child. Understanding typical patterns of child development can help parents, educators, and healthcare providers support children's growth and identify any potential delays or concerns.

Autistic Disorder, also known as Autism or Classic Autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication and behavior. It is characterized by:

1. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, including:
* Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity;
* Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction;
* Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships.
2. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least two of the following:
* Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech;
* Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior;
* Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus;
* Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment.
3. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities) and limit or impair everyday functioning.
4. Symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder or other psychotic disorders.

Autistic Disorder is part of the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), which also include Asperger's Syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). The current diagnostic term for this category of conditions, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Speech disorders refer to a group of conditions in which a person has difficulty producing or articulating sounds, words, or sentences in a way that is understandable to others. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as developmental delays, neurological conditions, hearing loss, structural abnormalities, or emotional issues.

Speech disorders may include difficulties with:

* Articulation: the ability to produce sounds correctly and clearly.
* Phonology: the sound system of language, including the rules that govern how sounds are combined and used in words.
* Fluency: the smoothness and flow of speech, including issues such as stuttering or cluttering.
* Voice: the quality, pitch, and volume of the spoken voice.
* Resonance: the way sound is produced and carried through the vocal tract, which can affect the clarity and quality of speech.

Speech disorders can impact a person's ability to communicate effectively, leading to difficulties in social situations, academic performance, and even employment opportunities. Speech-language pathologists are trained to evaluate and treat speech disorders using various evidence-based techniques and interventions.

Cochlear implants are medical devices that are surgically implanted in the inner ear to help restore hearing in individuals with severe to profound hearing loss. These devices bypass the damaged hair cells in the inner ear and directly stimulate the auditory nerve, allowing the brain to interpret sound signals. Cochlear implants consist of two main components: an external processor that picks up and analyzes sounds from the environment, and an internal receiver/stimulator that receives the processed information and sends electrical impulses to the auditory nerve. The resulting patterns of electrical activity are then perceived as sound by the brain. Cochlear implants can significantly improve communication abilities, language development, and overall quality of life for individuals with profound hearing loss.

Phonetics is not typically considered a medical term, but rather a branch of linguistics that deals with the sounds of human speech. It involves the study of how these sounds are produced, transmitted, and received, as well as how they are used to convey meaning in different languages. However, there can be some overlap between phonetics and certain areas of medical research, such as speech-language pathology or audiology, which may study the production, perception, and disorders of speech sounds for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

Speech production measurement is the quantitative analysis and assessment of various parameters and characteristics of spoken language, such as speech rate, intensity, duration, pitch, and articulation. These measurements can be used to diagnose and monitor speech disorders, evaluate the effectiveness of treatment, and conduct research in fields such as linguistics, psychology, and communication disorders. Speech production measurement tools may include specialized software, hardware, and techniques for recording, analyzing, and visualizing speech data.

Verbal learning is a type of learning that involves the acquisition, processing, and retrieval of information presented in a verbal or written form. It is often assessed through tasks such as list learning, where an individual is asked to remember a list of words or sentences after a single presentation or multiple repetitions. Verbal learning is an important aspect of cognitive functioning and is commonly evaluated in neuropsychological assessments to help identify any memory or learning impairments.

Carbocisteine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as mucolytic agents. It works by breaking down and thinning mucus in the airways, making it easier to cough up and clear the airways. This can help to relieve symptoms of respiratory conditions such as chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis.

The chemical name for carbocisteine is S-carboxymethylcysteine. It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and syrup, and is typically taken by mouth several times a day. As with any medication, it's important to follow the dosage instructions provided by your healthcare provider and to be aware of potential side effects and interactions with other medications.

I'm afraid there seems to be a misunderstanding. Programming languages are a field of study in computer science and are not related to medicine. They are used to create computer programs, through the composition of symbols and words. Some popular programming languages include Python, Java, C++, and JavaScript. If you have any questions about programming or computer science, I'd be happy to try and help answer them!

A hearing test is a procedure used to evaluate a person's ability to hear different sounds, pitches, or frequencies. It is performed by a hearing healthcare professional in a sound-treated booth or room with calibrated audiometers. The test measures a person's hearing sensitivity at different frequencies and determines the quietest sounds they can hear, known as their hearing thresholds.

There are several types of hearing tests, including:

1. Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA): This is the most common type of hearing test, where the person is presented with pure tones at different frequencies and volumes through headphones or ear inserts. The person indicates when they hear the sound by pressing a button or raising their hand.
2. Speech Audiometry: This test measures a person's ability to understand speech at different volume levels. The person is asked to repeat words presented to them in quiet and in background noise.
3. Tympanometry: This test measures the function of the middle ear by creating variations in air pressure in the ear canal. It can help identify issues such as fluid buildup or a perforated eardrum.
4. Acoustic Reflex Testing: This test measures the body's natural response to loud sounds and can help identify the location of damage in the hearing system.
5. Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs): This test measures the sound that is produced by the inner ear when it is stimulated by a sound. It can help identify cochlear damage or abnormalities.

Hearing tests are important for diagnosing and monitoring hearing loss, as well as identifying any underlying medical conditions that may be causing the hearing problems.

Cochlear implantation is a surgical procedure in which a device called a cochlear implant is inserted into the inner ear (cochlea) of a person with severe to profound hearing loss. The implant consists of an external component, which includes a microphone, processor, and transmitter, and an internal component, which includes a receiver and electrode array.

The microphone picks up sounds from the environment and sends them to the processor, which analyzes and converts the sounds into electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted to the receiver, which stimulates the electrode array in the cochlea. The electrodes directly stimulate the auditory nerve fibers, bypassing the damaged hair cells in the inner ear that are responsible for normal hearing.

The brain interprets these electrical signals as sound, allowing the person to perceive and understand speech and other sounds. Cochlear implantation is typically recommended for people who do not benefit from traditional hearing aids and can significantly improve communication, quality of life, and social integration for those with severe to profound hearing loss.

Developmental disabilities are a group of conditions that arise in childhood and are characterized by significant impairments in cognitive functioning, physical development, or both. These disabilities can affect various areas of an individual's life, including their ability to learn, communicate, socialize, and take care of themselves.

Examples of developmental disabilities include intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. These conditions are typically diagnosed in childhood and can persist throughout an individual's life.

The causes of developmental disabilities are varied and can include genetic factors, environmental influences, and complications during pregnancy or childbirth. In some cases, the exact cause may be unknown.

It is important to note that individuals with developmental disabilities have unique strengths and abilities, as well as challenges. With appropriate support and services, they can lead fulfilling lives and participate actively in their communities.

Hearing loss is a partial or total inability to hear sounds in one or both ears. It can occur due to damage to the structures of the ear, including the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, or nerve pathways that transmit sound to the brain. The degree of hearing loss can vary from mild (difficulty hearing soft sounds) to severe (inability to hear even loud sounds). Hearing loss can be temporary or permanent and may be caused by factors such as exposure to loud noises, genetics, aging, infections, trauma, or certain medical conditions. It is important to note that hearing loss can have significant impacts on a person's communication abilities, social interactions, and overall quality of life.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "multilingualism" is not a medical term. It refers to the ability to communicate in and use two or more languages. Multilingualism can be observed at various levels, such as speaking, reading, and writing, and it can be an innate ability or acquired through education and experience.

Multilingualism is a common phenomenon worldwide, and it has been shown to have cognitive benefits, such as improved problem-solving skills and increased cultural sensitivity. However, it is not a medical concept and does not fall under the purview of medical definitions.

Speech Therapy, also known as Speech-Language Pathology, is a medical field that focuses on the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of communication and swallowing disorders in children and adults. These disorders may include speech sound production difficulties (articulation disorders or phonological processes disorders), language disorders (expressive and/or receptive language impairments), voice disorders, fluency disorders (stuttering), cognitive-communication disorders, and swallowing difficulties (dysphagia).

Speech therapists, who are also called speech-language pathologists (SLPs), work with clients to improve their communication abilities through various therapeutic techniques and exercises. They may also provide counseling and education to families and caregivers to help them support the client's communication development and management of the disorder.

Speech therapy services can be provided in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, schools, private practices, and long-term care facilities. The specific goals and methods used in speech therapy will depend on the individual needs and abilities of each client.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "semantics" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Semantics is actually a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of meaning, reference, and the interpretation of signs and symbols, either individually or in combination. It is used in various fields including computer science, anthropology, psychology, and philosophy.

However, if you have any medical terms or concepts that you would like me to explain, I'd be happy to help!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Natural Language Processing" (NLP) is actually a subfield of artificial intelligence that focuses on the interaction between computers and human language. It involves developing algorithms and software to understand, interpret, and generate human language in a valuable way.

In a medical context, NLP can be used to analyze electronic health records, clinical notes, and other forms of medical documentation to extract meaningful information, support clinical decision-making, and improve patient care. For example, NLP can help identify patients at risk for certain conditions, monitor treatment responses, and detect adverse drug events.

However, NLP is not a medical term or concept itself, so it doesn't have a specific medical definition.

The correction of hearing impairment refers to the various methods and technologies used to improve or restore hearing function in individuals with hearing loss. This can include the use of hearing aids, cochlear implants, and other assistive listening devices. Additionally, speech therapy and auditory training may also be used to help individuals with hearing impairment better understand and communicate with others. In some cases, surgical procedures may also be performed to correct physical abnormalities in the ear or improve nerve function. The goal of correction of hearing impairment is to help individuals with hearing loss better interact with their environment and improve their overall quality of life.

Echolalia is a term used in the field of medicine, specifically in neurology and psychology. It refers to the repetition of words or phrases spoken by another person, mimicking their speech in a near identical manner. This behavior is often observed in individuals with developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Echolalia can be either immediate or delayed. Immediate echolalia occurs when an individual repeats the words or phrases immediately after they are spoken by someone else. Delayed echolalia, on the other hand, involves the repetition of words or phrases that were heard at an earlier time.

Echolalia is not necessarily a pathological symptom and can be a normal part of language development in young children who are learning to speak. However, when it persists beyond the age of 3-4 years or occurs in older individuals with developmental disorders, it may indicate difficulties with initiating spontaneous speech or forming original thoughts and ideas.

In some cases, echolalia can serve as a communication tool for individuals with ASD who have limited verbal abilities. By repeating words or phrases that they have heard before, they may be able to convey their needs or emotions in situations where they are unable to generate appropriate language on their own.

Speech perception is the process by which the brain interprets and understands spoken language. It involves recognizing and discriminating speech sounds (phonemes), organizing them into words, and attaching meaning to those words in order to comprehend spoken language. This process requires the integration of auditory information with prior knowledge and context. Factors such as hearing ability, cognitive function, and language experience can all impact speech perception.

Conductive hearing loss is a type of hearing loss that occurs when there is a problem with the outer or middle ear. Sound waves are not able to transmit efficiently through the ear canal to the eardrum and the small bones in the middle ear, resulting in a reduction of sound that reaches the inner ear. Causes of conductive hearing loss may include earwax buildup, fluid in the middle ear, a middle ear infection, a hole in the eardrum, or problems with the tiny bones in the middle ear. This type of hearing loss can often be treated through medical intervention or surgery.

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.

Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:

* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.

