A procedure in which a laparoscope (LAPAROSCOPES) is inserted through a small incision near the navel to examine the abdominal and pelvic organs in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. If appropriate, biopsy or surgery can be performed during laparoscopy.
Deliberate introduction of air into the peritoneal cavity.
Incision into the side of the abdomen between the ribs and pelvis.
Radiography of the uterus and fallopian tubes after the injection of a contrast medium.
ENDOSCOPES for examining the abdominal and pelvic organs in the peritoneal cavity.
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.
Surgery performed on the female genitalia.
Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage.
Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound.
A sac or recess formed by a fold of the peritoneum.
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin and of organic or psychogenic etiology. Frequent causes of pain are distension or contraction of hollow viscera, rapid stretching of the capsule of a solid organ, chemical irritation, tissue ischemia, and neuritis secondary to inflammatory, neoplastic, or fibrotic processes in adjacent organs. (Kase, Weingold & Gershenson: Principles and Practice of Clinical Gynecology, 2d ed, pp479-508)
General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.
Procedures that render the female sterile by interrupting the flow in the FALLOPIAN TUBE. These procedures generally are surgical, and may also use chemicals or physical means.
Surgical removal of the vermiform appendix. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.
A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (>96%) occur in the FALLOPIAN TUBES, known as TUBAL PREGNANCY. They can be in other locations, such as UTERINE CERVIX; OVARY; and abdominal cavity (PREGNANCY, ABDOMINAL).
General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.
Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).
Methods for assessing the patency of the fallopian tubes.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the female pelvic viscera by means of an endoscope introduced into the pelvic cavity through the posterior vaginal fornix.
Pathological processes of the OVARY.
Placement of one of the surgeon's gloved hands into the ABDOMINAL CAVITY to perform manual manipulations that facilitate the laparoscopic procedures.
Excision of the gallbladder through an abdominal incision using a laparoscope.
An abnormal twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of conditions related to pregnancy, labor, and the puerperium and of diseases of the female genitalia. It includes also demonstration of genital and pregnancy physiology.
Excision of the uterus.
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.
A form of PERITONITIS seen in patients with TUBERCULOSIS, characterized by lesion either as a miliary form or as a pelvic mass on the peritoneal surfaces. Most patients have ASCITES, abdominal swelling, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and other systemic symptoms such as FEVER; WEIGHT LOSS; and ANEMIA.
The act of blowing a powder, vapor, or gas into any body cavity for experimental, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes.
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.
A pair of highly specialized muscular canals extending from the UTERUS to its corresponding OVARY. They provide the means for OVUM collection, and the site for the final maturation of gametes and FERTILIZATION. The fallopian tube consists of an interstitium, an isthmus, an ampulla, an infundibulum, and fimbriae. Its wall consists of three histologic layers: serous, muscular, and an internal mucosal layer lined with both ciliated and secretory cells.
Washing out of the peritoneal cavity. The procedure is a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic technique following abdominal trauma or inflammation.
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.
The region in the abdomen extending from the thoracic DIAPHRAGM to the plane of the superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet). The abdominal cavity contains the PERITONEUM and abdominal VISCERA, as well as the extraperitoneal space which includes the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.
Abdominal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors occurring within the abdominal cavity, which can be benign or malignant, and affect various organs such as the pancreas, liver, kidneys, or intestines.
Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks.
A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the uterus.
Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.
Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)
The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.
The most common (>96%) type of ectopic pregnancy in which the extrauterine EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs in the FALLOPIAN TUBE, usually in the ampullary region where FERTILIZATION takes place.
That portion of the body that lies between the THORAX and the PELVIS.
Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.
The space or compartment surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis). It is subdivided into the greater pelvis and LESSER PELVIS. The pelvic girdle is formed by the PELVIC BONES and SACRUM.
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.
The course of learning of an individual or a group. It is a measure of performance plotted over time.
The duration of a surgical procedure in hours and minutes.
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.
The application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. Formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses.
Surgery performed on the urinary tract or its parts in the male or female. For surgery of the male genitalia, UROLOGIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES, MALE is available.
A benign neoplasm of muscular tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A followup operation to examine the outcome of the previous surgery and other treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Procedures that avoid use of open, invasive surgery in favor of closed or local surgery. These generally involve use of laparoscopic devices and remote-control manipulation of instruments with indirect observation of the surgical field through an endoscope or similar device.
Endoscopic surgical procedures performed with visualization via video transmission. When real-time video is combined interactively with prior CT scans or MRI images, this is called image-guided surgery (see SURGERY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED).
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Surgical procedures performed through a natural opening in the body such as the mouth, nose, urethra, or anus, and along the natural body cavities with which they are continuous.
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.
Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.
A developmental defect in which a TESTIS or both TESTES failed to descend from high in the ABDOMEN to the bottom of the SCROTUM. Testicular descent is essential to normal SPERMATOGENESIS which requires temperature lower than the BODY TEMPERATURE. Cryptorchidism can be subclassified by the location of the maldescended testis.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative procedures prescribed and performed by health professionals, the results of which do not justify the benefits or hazards and costs to the patient.
Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.
The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Accumulations of blood in the PERITONEAL CAVITY due to internal HEMORRHAGE.
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.
A pair of ducts near the WOLFFIAN DUCTS in a developing embryo. In the male embryo, they degenerate with the appearance of testicular ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. In the absence of anti-mullerian hormone, mullerian ducts give rise to the female reproductive tract, including the OVIDUCTS; UTERUS; CERVIX; and VAGINA.
Surgery performed on the male genitalia.
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.
A congenital abnormality characterized by the outpouching or sac formation in the ILEUM. It is a remnant of the embryonic YOLK SAC in which the VITELLINE DUCT failed to close.
Excision of a portion of the colon or of the whole colon. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility.
A surgical procedure in which an undescended testicle is sutured inside the SCROTUM in male infants or children to correct CRYPTORCHIDISM. Orchiopexy is also performed to treat TESTICULAR TORSION in adults and adolescents.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology.
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.
Surgery performed on the digestive system or its parts.
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.
A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes, and the genital tract in the male. Common urological problems include urinary obstruction, URINARY INCONTINENCE, infections, and UROGENITAL NEOPLASMS.
Techniques for securing together the edges of a wound, with loops of thread or similar materials (SUTURES).
Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.
The serous fluid of ASCITES, the accumulation of fluids in the PERITONEAL CAVITY.
Removal of the uterus through the vagina.
Ultrasonography of internal organs using an ultrasound transducer sometimes mounted on a fiberoptic endoscope. In endosonography the transducer converts electronic signals into acoustic pulses or continuous waves and acts also as a receiver to detect reflected pulses from within the organ. An audiovisual-electronic interface converts the detected or processed echo signals, which pass through the electronics of the instrument, into a form that the technologist can evaluate. The procedure should not be confused with ENDOSCOPY which employs a special instrument called an endoscope. The "endo-" of endosonography refers to the examination of tissue within hollow organs, with reference to the usual ultrasonography procedure which is performed externally or transcutaneously.
Pathological developments in the CECUM.
Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.
Changing an operative procedure from an endoscopic surgical procedure to an open approach during the INTRAOPERATIVE PERIOD.
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
Any woven or knit material of open texture used in surgery for the repair, reconstruction, or substitution of tissue. The mesh is usually a synthetic fabric made of various polymers. It is occasionally made of metal.
A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.
Pathological processes in the SIGMOID COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).
Studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent.
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.
Artificial introduction of SEMEN or SPERMATOZOA into the VAGINA to facilitate FERTILIZATION.
A species of baboon in the family CERCOPITHECIDAE with a somewhat different social structure than PAPIO HAMADRYAS. They inhabit several areas in Africa south of the Sahara.
The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.
Procedures to reverse the effect of REPRODUCTIVE STERILIZATION and to regain fertility. Reversal procedures include those used to restore the flow in the FALLOPIAN TUBE or the VAS DEFERENS.
The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.
Inability to reproduce after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Reproductive sterility is permanent infertility.
Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.
Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.
A protrusion of abdominal structures through the retaining ABDOMINAL WALL. It involves two parts: an opening in the abdominal wall, and a hernia sac consisting of PERITONEUM and abdominal contents. Abdominal hernias include groin hernia (HERNIA, FEMORAL; HERNIA, INGUINAL) and VENTRAL HERNIA.
The performance of surgical procedures with the aid of a microscope.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the pleural cavity.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Intratracheal anesthesia is a technique where anesthetic agents are directly instilled into the trachea to induce or maintain general anesthesia, often used in emergency situations, veterinary medicine, or when conventional methods of administration are not feasible.
A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs.
Inferior and external epigastric arteries arise from external iliac; superficial from femoral; superior from internal thoracic. They supply the abdominal muscles, diaphragm, iliac region, and groin. The inferior epigastric artery is used in coronary artery bypass grafting and myocardial revascularization.
Pain during the period after surgery.
Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
The pit in the center of the ABDOMINAL WALL marking the point where the UMBILICAL CORD entered in the FETUS.
Painful menstruation.
A hole or break through the wall of the UTERUS, usually made by the placement of an instrument or INTRAUTERINE DEVICES.
The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.
A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.
Carbohydrate antigen most commonly seen in tumors of the ovary and occasionally seen in breast, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract tumors and normal tissue. CA 125 is clearly tumor-associated but not tumor-specific.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Romania" is a country located in southeastern Europe, not a medical term. It is not possible to provide a medical definition for it.
Procedures using an electrically heated wire or scalpel to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. It is different from ELECTROSURGERY which is used more for cutting tissue than destroying and in which the patient is part of the electric circuit.
The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.
Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.
A double-layered fold of peritoneum that attaches the STOMACH to other organs in the ABDOMINAL CAVITY.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Care given during the period prior to undergoing surgery when psychological and physical preparations are made according to the special needs of the individual patient. This period spans the time between admission to the hospital to the time the surgery begins. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.
A specialty in which manual or operative procedures are used in the treatment of disease, injuries, or deformities.
An area occupying the most posterior aspect of the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. It is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the DIAPHRAGM to the brim of the true PELVIS, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
'Explosions' in a medical context typically refer to the immediate physical trauma caused by a sudden and violent release of energy, often resulting in a high-pressure blast wave that can cause barotrauma, blunt force injury, or burns, depending on the nature and proximity of the explosion.
Excision of kidney.

Paracrine changes in the peritoneal environment of women with endometriosis. (1/4176)

During the past decade, macrophage-derived substances such as prostanoids, cytokines, growth factors and angiogenic factors have been detected in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. In particular, growth-promoting and angiogenic factors are considered to be substantially involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. In this study, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), substances recently detected in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis, were assessed with regard to their concentrations in different stages of endometriosis and changes of the peritoneal paracrine activity after medical treatment with a gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa). Peritoneal fluid was obtained from patients with endometriosis during laparoscopy before and after a 4-month treatment with a GnRHa. VEGF, TGF-beta and ICAM-1 could be detected in all women presenting with various stages of active endometriosis. After GnRHa therapy, all patients showed significant decreases in mean concentrations of VEGF (194+/-77 pg/ml), TGF-beta (902+/-273 pg/ml) and ICAM-1 (157+/-52 ng/ml). Patients with stage III and IV endometriosis (according to the rAFS score) had much higher concentrations of VEGF and TGF-beta before treatment compared with those patients with mild endometriosis (rAFS stages I and II). The most striking decrease in concentration was for TGF-beta, from 902 pg/ml before to 273 pg/ml after therapy. These results indicate an important role for paracrine activity in the establishment and maintenance of endometriosis. Indeed, treatment with a GnRHa may reduce paracrine activity in the peritoneal cavity via hypo-oestrogenism and provide proof of successful therapy.  (+info)

Reduction of laparoscopic-induced hypothermia, postoperative pain and recovery room length of stay by pre-conditioning gas with the Insuflow device: a prospective randomized controlled multi-center study. (2/4176)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of Insuflow (Georgia BioMedical, Inc.) filter heater hydrator device in reducing the incidence, severity and extent of hypothermia, length of recovery room stay and postoperative pain at the time of laparoscopy. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, blinded, controlled multi-center study. Patients underwent gynecologic procedures via laparoscopy; surgeons, anesthesiologists and recovery room personnel assessed the results. SETTING: Seven North American institutions. PATIENTS: Seventy-two women for safety evaluation and efficacy studies. INTERVENTIONS: Intraoperative pre-conditioning of laparoscopic gas with the Insuflow device (treatment) or standard raw gas (control) during laparoscopic surgery and postoperatively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence, severity and extent of hypothermia, postoperative pain perception and length of recovery room stay. RESULTS: The Insuflow group had significantly less intraoperative hypothermia, reduced length of recovery room stay and reduced postoperative pain. Pre-conditioning of laparoscopic gas by filtering heating and hydrating was well tolerated with no adverse effects. The safety profile of the Insuflow pre-conditioned gas showed significant benefits compared to currently used raw gas. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-conditioning laparoscopic gas by filtering heating and hydrating with the Insuflow device was significantly more effective than the currently used standard raw gas and was safe in reducing or eliminating laparoscopic-induced hypothermia, shortening recovery room length of stay and reducing postoperative pain.  (+info)

Double gallbladder originating from left hepatic duct: a case report and review of literature. (3/4176)

BACKGROUND: Double gallbladder is a rare anomaly of the biliary tract. Double gallbladder arising from the left hepatic duct was previously reported only once in the literature. CASE REPORT: A case of symptomatic cholelithiasis in a double gallbladder, diagnosed on preoperative ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) is reported. At laparoscopic cholangiography via the accessory gallbladder no accessory cystic duct was visualized. After conversion to open cholecystectomy, the duplicated gallbladder was found to arise directly from the left hepatic duct; it was resected and the duct repaired. CONCLUSIONS: We emphasize that a careful intraoperative cholangiographic evaluation of the accessory gallbladder is mandatory in order to prevent inadvertent injury to bile ducts, since a large variety of ductal abnormality may exist.  (+info)