In the context of medicine, "narration" typically refers to the description or telling of a patient's history, symptoms, and course of illness. It is the process of recounting the important medical events and experiences related to a patient's health status. This information is usually gathered through interviews, physical examinations, and review of medical records. The resulting narrative can help healthcare providers understand the patient's condition, make informed decisions about diagnosis and treatment, and provide appropriate care. However, it's important to note that "narration" itself is not a medical term, but rather a general term used in many fields including medicine.

Comprehension, in a medical context, usually refers to the ability to understand and interpret spoken or written language, as well as gestures and expressions. It is a key component of communication and cognitive functioning. Difficulties with comprehension can be a symptom of various neurological conditions, such as aphasia (a disorder caused by damage to the language areas of the brain), learning disabilities, or dementia. Assessment of comprehension is often part of neuropsychological evaluations and speech-language pathology assessments.

In the context of medicine, particularly in neurolinguistics and speech-language pathology, language is defined as a complex system of communication that involves the use of symbols (such as words, signs, or gestures) to express and exchange information. It includes various components such as phonology (sound systems), morphology (word structures), syntax (sentence structure), semantics (meaning), and pragmatics (social rules of use). Language allows individuals to convey their thoughts, feelings, and intentions, and to understand the communication of others. Disorders of language can result from damage to specific areas of the brain, leading to impairments in comprehension, production, or both.

Bilateral hearing loss refers to a type of hearing loss that affects both ears equally or to varying degrees. It can be further categorized into two types: sensorineural and conductive hearing loss. Sensorineural hearing loss occurs due to damage to the inner ear or nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain, while conductive hearing loss happens when sound waves are not properly transmitted through the outer ear canal to the eardrum and middle ear bones. Bilateral hearing loss can result in difficulty understanding speech, localizing sounds, and may impact communication and quality of life. The diagnosis and management of bilateral hearing loss typically involve a comprehensive audiological evaluation and medical assessment to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment options.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Language Arts" is not a term used in medical definitions. Language arts is a term commonly used in education to refer to the academic study of reading, writing, speaking, and listening. It encompasses various subjects such as English, literature, grammar, creative writing, and communication skills. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!

Hearing aids are electronic devices designed to improve hearing and speech comprehension for individuals with hearing loss. They consist of a microphone, an amplifier, a speaker, and a battery. The microphone picks up sounds from the environment, the amplifier increases the volume of these sounds, and the speaker sends the amplified sound into the ear. Modern hearing aids often include additional features such as noise reduction, directional microphones, and wireless connectivity to smartphones or other devices. They are programmed to meet the specific needs of the user's hearing loss and can be adjusted for comfort and effectiveness. Hearing aids are available in various styles, including behind-the-ear (BTE), receiver-in-canal (RIC), in-the-ear (ITE), and completely-in-canal (CIC).

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

'Infant behavior' is not a medical term per se, but it does fall under the purview of child development and pediatrics. It generally refers to the actions or reactions of an infant (a child between birth and 12 months) in response to internal states (e.g., hunger, discomfort, fatigue) and external stimuli (e.g., people, objects, events).

Infant behavior can encompass a wide range of aspects including:

1. Reflexes: Automatic responses to certain stimuli, such as the rooting reflex (turning head towards touch on cheek) or startle reflex (abrupt muscle contraction).
2. Motor skills: Control and coordination of movements, from simple ones like lifting the head to complex ones like crawling.
3. Social-emotional development: Responses to social interactions, forming attachments, expressing emotions.
4. Communication: Using cries, coos, gestures, and later, words to communicate needs and feelings.
5. Cognitive development: Problem-solving skills, memory, attention, and perception.

Understanding typical infant behavior is crucial for parental education, childcare, early intervention when there are concerns, and overall child development research.

Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and utilizing information. These processes include perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. Cognitive functions allow us to interact with our environment, understand and respond to stimuli, learn new skills, and remember experiences.

In a medical context, cognitive function is often assessed as part of a neurological or psychiatric evaluation. Impairments in cognition can be caused by various factors, such as brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), infections, toxins, and mental health conditions. Assessing cognitive function helps healthcare professionals diagnose conditions, monitor disease progression, and develop treatment plans.

Hearing is the ability to perceive sounds by detecting vibrations in the air or other mediums and translating them into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain for interpretation. In medical terms, hearing is defined as the sense of sound perception, which is mediated by the ear and interpreted by the brain. It involves a complex series of processes, including the conduction of sound waves through the outer ear to the eardrum, the vibration of the middle ear bones, and the movement of fluid in the inner ear, which stimulates hair cells to send electrical signals to the auditory nerve and ultimately to the brain. Hearing allows us to communicate with others, appreciate music and sounds, and detect danger or important events in our environment.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Television" is a consumer electronic device and does not have a medical definition. It is used for receiving and displaying broadcast television programs through an antenna, satellite dish, or cable provider. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

Anxiety disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or anxiety that interfere with daily activities. They include several different types of disorders, such as:

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This is characterized by chronic and exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it.
2. Panic Disorder: This is characterized by recurring unexpected panic attacks and fear of experiencing more panic attacks.
3. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Also known as social phobia, this is characterized by excessive fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness, and concern about being judged or viewed negatively by others.
4. Phobias: These are intense, irrational fears of certain objects, places, or situations. When a person with a phobia encounters the object or situation they fear, they may experience panic attacks or other severe anxiety responses.
5. Agoraphobia: This is a fear of being in places where it may be difficult to escape or get help if one has a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms.
6. Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD): This is characterized by excessive anxiety about separation from home or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (such as a parent, sibling, or partner).
7. Selective Mutism: This is a disorder where a child becomes mute in certain situations, such as at school, but can speak normally at home or with close family members.

These disorders are treatable with a combination of medication and psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy). It's important to seek professional help if you suspect that you or someone you know may have an anxiety disorder.

Mood disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by significant and persistent changes in mood, affect, and emotional state. These disorders can cause disturbances in normal functioning and significantly impair an individual's ability to carry out their daily activities. The two primary types of mood disorders are depressive disorders (such as major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar disorders (which include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder).

Depressive disorders involve prolonged periods of low mood, sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. Individuals with these disorders may also experience changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem. In severe cases, they might have thoughts of death or suicide.

Bipolar disorders involve alternating episodes of mania (or hypomania) and depression. During a manic episode, individuals may feel extremely elated, energetic, or irritable, with racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive behavior. They might engage in risky activities, have decreased sleep needs, and display poor judgment. In contrast, depressive episodes involve the same symptoms as depressive disorders.

Mood disorders can be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Proper diagnosis and treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, are essential for managing these conditions and improving quality of life.

Functional laterality, in a medical context, refers to the preferential use or performance of one side of the body over the other for specific functions. This is often demonstrated in hand dominance, where an individual may be right-handed or left-handed, meaning they primarily use their right or left hand for tasks such as writing, eating, or throwing.

However, functional laterality can also apply to other bodily functions and structures, including the eyes (ocular dominance), ears (auditory dominance), or legs. It's important to note that functional laterality is not a strict binary concept; some individuals may exhibit mixed dominance or no strong preference for one side over the other.

In clinical settings, assessing functional laterality can be useful in diagnosing and treating various neurological conditions, such as stroke or traumatic brain injury, where understanding any resulting lateralized impairments can inform rehabilitation strategies.

Child behavior refers to the actions, reactions, and interactions exhibited by children in response to their environment, experiences, and developmental stage. It is a broad term that encompasses various aspects, including emotional, social, cognitive, and physical development.

Child behavior can be categorized into two main types:

1. Desirable or positive behaviors - These are behaviors that promote healthy development, social interactions, and learning. Examples include sharing toys, following rules, expressing emotions appropriately, and demonstrating empathy towards others.
2. Challenging or negative behaviors - These are behaviors that hinder healthy development, social interactions, and learning. Examples include aggression, defiance, tantrums, anxiety, and withdrawal.

Understanding child behavior is crucial for parents, caregivers, educators, and healthcare professionals to provide appropriate support, guidance, and interventions to promote positive developmental outcomes in children. Factors influencing child behavior include genetics, temperament, environment, parenting style, and life experiences.

Longitudinal studies are a type of research design where data is collected from the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, often years or even decades. These studies are used to establish patterns of changes and events over time, and can help researchers identify causal relationships between variables. They are particularly useful in fields such as epidemiology, psychology, and sociology, where the focus is on understanding developmental trends and the long-term effects of various factors on health and behavior.

In medical research, longitudinal studies can be used to track the progression of diseases over time, identify risk factors for certain conditions, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. For example, a longitudinal study might follow a group of individuals over several decades to assess their exposure to certain environmental factors and their subsequent development of chronic diseases such as cancer or heart disease. By comparing data collected at multiple time points, researchers can identify trends and correlations that may not be apparent in shorter-term studies.

Longitudinal studies have several advantages over other research designs, including their ability to establish temporal relationships between variables, track changes over time, and reduce the impact of confounding factors. However, they also have some limitations, such as the potential for attrition (loss of participants over time), which can introduce bias and affect the validity of the results. Additionally, longitudinal studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, requiring significant resources and a long-term commitment from both researchers and study participants.

I must clarify that I cannot provide a "medical definition" of intelligence, as intelligence is not a concept that is typically defined within the field of medicine. Intelligence is a term used to describe the ability to learn, understand, and make judgments or decisions based on reason, experience, and information. It is often measured through various cognitive abilities such as problem-solving, critical thinking, creativity, and knowledge acquisition.

The concept of intelligence is studied in many fields, including psychology, neuroscience, and education. In medicine, healthcare professionals may assess a person's cognitive abilities to better understand their health status or develop treatment plans. However, there is no specific "medical definition" for intelligence. Instead, it is a multifaceted concept that can be influenced by various genetic, environmental, and experiential factors.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Parent-Child Relations" is not a medical term per se. It falls more under the purview of psychology, social work, and sociology. However, I can provide you with a general definition:

Parent-Child Relations refers to the nature and quality of the emotional, behavioral, and social relationships between parents (or primary caregivers) and their children. This relationship significantly influences a child's development, including their cognitive, emotional, social, and behavioral growth. Positive parent-child relations typically involve warmth, support, communication, consistency, and appropriate expectations, which contribute to healthy child development outcomes. On the other hand, negative or dysfunctional parent-child relations can lead to various developmental and psychological issues for the child.

Cognitive disorders are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as brain injury, degenerative diseases, infection, substance abuse, or developmental disabilities. Examples of cognitive disorders include dementia, amnesia, delirium, and intellectual disability. It's important to note that the specific definition and diagnostic criteria for cognitive disorders may vary depending on the medical source or classification system being used.

Neuropsychological tests are a type of psychological assessment that measures cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and perception. These tests are used to help diagnose and understand the cognitive impact of neurological conditions, including dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders that affect the brain.

The tests are typically administered by a trained neuropsychologist and can take several hours to complete. They may involve paper-and-pencil tasks, computerized tasks, or interactive activities. The results of the tests are compared to normative data to help identify any areas of cognitive weakness or strength.

Neuropsychological testing can provide valuable information for treatment planning, rehabilitation, and assessing response to treatment. It can also be used in research to better understand the neural basis of cognition and the impact of neurological conditions on cognitive function.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "parents" is not a term that has a medical definition. In general usage, parents are the two people (typically) who bring up and care for a child, or who have given birth to or adopted a child. They are responsible for the child's housing, food, clothing, education, and medical care. Is there a specific medical or healthcare-related context you had in mind? I would be happy to help further if I can.

Child psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with the mental, emotional, and social development of children from birth to adolescence. It involves the study of children's behavior, thoughts, feelings, and relationships with others, including their families, peers, and teachers. Child psychologists use various research methods, such as observation, interviews, and testing, to understand how children develop and learn. They also work with children who have emotional, social, or behavioral problems, providing assessments, therapy, and counseling services to help them overcome these challenges. Additionally, child psychologists may provide consultation and training to parents, teachers, and other professionals who work with children.

I could not find a specific medical definition for "Mother-Child Relations," as it is more commonly studied in fields such as psychology, sociology, and social work. However, I can provide you with some related medical or psychological terms that might help you understand the concept better:

1. Attachment Theory: Developed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, attachment theory describes the emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver (usually the mother). Secure attachment is crucial for healthy emotional and social development in children.
2. Mother-Infant Interaction: This refers to the reciprocal communication and interaction between a mother and her infant, which includes verbal and non-verbal cues, such as facial expressions, gestures, touch, and vocalizations. Positive and responsive interactions contribute to healthy emotional development and secure attachment.
3. Parent-Child Relationship: A broader term that encompasses the emotional bond, communication patterns, and behaviors between a parent (in this case, the mother) and their child. This relationship significantly influences a child's cognitive, social, and emotional development.
4. Maternal Depression: A mental health condition in which a mother experiences depressive symptoms, such as sadness, hopelessness, or loss of interest in activities, after giving birth (postpartum depression) or at any point during the first year after childbirth (major depressive disorder with peripartum onset). Maternal depression can negatively impact mother-child relations and a child's development.
5. Parenting Styles: Different approaches to raising children, characterized by the degree of demandingness and responsiveness. Four main parenting styles include authoritative (high demandingness, high responsiveness), authoritarian (high demandingness, low responsiveness), permissive (low demandingness, high responsiveness), and neglectful/uninvolved (low demandingness, low responsiveness). These styles can influence mother-child relations and child development.

While not a direct medical definition, these terms highlight the significance of mother-child relations in various aspects of child development and mental health.

The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) is a set of files and software developed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It provides a comprehensive source of biomedical and health-related terms aimed at unifying and standardizing the language used in various areas of the medical field, such as clinical care, research, and education.

The UMLS includes many different vocabularies, classifications, and coding systems, including but not limited to:

* Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine--Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT)
* International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
* Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)
* Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC)

By integrating these various terminologies, the UMLS enables more effective searching, information retrieval, and data analysis across different systems and databases. It also supports natural language processing (NLP) applications, such as text mining and clinical decision support systems.

Motor skills are defined as the abilities required to plan, control and execute physical movements. They involve a complex interplay between the brain, nerves, muscles, and the environment. Motor skills can be broadly categorized into two types: fine motor skills, which involve small, precise movements (such as writing or picking up small objects), and gross motor skills, which involve larger movements using the arms, legs, and torso (such as crawling, walking, or running).

Motor skills development is an essential aspect of child growth and development, and it continues to evolve throughout adulthood. Difficulties with motor skills can impact a person's ability to perform daily activities and can be associated with various neurological and musculoskeletal conditions.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by mental health professionals in the United States and around the world to diagnose and classify mental health conditions.

The DSM includes detailed descriptions of symptoms, clinical examples, and specific criteria for each disorder, which are intended to facilitate accurate diagnosis and improve communication among mental health professionals. The manual is regularly updated to reflect current research and clinical practice, with the most recent edition being the DSM-5, published in 2013.

It's important to note that while the DSM is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, it is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the manual medicalizes normal human experiences and that its categories may be too broad or overlapping. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in the field of mental health.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

Psycholinguistics is not a medical term per se, but it is a subfield of both psychology and linguistics that explores how we understand, produce, and process language. It investigates the cognitive processes and mental representations involved in language use, such as word recognition, sentence comprehension, language production, language acquisition, and language disorders.

In medical contexts, psycholinguistic assessments may be used to evaluate individuals with communication difficulties due to neurological or developmental disorders, such as aphasia, dyslexia, or autism spectrum disorder. These assessments can help identify specific areas of impairment and inform treatment planning.

'Schizophrenic language' is not a formal medical term, but the concept refers to the unusual and often disturbed patterns of speech that can be observed in individuals with schizophrenia. These language abnormalities are considered one of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and can include:

1. **Word Salad (Incoherent Speech)**: This is when a person's speech becomes disorganized, fragmented, and lacks logical or understandable connections between words, phrases, or sentences. It may seem like the individual is randomly stringing together words without any clear meaning.

2. **Neologisms (Made-Up Words)**: These are new words or phrases that have been invented by the individual. They may be understandable only to the person using them.

3. **Tangentiality (Straying Off Topic)**: This is when a person's responses are indirect and unrelated to the topic being discussed, although they may start off on topic. The speaker may stray further and further from the original point until they are no longer discussing it at all.

4. **Perseveration (Persistent Repetition)**: This is when a person repeats certain words, phrases, or ideas over and over again, even when they are not relevant to the conversation.

5. **Illogical Thinking/Conclusions**: A person's thoughts may not follow a logical sequence, leading to illogical conclusions or statements that do not make sense in the context of the conversation.

6. **Thought Disorder**: This is a broader term that includes various disturbances in thinking and thought processes, which can then manifest as abnormalities in speech.

It's important to note that these symptoms can vary widely from person to person, and not everyone with schizophrenia will experience all of them. Furthermore, these symptoms should be evaluated and diagnosed by a qualified mental health professional.

A premature infant is a baby born before 37 weeks of gestation. They may face various health challenges because their organs are not fully developed. The earlier a baby is born, the higher the risk of complications. Prematurity can lead to short-term and long-term health issues, such as respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, anemia, infections, hearing problems, vision problems, developmental delays, and cerebral palsy. Intensive medical care and support are often necessary for premature infants to ensure their survival and optimal growth and development.

In the medical context, communication refers to the process of exchanging information, ideas, or feelings between two or more individuals in order to facilitate understanding, cooperation, and decision-making. Effective communication is critical in healthcare settings to ensure that patients receive accurate diagnoses, treatment plans, and follow-up care. It involves not only verbal and written communication but also nonverbal cues such as body language and facial expressions.

Healthcare providers must communicate clearly and empathetically with their patients to build trust, address concerns, and ensure that they understand their medical condition and treatment options. Similarly, healthcare teams must communicate effectively with each other to coordinate care, avoid errors, and provide the best possible outcomes for their patients. Communication skills are essential for all healthcare professionals, including physicians, nurses, therapists, and social workers.

Acoustic stimulation refers to the use of sound waves or vibrations to elicit a response in an individual, typically for the purpose of assessing or treating hearing, balance, or neurological disorders. In a medical context, acoustic stimulation may involve presenting pure tones, speech sounds, or other types of auditory signals through headphones, speakers, or specialized devices such as bone conduction transducers.

The response to acoustic stimulation can be measured using various techniques, including electrophysiological tests like auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) or otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), behavioral observations, or functional imaging methods like fMRI. Acoustic stimulation is also used in therapeutic settings, such as auditory training programs for hearing impairment or vestibular rehabilitation for balance disorders.

It's important to note that acoustic stimulation should be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional to ensure safety and effectiveness.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Educational status refers to the level or stage of education that a person has reached. It can be used to describe an individual's educational background, achievements, and qualifications. Educational status can be categorized in various ways, including by level (e.g., elementary school, high school, college, graduate school), years of schooling completed, or type of degree earned (e.g., bachelor's, master's, doctoral).

In medical settings, educational status may be used as a demographic variable to describe the characteristics of a patient population or to identify potential disparities in health outcomes based on education level. Research has shown that higher levels of education are often associated with better health outcomes, including lower rates of chronic diseases and improved mental health. Therefore, understanding a patient's educational status can help healthcare providers tailor their care and education strategies to meet the unique needs and challenges of each individual.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also simply referred to as depression, is a serious mental health condition characterized by the presence of one or more major depressive episodes. A major depressive episode is a period of at least two weeks during which an individual experiences a severely depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities, accompanied by at least four additional symptoms such as significant changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

MDD can significantly impair an individual's ability to function in daily life, and it is associated with increased risks of suicide, substance abuse, and other mental health disorders. The exact cause of MDD is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy) and medication (such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants).

Communication barriers in a medical context refer to any factors that prevent or hinder the effective exchange of information between healthcare providers and patients, or among healthcare professionals themselves. These barriers can lead to misunderstandings, errors, and poor patient outcomes. Common communication barriers include:

1. Language differences: When patients and healthcare providers do not speak the same language, it can lead to miscommunication and errors in diagnosis and treatment.
2. Cultural differences: Cultural beliefs and values can affect how patients perceive and communicate their symptoms and concerns, as well as how healthcare providers deliver care.
3. Literacy levels: Low health literacy can make it difficult for patients to understand medical information, follow treatment plans, and make informed decisions about their care.
4. Disability: Patients with hearing or vision impairments, speech disorders, or cognitive impairments may face unique communication challenges that require accommodations and specialized communication strategies.
5. Emotional factors: Patients who are anxious, stressed, or in pain may have difficulty communicating effectively, and healthcare providers may be less likely to listen actively or ask open-ended questions.
6. Power dynamics: Hierarchical relationships between healthcare providers and patients can create power imbalances that discourage patients from speaking up or asking questions.
7. Noise and distractions: Environmental factors such as noise, interruptions, and distractions can make it difficult for patients and healthcare providers to hear, focus, and communicate effectively.

Effective communication is critical in healthcare settings, and addressing communication barriers requires a multifaceted approach that includes training for healthcare providers, language services for limited English proficient patients, and accommodations for patients with disabilities.

"Prenatal exposure delayed effects" refer to the adverse health outcomes or symptoms that become apparent in an individual during their development or later in life, which are caused by exposure to certain environmental factors or substances while they were still in the womb. These effects may not be immediately observable at birth and can take weeks, months, years, or even decades to manifest. They can result from maternal exposure to various agents such as infectious diseases, medications, illicit drugs, tobacco smoke, alcohol, or environmental pollutants during pregnancy. The delayed effects can impact multiple organ systems and may include physical, cognitive, behavioral, and developmental abnormalities. It is important to note that the risk and severity of these effects can depend on several factors, including the timing, duration, and intensity of the exposure, as well as the individual's genetic susceptibility.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with hyperactivity is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. The condition is characterized by symptoms including:

1. Difficulty paying attention or staying focused on a single task
2. Impulsivity, or acting without thinking
3. Hyperactivity, or excessive fidgeting, restlessness, or talking

In order to be diagnosed with ADHD with hyperactivity, an individual must exhibit these symptoms to a degree that is developmentally inappropriate and interferes with their daily functioning. Additionally, the symptoms must have been present for at least six months and be present in multiple settings (e.g., at home, school, work).

It's important to note that ADHD can manifest differently in different people, and some individuals may experience predominantly inattentive or impulsive symptoms rather than hyperactive ones. However, when the hyperactive component is prominent, it is referred to as ADHD with hyperactivity.