Primary aldosteronism with aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma in a pregnant woman. (4/4176)

A 30-year-old pregnant woman complained of muscle weakness at 29 weeks' gestation. She was hypertensive with severe hypokalemia. Lower plasma renin activity and higher aldosterone level than the normal values in pregnancy suggested primary aldosteronism. A cesarean delivery was performed at 31 weeks' gestation because of pulmonary congestion. The neonatal course was uncomplicated. The laparoscopic adrenalectomy for a 2.0-cm right adrenal adenoma resulted in normalizing of her blood pressure and serum potassium level. Although primary aldosteronism is rare, especially during pregnancy, it should be always considered as one of etiologies of hypertension in pregnancy.  (+info)

Surgical options in the management of groin hernias. (5/4176)

Inguinal and femoral hernias are the most common conditions for which primary care physicians refer patients for surgical management. Hernias usually present as swelling accompanied by pain or a dragging sensation in the groin. Most hernias can be diagnosed based on the history and clinical examination, but ultrasonography may be useful in differentiating a hernia from other causes of groin swelling. Surgical repair is usually advised because of the danger of incarceration and strangulation, particularly with femoral hernias. Three major types of open repair are currently used, and laparoscopic techniques are also employed. The choice of technique depends on several factors, including the type of hernia, anesthetic considerations, cost, period of postoperative disability and the surgeon's expertise. Following initial herniorrhaphy, complication and recurrence rates are generally low. Laparoscopic techniques make it possible for patients to return to normal activities more quickly, but they are more costly than open procedures. In addition, they require general anesthesia, and the long-term hernia recurrence rate with these procedures is unknown.  (+info)

How can videolaparoscopy be used in a peritoneal dialysis programme? (6/4176)

BACKGROUND: Recently videolaparoscopy is considered to have a vaster use in surgery due to the undeniable benefits such as low operatory traumatism, quick recovery of canalization, a short stay in the hospital and minor scarring. METHODS: Forty patients were treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD); 15 videolaparoscopic procedures were performed on 13 patients before starting PD and two during the course of PD. The videolaparoscopy procedure was started by inducing pneumoperitoneum after initiation of general anaesthesia through endotracheal intubation. RESULTS: Peritoneal catheter placement was carried out in 11 ESRD patients showing abdominal scars due to previous laparotomies; their abdominal condition precluded safe PC placement using conventional non-laparoscopic procedures with local anaesthesia. Release of adhesions was performed only in two patients. Videolaparoscopy was also used in three patients for elective cholecystectomy; 2/3 underwent concomitant PC insertion. One patient was submitted to cholecystectomy during the course of CAPD; following the procedure we left the peritoneum dry overnight and then we started temporary IPD, using small volumes, avoiding haemodialysis (HD). Regular CAPD was resumed 6 days later. Finally, videolaparoscopy was also used for diagnostic purpose i.e. in one 59-year-old man patient who had a peritoneal catheter obstruction. Repeated rescue attempts using urokinase solution to irrigate the peritoneal catheter had been used in vain attempts prior to the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Videolaparoscopy proves to be a useful tool in a PD programme. Firstly, it may be used as a technique for catheter implantation, not as a routine procedure but in patients with extensive abdominal scars due to previous laparotomy, i.e. at risk for accidental viscera perforation due to the possibility of adhesions between intestinal loops and parietal peritoneum. Secondly, videolaparoscopy used for abdominal surgery allows the resumption of PD immediately after surgical procedure and thus avoiding HD. Videolaparoscopy is fundamental for diagnosis and rescue of catheter dysfunction and has an integral role in the successful management of these patients in extending catheter function and permitting safe replacement of peritoneal catheter if it becomes necessary. Along with the undeniable advantages, remains the disadvantages that it must be carried out by an expert surgeon in an operating theatre while the patient is under general anaesthesia.  (+info)

Improvement in quality of life measures after laparoscopic antireflux surgery. (7/4176)

OBJECTIVE: To determine if patients with gastroesophageal reflux "well controlled medically" had a different quality of life from those with residual symptoms receiving aggressive medical therapy, and to determine whether laparoscopic antireflux surgery significantly altered quality of life in patients with gastroesophageal reflux. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Clinical determinants of outcome may not adequately reflect the full impact of therapy. The medical outcomes study short form (SF-36) is a well-validated questionnaire that assays eight specific health concepts in three general fields. It may provide a more sensitive tool for judging the success of antireflux therapy. METHODS: A total of 345 patients undergoing laparoscopic antireflux surgery completed at least one questionnaire during the study period. Preoperative questionnaires were completed by 290 patients, 223 completed a questionnaire 6 weeks after surgery, and 50 completed the same questionnaire 1 year after surgery. A subgroup of 70 patients was divided before surgery into two groups on the basis of their response to standard medical therapy. RESULTS: Preoperative scores were extremely low. All eight SF-36 health categories improved significantly 6 weeks and 1 year after surgery. In the 70-patient subgroup, 53 patients (76%) underwent laparoscopic antireflux surgery because of symptoms refractory to medical therapy and 17 patients (24%) reported that their symptoms were well controlled but elected to have surgery because they wished to be medication-free. The preoperative quality of life scores of these two patient groups were equivalent in all but one category. Postoperative scores were significantly improved in all categories and indistinguishable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic antireflux surgery is an effective therapy for patients with gastroesophageal reflux and may be more effective than medical therapy at improving quality of life.  (+info)

Controversies in the modern management of hydrosalpinx. (8/4176)

The management of hydrosalpinx is a difficult clinical problem. Surgical treatment includes fimbrioplasty for patients with fimbrial obstruction and salpingostomy to fashion a stoma in the distal Fallopian tube in patients with a damaged fimbrial end. Surgery is only suitable for a small thin-walled hydrosalpinx with healthy mucosa. These operations can be performed via laparoscopy or open microsurgery. The proper selection of patients for surgical treatment and of the type of surgical technique are essential to achieve good results. The results of open microsurgery and laparoscopic surgery are summarized. In general, the prognosis of surgery is poor; however, in well selected cases, good results can be achieved by an experienced surgeon. In-vitro fertilization (IVF) is the main line of treatment for infertility caused by hydrosalpinx. In 1991, our group was the first to report on fluid accumulation in the uterine cavity before embryo transfer as a possible hindrance for implantation. Later, several publications reported an association between patients with hydrosalpinx and a reduced pregnancy rate when treated by IVF. The cause of a low pregnancy rate could be due to mechanical, chemical or toxic effects of the tubal fluid on the endometrium preventing implantation. All these mechanisms are reviewed in detail. The literature is controversial concerning the effect of transvaginal aspiration of hydrosalpinx on the outcome of IVF. Several reports suggest that surgical correction of the hydrosalpinx may improve the outcome of IVF. Further studies are required to verify this assumption and to find out the most suitable surgical procedure and if there is a subgroup of patients who could benefit most from salpingectomy.  (+info)

Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure that involves the insertion of a laparoscope, which is a thin tube with a light and camera attached to it, through small incisions in the abdomen. This allows the surgeon to view the internal organs without making large incisions. It's commonly used to diagnose and treat various conditions such as endometriosis, ovarian cysts, infertility, and appendicitis. The advantages of laparoscopy over traditional open surgery include smaller incisions, less pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recovery times.

Artificial pneumoperitoneum is a medical condition that refers to the presence of air or gas in the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the lining of the abdominal wall and the organs within the abdomen. This condition is typically created intentionally during surgical procedures, such as laparoscopy, to provide a working space for the surgeon to perform the operation.

During laparoscopic surgery, a thin tube called a trocar is inserted through a small incision in the abdominal wall, and carbon dioxide gas is pumped into the peritoneal cavity to create a pneumoperitoneum. This allows the surgeon to insert specialized instruments through other small incisions and perform the surgery while visualizing the operative field with a camera.

While artificial pneumoperitoneum is generally safe, there are potential complications that can arise, such as injury to surrounding organs or blood vessels during trocar insertion, subcutaneous emphysema (air trapped under the skin), or gas embolism (gas in the bloodstream). These risks are typically minimized through careful technique and monitoring during the procedure.

A laparotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision in the abdominal wall to gain access to the abdominal cavity. This procedure is typically performed to diagnose and treat various conditions such as abdominal trauma, tumors, infections, or inflammatory diseases. The size of the incision can vary depending on the reason for the surgery and the extent of the condition being treated. Once the procedure is complete, the incision is closed with sutures or staples.

The term "laparotomy" comes from the Greek words "lapara," which means "flank" or "side," and "tome," which means "to cut." Together, they describe the surgical procedure that involves cutting into the abdomen to examine its contents.

Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is a medical diagnostic procedure that involves the use of fluoroscopy and a contrast medium to examine the internal structure of the uterus and fallopian tubes. It is primarily used to diagnose abnormalities related to the shape and size of the uterus, endometrial lining, and fallopian tubes, including blockages or scarring that may affect fertility.

During the procedure, a thin catheter is inserted through the cervix into the uterus, and a contrast medium is injected. The radiologist then takes X-ray images as the contrast fills the uterine cavity and flows through the fallopian tubes. This allows for the visualization of any abnormalities such as blockages, scarring, or structural issues that may be impacting fertility or menstrual function.

HSG is typically performed in a radiology department or outpatient clinic by a trained radiologist or gynecologist. It is usually recommended for women who are experiencing infertility, recurrent miscarriages, or abnormal menstrual bleeding, and may be used as part of an evaluation prior to fertility treatments such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).

A laparoscope is a type of medical instrument called an endoscope, which is used to examine the interior of a body cavity or organ. Specifically, a laparoscope is a long, thin tube with a high-intensity light and a high-resolution camera attached to it. This device allows surgeons to view the abdominal cavity through small incisions, without having to make large, invasive cuts.

During a laparoscopic procedure, the surgeon will insert the laparoscope through a small incision in the abdomen, typically near the navel. The camera sends images back to a monitor, giving the surgeon a clear view of the organs and tissues inside the body. This allows for more precise and less invasive surgical procedures, often resulting in faster recovery times and fewer complications compared to traditional open surgery.

Laparoscopes are commonly used in a variety of surgical procedures, including:

1. Gynecological surgeries (e.g., hysterectomies, ovarian cyst removals)
2. Gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy)
3. Gastrointestinal surgeries (e.g., removing benign or malignant tumors)
4. Hernia repairs
5. Bariatric surgeries for weight loss (e.g., gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy)

While laparoscopes provide numerous benefits over open surgery, they still require specialized training and expertise to use effectively and safely.

Endometriosis is a medical condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterine cavity, most commonly on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the pelvic peritoneum. This misplaced endometrial tissue continues to act as it would inside the uterus, thickening, breaking down, and bleeding with each menstrual cycle. However, because it is outside the uterus, this blood and tissue have no way to exit the body and can lead to inflammation, scarring, and the formation of adhesions (tissue bands that bind organs together).

The symptoms of endometriosis may include pelvic pain, heavy menstrual periods, painful intercourse, and infertility. The exact cause of endometriosis is not known, but several theories have been proposed, including retrograde menstruation (the backflow of menstrual blood through the fallopian tubes into the pelvic cavity), genetic factors, and immune system dysfunction.

Endometriosis can be diagnosed through a combination of methods, such as medical history, physical examination, imaging tests like ultrasound or MRI, and laparoscopic surgery with tissue biopsy. Treatment options for endometriosis include pain management, hormonal therapies, and surgical intervention to remove the misplaced endometrial tissue. In severe cases, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may be recommended, but this is typically considered a last resort due to its impact on fertility and quality of life.

Gynecologic surgical procedures refer to the operations that are performed on the female reproductive system and related organs. These surgeries can be either minimally invasive or open procedures, depending on the condition and the patient's health status.

The indications for gynecologic surgical procedures may include but are not limited to:

1. Diagnosis and treatment of various benign and malignant conditions such as uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, endometriosis, and cancers of the reproductive organs.
2. Management of abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, and infertility.
3. Treatment of ectopic pregnancies and miscarriages.
4. Pelvic organ prolapse repair.
5. Sterilization procedures such as tubal ligation.
6. Investigation and treatment of suspicious lesions or abnormal Pap smears.

Some common gynecologic surgical procedures include hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), oophorectomy (removal of the ovary), salpingectomy (removal of the fallopian tube), cystectomy (removal of a cyst), myomectomy (removal of fibroids while preserving the uterus), and endometrial ablation (destruction of the lining of the uterus).

Minimally invasive surgical techniques such as laparoscopy and hysteroscopy have gained popularity in recent years due to their advantages over traditional open surgeries, including smaller incisions, less postoperative pain, quicker recovery times, and reduced risk of complications.

Fallopian tube diseases refer to conditions that affect the function or structure of the Fallopian tubes, which are a pair of narrow tubes that transport the egg from the ovaries to the uterus during ovulation and provide a pathway for sperm to reach the egg for fertilization. Some common Fallopian tube diseases include:

1. Salpingitis: This is an inflammation of the Fallopian tubes, usually caused by an infection. The infection can be bacterial, viral, or fungal in origin and can lead to scarring, blockage, or damage to the Fallopian tubes.
2. Hydrosalpinx: This is a condition where one or both of the Fallopian tubes become filled with fluid, leading to swelling and distension of the tube. The cause of hydrosalpinx can be infection, endometriosis, or previous surgery.
3. Endometriosis: This is a condition where the tissue that lines the inside of the uterus grows outside of it, including on the Fallopian tubes. This can lead to scarring, adhesions, and blockage of the tubes.
4. Ectopic pregnancy: This is a pregnancy that develops outside of the uterus, usually in the Fallopian tube. An ectopic pregnancy can cause the Fallopian tube to rupture, leading to severe bleeding and potentially life-threatening complications.
5. Tubal ligation: This is a surgical procedure that involves blocking or cutting the Fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy. In some cases, tubal ligation can lead to complications such as ectopic pregnancy or tubal sterilization syndrome, which is a condition where the fallopian tubes reconnect and allow for pregnancy to occur.