Effective treatments for ADHD with hyperactivity include a combination of medication (such as stimulants) and behavioral therapy. With appropriate treatment, individuals with ADHD can learn to manage their symptoms and lead successful, fulfilling lives.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "reading" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Reading is the activity or process of deciphering and understanding written words or text. It is a fundamental skill in language acquisition and communication, and is not typically used in a medical context unless there is a concern related to reading difficulties or disorders, such as dyslexia. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!

A depressive disorder is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities. It can also include changes in sleep, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem, as well as thoughts of death or suicide. Depressive disorders can vary in severity and duration, with some people experiencing mild and occasional symptoms, while others may have severe and chronic symptoms that interfere with their ability to function in daily life.

There are several types of depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (PDD), and postpartum depression. MDD is characterized by symptoms that interfere significantly with a person's ability to function and last for at least two weeks, while PDD involves chronic low-grade depression that lasts for two years or more. Postpartum depression occurs in women after childbirth and can range from mild to severe.

Depressive disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy (talk therapy), and lifestyle changes.

Cultural evolution is a term used to describe the process of change and development in human culture over time. It refers to the way in which cultural traits, practices, beliefs, and technologies spread, change, and evolve within and between populations. Cultural evolution is influenced by various factors such as demographic changes, migration, innovation, selection, and diffusion.

The study of cultural evolution draws on insights from anthropology, sociology, psychology, archaeology, linguistics, and other disciplines to understand the patterns and dynamics of cultural change. It emphasizes the importance of understanding culture as a complex adaptive system that evolves through processes of variation, selection, and transmission.

Cultural evolution is often studied using comparative methods, which involve comparing similarities and differences in cultural traits across different populations or time periods. This allows researchers to identify patterns of cultural change and infer the underlying mechanisms that drive them. Some researchers also use mathematical models and computational simulations to study cultural evolution, allowing them to explore the dynamics of cultural change in a more controlled and systematic way.

Overall, the study of cultural evolution seeks to provide a deeper understanding of how human cultures have evolved over time, and how they continue to adapt and change in response to changing social, environmental, and technological conditions.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, serious accident, war combat, rape, or violent personal assault. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), PTSD is characterized by the following symptoms, which must last for more than one month:

1. Intrusion symptoms: These include distressing memories, nightmares, flashbacks, or intense psychological distress or reactivity to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.
2. Avoidance symptoms: Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event, including thoughts, feelings, conversations, activities, places, or people.
3. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood: This includes negative beliefs about oneself, others, or the world; distorted blame of self or others for causing the trauma; persistent negative emotional state; decreased interest in significant activities; and feelings of detachment or estrangement from others.
4. Alterations in arousal and reactivity: This includes irritable behavior and angry outbursts, reckless or self-destructive behavior, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, problems with concentration, and sleep disturbance.
5. Duration of symptoms: The symptoms must last for more than one month.
6. Functional significance: The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

It is essential to note that PTSD can occur at any age and can be accompanied by various physical and mental health problems, such as depression, substance abuse, memory problems, and other difficulties in cognition. Appropriate treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, can significantly improve the symptoms and overall quality of life for individuals with PTSD.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are intrusive, unwanted, and often distressing. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rigid rules, and which are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation. These obsessions and/or compulsions cause significant distress, take up a lot of time (an hour or more a day), and interfere with the individual's daily life, including social activities, relationships, and work or school performance. OCD is considered a type of anxiety disorder and can also co-occur with other mental health conditions.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Slow language development. DCD is known to co-occur with other neurodevelopmental disorders. Most commonly, attention deficit ... Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) research has found that students with developmental coordination disorder and normal ... Developmental Speech and Language Disorder and Developmental Learning Disorder. People who have developmental coordination ... as a motor disorder, in the category of neurodevelopmental disorders. The exact proportion of people with the disorder is ...
Lahey, Margaret; Bloom, Lois (1988). Language Disorders and Language Development. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-367130-2 ... A language disorder is a condition defined as a condition that limits or altogether stops natural speech. A language disorder ... The following is a list of language disorders. ... Language disorders, Lists of diseases, Disability-related lists ...
... with mixed receptive-expressive language disorder are often likely to have long-term implications for language development, ... Expressive language disorder "Diagnostic criteria for 315.31 Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder". behavenet.com. " ... Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder (DSM-IV 315.32) is a communication disorder in which both the receptive and ... Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder is also known as receptive-expressive language impairment (RELI) or receptive ...
... but also the mental formation of language, itself. Expressive language disorders can occur during a child's development or they ... but not with language. Language disorders tend to manifest in two different ways: receptive language disorders (where one ... Language disorders, Communication disorders, Neurological disorders, Speech and language pathology). ... Language disorders can affect both spoken and written language, and can also affect sign language; typically, all forms of ...
... (DLD) is identified when a child has problems with language development that continue into ... Developmental language disorder is a subset of language disorder, which is itself a subset of the broader category of speech, ... 1 speech and language therapy for older children with (developmental) language disorder". International Journal of Language & ... Language Disorders in Children and Adolescents Boston: Hogrefe. ISBN 9780889373389 Paul, Rhea (2007). Language disorders from ...
... developmental disorders that affect the brain's normal development of social and communication skills. expressive language ... Language disorder - the important characteristics of a language disorder are difficulties in learning and using language, which ... specific language impairment - a language disorder that delays the mastery of language skills in children who have no hearing ... A communication disorder is any disorder that affects an individual's ability to comprehend, detect, or apply language and ...
Speech therapy has been shown to help with language impairment, therefore improving long-term development and academic outcome ... While anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and psychotic disorders can also have an effect on cognitive and memory functions, ... Cognitive disorders (CDs), also known as neurocognitive disorders (NCDs), are a category of mental health disorders that ... Neurocognitive disorders include delirium, mild neurocognitive disorders, and major neurocognitive disorder (previously known ...
... "disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using spoken or written language, ... Blackwell Handbook of Language Development. Blackwell. pp. 454-474. ISBN 978-1-4051-3253-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple ... Suggesting that any language where orthography-to-phonology mapping is transparent, or even opaque, or any language whose ... The development of neuroimaging technologies during the 1980s and 1990s enabled dyslexia research to make significant advances ...
Blackwell Handbook of Language Development. Blackwell. pp. 454-474. ISBN 978-1-4051-3253-4. Eden, Guinevere; Jones, Karen M.; ... Lyytinen, Heikki, Erskine, Jane, Aro, Mikko, Richardson, Ulla (2007). "Reading and reading disorders". In Hoff E (ed.). ... The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific writing system to write the language. Where more ... This concepts includes grammar, sentence variation, and mechanics of language. Semantics - aspect of language with focus on ...
A language disorder is the impaired comprehension and or use of a spoken, written, and/or other symbol system. A disorder may ... Language development and processing begins before birth. Evidence has shown that there is language development occurring ... it can also be said that their spoken language development is aided by the development of their written language skills. Kantor ... Language development in humans is a process starting early in life. Infants start without knowing a language, yet by 10 months ...
Oller, J. W.; Oller, S. D.; Badon, L. C. (2006). Milestones: Normal Speech and Language Development Across the Life Span. San ... Auditory processing disorder Developmental verbal dyspraxia Infantile speech Origin of speech Speech and language pathology ... Speech acquisition focuses on the development of vocal, acoustic and oral language by a child. This includes motor planning and ... Templin, Mildred C (1957). Certain language skills in children their development and interrelationships. Vol. 26. University of ...
An exception is acquired epileptic aphasia or Landau-Kleffner syndrome, where a child's development regresses, with language ... Kamhi, A.G. (2011). "What speech-language pathologists need to know about Auditory Processing Disorder". Language, Speech, and ... Miller, C. A. (2011). "Auditory processing theories of language disorders: Past, present, and future". Language, Speech, and ... Dawes P, Bishop D (2009). "Auditory processing disorder in relation to developmental disorders of language, communication and ...
Westermann G, Reck Miranda E (May 2004). "A new model of sensorimotor coupling in the development of speech". Brain Lang. 89 (2 ... Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a sensorimotor disorder. People with RLS are plagued with feelings of discomfort and the urge to ... Two key elements of speech development are babbling and audition. The linking of a motor action to a heard sound is thought to ... model of speech development proposes that the sounds produced by babbling are compared to the sounds produced in the language ...
For example, language delays or deficits have been associated with social-emotional disturbances. Many mental health disorders ... including major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, borderline personality disorder, substance use disorders, and eating ... Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Articles containing German-language text, Child development, Social change, ... Articles containing Welsh-language text, Articles containing Danish-language text, Articles containing Japanese-language text, ...
... language) development of the infant brain. Given the many studies indicating a role for vision in the development of language ... International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders. 44 (2): 164-74. doi:10.1080/13682820801997189. hdl:11858/00-001M ... to develop sign language as a first language, or to develop skills in the spoken language of the hearing community? Researchers ... Child Development. (Pre-print version) Mills, A.E. 1987 The development of phonology in the blind child. In B.Dodd & R.Campbell ...
Mundy, Peter; Sigman, Marian; Kasari, Connie (1990). "A longitudinal study of joint attention and language development in ... Connie Kasari is an expert on autism spectrum disorder and a founding member of the Center for Autism Research and Treatment ( ... Kasari, C., Paparella, T., Freeman, S. F., & Jahromi, L. B. (2008). Language outcome in autism: Randomized comparison of joint ... Kasari, C., & Lawton, K. (2010). New directions in behavioral treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Current Opinion in ...
Bonvillian, J. D. (1999). "Sign language development". In Barrett, M. (ed.). The development of language. Hove, U. K.: ... "Sign language and motor functioning in students with autistic disorder". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 27 (4 ... and sign language development to various encyclopedias, textbooks, and other forums focused on language development, child ... Bonvillian, J. D.; Nelson, K. E. (1978). "Development of sign language in autistic children and other language-handicapped ...
Josef Perner & Birgit Lang (1 September 1999). "Development of theory of mind and executive control". Trends in Cognitive ... Lenroot, Rhoshel K.; Yeung, Pui Ka (2013-10-30). "Heterogeneity within Autism Spectrum Disorders: What have We Learned from ... The mind-blindness theory asserts that children who delay in this development will often develop autism. One of the main ... Chapman, Robert (2020-08-17). "The reality of autism: On the metaphysics of disorder and diversity". Philosophical Psychology. ...
... (SLI) is diagnosed when a child has delayed or disordered language development for no apparent ... developmental language delay (DLD), language disorder, and language-learning disability. Researcher Bonnie Brinton argues that ... Communication disorders, Language disorders, Developmental disabilities, Speech and language pathology, Aphasias). ... Specific language impairment (SLI) (the term developmental language disorder is preferred by some) is diagnosed when a child's ...
The Origins of Language in the Child. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Walley, A. C. (1993). "The role of vocabulary development in ... Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders. 37 (1): 55-63. doi:10.1044/jshd.3701.55. PMID 5053945. MacNeilage, P. F.; B. L. Davis ... Phonological development refers to how children learn to organize sounds into meaning or language (phonology) during their ... Erika Hoff (2009). Language development. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-50171-8. OCLC 759925056. " ...
"Language Development In Children". Child Development Institute. Commons, M.L.; Miller, P.M. (2001). "A Quantitative Behavioral ... "The Development and Maintenance of Personality Disorders: A Behavioral Perspective". The Behavior Analyst Today. 8 (4): 443-445 ... Roisman, G.I. "Child Development". Child Development. 94 (1). Behavioral Development Bulletin Journal of Early and Intensive ... In terms of language development, children will start to learn and know about 5-20 different words by 18 months old. Behavior ...
In describing the development of language in children, Ninio adopts the concepts and methods of Complexity Science describing ... Journal of Communication Disorders, 27, 157-187. Archived 2012-04-05 at the Wayback Machine Ninio, A. (2006). Language and the ... Child Development, 51, 587-590. Ninio, A. (1980). The ostensive definition in vocabulary teaching. Journal of Child Language, 7 ... Journal of Child Language, 5, 1-15. Reprinted in M. B. Franklin and S. S. Barton (eds). (1988). Child language: a reader (pp. ...
Voice Disorders - Disorders of Language and Hearing Development. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 9783662467794. "Phoniatrics, ... According to the Union of European Phoniatricians, phoniatrics is "the medical specialty dealing with voice, speech, language, ... hearing and swallowing disorders". "Meaning of phoniatrics - Infoplease". InfoPlease. Zehnhoff-Dinnesen, Antoinette am; ... the Medical Specialty for Communication Disorders". www.phoniatrics-uep.org. Retrieved 31 January 2015. "Logbook Phoniatrics ...
"Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders". Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development. Retrieved ... "Online Speech-Language Pathology Program at NYU". Speech Pathology Master's Programs. Retrieved December 20, 2018. "Speech@NYU ... "Institute of Human Development and Social Change". Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development. Retrieved ... "Center for Research on Culture, Development, and Education". Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development. ...
"The Language Development Survey: A screening tool for delayed language in toddlers". Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders. ... Rescorla specialized in the epidemiology of language disorders. Her publication summarizing the development and validation of ... Rescorla Leslie (1989). "The Language Development Survey". Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders. 54 (4): 587-599. doi: ... In the 1980s, she created the Language Development Survey, a widely used tool for screening toddlers for possible language ...
Music therapy is very beneficial for language development. According to the age, vision and hearing tests can aid in fixing ... 88.5% of people with the disorder have Paris-Trousseau syndrome, which is a bleeding disorder and causes a lifelong risk of ... It is a congenital disorder. Since the deletion takes place on the q arm of chromosome 11, it is also called 11q terminal ... CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv), Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, All articles ...
Faculty Page Language and Cognitive Development Research Group Kate Nation publications indexed by Google Scholar (Articles ... Patterns of reading ability in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(7), ... Kate Nation is an experimental psychologist and expert on language and literacy development in school age children. She is ... John's College of the University of Oxford, where she directs the ReadOxford project and the Language and Cognitive Development ...
... development, neurobiology, and behavior (pp. 335-364). John Wiley & Sons Inc. Paul, R. (2007). Language disorders from infancy ... "Clinical Implications of the Natural History of Slow Expressive Language Development". American Journal of Speech-Language ... on the analysis of patterns of speech development of individuals diagnosed with autism and developmental language disorders. In ... Paul has authored several textbooks and manuals related to the assessment and intervention of speech-language disorders in ...
Her primary areas of research are fluency development and disorder, psycholinguistics, and child language development. She has ... Ratner is a board-recognized specialist in child language disorders. ... with Oliver Bloodstein and both The Development of Language (9th ed) and Psycholinguistics (2nd ed) with Jean Berko Gleason. ... Journal of Fluency Disorders, and Journal of Communication Disorders. Ratner is a co-manager of FluencyBank, a TalkBank project ...
Children with this disorder do not follow typical patterns of language acquisition and will need treatment in order to make ... New research suggests a role for the sodium channel SCN3A in the development of the perisylvian areas, which maintain key ... Kang C, Drayna D (2011). "Genetics of speech and language disorders". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 12: 145-64 ... Newbury DF, Monaco AP (October 2010). "Genetic advances in the study of speech and language disorders". Neuron. 68 (2): 309-20 ...
Method Participants aged 6-11 years completed tasks measuring hearing, language, first formant (F1) discrimination thresholds, ... an unexplained problem using and understanding spoken language, has been hypothesized to have an underlying auditory processing ... Compensation to Altered Auditory Feedback in Children With Developmental Language Disorder and Typical Development ... Developmental language disorder (DLD), an unexplained problem using and understanding spoken language, has been hypothesized to ...
Bilingual Language Development and Disorders in Spanish-English Speakers by Brian A. Goldstein, Paul Brookes Publishing, ... This book is a compilation of research in language disorders of Spanish-English speaker. It is really one of a kind in this ... Oral Language Comprehension is the missing piece in learning a new language. Lets see what research says. ...
Language Development With Mild To Moderate Disabilities And Disorders Spd560 Homework Help. Post Homework Questions and Get ... Language Development with Mild to Moderate Disabilities and Disorders SPD560. answers. Get Language Development with Mild to ... language development Language Development with Mild to Moderate Disabilities and Disorders SPD560 ... Post Assessments Introduction to Children with Language Disorders language development Asha Born to Talk language Adler School ...