These conditions can cause infertility, chronic pain, and other health problems, and may require medical or surgical treatment.

Tissue adhesions, also known as scar tissue adhesions, are abnormal bands of fibrous tissue that form between two or more internal organs, or between organs and the walls of the chest or abdominal cavity. These adhesions can develop after surgery, infection, injury, radiation, or prolonged inflammation. The fibrous bands can cause pain, restrict movement of the organs, and potentially lead to complications such as bowel obstruction. Treatment options for tissue adhesions may include medication, physical therapy, or surgical intervention to remove the adhesions.

The Douglas pouch, also known as the recto-uterine pouch or cul-de-sac of Douglas, is a potential space within the female pelvic cavity. It is located between the posterior wall of the uterus and the anterior wall of the rectum. This space can be examined during a gynecological examination, such as a transvaginal ultrasound or during surgery, to assess for any abnormalities or pathologies that may be present in this area.

Female infertility is a condition characterized by the inability to conceive after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth. The causes of female infertility can be multifactorial and may include issues with ovulation, damage to the fallopian tubes or uterus, endometriosis, hormonal imbalances, age-related factors, and other medical conditions.

Some common causes of female infertility include:

1. Ovulation disorders: Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemia can affect ovulation and lead to infertility.
2. Damage to the fallopian tubes: Pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, or previous surgeries can cause scarring and blockages in the fallopian tubes, preventing the egg and sperm from meeting.
3. Uterine abnormalities: Structural issues with the uterus, such as fibroids, polyps, or congenital defects, can interfere with implantation and pregnancy.
4. Age-related factors: As women age, their fertility declines due to a decrease in the number and quality of eggs.
5. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, celiac disease, and autoimmune disorders, can contribute to infertility.

In some cases, female infertility can be treated with medications, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF). A thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional is necessary to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Pelvic pain is defined as discomfort or unpleasant sensation in the lower abdominal region, below the belly button, and between the hips. It can be acute (sudden and lasting for a short time) or chronic (persisting for months or even years), and it may be steady or intermittent, mild or severe. The pain can have various causes, including musculoskeletal issues, nerve irritation, infection, inflammation, or organic diseases in the reproductive, urinary, or gastrointestinal systems. Accurate diagnosis often requires a thorough medical evaluation to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

An ovarian cyst is a sac or pouch filled with fluid that forms on the ovary. Ovarian cysts are quite common in women during their childbearing years, and they often cause no symptoms. In most cases, ovarian cysts disappear without treatment over a few months. However, larger or persistent cysts may require medical intervention, including surgical removal.

There are various types of ovarian cysts, such as functional cysts (follicular and corpus luteum cysts), which develop during the menstrual cycle due to hormonal changes, and non-functional cysts (dermoid cysts, endometriomas, and cystadenomas), which can form due to different causes.

While many ovarian cysts are benign, some may have malignant potential or indicate an underlying medical condition like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Regular gynecological check-ups, including pelvic examinations and ultrasounds, can help detect and monitor ovarian cysts.

Tubal sterilization, also known as female sterilization or tubal ligation, is a permanent form of birth control for women. It involves blocking, sealing, or removing the fallopian tubes, which prevents the sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg. This procedure can be performed surgically through various methods such as cutting and tying the tubes, using clips or rings to block them, or removing a portion of the tube (known as a partial salpingectomy). Tubal sterilization is considered a highly effective form of contraception with a low failure rate. However, it does not protect against sexually transmitted infections and should be combined with condom use for that purpose. It's important to note that tubal sterilization is a permanent procedure and cannot be easily reversed.

An appendectomy is a surgical procedure in which the vermiform appendix is removed. This procedure is performed when a patient has appendicitis, which is an inflammation of the appendix that can lead to serious complications such as peritonitis or sepsis if not treated promptly. The surgery can be done as an open procedure, in which a single incision is made in the lower right abdomen, or as a laparoscopic procedure, in which several small incisions are made and specialized instruments are used to remove the appendix. In some cases, if the appendix has burst, a more extensive surgery may be required to clean out the abdominal cavity.

Appendicitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix, a small finger-like structure that projects from the colon located in the lower right abdomen. The appendix doesn't have a known function, and its removal (appendectomy) does not appear to affect a person's health.

The inflammation of the appendix can be caused by various factors, such as obstruction due to hardened stool, foreign bodies, or tumors. The blockage can lead to increased pressure within the appendix, reduced blood flow, and bacterial growth, resulting in infection and inflammation. If left untreated, appendicitis can progress to peritonitis (inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity) or even sepsis, a life-threatening condition.

Common symptoms of appendicitis include:

* Sudden onset of pain in the lower right abdomen, which may start around the navel and shift to the lower right side over several hours
* Pain that worsens with movement, coughing, or sneezing
* Nausea and vomiting
* Loss of appetite
* Fever and chills
* Constipation or diarrhea
* Abdominal swelling or bloating

If you suspect appendicitis, it's essential to seek immediate medical attention. The standard treatment for appendicitis is surgical removal of the appendix (appendectomy), which can be performed as an open surgery or laparoscopically. Antibiotics are also administered to treat any existing infection. Delaying treatment can lead to serious complications, so it's crucial not to ignore symptoms and seek medical help promptly.

Ectopic pregnancy is a type of abnormal pregnancy that occurs outside the uterine cavity. The most common site for an ectopic pregnancy is the fallopian tube, accounting for about 95% of cases. This condition is also known as tubal pregnancy. Other less common sites include the ovary, cervix, and abdominal cavity.

In a normal pregnancy, the fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tube and implants itself in the lining of the uterus. However, in an ectopic pregnancy, the fertilized egg implants and starts to develop somewhere other than the uterus. The growing embryo cannot survive outside the uterus, and if left untreated, an ectopic pregnancy can cause life-threatening bleeding due to the rupture of the fallopian tube or other organs.

Symptoms of ectopic pregnancy may include abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, shoulder pain, lightheadedness, fainting, and in severe cases, shock. Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of medical history, physical examination, ultrasound, and blood tests to measure the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced during pregnancy.

Treatment for ectopic pregnancy depends on several factors, including the location, size, and growth rate of the ectopic mass, as well as the patient's overall health and desire for future pregnancies. Treatment options may include medication to stop the growth of the embryo or surgery to remove the ectopic tissue. In some cases, both methods may be used together. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent serious complications and improve the chances of preserving fertility in future pregnancies.

Abdominal injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in the abdomen, an area of the body that is located between the chest and the pelvis. This region contains several vital organs such as the stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, and reproductive organs. Abdominal injuries can range from minor bruises and cuts to severe internal bleeding and organ damage, depending on the cause and severity of the trauma.

Common causes of abdominal injuries include:

* Blunt force trauma, such as that caused by car accidents, falls, or physical assaults
* Penetrating trauma, such as that caused by gunshot wounds or stabbing
* Deceleration injuries, which occur when the body is moving at a high speed and suddenly stops, causing internal organs to continue moving and collide with each other or the abdominal wall

Symptoms of abdominal injuries may include:

* Pain or tenderness in the abdomen
* Swelling or bruising in the abdomen
* Nausea or vomiting
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Blood in the urine or stool
* Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
* Rapid heartbeat or low blood pressure

Abdominal injuries can be life-threatening if left untreated, and immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent complications such as infection, internal bleeding, organ failure, or even death. Treatment may include surgery, medication, or other interventions depending on the severity and location of the injury.

Adnexal diseases refer to medical conditions that affect the adnexa of the uterus, which includes the fallopian tubes and ovaries. These diseases can range from benign conditions such as ovarian cysts or ectopic pregnancies, to more serious conditions like ovarian or fallopian tube cancer.

Some common adnexal diseases include:

1. Ovarian cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that develop on the ovary. They are usually benign but can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, bloating, and irregular menstruation.
2. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. This condition is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.
3. Endometriosis: A condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of it, often on the ovaries or fallopian tubes. This can cause pain, irregular bleeding, and infertility.
4. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): An infection of the reproductive organs, usually caused by sexually transmitted bacteria. PID can affect the ovaries and fallopian tubes and can lead to chronic pain and infertility if left untreated.
5. Ovarian cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the ovary. This is a serious condition that requires prompt treatment, usually involving surgery and chemotherapy.
6. Fallopian tube cancer: A rare form of cancer that affects the fallopian tubes. Like ovarian cancer, it requires prompt treatment with surgery and chemotherapy.

Fallopian tube patency tests are medical procedures used to determine whether the fallopian tubes, which are the pair of narrow tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus in females, are open and functioning properly. The tests typically involve introducing a dye or gas into the uterus and observing whether it flows freely through the fallopian tubes and spills out of the ends.

There are several types of Fallopian tube patency tests, including:

1. Hysterosalpingogram (HSG): This is a radiologic procedure that involves injecting a dye into the uterus through the cervix while taking X-rays to observe the flow of the dye through the fallopian tubes.
2. Sonohysterography: This is an ultrasound procedure that involves injecting a sterile saline solution into the uterus through the cervix and observing the flow of the fluid through the fallopian tubes using ultrasound imaging.
3. Falloposcopy: This is a minimally invasive procedure that involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a camera into the uterus and fallopian tubes to directly visualize their patency and any abnormalities.
4. Hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (HyCoSy): This is an ultrasound procedure that involves injecting a contrast medium into the uterus through the cervix while observing the flow of the contrast through the fallopian tubes using ultrasound imaging.

These tests are often performed as part of an infertility evaluation to determine whether blocked or damaged fallopian tubes may be contributing to difficulty conceiving.

Culdoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a laparoscope through the vagina and into the pelvic cavity, allowing the medical professional to visually examine the organs in the area, such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus. The procedure is typically used for diagnostic purposes, such as to investigate the cause of pelvic pain or abnormal bleeding, or to guide surgical procedures. It is not a commonly performed procedure due to the development of other less invasive techniques, such as transvaginal ultrasound and pelvic laparoscopy.

Ovarian diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the function and health of the ovaries, which are the female reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs (oocytes) and female hormones estrogen and progesterone. These diseases can be categorized into functional disorders, infectious and inflammatory diseases, neoplastic diseases, and other conditions that impact ovarian function. Here's a brief overview of some common ovarian diseases:

1. Functional Disorders: These are conditions where the ovaries experience hormonal imbalances or abnormal functioning, leading to issues such as:
* Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A condition characterized by hormonal imbalances that can cause irregular periods, cysts in the ovaries, and symptoms like acne, weight gain, and infertility.
* Functional Cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that develop within the ovary, usually as a result of normal ovulation (follicular or corpus luteum cysts). They're typically harmless and resolve on their own within a few weeks or months.
2. Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases: These conditions are caused by infections or inflammation affecting the ovaries, such as:
* Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): An infection that spreads to the reproductive organs, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus. It's often caused by sexually transmitted bacteria like Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
* Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that can spread to the ovaries and cause inflammation, abscesses, or scarring.
3. Neoplastic Diseases: These are conditions where abnormal growths or tumors develop in the ovaries, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Examples include:
* Ovarian Cysts: While some cysts are functional and harmless, others can be neoplastic. Benign tumors like fibromas, dermoids, or cystadenomas can grow significantly larger and cause symptoms like pain or bloating. Malignant tumors include epithelial ovarian cancer, germ cell tumors, and sex cord-stromal tumors.
4. Other Conditions: Various other conditions can affect the ovaries, such as:
* Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal disorder that causes enlarged ovaries with small cysts. It's associated with irregular periods, infertility, and increased risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease.
* Premature Ovarian Failure (POF): Also known as primary ovarian insufficiency, it occurs when the ovaries stop functioning before age 40, leading to menstrual irregularities, infertility, and early onset of menopause.

It's essential to consult a healthcare professional if you experience any symptoms related to your reproductive system or suspect an issue with your ovaries. Early detection and treatment can significantly improve the prognosis for many conditions affecting the ovaries.

Hand-assisted laparoscopy (HAL) is a surgical technique that combines the principles of traditional open surgery and minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery. In HAL, a small incision is made, typically in the abdomen, through which the surgeon's hand can be introduced into the abdominal cavity while maintaining a pneumoperitoneum (insufflation of carbon dioxide gas to create a working space). This approach allows the surgeon to use their hands to perform complex surgical procedures with the aid of laparoscopic instruments, which are inserted through other small incisions.

The hand-assisted technique provides several advantages over traditional laparoscopy, including improved tactile feedback, enhanced dexterity, and more precise dissection and manipulation of tissues. This approach is often used in complex urological, gynecological, and general surgical procedures, such as nephrectomy (removal of the kidney), colectomy (removal of part of the colon), and gastrectomy (removal of part of the stomach).

Hand-assisted laparoscopy offers several benefits over traditional open surgery, including smaller incisions, reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, quicker recovery times, and improved cosmetic outcomes. However, HAL still requires general anesthesia and carries the risks associated with any surgical procedure, such as infection, bleeding, and injury to surrounding tissues or organs.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder using a laparoscope, a thin tube with a camera, which allows the surgeon to view the internal structures on a video monitor. The surgery is performed through several small incisions in the abdomen, rather than a single large incision used in open cholecystectomy. This approach results in less postoperative pain, fewer complications, and shorter recovery time compared to open cholecystectomy.

The procedure is typically indicated for symptomatic gallstones or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), which can cause severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the standard of care for gallbladder removal due to its minimally invasive nature and excellent outcomes.

A "torsion abnormality" is not a standard medical term, but I believe you are asking about torsional deformities or abnormalities related to torsion. Torsion refers to a twisting force or movement that can cause structures to rotate around their long axis. In the context of medical definitions:

Torsional abnormality could refer to a congenital or acquired condition where anatomical structures, such as blood vessels, muscles, tendons, or bones, are twisted or rotated in an abnormal way. This can lead to various complications depending on the structure involved and the degree of torsion.

For instance, in congenital torsional deformities of long bones (like tibia or femur), the rotation of the bone axis can cause issues with gait, posture, and joint function. In some cases, this may require surgical intervention to correct the abnormality.

In the context of vascular torsion abnormalities, such as mesenteric torsion, it could lead to bowel ischemia due to the twisting of blood vessels that supply the intestines. This can be a surgical emergency and requires immediate intervention to restore blood flow and prevent further damage.

It's essential to consult with a medical professional for a precise diagnosis and treatment options if you or someone else experiences symptoms related to torsional abnormalities.

Diagnostic techniques in obstetrics and gynecology refer to the various methods used by healthcare professionals to diagnose and monitor conditions related to the female reproductive system and pregnancy. Here are some commonly used diagnostic techniques:

1. Physical examination: A thorough physical exam, including a pelvic exam, can help identify any abnormalities in the reproductive organs.
2. Medical history: A detailed medical history, including information about menstrual cycles, sexual activity, and family health, can provide valuable clues to diagnose various conditions.
3. Imaging tests: Ultrasound, CT scans, and MRIs can help healthcare professionals visualize the reproductive organs and detect any abnormalities.
4. Laboratory tests: Blood tests, urine tests, and cultures can help identify infections, hormonal imbalances, and other conditions.
5. Biopsy: A small sample of tissue is taken from the affected area and examined under a microscope to diagnose conditions such as cancer.
6. Colposcopy: This procedure involves using a special magnifying device to examine the cervix and vagina for signs of abnormalities.
7. Hysterosalpingography: This is an X-ray procedure that involves injecting a dye into the uterus and fallopian tubes to detect any blockages or other abnormalities.
8. Sonohysterography: This is an ultrasound procedure that involves injecting a fluid into the uterus to help visualize its interior and detect any abnormalities.
9. Minimally invasive surgery: Procedures such as laparoscopy and hysteroscopy can help healthcare professionals diagnose and treat various conditions related to the reproductive organs.

These diagnostic techniques can help healthcare professionals identify and manage a wide range of conditions, including infertility, pregnancy complications, infections, hormonal imbalances, and cancer.

A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the uterus (womb). Depending on the specific medical condition and necessity, a hysterectomy may also include the removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and surrounding tissues. There are different types of hysterectomies, including:

1. Total hysterectomy: The uterus and cervix are removed.
2. Supracervical (or subtotal) hysterectomy: Only the upper part of the uterus is removed, leaving the cervix intact.
3. Radical hysterectomy: This procedure involves removing the uterus, cervix, surrounding tissues, and the upper part of the vagina. It is typically performed in cases of cervical cancer.
4. Oophorectomy: The removal of one or both ovaries can be performed along with a hysterectomy depending on the patient's medical condition and age.
5. Salpingectomy: The removal of one or both fallopian tubes can also be performed along with a hysterectomy if needed.

The reasons for performing a hysterectomy may include but are not limited to: uterine fibroids, heavy menstrual bleeding, endometriosis, adenomyosis, pelvic prolapse, cervical or uterine cancer, and chronic pelvic pain. The choice of the type of hysterectomy depends on the patient's medical condition, age, and personal preferences.

Uterine diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the uterus, which is the reproductive organ in females where fetal development occurs. These diseases can be categorized into structural abnormalities, infectious diseases, and functional disorders. Here are some examples:

1. Structural abnormalities: These include congenital malformations such as septate uterus or bicornuate uterus, as well as acquired conditions like endometrial polyps, fibroids (benign tumors of the muscular wall), and adenomyosis (where the endometrial tissue grows into the muscular wall).

2. Infectious diseases: The uterus can be affected by various infections, including bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic agents. Examples include pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), tuberculosis, and candidiasis.

3. Functional disorders: These are conditions that affect the normal functioning of the uterus without any apparent structural abnormalities or infections. Examples include dysmenorrhea (painful periods), menorrhagia (heavy periods), and endometriosis (where the endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus).

4. Malignant diseases: Uterine cancer, including endometrial cancer and cervical cancer, are significant health concerns for women.

5. Other conditions: Miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility can also be considered as uterine diseases since they involve the abnormal functioning or structural issues of the uterus.

Tuberculous peritonitis is a specific type of peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs) that is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. This form of peritonitis is less common than peritonitis caused by other types of bacteria, but it can occur in people with weakened immune systems or those who have been in close contact with individuals with active TB.

The symptoms of tuberculous peritonitis may include abdominal pain and distension, fever, weight loss, decreased appetite, and ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity). Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests, such as cultures or nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) to detect the presence of M. tuberculosis in the peritoneal fluid or tissue. Treatment usually involves a prolonged course of multiple antibiotics that are active against M. tuberculosis, along with supportive care to manage any complications or symptoms.

Insufflation is a medical term that refers to the act of introducing a gas or vapor into a body cavity or passage, typically through a tube or surgical instrument. This procedure is often used in medical and surgical settings for various purposes, such as:

* To administer anesthesia during surgery (e.g., introducing nitrous oxide or other gases into the lungs)
* To introduce medication or other substances into the body (e.g., insufflating steroids into a joint)
* To perform diagnostic procedures (e.g., insufflating air or a contrast agent into the gastrointestinal tract to visualize it with X-rays)
* To clean out a body cavity (e.g., irrigating and insufflating the bladder during urological procedures).

It's important to note that insufflation should be performed under controlled conditions, as there are potential risks associated with introducing gases or vapors into the body, such as barotrauma (damage caused by changes in pressure) and infection.

Genital diseases in females refer to various medical conditions that affect the female reproductive system, including the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, and ovaries. These conditions can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, hormonal imbalances, or structural abnormalities. Some common examples of genital diseases in females include bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and human papillomavirus (HPV), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), endometriosis, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, and vulvar or vaginal cancer. Symptoms of genital diseases in females can vary widely depending on the specific condition but may include abnormal vaginal discharge, pain or discomfort during sex, irregular menstrual bleeding, painful urination, and pelvic pain. It is important for women to receive regular gynecological care and screenings to detect and treat genital diseases early and prevent complications.

"Acute abdomen" is a medical term used to describe a sudden and severe abdominal pain that requires immediate medical attention. This condition can be caused by various factors such as inflammation, infection, obstruction, or perforation of the abdominal organs. Common causes of acute abdomen include appendicitis, cholecystitis, diverticulitis, intestinal obstruction, and perforated ulcers.

The symptoms of acute abdomen may include severe and localized or generalized abdominal pain, tenderness, rigidity, rebound tenderness, fever, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. The diagnosis of acute abdomen is usually made based on the patient's history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as X-rays, ultrasound, or CT scan.

Treatment of acute abdomen depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, intravenous fluids, pain management, and surgery in severe cases. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of acute abdomen can lead to serious complications such as sepsis, peritonitis, and even death.

The Fallopian tubes, also known as uterine tubes or oviducts, are a pair of slender tubular structures in the female reproductive system. They play a crucial role in human reproduction by providing a passageway for the egg (ovum) from the ovary to the uterus (womb).

Each Fallopian tube is typically around 7.6 to 10 centimeters long and consists of four parts: the interstitial part, the isthmus, the ampulla, and the infundibulum. The fimbriated end of the infundibulum, which resembles a fringe or frill, surrounds and captures the released egg from the ovary during ovulation.

Fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla when sperm meets the egg after sexual intercourse. Once fertilized, the zygote (fertilized egg) travels through the Fallopian tube toward the uterus for implantation and further development. The cilia lining the inner surface of the Fallopian tubes help propel the egg and the zygote along their journey.

In some cases, abnormalities or blockages in the Fallopian tubes can lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancies, which are pregnancies that develop outside the uterus, typically within the Fallopian tube itself.

Peritoneal lavage is a medical procedure where a sterile fluid is introduced into the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the lining of the abdominal wall and the organs within it. The fluid is then allowed to mix with any potentially present infectious or inflammatory material in the cavity. Afterward, the fluid is drained out and sent for laboratory analysis to diagnose various conditions such as bacterial peritonitis or other sources of abdominal infection or inflammation.

The procedure can help identify the presence of infection, determine the type of bacteria causing it, and guide appropriate antibiotic therapy. It is an invasive diagnostic test that requires careful monitoring and proper aseptic technique to avoid complications such as infection or bleeding.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the reproductive organs in women, specifically the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries. It is often caused by an infection that ascends from the cervix or vagina into the upper genital tract. The infectious agents are usually sexually transmitted bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, but other organisms can also be responsible.

Symptoms of PID may include lower abdominal pain, irregular menstrual bleeding, vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor, fever, painful sexual intercourse, or pain in the lower back. However, some women with PID may not experience any symptoms at all. If left untreated, PID can lead to serious complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.

Diagnosis of PID is typically based on a combination of clinical findings, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to eradicate the infection and may also include pain management and other supportive measures. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary for more intensive treatment or if complications arise.

The abdominal cavity is the portion of the abdominothoracic cavity that lies between the diaphragm and the pelvic inlet. It contains the stomach, small intestine, colon, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, adrenal glands, and associated blood vessels and nerves. The abdominal cavity is enclosed by the abdominal wall, which consists of muscles, fascia, and skin. It is divided into several compartments by various membranes, including the peritoneum, a serous membrane that lines the walls of the cavity and covers many of the organs within it. The abdominal cavity provides protection and support for the organs it contains, and also serves as a site for the absorption and digestion of food.

Abdominal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the abdomen that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can occur in any of the organs within the abdominal cavity, including the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, spleen, and kidneys.

Abdominal neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and type. Some common symptoms include abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, changes in bowel habits, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and fever. In some cases, abdominal neoplasms may not cause any symptoms until they have grown quite large or spread to other parts of the body.

The diagnosis of abdominal neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical exam, medical history, imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs, and sometimes biopsy to confirm the type of tumor. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Surgical instruments are specialized tools or devices that are used by medical professionals during surgical procedures to assist in various tasks such as cutting, dissecting, grasping, holding, retracting, clamping, and suturing body tissues. These instruments are designed to be safe, precise, and effective, with a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials used depending on the specific surgical application. Some common examples of surgical instruments include scalpels, forceps, scissors, hemostats, retractors, and needle holders. Proper sterilization and maintenance of these instruments are crucial to ensure patient safety and prevent infection.

Pneumoperitoneum is a medical condition characterized by the presence of free air or gas within the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the lining of the abdominal wall and the internal organs. This accumulation of air can occur due to various reasons such as perforation of an organ (e.g., stomach, intestine, or esophagus), recent surgery, or medical procedures involving the introduction of air into the abdomen.

The presence of pneumoperitoneum is often diagnosed through imaging techniques like X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans, which can reveal the presence of free gas in the peritoneal cavity. The condition may require prompt medical attention, depending on the underlying cause and the patient's symptoms. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as repairing a perforation or managing an infection.

Hysteroscopy is a diagnostic procedure that allows healthcare professionals to examine the interior of the uterus (hyster(o)- and -scopy from Greek "womb" + "examination"). It is performed using a hysteroscope, which is a thin, lighted tube with a camera attached to its end. The hysteroscope is inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterus, enabling the visualization of the uterine cavity and the detection of any abnormalities, such as polyps, fibroids, or structural issues like a septum.

Hysteroscopy can be performed in a doctor's office or an outpatient surgical center under local, regional, or general anesthesia depending on the situation and patient comfort. The procedure may also be used for minor surgical interventions, such as removing polyps or fibroids, or to assist with other procedures like laparoscopy.

In summary, hysteroscopy is a medical examination of the uterine cavity using a thin, lighted tube called a hysteroscope, which can aid in diagnosing and treating various conditions affecting the uterus.

Peritoneal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the peritoneum, which is the thin, transparent membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers the organs within it. The peritoneum has several functions, including providing protection and support to the abdominal organs, producing and absorbing fluids, and serving as a site for the immune system's response to infections and other foreign substances.

Peritoneal diseases can be broadly classified into two categories: infectious and non-infectious. Infectious peritoneal diseases are caused by bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections that spread to the peritoneum from other parts of the body or through contaminated food, water, or medical devices. Non-infectious peritoneal diseases, on the other hand, are not caused by infections but rather by other factors such as autoimmune disorders, cancer, or chemical irritants.

Some examples of peritoneal diseases include:

1. Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum due to bacterial or fungal infections, often caused by a ruptured appendix, perforated ulcer, or other abdominal injuries or conditions.
2. Tuberculous peritonitis: A form of peritonitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB).
3. Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: Infection of the peritoneum in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis, a type of kidney replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease.
4. Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma: A rare and aggressive form of cancer that affects the mesothelial cells lining the peritoneum, often caused by exposure to asbestos.
5. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): An autoimmune disorder that can cause inflammation and scarring of the peritoneum.
6. Peritoneal carcinomatosis: The spread of cancer cells from other parts of the body to the peritoneum, often seen in patients with advanced ovarian or colorectal cancer.
7. Cirrhotic ascites: Fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity due to liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension.
8. Meigs' syndrome: A rare condition characterized by the presence of a benign ovarian tumor, ascites, and pleural effusion.

Salpingitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of the fallopian tubes, which are the pair of narrow tubes that transport the egg from the ovaries to the uterus during ovulation. This condition can occur due to various reasons, including bacterial infections (such as chlamydia or gonorrhea), pelvic inflammatory disease, or complications following surgical procedures.

Acute salpingitis is characterized by symptoms like lower abdominal pain, fever, vaginal discharge, and irregular menstrual bleeding. Chronic salpingitis may not present any noticeable symptoms, but it can lead to complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or fallopian tube damage if left untreated. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection and, in severe cases, surgery to remove or repair damaged tissues.

Neoplasm seeding, also known as tumor seeding or iatrogenic implantation, is a rare complication that can occur during surgical procedures. It refers to the accidental spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor site to other locations in the body, usually along the path of a surgical incision or via bodily fluids. This can result in new tumor growths (metastases) at these sites, which may complicate treatment and worsen the patient's prognosis.

Neoplasm seeding is more commonly associated with certain types of surgeries, such as those involving the liver, pancreas, or other organs with highly vascular tumors. It can also occur during biopsy procedures, where a needle is used to remove tissue samples for diagnostic purposes. While neoplasm seeding is a known risk of these procedures, it is relatively uncommon and often outweighed by the benefits of timely and effective treatment.

Tubal pregnancy, also known as an ectopic pregnancy, is a type of pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. The fertilized egg implants and starts to develop in the tube instead of the uterine lining. This condition is not viable and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

The symptoms of a tubal pregnancy may include abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, shoulder pain, dizziness or fainting, and pelvic discomfort or tenderness. If you suspect that you have a tubal pregnancy, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Treatment options for tubal pregnancies include medication or surgery to remove the embryo and repair or remove the affected fallopian tube.

The abdomen refers to the portion of the body that lies between the thorax (chest) and the pelvis. It is a musculo-fascial cavity containing the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs. The abdominal cavity is divided into several regions and quadrants for medical description and examination purposes. These include the upper and lower abdomen, as well as nine quadrants formed by the intersection of the midline and a horizontal line drawn at the level of the umbilicus (navel).

The major organs located within the abdominal cavity include:

1. Stomach - muscular organ responsible for initial digestion of food
2. Small intestine - long, coiled tube where most nutrient absorption occurs
3. Large intestine - consists of the colon and rectum; absorbs water and stores waste products
4. Liver - largest internal organ, involved in protein synthesis, detoxification, and metabolism
5. Pancreas - secretes digestive enzymes and hormones such as insulin
6. Spleen - filters blood and removes old red blood cells
7. Kidneys - pair of organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine
8. Adrenal glands - sit atop each kidney, produce hormones that regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress response

The abdomen is an essential part of the human body, playing a crucial role in digestion, absorption, and elimination of food and waste materials, as well as various metabolic processes.

Intraoperative complications refer to any unforeseen problems or events that occur during the course of a surgical procedure, once it has begun and before it is completed. These complications can range from minor issues, such as bleeding or an adverse reaction to anesthesia, to major complications that can significantly impact the patient's health and prognosis.

Examples of intraoperative complications include:

1. Bleeding (hemorrhage) - This can occur due to various reasons such as injury to blood vessels or organs during surgery.
2. Infection - Surgical site infections can develop if the surgical area becomes contaminated during the procedure.
3. Anesthesia-related complications - These include adverse reactions to anesthesia, difficulty maintaining the patient's airway, or cardiovascular instability.
4. Organ injury - Accidental damage to surrounding organs can occur during surgery, leading to potential long-term consequences.
5. Equipment failure - Malfunctioning surgical equipment can lead to complications and compromise the safety of the procedure.
6. Allergic reactions - Patients may have allergies to certain medications or materials used during surgery, causing an adverse reaction.
7. Prolonged operative time - Complications may arise if a surgical procedure takes longer than expected, leading to increased risk of infection and other issues.

Intraoperative complications require prompt identification and management by the surgical team to minimize their impact on the patient's health and recovery.

The pelvis is the lower part of the trunk, located between the abdomen and the lower limbs. It is formed by the fusion of several bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis (which together form the hip bone on each side), and the sacrum and coccyx in the back. The pelvis has several functions including supporting the weight of the upper body when sitting, protecting the lower abdominal organs, and providing attachment for muscles that enable movement of the lower limbs. In addition, it serves as a bony canal through which the reproductive and digestive tracts pass. The pelvic cavity contains several vital organs such as the bladder, parts of the large intestine, and in females, the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.

Abdominal pain is defined as discomfort or painful sensation in the abdomen. The abdomen is the region of the body between the chest and the pelvis, and contains many important organs such as the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen. Abdominal pain can vary in intensity from mild to severe, and can be acute or chronic depending on the underlying cause.

Abdominal pain can have many different causes, ranging from benign conditions such as gastritis, indigestion, or constipation, to more serious conditions such as appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease, or abdominal aortic aneurysm. The location, quality, and duration of the pain can provide important clues about its cause. For example, sharp, localized pain in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen may indicate appendicitis, while crampy, diffuse pain in the lower abdomen may suggest irritable bowel syndrome.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience severe or persistent abdominal pain, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, vomiting, or bloody stools. A thorough physical examination, including a careful history and a focused abdominal exam, can help diagnose the underlying cause of the pain and guide appropriate treatment.

A "learning curve" is not a medical term per se, but rather a general concept that is used in various fields including medicine. It refers to the process of acquiring new skills or knowledge in a specific task or activity, and the improvement in performance that comes with experience and practice over time.

In a medical context, a learning curve may refer to the rate at which healthcare professionals acquire proficiency in a new procedure, technique, or technology. It can also describe how quickly patients learn to manage their own health conditions or treatments. The term is often used to evaluate the effectiveness of training programs and to identify areas where additional education or practice may be necessary.

It's important to note that individuals may have different learning curves depending on factors such as prior experience, innate abilities, motivation, and access to resources. Therefore, it's essential to tailor training and support to the needs of each learner to ensure optimal outcomes.

Operative time, in medical terms, refers to the duration from when an incision is made in the surgical procedure until the closure of the incision. This period includes any additional time needed for re-exploration or reopening during the same operation. It does not include any time spent performing other procedures that may be necessary but are carried out at a later stage. Operative time is an essential metric used in surgery to assess efficiency, plan resources, and determine costs.

Cholecystitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located under the liver that stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. Bile is a digestive fluid that helps break down fats in the small intestine during digestion.

Acute cholecystitis is a sudden inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by the presence of gallstones that block the cystic duct, the tube that carries bile from the gallbladder to the common bile duct. This blockage can cause bile to build up in the gallbladder, leading to inflammation, swelling, and pain.

Chronic cholecystitis is a long-term inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by repeated attacks of acute cholecystitis or the presence of gallstones that cause ongoing irritation and damage to the gallbladder wall. Over time, chronic cholecystitis can lead to thickening and scarring of the gallbladder wall, which can reduce its ability to function properly.

Symptoms of cholecystitis may include sudden and severe abdominal pain, often in the upper right or center of the abdomen, that may worsen after eating fatty foods; fever; nausea and vomiting; bloating and gas; and clay-colored stools. Treatment for cholecystitis typically involves antibiotics to treat any infection present, pain relief, and surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy). In some cases, a nonsurgical procedure called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may be used to remove gallstones from the bile duct.

Robotics, in the medical context, refers to the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots in medical fields. These machines are capable of performing a variety of tasks that can aid or replicate human actions, often with high precision and accuracy. They can be used for various medical applications such as surgery, rehabilitation, prosthetics, patient care, and diagnostics. Surgical robotics, for example, allows surgeons to perform complex procedures with increased dexterity, control, and reduced fatigue, while minimizing invasiveness and improving patient outcomes.

Urologic surgical procedures refer to various types of surgeries that are performed on the urinary system and male reproductive system. These surgeries can be invasive (requiring an incision) or minimally invasive (using small incisions or scopes). They may be performed to treat a range of conditions, including but not limited to:

1. Kidney stones: Procedures such as shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy are used to remove or break up kidney stones.
2. Urinary tract obstructions: Surgeries like pyeloplasty and urethral dilation can be done to correct blockages in the urinary tract.
3. Prostate gland issues: Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), simple prostatectomy, and robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy are some procedures used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer.
4. Bladder problems: Procedures such as cystectomy (removal of the bladder), bladder augmentation, and implantation of an artificial urinary sphincter can be done for conditions like bladder cancer or incontinence.
5. Kidney diseases: Nephrectomy (removal of a kidney) may be necessary for severe kidney damage or cancer.
6. Testicular issues: Orchiectomy (removal of one or both testicles) can be performed for testicular cancer.
7. Pelvic organ prolapse: Surgeries like sacrocolpopexy and vaginal vault suspension can help correct this condition in women.

These are just a few examples; there are many other urologic surgical procedures available to treat various conditions affecting the urinary and reproductive systems.

A myoma, also known as a leiomyoma or fibroid, is a benign (noncancerous) tumor that originates from the smooth muscle cells in the wall of a visceral organ. The term "myoma" is often used to describe these growths when they occur in the uterus, where they are typically referred to as uterine fibroids. Uterine fibroids can vary in size, shape, and location within the uterine wall. They are quite common, especially among women of reproductive age, and may not always cause symptoms. However, in some cases, they can lead to issues such as heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, or infertility. Myomas can also occur in other organs, like the gastrointestinal tract, but they are most frequently found in the uterus.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

"Second-look surgery" is a medical term that refers to a second surgical procedure performed after an initial operation, usually to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment or to check for any potential complications. This type of surgery is often used in cancer treatment, where it can help determine if the tumor has responded to chemotherapy or radiation therapy. During the second-look surgery, surgeons may remove additional tissue or tumor cells, or they may perform other procedures to manage any complications that have arisen since the first surgery.

It's worth noting that the use of second-look surgery is not always necessary or appropriate, and the decision to perform this type of procedure will depend on a variety of factors, including the patient's overall health, the type and stage of cancer, and the specific goals of treatment. As with any surgical procedure, there are risks associated with second-look surgery, and patients should discuss these risks thoroughly with their healthcare provider before making a decision about treatment.

Minimally invasive surgical procedures are a type of surgery that is performed with the assistance of specialized equipment and techniques to minimize trauma to the patient's body. This approach aims to reduce blood loss, pain, and recovery time as compared to traditional open surgeries. The most common minimally invasive surgical procedure is laparoscopy, which involves making small incisions (usually 0.5-1 cm) in the abdomen or chest and inserting a thin tube with a camera (laparoscope) to visualize the internal organs.

The surgeon then uses long, slender instruments inserted through separate incisions to perform the necessary surgical procedures, such as cutting, coagulation, or suturing. Other types of minimally invasive surgical procedures include arthroscopy (for joint surgery), thoracoscopy (for chest surgery), and hysteroscopy (for uterine surgery). The benefits of minimally invasive surgical procedures include reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, quicker return to normal activities, and improved cosmetic results. However, not all surgeries can be performed using minimally invasive techniques, and the suitability of a particular procedure depends on various factors, including the patient's overall health, the nature and extent of the surgical problem, and the surgeon's expertise.

Video-assisted surgery, also known as video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), is a type of minimally invasive surgical procedure that uses a video camera and specialized instruments to perform the operation. A small incision is made in the body, and the surgeon inserts a thin tube with a camera on the end, known as a thoracoscope, into the chest cavity. The camera transmits images of the internal organs onto a video monitor, allowing the surgeon to visualize and perform the surgery. This type of surgery often results in smaller incisions, less pain, and faster recovery times compared to traditional open surgery. It is commonly used for procedures such as lung biopsies, lobectomies, and esophageal surgeries.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery (NOES) is a surgical technique that uses natural body openings, such as the mouth, anus, or vagina, to perform minimally invasive surgery. This approach eliminates the need for external incisions and can result in less postoperative pain, reduced risk of infection, faster recovery times, and improved cosmetic outcomes compared to traditional surgical methods.

In NOES, a flexible endoscope is inserted through a natural orifice and guided to the target organ or structure within the body. Specialized instruments are then passed through the endoscope to perform the necessary surgical procedures, such as removing organs, taking biopsies, or repairing tissues.

NOES has been used in various surgical procedures, including gallbladder removal, gastric bypass surgery, and hysterectomy. However, this technique is still considered experimental and requires further research and development to fully establish its safety and efficacy compared to traditional surgical methods.

Inguinal hernia, also known as an inguinal rupture or groin hernia, is a protrusion of abdominal-cavity contents through the inguinal canal. The inguinal canal is a passage in the lower abdominal wall that carries the spermatic cord in males and a round ligament in females. Inguinal hernias are more common in men than women.

There are two types of inguinal hernias: direct and indirect. Direct inguinal hernias occur when the abdominal lining and/or fat push through a weakened area in the lower abdominal wall, while indirect inguinal hernias result from a congenital condition where the abdominal lining and/or fat protrude through the internal inguinal ring, a normal opening in the abdominal wall.

Inguinal hernias can cause discomfort or pain, especially during physical activities, coughing, sneezing, or straining. In some cases, incarceration or strangulation of the hernia may occur, leading to serious complications such as bowel obstruction or tissue necrosis, which require immediate medical attention.

Surgical repair is the standard treatment for inguinal hernias, and it can be performed through open or laparoscopic techniques. The goal of surgery is to return the protruding tissues to their proper position and strengthen the weakened abdominal wall with sutures or mesh reinforcement.

A stab wound is a type of penetrating trauma to the body caused by a sharp object such as a knife or screwdriver. The injury may be classified as either a stabbing or a puncture wound, depending on the nature of the object and the manner in which it was inflicted. Stab wounds typically involve a forceful thrusting motion, which can result in damage to internal organs, blood vessels, and other structures.