Lahey, Margaret; Bloom, Lois (1988). Language Disorders and Language Development. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-367130-2 ... A language disorder is a condition defined as a condition that limits or altogether stops natural speech. A language disorder ... The following is a list of language disorders. ... Language disorders, Lists of diseases, Disability-related lists ...
Gain an understanding of cognitive neurodevelopmental disorders within the context of typical development ... English language. If English isnt your first language you may need to provide evidence of your English language ability. We ... MSc Development, Disorders and Clinical Practice. Gain an understanding of cognitive neurodevelopmental disorders within the ... Home,Study at York,Postgraduate taught,Courses 2024/25,Development, Disorders and Clinical Practice (MSc) ...
... namely speech sound disorder (SSD), language impairment (LI), and reading disability (RD), at three levels of analysis: ... we critically review the evidence for overlap among three developmental disorders, ... Language Development Disorders / diagnosis* * Language Development Disorders / epidemiology * Language Development Disorders / ... Relations among speech, language, and reading disorders Annu Rev Psychol. 2009;60:283-306. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707 ...
Language Development. 4. HSCI 400S. Foundations of Public Health. 3. Spring Semester Jan - May. Course Title. Cr. ... Demonstrate basic knowledge of speech-language pathology treatment. *Demonstrate basic knowledge of hearing disorders treatment ... Demonstrate basic knowledge of speech-language pathology assessment. *Demonstrate basic knowledge of hearing disorders ... Students with a BA in Communication Sciences and Disorders will be able to do the following:. *Describe the typical processes ...
Stuttering is a speech disorder in which sounds, syllables, or words are repeated or last longer than normal. These problems ... Stuttering is a speech disorder in which sounds, syllables, or words are repeated or last longer than normal. These problems ... Language development and communication disorders. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. ... Developmental language disorders. In: Swaiman KF, Ashwal S, Ferriero DM, et al, eds. Swaimans Pediatric Neurology. 6th ed. ...
SLHS 508 - Lifespan Development and Child Language Disorders Units: 4. Study of acquisition and development of speech, language ... Analyze cultural influences on language development and identify stages of language acquisition in bilingual children. ... and the theories of language development. Identify the domains of language (form, content, and use) in each developmental stage ... List the common causes of language and literacy disorders in children. *Identify components of assessment in developmental ...
... Una reseña de Language Development and Disorders ...
Introduction to Communication Sciences and Disorders-Fifth Edition The fifth edition of Introduction to Communication Sciences ... and Disorders uses detailed illustrations and easy-to-read text to introduce the broad range of topics in the field. Its ... Language Development and Disorders. *Speech Disorders. *Hearing Disorders. *The Profession of Communication Sciences and ... Home > Professional Resources > SLP > Introduction to Communication Sciences and Disorders-Fifth Edition ...
CDC Releases New Data on Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) from Multiple Communities in the United States ... The most commonly documented concerns were in language development, followed by social development. ... ASDs include autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder - not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS, including atypical autism ... CDC Releases New Data on Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) from Multiple Communities in the United States. CDC Releases New Data ...
Language Development. *Anatomy/Physiology of the Speech System and Auditory System. *Phonetics ... The Master of Science in Communication Sciences and Disorders prepares students for professional careers in speech-language ... The Master of Science (M.S.) education program in speech-language pathology (residential) at the University of Wisconsin-River ... Do not submit any additional application materials directly to UWRF or the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders. ...
Conference Evaluations & Professional Development Forms Conference Evaluations & Professional Development Forms. Conference ... Professional Development Forms. A Professional Development Hour (PDH) is 60 minutes spent as a learner and participant in a ... You may earn up to 16.5 hours of professional development by attending SRCLD 2024. ... professional development activity such as a university scientific symposium.. ...
These revisions have generated new diagnostic criteria for what will now be called autism spectrum disorder (... ... various revisions to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria have been ... In an effort to increase diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for disorders on the autism spectrum, ... In LKS, regression in language development occurs repeatedly due to seizure activity. Childhood disintegrative disorder is no ...
6- First language development and disorders in speech and sign language. 7- Second language development and disorders in speech ... Cognitive Neuropsycholinguistics: Language development and disorders in speech, writing, spelling, and sign language University ... as well as a vast arsenal of instruments for assessment and intervention in language development and disorders in speech, sign ... 9- Neuropsychological assessment in sensory impairments, as well as in motor and language disorders. 10- Information processing ...
Each disorder has symptoms commonly seen with autism... ... At least seven disorders are part of or closely related to ... delays in language and motor development. *learning disabilities. *feeding problems in infancy ... At least seven disorders are part of or closely related to Autism. Each disorder has symptoms commonly seen with autism, as ... Angelman syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the nervous system. Initial symptoms of this disorder typically manifest ...
Communication Sciences & Disorders. Advisor: Amanda Seidl Research Description: Language acquisition and development ... Research Description: I work on investigating the cognitive development and neural. dynamics in mice with early life seizure ... focuses on how immune activation during critical periods of development can contribute to symptoms of developmental disorders ... Research Description: My work explores the development of fear behavior as a function of maternal programming and associated ...
Bilingual Language Development and Disorders in Spanish-English Speakers, Second Edition. Author(s) Brian Goldstein et al. ...
Conclusion As a new electrophysiological technique for early intervention of language development disorder,rTMS combined with ... combined with rehabilitation training on children with language development disorder.Methods Totally 86 children hospitalized ... J Speech Lang Hear Res,1999,42(6):1461-1481.. [8] McQuiston S,Kloczko N.Speech and language development: monitoring process and ... development quotient and language development quotient of children in different groups were assessed with the Chinese version ...
... language, and adaptive skills. Therefore, early identification of autism spectrum disorder is important, and experts recommend ... autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise ... There is insufficient evidence to recommend screening for autism spectrum disorder in children 18 to 30 months of age in whom ... The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., created an umbrella diagnosis that includes several ...
Mothers and their sons age 18-24 months with Fragile X syndrome are needed for a study on supporting early language development ... The Cerebra Network for Neurodevelopmental Disorders is conducting a survey to learn more about behaviour, social functioning, ... Research Study: Power of the Point - Predictors of Early Language Development in Fragile X Syndrome. The Development in ... You will contribute to a growing body of research looking at early language development in Fragile X syndrome that will support ...
Dual Language Development and Disorders: A Handbook on Bilingualism and Second Language Learning. ... language development for internationally adopted students; assessment strategies for identifying language and reading disorders ... research-based introduction to the language development and disorders of dual-language learners (both students who are fully ... Is it Culture Shock or a Learning Disability? Is it a language difference or a language disorder? Learn how to distinguish the ...
Correlates of language development in language disordered children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 50. 73-83. Sande, ... THE CASE FOR MANAGEMENT OF LANGUAGE DISORDERS IN THE SCHOOLS. "Language is not just another subject. Language is the means by ... Psychiatric disorders are more common in language disordered than normal language learning children (Cantwell and Baker, 1991; ... The most common communication disorder is language impairment. You may ask what is language. Language is simply the invisible ...
SLHS 30900 Language Development. SOC 33500 Political Sociology (Fall 2021 and after only) ... SLHS 11500 Introduction to Communicative Disorders. SLHS 21500 Exploring Audiology & Hearing Science ... GS 10000 American Language And Culture For International Students I (Fall 2015 and after only) ... SLHS 13000 Perception, Action, And Cognition In The Speech, Language, And Hearing Sciences ...
Language Development (3 credits). *Articulation/Phonology (3 credits). *Language Disorders (3 credits) ... HomeCHPDepartments & ProgramsDept of Speech-Language Pathology & AudiologyGrad ProgramsSpeech-Language Pathology (M.S.) ... Admission to the Speech-Language Pathology (M.S.) is for the fall term only with the following application deadline:. *Final ... The American Speech-Language Hearing Associations minimum requirements for application for the Certificate of Clinical ...
Buy Language Development: An Introduction by Robert E Owens, Jr. online at Alibris. We have new and used copies available, in ... Language Disorders: A Functional Approach to Assessment and Intervention Starting at $1.49 ... Language Development: An Introduction offers a cohesive, easy-to-understand overview of all aspects of language development, ... Language Development: An Introduction offers a cohesive, easy-to-understand overview of all aspects of language development, ...
Turkish School Age Language Development Test, Turkish Articulation and Phonology Test, Working Memory Scale, and Predictive ... The Relationship Between Speech and Language Disorders and Working Memory: Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity ... Journal Name: Journal of Attention Disorders * Journal Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Social Sciences ... Journal of Attention Disorders, vol.27, no.12, pp.1420-1430, 2023 (SCI-Expanded) ...
... progressive speech and language disorders. The research found that ... "Its a demanding occupation, and teachers may be more sensitive to the development of speech and language impairments." ... Speech and language disorders are not the same as Alzheimers dementia, which is characterized by the loss of memory. ... Speech and language disorders are typically characterized by people losing their ability to communicate - they cant find words ...
Blackwell Handbook of Language Development. Blackwell. pp. 454-474. ISBN 978-1-4051-3253-4. .. ... Lyytinen, Heikki, Erskine, Jane, Aro, Mikko, Richardson, Ulla (2007). "Reading and reading disorders". In Hoff E (ed.). ... The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific writing system to write the language. Where more ... This concepts includes grammar, sentence variation, and mechanics of language.. *Semantics - aspect of language with focus on ...
  • The Cognitive Neuropsycholinguistics Laboratory provides equipment and support for research and development in the areas of sensory impairments (deafness and blindness), motor impairments (cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy), language disorders (aphasia, dyslexia), as well as a vast arsenal of instruments for assessment and intervention in language development and disorders in speech, sign language, reading and spelling, that are typical of those disorders. (tsukuba.ac.jp)
  • Dyslexia as a Neurodevelopmental Disorder and What Makes It Different from a Chess Disorder. (uva.nl)
  • Study of acquisition and development of speech, language, cognition, and communication from infancy through the lifespan in typically developing individuals and an introduction to causes and treatment of language disorders in children including evidence-based assessment and intervention across settings. (csueastbay.edu)
  • 11- Assessment and intervention in language disorders involving phonetics, phonology, orthography, lexical and memory processes. (tsukuba.ac.jp)
  • however, there is a growing body of evidence that early intensive behavioral intervention based on applied behavior analysis improves cognitive ability, language, and adaptive skills. (aafp.org)
  • In 2014, an Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality systematic review found a growing body of evidence that an applied behavior analysis-based early intensive behavioral intervention, delivered over an extended time frame, improves cognitive ability, language, and adaptive skills in autistic children. (aafp.org)
  • In children with autism spectrum disorder, an applied behavior analysis-based early intensive behavioral intervention delivered over an extended time frame improves cognitive ability, language, and adaptive skills. (aafp.org)
  • The titles on this booklist focus on providing appropriate academic support for English language learners and approaches for determining when special education screening or services are needed, as well as tips for communicating with culturally diverse families about assessment, intervention, and instruction. (colorincolorado.org)
  • and intervention approaches for dual-language learners with language/reading impairments. (colorincolorado.org)
  • Conclusion As a new electrophysiological technique for early intervention of language development disorder,rTMS combined with rehabilitation training has better effect on improving the language development ability. (magtech.com.cn)
  • You will contribute to a growing body of research looking at early language development in Fragile X syndrome that will support early intervention efforts. (fragilex.org)
  • Speech and language skills and working memory must be taken into consideration in assessment and intervention children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. (anadolu.edu.tr)
  • This paper is a companion paper to Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Current issues in awareness, prevention and intervention (McLean & McDougall, 2014), which outlines research on the prevention of FASD and provides implications for practitioners. (aifs.gov.au)
  • Transforming language intervention: Collaborating with Latinx families. (sxu.edu)
  • Therefore, the psychopedagoge may employ some tools for an appropriate intervention in developing the oral and written language. (bvsalud.org)
  • Currently I'm working within a research project, financed by The Swedish Institute for Educational Research, examining the effect of teacher intervention on child langauge development. (lu.se)
  • Combining perspectives from developmental and cognitive psychology, developmental and educational neuroscience, and applied clinical and educational practice, you'll look at topical issues such as co-morbidity between disorders, and the implications of cognitive disorders for children's mental health. (york.ac.uk)
  • Knowledge: Demonstrate a deep and systematic understanding of cognitive neurodevelopmental disorders within the context of typical cognitive and neurological development, and the research paradigms used to investigate the causes, diagnosis and remediation of these disorders, with particular emphasis on educational and clinical implications. (york.ac.uk)
  • In this article, we critically review the evidence for overlap among three developmental disorders, namely speech sound disorder (SSD), language impairment (LI), and reading disability (RD), at three levels of analysis: diagnostic, cognitive, and etiological. (nih.gov)
  • Identify the domains of language (form, content, and use) in each developmental stage from infancy through typical ageing and the relationship between communication and cognitive development. (csueastbay.edu)
  • As molecular genetics and cognitive neuroscience developed, furthering the understanding of these disorders, new criteria now grouped them under autism spectrum disorder (ASD), emphasizing deficits in social interaction. (medscape.com)
  • Teaching them to use instruments to assess and intervene in developmental parameters of cognitive competencies involving speech, sign language, reading and spelling in the school setting, and to use instruments and procedures for differential diagnosis and treatment of language impairments and disorders involving speech, sign language, reading and spelling in daily practice. (tsukuba.ac.jp)
  • Cognitive behavior therapy is effective at lowering anxiety in older children with autism spectrum disorder who have an average or above-average IQ. (aafp.org)
  • 2. Language constitutes a principal means of organizing behaviour and is central to the normal acquisition of many cognitive and academic skills, particularly literacy. (oafccd.com)
  • Assessment of the child's language and cognitive abilities, including an interview with mothers about their child's daily skills. (fragilex.org)