The depth and severity of a stab wound depend on several factors, including the type and length of the weapon used, the angle and force of the strike, and the location of the wound on the body. Stab wounds to vital areas such as the chest or abdomen can be particularly dangerous due to the risk of internal bleeding and infection.

Immediate medical attention is required for stab wounds, even if they appear minor at first glance. Treatment may involve wound cleaning, suturing, antibiotics, and in some cases, surgery to repair damaged tissues or organs. In severe cases, stab wounds can lead to shock, organ failure, and even death if left untreated.

Cryptorchidism is a medical condition in which one or both of a male infant's testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum before birth or within the first year of life. Normally, the testicles descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during fetal development in the second trimester. If the testicles do not descend on their own, medical intervention may be necessary to correct the condition.

Cryptorchidism is a common birth defect, affecting about 3-5% of full-term and 30% of preterm male infants. In most cases, the testicle will descend on its own within the first six months of life. If it does not, treatment may be necessary to prevent complications such as infertility, testicular cancer, and inguinal hernia.

Treatment for cryptorchidism typically involves surgery to bring the testicle down into the scrotum. This procedure is called orchiopexy and is usually performed before the age of 2. In some cases, hormonal therapy may be used as an alternative to surgery. However, this approach has limited success and is generally only recommended in certain situations.

Overall, cryptorchidism is a treatable condition that can help prevent future health problems if addressed early on. Regular check-ups with a pediatrician or healthcare provider can help ensure timely diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

'Unnecessary procedures' in a medical context refer to diagnostic or therapeutic interventions that are not indicated based on established guidelines, evidence-based medicine, or the individual patient's needs and preferences. These procedures may not provide any benefit to the patient, or the potential harm may outweigh the expected benefits. They can also include tests, treatments, or surgeries that are performed in excess of what is medically necessary, or when there are less invasive, cheaper, or safer alternatives available.

Unnecessary procedures can result from various factors, including defensive medicine (ordering extra tests or procedures to avoid potential malpractice claims), financial incentives (providers or institutions benefiting financially from performing more procedures), lack of knowledge or awareness of evidence-based guidelines, and patient pressure or anxiety. It is essential to promote evidence-based medicine and shared decision-making between healthcare providers and patients to reduce the frequency of unnecessary procedures.

Ambulatory surgical procedures, also known as outpatient or same-day surgery, refer to medical operations that do not require an overnight hospital stay. These procedures are typically performed in a specialized ambulatory surgery center (ASC) or in a hospital-based outpatient department. Patients undergoing ambulatory surgical procedures receive anesthesia, undergo the operation, and recover enough to be discharged home on the same day of the procedure.

Examples of common ambulatory surgical procedures include:

1. Arthroscopy (joint scope examination and repair)
2. Cataract surgery
3. Colonoscopy and upper endoscopy
4. Dental surgery, such as wisdom tooth extraction
5. Gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy)
6. Hernia repair
7. Hysteroscopy (examination of the uterus)
8. Minor skin procedures, like biopsies and lesion removals
9. Orthopedic procedures, such as carpal tunnel release or joint injections
10. Pain management procedures, including epidural steroid injections and nerve blocks
11. Podiatric (foot and ankle) surgery
12. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

Advancements in medical technology, minimally invasive surgical techniques, and improved anesthesia methods have contributed to the growth of ambulatory surgical procedures, offering patients a more convenient and cost-effective alternative to traditional inpatient surgeries.

The vagina is the canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal because babies pass through it during childbirth. The vagina is where sexual intercourse occurs and where menstrual blood exits the body. It has a flexible wall that can expand and retract. During sexual arousal, the vaginal walls swell with blood to become more elastic in order to accommodate penetration.

It's important to note that sometimes people use the term "vagina" to refer to the entire female genital area, including the external structures like the labia and clitoris. But technically, these are considered part of the vulva, not the vagina.

Hemoperitoneum is a medical condition characterized by the presence of blood in the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the lining of the abdominal wall and the organs within it. This can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, ectopic pregnancy, or other conditions that cause bleeding into the abdomen.

The accumulation of blood in the peritoneal cavity can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, and hypovolemic shock due to blood loss. Hemoperitoneum is a serious medical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent further complications.

Uterine neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the uterus, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can originate from different types of cells within the uterus, leading to various types of uterine neoplasms. The two main categories of uterine neoplasms are endometrial neoplasms and uterine sarcomas.

Endometrial neoplasms develop from the endometrium, which is the inner lining of the uterus. Most endometrial neoplasms are classified as endometrioid adenocarcinomas, arising from glandular cells in the endometrium. Other types include serous carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, and mucinous carcinoma.

Uterine sarcomas, on the other hand, are less common and originate from the connective tissue (stroma) or muscle (myometrium) of the uterus. Uterine sarcomas can be further divided into several subtypes, such as leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and undifferentiated uterine sarcoma.

Uterine neoplasms can cause various symptoms, including abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, pelvic pain, and difficulty urinating or having bowel movements. The diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging tests (such as ultrasound, CT, or MRI scans) and tissue biopsies to determine the type and extent of the neoplasm. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and patient's overall health but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy.

Müllerian ducts are a pair of embryonic structures found in female mammals, including humans. They give rise to the female reproductive system during fetal development. In females, the Müllerian ducts develop into the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper part of the vagina.

In males, the regression of Müllerian ducts is induced by a hormone called anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), produced by the developing testes. In the absence of AMH or if it fails to function properly, the Müllerian ducts may persist and lead to conditions known as persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) or Müllerian remnants in males.

In summary, Müllerian ducts are essential structures for female reproductive system development, and their regression is crucial for male reproductive organ formation.

Urologic surgical procedures in males refer to various surgical operations performed on the male urinary system and reproductive organs. These may include:

1. Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP): A procedure used to treat an enlarged prostate, where excess tissue is removed through the urethra using a specialized instrument.
2. Radical Prostatectomy: The surgical removal of the entire prostate gland and some surrounding tissues, usually performed as a treatment for prostate cancer.
3. Cystectomy: Surgical removal of the bladder, often due to bladder cancer. In males, this procedure may also involve removing the prostate and seminal vesicles.
4. Nephrectomy: The surgical removal of a kidney, usually performed due to kidney disease or cancer.
5. Pyeloplasty: A procedure to correct a blockage in the renal pelvis, the part of the kidney where urine collects before flowing into the ureter.
6. Ureterostomy: A surgical procedure that creates an opening from the ureter to the outside of the body, often performed when a portion of the urinary system needs to be bypassed or drained.
7. Orchiectomy: The surgical removal of one or both testicles, often performed as a treatment for testicular cancer.
8. Vasectomy: A minor surgical procedure for male sterilization, where the vas deferens are cut and sealed to prevent sperm from reaching the semen.
9. Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE): A surgical procedure used to extract sperm directly from the testicles, often performed as part of assisted reproductive techniques for infertile couples.

These procedures may be performed using open surgery, laparoscopy, or robotic-assisted surgery, depending on the specific circumstances and patient factors.

Intestinal obstruction, also known as bowel obstruction, is a medical condition characterized by a blockage that prevents the normal flow of contents through the small intestine or large intestine (colon). This blockage can be caused by various factors such as tumors, adhesions (scar tissue), hernias, inflammation, or impacted feces.

The obstruction can be mechanical, where something physically blocks the intestinal lumen, or functional, where the normal muscular contractions of the bowel are impaired. Mechanical obstructions are more common than functional ones.

Symptoms of intestinal obstruction may include abdominal pain and cramping, nausea and vomiting, bloating, inability to pass gas or have a bowel movement, and abdominal distention. If left untreated, intestinal obstruction can lead to serious complications such as tissue death (necrosis), perforation of the intestine, and sepsis. Treatment typically involves hospitalization, intravenous fluids, nasogastric decompression, and possibly surgery to remove the obstruction.

Peritoneal neoplasms refer to tumors or cancerous growths that develop in the peritoneum, which is the thin, transparent membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers the organs within it. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant peritoneal neoplasms are often associated with advanced stages of gastrointestinal, ovarian, or uterine cancers and can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the abdomen.

Peritoneal neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests like CT scans or MRIs, followed by a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm.

Meckel's diverticulum is a congenital condition in which a small pouch-like structure protrudes from the wall of the intestine, typically located on the lower portion of the small intestine, near the junction with the large intestine. It is a remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct, which is a vestigial structure that connects the fetal gut to the yolk sac during embryonic development.

Meckel's diverticulum is usually asymptomatic and goes unnoticed. However, in some cases, it can become inflamed or infected, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and blood in the stool. This condition is more common in males than females and is typically diagnosed in children under the age of 2. If left untreated, Meckel's diverticulum can lead to complications such as intestinal obstruction, perforation, or bleeding, which may require surgical intervention.

A colectomy is a surgical procedure in which all or part of the large intestine (colon) is removed. This surgery may be performed to treat or prevent various medical conditions, including colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulitis, and severe obstructions or injuries of the colon.

There are several types of colectomies, depending on how much of the colon is removed:

* Total colectomy: Removal of the entire colon.
* Partial colectomy: Removal of a portion of the colon.
* Hemicolectomy: Removal of one half of the colon.
* Sigmoidectomy: Removal of the sigmoid colon, which is the part of the colon that is closest to the rectum.

After the affected portion of the colon is removed, the remaining ends of the intestine are reconnected, allowing stool to pass through the digestive system as usual. In some cases, a temporary or permanent colostomy may be necessary, in which a surgical opening (stoma) is created in the abdominal wall and the end of the colon is attached to it, allowing stool to be collected in a pouch outside the body.

Colectomies are major surgeries that require general anesthesia and hospitalization. The recovery time can vary depending on the type of colectomy performed and the individual's overall health, but typically ranges from several weeks to a few months. Complications of colectomy may include bleeding, infection, leakage from the surgical site, bowel obstruction, and changes in bowel habits or function.

"Length of Stay" (LOS) is a term commonly used in healthcare to refer to the amount of time a patient spends receiving care in a hospital, clinic, or other healthcare facility. It is typically measured in hours, days, or weeks and can be used as a metric for various purposes such as resource planning, quality assessment, and reimbursement. The length of stay can vary depending on the type of illness or injury, the severity of the condition, the patient's response to treatment, and other factors. It is an important consideration in healthcare management and can have significant implications for both patients and providers.

Orchiopexy is a surgical procedure in which the testicle (or testicles) that have descended into the scrotum incompletely or not at all (undescended or retractile testes) are fixed into their normal position within the scrotum. This procedure is typically performed on boys, often between the ages of 6 and 12 months, to correct cryptorchidism, a condition where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum.

The main goals of orchiopexy are to:

1. Place the testicle in its proper anatomical location within the scrotum.
2. Fix the testicle in a stable position to prevent retractile testes from moving back into the inguinal canal.
3. Preserve the testicular blood supply and innervation, ensuring normal testicular function and development.
4. Lower the risk of testicular torsion (twisting of the spermatic cord) and malignancy in later life.

Orchiopexy can be performed through an open or laparoscopic approach, depending on the location of the undescended testicle(s). The choice of surgical technique depends on factors such as the patient's age, associated conditions, and surgeon's preference.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Gynecology is a branch of medicine that deals with the health of the female reproductive system. It includes the diagnosis, treatment, and management of conditions related to the female reproductive organs such as the vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.

Gynecologists provide routine care for women, including Pap tests, breast exams, and family planning advice. They also treat a wide range of gynecological issues, from menstrual disorders and sexually transmitted infections to reproductive system cancers and hormonal imbalances. In addition, many gynecologists also provide obstetric care, making them both ob-gyns.

It's important for women to establish a relationship with a trusted gynecologist to ensure they receive regular checkups and are able to address any concerns or issues related to their reproductive health.

Surgical blood loss is the amount of blood that is lost during a surgical procedure. It can occur through various routes such as incisions, punctures or during the removal of organs or tissues. The amount of blood loss can vary widely depending on the type and complexity of the surgery being performed.

Surgical blood loss can be classified into three categories:

1. Insensible losses: These are small amounts of blood that are lost through the skin, respiratory tract, or gastrointestinal tract during surgery. They are not usually significant enough to cause any clinical effects.
2. Visible losses: These are larger amounts of blood that can be seen and measured directly during surgery. They may require transfusion or other interventions to prevent hypovolemia (low blood volume) and its complications.
3. Hidden losses: These are internal bleeding that cannot be easily seen or measured during surgery. They can occur in the abdominal cavity, retroperitoneal space, or other areas of the body. They may require further exploration or imaging studies to diagnose and manage.

Surgical blood loss can lead to several complications such as hypovolemia, anemia, coagulopathy (disorders of blood clotting), and organ dysfunction. Therefore, it is essential to monitor and manage surgical blood loss effectively to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

The digestive system is a series of organs that work together to convert food into nutrients and energy. Digestive system surgical procedures involve operations on any part of the digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. These procedures can be performed for a variety of reasons, such as to treat diseases, repair damage, or remove cancerous growths.

Some common digestive system surgical procedures include:

1. Gastric bypass surgery: A procedure in which the stomach is divided into two parts and the smaller part is connected directly to the small intestine, bypassing a portion of the stomach and upper small intestine. This procedure is used to treat severe obesity.
2. Colonoscopy: A procedure in which a flexible tube with a camera on the end is inserted into the rectum and colon to examine the lining for polyps, cancer, or other abnormalities.
3. Colectomy: A procedure in which all or part of the colon is removed, often due to cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, or diverticulitis.
4. Gastrostomy: A procedure in which a hole is made through the abdominal wall and into the stomach to create an opening for feeding. This is often done for patients who have difficulty swallowing.
5. Esophagectomy: A procedure in which all or part of the esophagus is removed, often due to cancer. The remaining esophagus is then reconnected to the stomach or small intestine.
6. Liver resection: A procedure in which a portion of the liver is removed, often due to cancer or other diseases.
7. Pancreatectomy: A procedure in which all or part of the pancreas is removed, often due to cancer or chronic pancreatitis.
8. Cholecystectomy: A procedure in which the gallbladder is removed, often due to gallstones or inflammation.