  • Like other childhood disorders, FASD can be understood in the context of cognitive, developmental, ecological and holistic frameworks that may result in more meaningful support for children and families living with FASD. (aifs.gov.au)
  • Rebecca is a cognitive developmental psychologist, with a particular focus on language and literacy development in children. (ntu.ac.uk)
  • Although much evidence has suggested that domain-general cognitive control and working memory resources are sometimes recruited during language comprehension, many aspects of this relationship remain elusive. (frontiersin.org)
  • For example, how frequently do cognitive control mechanisms get engaged when we understand language? (frontiersin.org)
  • I argue that we should stop asking whether domain-general cognitive control mechanisms play a role in language comprehension, and instead focus on characterizing the division of labor between the cognitive control brain regions and the more functionally specialized language regions. (frontiersin.org)
  • Language is one of few cognitive abilities unique to our species. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, language has neither evolved nor does it exist in isolation from other cognitive and neural machinery (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
  • This paper examines the relationship between high-level language processing and domain-general cognitive control, with a focus on the brain systems that support these cognitive capacities. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the domain of language, cognitive control has been shown to play an important role in language production , based on behavioral evidence (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
  • That said, much behavioral and neuroimaging evidence (to be reviewed in section Narrowing Down the Hypothesis Space for the Relationship between Language Processing Mechanisms and Cognitive Control Mechanisms) suggests that domain-general cognitive control mechanisms do sometimes get recruited during language comprehension . (frontiersin.org)
  • The paper is structured as follows: First, I introduce the brain regions that support high-level language processing vs. domain-general cognitive control, and discuss the evidence for the neural separability of these two sets of brain regions. (frontiersin.org)
  • I then introduce two questions about the relationship between language comprehension and cognitive control and define the hypothesis space for each. (frontiersin.org)
  • Key aspects are speech comfort: the ability of the teacher to be heard through sufficient sound environment (acoustics and background / activity sounds) and with effective voice and communication (voice load, voice quality, nonverbal communication) and listening effort: the child's potential effort in perception of the spoken and language understanding in relation to the child's cognitive capacity. (lu.se)
  • This study examined cognitive and language development of children prenatally exposed to opioids. (medscape.com)
  • This describes DCD as: 6A04 Developmental motor coordination disorder Developmental motor coordination disorder is characterised by a significant delay in the acquisition of gross and fine motor skills and impairment in the execution of coordinated motor skills that manifest in clumsiness, slowness, or inaccuracy of motor performance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Difficulties with coordinated motor skills are not solely attributable to a Disease of the Nervous System, Disease of the Musculoskeletal System or Connective Tissue, sensory impairment, and not better explained by a Disorder of Intellectual Development. (wikipedia.org)
  • 7] Shriberg LD,Tomblin JB,McSweeny JL.Prevalence of speech delay in 6-year-old chidren and comorbidity with language impairment[J].J Speech Lang Hear Res,1999,42(6):1461-1481. (magtech.com.cn)
  • The most common communication disorder is language impairment. (oafccd.com)
  • The child with language impairment will have poorly developed language information. (oafccd.com)
  • Still, Asperger's disorder has many features in common with autism, including impairment in social interaction and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of interests, behavior, and activity. (jaapl.org)
  • Turkish School Age Language Development Test, Turkish Articulation and Phonology Test, Working Memory Scale, and Predictive Cluttering Inventory were applied to all participants. (anadolu.edu.tr)
  • Course instruction covers anatomy and physiology, phonetics and normal articulation, normal language development, speech and hearing science, and audiology. (uthscsa.edu)
  • Evidence from research and clinical practice indicates that DCD is not just a physical disorder, and there may be deficits in executive functions, behavioural organisation and emotional regulation that extend beyond the motor impairments and which are independent of diagnoses of co-morbidities. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to the physical or motor impairments, developmental coordination disorder is associated with problems with memory, especially working memory. (wikipedia.org)
  • 9- Neuropsychological assessment in sensory impairments, as well as in motor and language disorders. (tsukuba.ac.jp)
  • Communication Disorders are the largest handicapping condition in society affecting 5-10% of the general population and ranging from hearing impairments to language disorders which can be developmental in nature or acquired (Canadian Association of Speech Pathologists and Audiologists). (oafccd.com)
  • It's a demanding occupation, and teachers may be more sensitive to the development of speech and language impairments. (scienceblog.com)
  • About the hearing process impairments, these may happen in language disturb, getting worse the performance of individuals, in sound comprehension tasks, which demands hearing skills. (bvsalud.org)
  • Such impairments may act as a cause to language difficulties that occur when an individual fails in receiving or recover, by hearing way, what was heard (Pereira, 1996). (bvsalud.org)
  • The conditions listed below all exhibit similar behavioral symptoms to autism spectrum disorder. (autism.org)
  • When a Culturally and Linguistically diverse student struggles in school, how can you tell whether language or cultural differences are the cause, or if the student has a learning or behavioral disability? (colorincolorado.org)
  • Oral Language Comprehension is the missing piece in learning a new language. (bilingualspecialed.com)
  • Problems in comprehension and production of oral and written language result in academic failure which are not alleviated over time (Weiner, 1985). (oafccd.com)
  • In contrast, language comprehension (i.e., the process of extracting meaning from the linguistic signal) is, or at least can be, a more "passive," automatic process: just like we can't help but recognize a face upon seeing a face-like configuration (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
  • Even a small amount of hearing loss can have profound, negative effects on speech, language comprehension, communication, classroom learning, and social development. (cdc.gov)
  • Individuals holding a bachelor's degree in Communication Sciences and Disorders may also apply to professional doctoral programs in audiology. (ewu.edu)
  • The Master of Science (M.S.) education program in speech-language pathology (residential) at the University of Wisconsin-River Falls is accredited by the Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association , 2200 Research Boulevard, #310, Rockville, MD, 20850, 800-498-2071 or 301-296-5700. (uwrf.edu)
  • The communication disorders and sciences (CDS) program also offers graduate preparation coursework for students with a previous bachelor's degree who wish to pursue graduate work in speech pathology or audiology. (uoregon.edu)
  • As a national leader offering an undergraduate pre-professional degree, MTSU's program helps prepare students for graduate study in speech-language pathology and audiology. (mtsu.edu)
  • Students in the Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology program prepare to help people with daily communication challenges from stuttering to hearing loss and more. (mtsu.edu)
  • What could have been a setback for students in the Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology program turned into an opportunity for improving the curriculum. (mtsu.edu)
  • This kind of ingenuity also enabled Fischer to continue welcoming clients to the clinic where speech-language pathology and audiology majors obtain practical experience. (mtsu.edu)
  • Students in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology focus on careers dealing with evaluation, treatment, and prevention of human communication disorders. (mtsu.edu)
  • Professionals in speech-language pathology and audiology provide clinical services in health care and education facilities and serve as consultants in business, industry, and government. (mtsu.edu)
  • A baccalaureate degree preferably in speech-language pathology and audiology from a regionally accredited college or university completed prior to the year of fall admission. (towson.edu)
  • Applicants with bachelor's degrees in disciplines other than speech-language pathology and audiology should consider 2-year second bachelor's degree programs or prerequisite programs from one or more regionally accredited universities. (towson.edu)
  • NOTE: Towson University does not allow non-degree students to complete speech-language pathology and audiology courses. (towson.edu)
  • The BS degree in speech language pathology provides the knowledge to enter a master's program in speech language pathology, a master's program in a related field (e.g., special education, audiology, etc.), or to pursue employment in a related discipline. (wpunj.edu)
  • A majority of our graduates go on to pursue advanced degrees in speech language pathology, audiology, or linguistics. (wpunj.edu)
  • Then there are four chapters examining issues in the variation of the course of development: dimensions of variation, social factors leading to variation, ways in which biological forces produce atypical language development, and the impact of bilingualism on language development. (pluralpublishing.com)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported findings today from the first and largest summary of prevalence data from multiple U.S. communities participating in an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) surveillance project. (cdc.gov)
  • We need to continue efforts to monitor the prevalence of ASDs and to improve our understanding of these disorders. (cdc.gov)
  • With the improved specificity of DSM-5 criteria, including the introduction of the new diagnosis "social (pragmatic) communication disorder," more consistent prevalence rates of communication disorders, distinct from ASDs, were determined. (medscape.com)
  • 1 Although it appeared to be a rare disorder at that time, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) steadily increased. (aafp.org)
  • 3 , 4 The increase in ASD prevalence may be partially attributed to the evolving diagnostic criteria prior to the publication of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 5th ed. (aafp.org)
  • Little is known about the prevalence of violence and autistic spectrum disorders. (jaapl.org)
  • 6 The prevalence of this disorder in a forensic setting is startling, given that the general prevalence of Asperger's disorder is 2.5 per 10,000. (jaapl.org)
  • Prevalence and Multidimensional Model of Disordered Eating in Youths With Type 1 Diabetes: Results From a Nationwide Population-Based Study. (medscape.com)
  • 4. There is evidence that an "optimal" period for language learning may exist (Berko-Gleason, 1989 and Flavell, 1985). (oafccd.com)
  • Berko Gleason and Bernstein Ratner have assembled experts in each of the core facets of child language to contribute chapters reviewing our current understanding of each area. (pluralpublishing.com)
  • It is often described as disorder in skill acquisition, where the learning and execution of coordinated motor skills is substantially below that expected given the individual's chronological age. (wikipedia.org)
  • Analyze cultural influences on language development and identify stages of language acquisition in bilingual children. (csueastbay.edu)
  • 7- Second language development and disorders in speech and writing: Deaf literacy acquisition and disorders. (tsukuba.ac.jp)
  • Although the precise timing of this critical period is unclear, a great deal of research suggests that the preschool and school years are an optimal period for the acquisition of many language skills (Funk & Ruppert, 1984 and Owens, 1988). (oafccd.com)
  • It is clear that language acquisition is an integral component in the development of an individual (Allen & Rapin, 1980) and failure of the language system will have life-long negative impact on social, academic and vocational success (Weiner, 1985). (oafccd.com)
  • This classic text now in its tenth edition, The Development of Language continues its focus on language acquisition in an unbiased, authoritative, and comprehensive way. (pluralpublishing.com)
  • The role of memory in the acquisition of vocabulary and grammar in the first language and in English as a foreign language. (uva.nl)
  • The autistic spectrum disorders are thought to affect six to seven of every 1,000 school-age children. (encyclopedia.com)
  • 5 The only study to date that attempts to correlate pervasive developmental disorders in forensic settings implied that 15 percent of juveniles evaluated in a forensic setting in Sweden had autistic spectrum disorders. (jaapl.org)
  • Bilingual Language Development and Disorders in Spanish-English Speakers by Brian A. Goldstein, Paul Brookes Publishing, Blatimore, MD. ISBN 1-557-66687-3. (bilingualspecialed.com)
  • This valuable handbook provides ELL educators, speech-language pathologists, special educators, and teacher trainers with an in-depth, research-based introduction to the language development and disorders of dual-language learners (both students who are fully bilingual and those who are learning a second language). (colorincolorado.org)
  • Recent years have seen an explosion of research in this area, as a result of our understanding of the nature of the individual bilingual / multilingual mind, of language use and development, of identity construction and (re)construction as well as of the bilingual and multilingual community, is making rapid progress. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • Editor of the new third edition of Bilingual Language Development & Disorders in Spanish-English Speakers, Goldstein will provide SLPs with crucial information on reliably and validly assessing and treating speech and language disorders in bilingual children. (brookespublishing.com)
  • What's New in the third edition of Bilingual Language Development & Disorders in Spanish-English Speakers? (brookespublishing.com)
  • View this handout to learn what's new in the third edition of Bilingual Language Development & Disorders in Spanish-English Speakers. (brookespublishing.com)
  • Excerpted from the third edition of Bilingual Language Development & Disorders in Spanish-English Speakers, this appendix of Spanish-English Speech Therapy Resources compiles websites, multimedia resources, music, and organizations that service providers can turn to for valuable information and support. (brookespublishing.com)
  • In2015 I finished my PhD, focusing lexical development in bilingual children with developmental language disorder. (lu.se)
  • Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 1 (3) 192-206. (gsu.edu)
  • 4 A review of articles from the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders from 1997 until the present revealed one article regarding Pervasive Developmental Disorders and aggression toward others. (jaapl.org)
  • According to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) , if your child has a lisp beyond age 5, you should consider enlisting the help of a speech-language pathologist (SLP). (healthline.com)
  • Under these circumstances, the speech and language pathologist will assist in finding ways in which the child can begin to communicate through cues (winking or lifting a finger), sign language, or with the assistance of augmentative communication devices (DynaVox or computers). (cerebralpalsy.org)
  • Students who successfully complete the MS degree will be eligible for New Jersey licensure to work as a speech-language pathologist. (wpunj.edu)
  • I'm a registered Speech-Language Pathologist since 2002. (lu.se)
  • I worked as a speech- langauge pathologist in a language unit for children with developmental language disorders. (lu.se)
  • Landau-Kleffner Syndrome is a rare form of epilepsy that manifests as a form of aphasia, (loss of language), which usually develops between 3 and 7 years. (autism.org)
  • Children with developmental disabilities such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), like all children, deserve an opportunity to access effective literacy instruction. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The Research in Developmental Disabilities and Language Lab at The University of Wisconsin-Madison is conducting a survey to learn about you and your child's experiences in speech therapy during early childhood. (fragilex.org)
  • Prenatal alcohol exposure affects a wide range of genetic and neurodevelopmental functions influencing every aspect of the developing embryo and fetus' physical and neurological development. (aifs.gov.au)