These are just a few examples of digestive system surgical procedures. There are many other types of operations that can be performed on the digestive system depending on the specific needs and condition of each patient.

Leiomyoma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that originates from the smooth muscle cells. It most commonly occurs in the uterus, where it is also known as a fibroid, but can also develop in other parts of the body such as the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary system. Leiomyomas are typically slow-growing and often cause no symptoms, although they can lead to various complications depending on their size and location. Treatment options for leiomyomas include surveillance, medication, or surgical removal.

Urology is a surgical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions related to the male and female urinary tract system and the male reproductive organs. This includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, prostate gland, and testicles. Urologists are medical doctors who have completed specialized training in this field, and they may perform various surgical procedures such as cystoscopy, lithotripsy, and radical prostatectomy to treat conditions like kidney stones, urinary tract infections, bladder cancer, enlarged prostate, and infertility.

Suture techniques refer to the various methods used by surgeons to sew or stitch together tissues in the body after an injury, trauma, or surgical incision. The main goal of suturing is to approximate and hold the edges of the wound together, allowing for proper healing and minimizing scar formation.

There are several types of suture techniques, including:

1. Simple Interrupted Suture: This is one of the most basic suture techniques where the needle is passed through the tissue at a right angle, creating a loop that is then tightened to approximate the wound edges. Multiple stitches are placed along the length of the incision or wound.
2. Continuous Locking Suture: In this technique, the needle is passed continuously through the tissue in a zigzag pattern, with each stitch locking into the previous one. This creates a continuous line of sutures that provides strong tension and support to the wound edges.
3. Running Suture: Similar to the continuous locking suture, this technique involves passing the needle continuously through the tissue in a straight line. However, instead of locking each stitch, the needle is simply passed through the previous loop before being tightened. This creates a smooth and uninterrupted line of sutures that can be easily removed after healing.
4. Horizontal Mattress Suture: In this technique, two parallel stitches are placed horizontally across the wound edges, creating a "mattress" effect that provides additional support and tension to the wound. This is particularly useful in deep or irregularly shaped wounds.
5. Vertical Mattress Suture: Similar to the horizontal mattress suture, this technique involves placing two parallel stitches vertically across the wound edges. This creates a more pronounced "mattress" effect that can help reduce tension and minimize scarring.
6. Subcuticular Suture: In this technique, the needle is passed just below the surface of the skin, creating a smooth and barely visible line of sutures. This is particularly useful in cosmetic surgery or areas where minimizing scarring is important.

The choice of suture technique depends on various factors such as the location and size of the wound, the type of tissue involved, and the patient's individual needs and preferences. Proper suture placement and tension are crucial for optimal healing and aesthetic outcomes.

A hernia is a protrusion of an organ or tissue through a weakened area in the abdominal wall, often appearing as a bulge beneath the skin. This condition can occur in various parts of the body such as the groin (inguinal hernia), navel (umbilical hernia), or site of a previous surgical incision (incisional hernia). Hernias may cause discomfort or pain, especially when straining, lifting heavy objects, or during bowel movements. In some cases, they may lead to serious complications like intestinal obstruction or strangulation, requiring immediate medical attention.

Ascitic fluid is defined as the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the two layers of the peritoneum, a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. This buildup of fluid, also known as ascites, can be caused by various medical conditions such as liver cirrhosis, cancer, heart failure, or infection. The fluid itself is typically straw-colored and clear, but it may also contain cells, proteins, and other substances depending on the underlying cause. Analysis of ascitic fluid can help doctors diagnose and manage the underlying condition causing the accumulation of fluid.

A vaginal hysterectomy is a surgical procedure in which the uterus is removed through the vagina. During this type of hysterectomy, an incision is made in the vagina, and the uterus is separated from its attachments and then removed. The cervix may also be removed during a vaginal hysterectomy. This procedure is typically used to treat conditions such as uterine fibroids, endometriosis, pelvic support problems, and gynecologic cancer.

It's important to note that after a hysterectomy, a woman will no longer have menstrual periods or be able to become pregnant. Additionally, the removal of the ovaries (oophorectomy) during a hysterectomy can lead to surgical menopause and associated symptoms such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and mood changes.

As with any surgery, there are risks involved with vaginal hysterectomy, including infection, bleeding, injury to surrounding organs, and reactions to anesthesia. It is important for patients to discuss the potential benefits and risks of this procedure with their healthcare provider before making a decision about treatment.

Endosonography, also known as endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), is a medical procedure that combines endoscopy and ultrasound to obtain detailed images and information about the digestive tract and surrounding organs. An endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip, is inserted through the mouth or rectum to reach the area of interest. A high-frequency ultrasound transducer at the tip of the endoscope generates sound waves that bounce off body tissues and create echoes, which are then translated into detailed images by a computer.

Endosonography allows doctors to visualize structures such as the esophageal, stomach, and intestinal walls, lymph nodes, blood vessels, and organs like the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. It can help diagnose conditions such as tumors, inflammation, and infections, and it can also be used to guide biopsies or fine-needle aspirations of suspicious lesions.

Overall, endosonography is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and management of various gastrointestinal and related disorders.

Cecal diseases refer to medical conditions that affect the cecum, which is a pouch-like structure located at the junction of the small and large intestines. The cecum plays an important role in digestion, particularly in the fermentation of certain types of food.

There are several different types of cecal diseases, including:

1. Cecal volvulus: This is a rare condition in which the cecum twists on itself, cutting off blood flow and causing severe pain and other symptoms.
2. Diverticulitis: This occurs when small pouches called diverticula form in the wall of the cecum and become inflamed or infected.
3. Appendicitis: Although not strictly a cecal disease, the appendix is a small tube-like structure that branches off from the cecum. Inflammation of the appendix (appendicitis) can cause severe pain in the lower right abdomen and may require surgical removal of the appendix.
4. Crohn's disease: This is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract, including the cecum.
5. Tuberculosis: The cecum can also be affected by tuberculosis, which is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body.
6. Cancer: Although rare, cancer can also affect the cecum, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.

Treatment for cecal diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include antibiotics, surgery, or other medical interventions. If you are experiencing symptoms that may be related to a cecal disease, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.

Endoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the use of an endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, to examine the interior of a body cavity or organ. The endoscope is inserted through a natural opening in the body, such as the mouth or anus, or through a small incision. The images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the physician to visualize the internal structures and detect any abnormalities, such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. Endoscopy can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as taking tissue samples for biopsy, or for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps or performing minimally invasive surgeries.

"Conversion to open surgery" is a medical term that refers to the situation when a surgical procedure, which was initially being performed using minimally invasive techniques (such as laparoscopy or thoracoscopy), needs to be changed to an open approach during the operation. This conversion may be necessary due to various reasons such as unforeseen technical difficulties, excessive bleeding, or discovery of unexpected surgical findings that cannot be safely managed using the minimally invasive approach. The decision to convert to an open surgery is typically made by the operating surgeon in order to ensure the safety and well-being of the patient.

The digestive system, also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is a series of organs that process food and liquids into nutrients and waste. Digestive system diseases refer to any conditions that affect the normal functioning of this system, leading to impaired digestion, absorption, or elimination of food and fluids.

Some common examples of digestive system diseases include:

1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.
2. Peptic Ulcer Disease: Sores or ulcers that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A group of chronic inflammatory conditions that affect the intestines, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.
5. Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine, impairing nutrient absorption.
6. Diverticular Disease: A condition that affects the colon, characterized by the formation of small pouches or sacs (diverticula) that can become inflamed or infected.
7. Constipation: A common digestive system issue where bowel movements occur less frequently than usual or are difficult to pass.
8. Diarrhea: Loose, watery stools that occur more frequently than normal, often accompanied by cramps and bloating.
9. Gallstones: Small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder, causing pain, inflammation, and potential blockages of the bile ducts.
10. Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections or toxins, leading to symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, and abdominal pain.

These are just a few examples of digestive system disorders that can affect overall health and quality of life. If you experience any persistent or severe digestive symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional.

Surgical mesh is a medical device that is used in various surgical procedures, particularly in reconstructive surgery, to provide additional support to weakened or damaged tissues. It is typically made from synthetic materials such as polypropylene or polyester, or from biological materials such as animal tissue or human cadaveric tissue.

The mesh is designed to be implanted into the body, where it can help to reinforce and repair damaged tissues. For example, it may be used in hernia repairs to support the weakened abdominal wall, or in pelvic floor reconstruction surgery to treat conditions such as pelvic organ prolapse or stress urinary incontinence.

Surgical mesh can come in different forms, including sheets, plugs, and patches, and may be either absorbable or non-absorbable. The choice of mesh material and type will depend on the specific surgical indication and the patient's individual needs. It is important for patients to discuss the risks and benefits of surgical mesh with their healthcare provider before undergoing any surgical procedure that involves its use.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pirinitramide" doesn't seem to be a recognized term in medical literature or pharmacology. It's possible that there may be a spelling error or it could be a term specific to certain contexts or regions. If you have more information or if there's another term you'd like me to look up, please let me know!

"Sigmoid diseases" is not a widely recognized medical term. However, the sigmoid colon is a part of the large intestine, and it can be affected by various conditions such as:

1. Sigmoid diverticulitis: Inflammation or infection of small pouches (diverticula) that form on the wall of the sigmoid colon.
2. Sigmoid volvulus: Twisting of the sigmoid colon on itself, which can lead to obstruction and ischemia.
3. Sigmoid cancer: Malignant tumor arising from the epithelial cells lining the sigmoid colon.
4. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Chronic inflammation of the intestine, including the sigmoid colon, that can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
5. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): Functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits, which can affect the sigmoid colon.

Therefore, "sigmoid diseases" could refer to any of these conditions or others that specifically affect the sigmoid colon.

A feasibility study is a preliminary investigation or analysis conducted to determine the viability of a proposed project, program, or product. In the medical field, feasibility studies are often conducted before implementing new treatments, procedures, equipment, or facilities. These studies help to assess the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed intervention, as well as its potential benefits and risks.

Feasibility studies in healthcare typically involve several steps:

1. Problem identification: Clearly define the problem that the proposed project, program, or product aims to address.
2. Objectives setting: Establish specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) objectives for the study.
3. Literature review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research and best practices related to the proposed intervention.
4. Methodology development: Design a methodology for data collection and analysis that will help answer the research questions and achieve the study's objectives.
5. Resource assessment: Evaluate the availability and adequacy of resources, including personnel, time, and finances, required to carry out the proposed intervention.
6. Risk assessment: Identify potential risks and challenges associated with the implementation of the proposed intervention and develop strategies to mitigate them.
7. Cost-benefit analysis: Estimate the costs and benefits of the proposed intervention, including direct and indirect costs, as well as short-term and long-term benefits.
8. Stakeholder engagement: Engage relevant stakeholders, such as patients, healthcare providers, administrators, and policymakers, to gather their input and support for the proposed intervention.
9. Decision-making: Based on the findings of the feasibility study, make an informed decision about whether or not to proceed with the proposed project, program, or product.

Feasibility studies are essential in healthcare as they help ensure that resources are allocated efficiently and effectively, and that interventions are evidence-based, safe, and beneficial for patients.

Neoplasm staging is a systematic process used in medicine to describe the extent of spread of a cancer, including the size and location of the original (primary) tumor and whether it has metastasized (spread) to other parts of the body. The most widely accepted system for this purpose is the TNM classification system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC).

In this system, T stands for tumor, and it describes the size and extent of the primary tumor. N stands for nodes, and it indicates whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. M stands for metastasis, and it shows whether the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.

Each letter is followed by a number that provides more details about the extent of the disease. For example, a T1N0M0 cancer means that the primary tumor is small and has not spread to nearby lymph nodes or distant sites. The higher the numbers, the more advanced the cancer.

Staging helps doctors determine the most appropriate treatment for each patient and estimate the patient's prognosis. It is an essential tool for communication among members of the healthcare team and for comparing outcomes of treatments in clinical trials.

Local anesthesia is a type of anesthesia that numbs a specific area of the body, blocking pain signals from that particular region while allowing the person to remain conscious and alert. It is typically achieved through the injection or application of a local anesthetic drug, which works by temporarily inhibiting the function of nerve fibers carrying pain sensations. Common examples of local anesthetics include lidocaine, prilocaine, and bupivacaine.

Local anesthesia is commonly used for minor surgical procedures, dental work, or other medical interventions where only a small area needs to be numbed. It can also be employed as part of a combined anesthetic technique, such as in conjunction with sedation or regional anesthesia, to provide additional pain relief and increase patient comfort during more extensive surgeries.

The duration of local anesthesia varies depending on the type and dosage of the anesthetic agent used; some last for just a few hours, while others may provide numbness for up to several days. Overall, local anesthesia is considered a safe and effective method for managing pain during various medical procedures.

Ureteral diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the ureters, which are the thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as pain in the side or back, fever, and changes in urinary patterns. Here are some examples of ureteral diseases:

1. Ureteral stricture: A narrowing of the ureter that can be caused by scarring, inflammation, or tumors. This can lead to a backup of urine, which can cause kidney damage or infection.
2. Ureteral stones: Small, hard mineral deposits that form in the ureters and can cause pain, nausea, and blood in the urine.
3. Ureteral cancer: A rare type of cancer that affects the ureters and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, weight loss, and bloody urine.
4. Ureteral reflux: A condition in which urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters, causing infection and kidney damage.
5. Ureteral trauma: Injury to the ureters can occur due to accidents, surgeries, or other medical procedures. This can lead to bleeding, scarring, or blockages in the ureters.