  • The aim of mhGAP is to reduce the gap between the resources available and those needed for reduction of the burden caused by mental, neurological and substance use disorders. (who.int)
  • Mental, neurological and substance use disorders contribute 14.4% of the global burden of disease. (who.int)
  • In women aged 15-44 years, the age group most relevant for reproductive health, and children and adolescents aged 0-14 years, mental, neurological and substance use disorders account for 27.6% and 5.8%, respectively, of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). (who.int)
  • Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and functional neurological disorders (FNDs) share some clinical characteristics such as alexithymia, sensory sensitivity and interoceptive issues. (bvsalud.org)
  • 1-5 Symptoms of hyperactivity, social deficits, and autism spectrum disorders as well as anxiety disorders and mood disorders are present in premutation carriers of both genders. (psychiatrist.com)
  • However, psychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder, learning disorders, mood disorders, and pervasive development disorders, were not included in the calculations of the DALYs ( 4,5 ). (who.int)
  • Do not submit any additional application materials directly to UWRF or the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders. (uwrf.edu)
  • The Graduate Certificate in Communication Sciences and Disorders/Speech-Language Pathology (CSD Leveling Program) is offered through the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders within the School of Health Professions at UT Health San Antonio. (uthscsa.edu)
  • This MSc combines theoretical grounding in development and its disorders with practical training in clinical assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. (york.ac.uk)
  • Identify components of assessment in developmental language disorders. (csueastbay.edu)
  • More than 80% of patients with autism spectrum disorder retain the same level of severity on repeat assessment over an eight- to 10-year interval. (aafp.org)
  • Product Description: This guide discusses cultural factors and variables that are important to consider in assessment and program planning for culturally and linguistically diverse students with language disorders and other special learning needs. (colorincolorado.org)
  • The aim of this study is to compare the narrative ability of children with developmental language disorder (DLD) and children with typical language development (TLD) using new material for narrative assessment - the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN). (suvag.hr)
  • Commentary: From Recommendations to Reality: Assessment and Treatment of Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes and Disordered Eating Behaviors. (medscape.com)
  • ASDs include autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder - not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS, including atypical autism), and Asperger syndrome. (cdc.gov)
  • Each disorder has symptoms commonly seen with autism, as well as its own specific symptoms. (autism.org)
  • Medical comorbidities are also commonly seen in autism spectrum disorder including PANS/PANDAS , ADD/ADHD, seizures, dental issues, sleep disturbances and gastrointestinal symptoms. (autism.org)
  • My research focuses on how immune activation during critical periods of development can contribute to symptoms of developmental disorders and impact learning behavior and brain function later in life. (udel.edu)
  • Medications can be used as adjunctive treatment for maladaptive behaviors and comorbid psychiatric conditions, but there is no single medical therapy that is effective for all symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. (aafp.org)
  • Specific symptoms in this disorder are discussed as they relate to issues of diminished capacity and criminal responsibility. (jaapl.org)
  • Recent evidence shows that both the disorders present symptoms compatible with a diagnosis of hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome and hypermobile spectrum disorders (hEDS/HSD), a heterogeneous group of heritable connective tissue disorders characterized by joint hypermobility, skin hyperextensibility, and tissue fragility. (bvsalud.org)
  • Under DSM-IV , pervasive developmental disorder included four separate disorders: autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, childhood disintegrative dsorder, and Rett syndrome in addition to the catch-all diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). (medscape.com)
  • The new diagnostic category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in DSM-5 sought to improve specificty of diagnosis by clarifying that ASD is not a degenerative disorder, thereby eliminating childhood disintegrative disorder. (medscape.com)
  • Most individuals diagnosed with a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) from DSM-IV should still meet the criteria for ASD in DSM-5 or another, more accurate DSM-5 diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • But in resource poor settings, like Third World countries, it can be hard to achieve an accurate diagnosis of an underlying ear disorder that may be hampering hearing and therefore damaging a person's potential. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Justin - This information is typically used by a clinician in combination with other tests to guide middle ear disorder diagnosis. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 5th ed., created an umbrella diagnosis that includes several previously separate conditions: autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. (aafp.org)
  • 5 - 7 In 2013, DSM-5 created the umbrella diagnosis of ASD, consolidating four previously separate disorders: autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. (aafp.org)
  • Progressive speech and language disorders are degenerative and ultimately lead to death anywhere from 8-10 years after diagnosis. (scienceblog.com)
  • This paper outlines developments for the prevention of FASD and the diagnosis and support of children and young people living with FASD in Australia. (aifs.gov.au)
  • Patients must rely on the personal and individualized medical advice of their qualified health care professionals before seeking any information related to their particular diagnosis, cure or treatment of a condition or disorder. (rarediseases.org)
  • In only one case did the defendant have a prior diagnosis of a pervasive developmental disorder. (jaapl.org)
  • The defendant had a prior diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder beginning at the age of 5 years. (jaapl.org)
  • Diagnosis was based on numerous medical records, an interview of the defendant, an interview of the defendant's family, neuropsychological testing, consultation with a psychologist specializing in the treatment of Asperger's disorder, and a neurologist experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with autism. (jaapl.org)
  • He showed poor eye contact, signs of attention deficit and hyperactivity, and language and reading problems in childhood. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Autism spectrum disorders, or ASD, is a term used by psychiatrists to refer to a group of developmental disorders of childhood that are still not well understood. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Childhood lead exposure has a significant and persistent impact on brain reorganization associated with language function" [Yuan et al. (cdc.gov)
  • The Master of Science in Communication Sciences and Disorders prepares students for professional careers in speech-language pathology. (uwrf.edu)
  • Our programs in communication disorders and sciences prepare students for advanced study and careers in speech-language pathology. (wpunj.edu)
  • Graduates of the MS program meet the academic and clinical education standards established by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association for the Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language Pathology (CCC-SLP) and licensing/certification requirements of New Jersey. (wpunj.edu)
  • Developmental coordination disorder (DCD), also known as developmental motor coordination disorder, developmental dyspraxia or simply dyspraxia (from Ancient Greek praxis 'activity'), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired coordination of physical movements as a result of brain messages not being accurately transmitted to the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Melatonin helps manage sleep disorders, improves daytime behavior, and has minimal adverse effects in children with autism spectrum disorder. (aafp.org)
  • Colombian parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: Perceptions, experiences, and expectations. (sxu.edu)
  • One set of topics examines the four core dimensions of language learning: phonology (sound), semantics (meaning), grammar (syntax and morphology), and communicative competence (pragmatics and conversational abilities). (pluralpublishing.com)
  • These three disorders are sometimes grouped together with two other very rare disorders as pervasive developmental disorders or PDDs. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The Development in Neurogenetic Disabilites Lab at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is conducting a research study to learn about what skills support early language development. (fragilex.org)
  • These research priorities inform the Department's teaching provision at all levels, and provide Linguistics, English Language & Bilingualism with a distinctive focus in both a UK and an international context. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • Bilingualism and multilingualism are the study of the way(s) in which speakers of two (or more) languages acquire and use their languages and how these languages are represented in the mind. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • The study of bilingualism and multilingualism is an important part of our Linguistics and English Language undergraduate curriculum. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • Linguistics, English Language & Bilingualism staff collaborate with researchers around the world within the areas of their expertise. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • Suicidal Risk Behaviors in Adolescents With Rare Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Role of Sex, Autistic Traits, and Mental Health Difficulties. (medscape.com)
  • Initially, these individuals have a healthy, problem-free development with normal speech and vocabulary. (autism.org)
  • Explaining individual differences in young English language learners' vocabulary knowledge: The role of Extramural English Exposure and motivation. (uva.nl)
  • This textbook now discusses the impact of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) on the field of communication sciences and disorders, especially as it affects the communication needs of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). (proedinc.com)
  • In an effort to increase diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for disorders on the autism spectrum, various revisions to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition ( DSM-IV ) criteria were made in 2013. (medscape.com)
  • The estimated prevalences of 15%-36% for m aternal mental disorders and 10%-36% for child and adolescent mental disorders in t he Region are significantly higher than the estimates for developed countries. (who.int)
  • Matern al mental disorders are associated not only with adverse reproductive health outcome s but are also one of the modifiable risk factors for adverse child and adolescent develop ment outcomes. (who.int)
  • Maternal, child and adolescent mental disorders constitute a public health problem. (who.int)
  • There are cost-effective interventions available to prevent and manage the common mental disorders, and these can help children to achieve their full growth potential, mothers to provide sensitive care and adolescents to progress to a productive adulthood. (who.int)
  • The priority areas for action include integration of mental health services into the health care system at all levels, intersectoral action to prevent mental disorders and promote well-being, and promotion of research, evaluation and monitoring. (who.int)
  • The World Health Report 2001 set out WHO's vision for the improvement of mental health systems to reduce the burden of mental disorders ( 2 ). (who.int)
  • Among the priority conditions identified for action in MhGAP are child and adolescent mental disorders ( 3 ). (who.int)
  • 4] Chen J,Silk T,Seal M,et al.Widespread decreased grey and white matter in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD):a voxel-based morphometric MRI study [J].Psychiatry Res,2013,213(1):11-17. (magtech.com.cn)
  • A minor in speech language pathology provides students with a broad overview of the basic undergraduate courses that are required prerequisites for admissions to most graduate programs in communication disorders. (wpunj.edu)
  • This article reviews findings of current research on Asperger's disorder and violence. (jaapl.org)
  • Criteria for diagnosing Asperger's disorder are given. (jaapl.org)
  • Three cases are presented in which defendants with diagnosed Asperger's disorder were charged with murder. (jaapl.org)
  • Even less is known about violence associated with Asperger's disorder, which was first described in 1944 by Hans Asperger. (jaapl.org)
  • Asperger's disorder is considered by many to be a form of autism in which the patient has higher functioning. (jaapl.org)
  • This article discusses three defendants with diagnosed Asperger's disorder who were charged with murder. (jaapl.org)
  • If you're like most teachers or language professionals, you're working with more dual language learners than ever before. (brookespublishing.com)
  • Adapted from the comprehensive textbook Teaching Dual Language Learners, here are eight core beliefs that help you work more effectively with DLLs and set them up for future success. (brookespublishing.com)
  • The undergraduate program in speech language pathology provides students with the fundamental knowledge related to typical and atypical communication processes across the lifespan. (wpunj.edu)
  • The MS program in speech language pathology prepares students for careers so that they can provide competent and evidence-based service to individuals with communication disorders, across the lifespan. (wpunj.edu)
  • Students are eligible for the certificate of clinical competency from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) after completion of the clinical fellowship and with passing grades on the Praxis™ Series examination. (uwrf.edu)
  • Required clinical experience is available through the UWRF Speech-Language-Hearing Clinic, public schools, hospitals, rehabilitation agencies, and long-term care facilities. (uwrf.edu)
  • That's used for making clinical decisions, especially related to diagnosing ear disorders. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific writing system to write the language. (wikipedia.org)
  • Where more than one writing system is used for a language, for example for Kurdish , there can be more than one orthography. (wikipedia.org)
  • Objective: To examine the speech, language, and communication skills of school-age children with attention deficit and hyperactive disorder. (anadolu.edu.tr)
  • Method: The sample of the study consists of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (n = 47) participants who are combined type and attention-deficit-dominant type, and the control group (n = 40) typically developing participants. (anadolu.edu.tr)
  • As a result of the statistical analysis, a significant difference was found between the participants with typical development and those with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in terms of word count (p (anadolu.edu.tr)
  • It was determined that participants with typical development outperformed participants with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in all tests. (anadolu.edu.tr)
  • 001). Conclusion: It has been concluded that language, speech, and working memory skills of children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder are lower than their peers with typical development. (anadolu.edu.tr)
  • METHOD: 259 participants completed three validated self-report screening questionnaires for ADHD: the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Screening Scale for DSM-5 (ASRS-5), and the Conners' adult ADHD rating scale (CAARS). (bvsalud.org)
  • Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a term used to describe the wide variety of lifelong developmental effects associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. (aifs.gov.au)
  • 9] Rhea P,Courtenay FN.Language disorder from infancy through adolescence:listening,speaking,reading,writing,and communicating[M].4th ed.United States of America:ELSEVIER,2012:68-77. (magtech.com.cn)
  • This edition continues a strong tradition of accurate coverage of issues and findings regarding both normal and disordered child language development. (pluralpublishing.com)
  • The ICD-11 International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (2018) The American Psychiatric Association (APA)'s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, DSM-5 classifies Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) as a discrete motor disorder under the broader heading of neurodevelopmental disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • On psychiatric interview, Mr A reported several manic episodes with psychotic features during his teenage years, meeting SCID-I criteria for bipolar disorder type I, most recent episode manic with psychotic features in full remission at the time of the evaluation. (psychiatrist.com)