Treatment for ureteral diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medications, surgery, or minimally invasive procedures such as stenting or balloon dilation.

Artificial insemination (AI) is a medical procedure that involves the introduction of sperm into a female's cervix or uterus for the purpose of achieving pregnancy. This procedure can be performed using sperm from a partner or a donor. It is often used when there are issues with male fertility, such as low sperm count or poor sperm motility, or in cases where natural conception is not possible due to various medical reasons.

There are two types of artificial insemination: intracervical insemination (ICI) and intrauterine insemination (IUI). ICI involves placing the sperm directly into the cervix, while IUI involves placing the sperm directly into the uterus using a catheter. The choice of procedure depends on various factors, including the cause of infertility and the preferences of the individuals involved.

Artificial insemination is a relatively simple and low-risk procedure that can be performed in a doctor's office or clinic. It may be combined with fertility drugs to increase the chances of pregnancy. The success rate of artificial insemination varies depending on several factors, including the age and fertility of the individuals involved, the cause of infertility, and the type of procedure used.

"Papio anubis" is the scientific name for the Olive Baboon, which is a species of Old World monkey found in savannas, open woodlands, and hills in East Africa. The term "Papio" refers to the genus of baboons, while "anubis" is the specific name for this particular species.

The Olive Baboon is named for its distinctive olive-gray fur, which can vary in color depending on the subspecies. They have a distinct dog-like face with a pink or red area around their mouths and noses. Adult males typically have a large, rough cheek pad on either side of their faces, which they use to display dominance during social interactions.

Olive Baboons are highly social animals that live in large troops consisting of several adult males, females, and their offspring. They have a complex social hierarchy based on age, size, and rank, and engage in various behaviors such as grooming, playing, and communication to maintain social bonds.

While "Papio anubis" is a medical or scientific term, it is not typically used in clinical settings. However, understanding the behavior and ecology of primates like Olive Baboons can provide valuable insights into human evolution, behavior, and disease transmission.

Ovulation is the medical term for the release of a mature egg from an ovary during a woman's menstrual cycle. The released egg travels through the fallopian tube where it may be fertilized by sperm if sexual intercourse has occurred recently. If the egg is not fertilized, it will break down and leave the body along with the uterine lining during menstruation. Ovulation typically occurs around day 14 of a 28-day menstrual cycle, but the timing can vary widely from woman to woman and even from cycle to cycle in the same woman.

During ovulation, there are several physical changes that may occur in a woman's body, such as an increase in basal body temperature, changes in cervical mucus, and mild cramping or discomfort on one side of the lower abdomen (known as mittelschmerz). These symptoms can be used to help predict ovulation and improve the chances of conception.

It's worth noting that some medical conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or premature ovarian failure, may affect ovulation and make it difficult for a woman to become pregnant. In these cases, medical intervention may be necessary to help promote ovulation and increase the chances of conception.

Sterilization reversal, also known as sterilization reversion or de-sterilization, refers to the surgical procedure aimed at restoring fertility after a voluntary surgical sterilization. The most common methods of sterilization in women are tubal ligation (cutting, tying, or blocking the fallopian tubes) and in men is vasectomy (cutting and sealing the vas deferens).

The reversal procedure for women typically involves microsurgery to reconnect the severed ends of the fallopian tubes (tubal anastomosis), allowing the egg to travel from the ovaries to the uterus and enabling fertilization. The success rate depends on various factors, such as the type and location of the original sterilization, the age and fertility status of the woman before sterilization, and the skill of the surgeon.

For men, a vasectomy reversal (vasovasostomy) aims to reconnect the severed ends of the vas deferens, restoring the passage of sperm into the semen. The success rate for this procedure is generally higher than that of tubal ligation reversals and also depends on factors like the time elapsed since the original vasectomy and the skill of the surgeon.

It's important to note that while sterilization reversals can be successful in some cases, they are not always guaranteed to restore fertility. Moreover, these procedures can be expensive, invasive, and may carry risks such as infection, bleeding, or damage to surrounding tissues. Therefore, it is essential for individuals considering a sterilization reversal to consult with a qualified healthcare professional to discuss the potential benefits, risks, and alternatives thoroughly.

An ovary is a part of the female reproductive system in which ova or eggs are produced through the process of oogenesis. They are a pair of solid, almond-shaped structures located one on each side of the uterus within the pelvic cavity. Each ovary measures about 3 to 5 centimeters in length and weighs around 14 grams.

The ovaries have two main functions: endocrine (hormonal) function and reproductive function. They produce and release eggs (ovulation) responsible for potential fertilization and development of an embryo/fetus during pregnancy. Additionally, they are essential in the production of female sex hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone, which regulate menstrual cycles, sexual development, and reproduction.

During each menstrual cycle, a mature egg is released from one of the ovaries into the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm. If not fertilized, the egg, along with the uterine lining, will be shed, leading to menstruation.

Infertility is a reproductive health disorder defined as the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse or due to an impairment of a person's capacity to reproduce either as an individual or with their partner. It can be caused by various factors in both men and women, including hormonal imbalances, structural abnormalities, genetic issues, infections, age, lifestyle factors, and others. Infertility can have significant emotional and psychological impacts on individuals and couples experiencing it, and medical intervention may be necessary to help them conceive.

Penetrating wounds are a type of traumatic injury that occurs when an object pierces through the skin and underlying tissues, creating a hole or cavity in the body. These wounds can vary in severity, depending on the size and shape of the object, as well as the location and depth of the wound.

Penetrating wounds are typically caused by sharp objects such as knives, bullets, or glass. They can damage internal organs, blood vessels, nerves, and bones, leading to serious complications such as bleeding, infection, organ failure, and even death if not treated promptly and properly.

The management of penetrating wounds involves a thorough assessment of the wound and surrounding tissues, as well as the identification and treatment of any associated injuries or complications. This may include wound cleaning and closure, antibiotics to prevent infection, pain management, and surgery to repair damaged structures. In some cases, hospitalization and close monitoring may be necessary to ensure proper healing and recovery.

Intestinal perforation is a medical condition that refers to a hole or tear in the lining of the intestine. This can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine, large intestine (colon), or stomach. Intestinal perforation allows the contents of the intestines, such as digestive enzymes and bacteria, to leak into the abdominal cavity, which can lead to a serious inflammatory response known as peritonitis.

Intestinal perforation can be caused by various factors, including:

* Mechanical trauma (e.g., gunshot wounds, stab wounds)
* Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)
* Diverticulitis
* Appendicitis
* Intestinal obstruction
* Infections (e.g., typhoid fever, tuberculosis)
* Certain medications (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids)
* Radiation therapy
* Ischemic bowel disease (lack of blood flow to the intestines)

Symptoms of intestinal perforation may include sudden abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and decreased bowel movements. Treatment typically involves surgery to repair the perforation and remove any damaged tissue. Antibiotics are also administered to prevent infection. In severe cases, a temporary or permanent colostomy or ileostomy may be necessary.

Diverticulitis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula, which are small pouches that form in the wall of the colon (large intestine). The condition most commonly affects the sigmoid colon, which is the part of the colon located in the lower left abdomen.

Diverticulitis occurs when these pouches become inflamed or infected, often as a result of a small piece of stool or undigested food getting trapped inside them. This can cause symptoms such as:

* Severe abdominal pain and tenderness, particularly in the lower left side of the abdomen
* Fever and chills
* Nausea and vomiting
* Constipation or diarrhea
* Bloating and gas
* Loss of appetite

Diverticulitis can range from mild to severe, and in some cases, it may require hospitalization and surgery. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection, as well as a liquid diet to allow the colon to rest and heal. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected portion of the colon.

Ileal diseases refer to conditions that primarily affect the ileum, which is the final portion of the small intestine. The ileum plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption, particularly vitamin B12 and bile salts. Ileal diseases can cause various symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and malnutrition, depending on their nature and extent. Some common ileal diseases include:

1. Crohn's disease: A type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the ileum. Crohn's disease causes chronic inflammation, which can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fatigue.
2. Celiac disease: An autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals. In celiac disease, the immune system attacks the lining of the small intestine, including the ileum, causing inflammation and impaired nutrient absorption.
3. Intestinal tuberculosis: A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the ileum. Intestinal tuberculosis can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.
4. Typhlitis: Also known as neutropenic enterocolitis, typhlitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the cecum and terminal ileum, typically in immunocompromised individuals. It can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea.
5. Meckel's diverticulum: A congenital condition characterized by a small pouch protruding from the wall of the ileum. While many people with Meckel's diverticulum do not experience symptoms, it can sometimes become inflamed or bleed, causing abdominal pain and rectal bleeding.
6. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system and can affect any part of the body, including the ileum. Ileal lymphoma can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.

An abdominal hernia refers to the protrusion of an organ or tissue through a weakened area in the abdominal wall, resulting in a bulge. This condition can occur due to various factors such as congenital defects, aging, obesity, pregnancy, persistent coughing, or previous surgeries that have left behind weak spots in the abdominal wall.

There are several types of abdominal hernias, including:

1. Inguinal Hernia: This is the most common type of hernia, occurring when the intestine or bladder protrudes through the inguinal canal in the lower abdomen. Inguinal hernias are more prevalent in men than women.
2. Femoral Hernia: This type of hernia occurs when the intestine or fatty tissue pushes through a weakened area near the femoral artery, located in the upper thigh region. Femoral hernias are more common in women, especially those who are pregnant or obese.
3. Incisional Hernia: This type of hernia develops at the site of a previous abdominal surgery where the abdominal muscles have weakened or failed to heal properly.
4. Umbilical Hernia: An umbilical hernia occurs when the intestine protrudes through the abdominal wall near the navel, often visible as a bulge around the belly button. This type of hernia is more common in infants but can also affect adults, particularly those who are overweight or have had multiple pregnancies.
5. Epigastric Hernia: An epigastric hernia occurs when fatty tissue protrudes through a weakened area between the breastbone and the navel. These hernias are usually small and often painless but can cause discomfort or complications if they become incarcerated or strangulated.

Abdominal hernias can vary in size, from small and barely noticeable to large and severely painful. Symptoms may include a visible bulge, localized pain or discomfort, especially when lifting heavy objects, coughing, or straining during bowel movements. In some cases, hernias may become incarcerated (trapped) or strangulated (blood supply is cut off), which can lead to severe pain, nausea, vomiting, and require immediate medical attention.

Treatment for abdominal hernias typically involves surgical repair, either through open surgery or laparoscopic techniques. The choice of procedure depends on various factors, including the size and location of the hernia, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. In some cases, watchful waiting may be recommended for small, asymptomatic hernias, but it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the best course of action.

Microsurgery is a surgical technique that requires the use of an operating microscope and fine instruments to perform precise surgical manipulations. It is commonly used in various fields such as ophthalmology, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, and plastic and reconstructive surgery. The magnification provided by the microscope allows surgeons to work on small structures like nerves, blood vessels, and tiny bones. Some of the most common procedures that fall under microsurgery include nerve repair, replantation of amputated parts, and various types of reconstructions such as free tissue transfer for cancer reconstruction or coverage of large wounds.

Thoracoscopy is a surgical procedure in which a thoracoscope, a type of endoscope, is inserted through a small incision between the ribs to examine the lungs and pleural space (the space surrounding the lungs). It allows the surgeon to directly view the chest cavity, take biopsies, and perform various operations. This procedure is often used in the diagnosis and treatment of pleural effusions, lung cancer, and other chest conditions.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Intratracheal anesthesia refers to the administration of anesthetic agents directly into the trachea. This type of anesthesia is typically used in specific medical procedures, such as bronchoscopy or airway surgery, where it is necessary to achieve adequate anesthesia and analgesia of the airways while avoiding systemic effects.

Intratracheal anesthesia is usually delivered through a specialized device called a laryngoscope, which is used to visualize the vocal cords and introduce a narrow tube (endotracheal tube) into the trachea. Once the endotracheal tube is in place, anesthetic gases or liquids can be administered directly into the airways, providing rapid onset of action and minimal systemic absorption.

It's important to note that intratracheal anesthesia should only be performed by trained medical professionals, as there are potential risks associated with this procedure, including damage to the airway, respiratory compromise, and other complications.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless gas that is naturally present in the Earth's atmosphere. It is a normal byproduct of cellular respiration in humans, animals, and plants, and is also produced through the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

In medical terms, carbon dioxide is often used as a respiratory stimulant and to maintain the pH balance of blood. It is also used during certain medical procedures, such as laparoscopic surgery, to insufflate (inflate) the abdominal cavity and create a working space for the surgeon.

Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the body can lead to respiratory acidosis, a condition characterized by an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and a decrease in pH. This can occur in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or other lung diseases that impair breathing and gas exchange. Symptoms of respiratory acidosis may include shortness of breath, confusion, headache, and in severe cases, coma or death.

Palpation is a medical examination technique in which a healthcare professional uses their hands to feel the size, shape, and consistency of body parts, including organs, tissues, and bones. It is used to assess the patient's overall health, identify any abnormalities or areas of pain, monitor healing and disease progression, and guide diagnostic and treatment decisions.

During palpation, the healthcare professional applies gentle pressure with their fingers or hands to specific areas of the body, feeling for any changes in texture, temperature, moisture, or movement. The technique can be used to assess various bodily systems, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems.

Palpation is a valuable tool in physical examinations because it is non-invasive, relatively quick, and cost-effective. It can provide important information that helps healthcare professionals make accurate diagnoses and develop effective treatment plans for their patients.

The epigastric arteries are a pair of blood vessels that supply the anterior abdominal wall. The inferior epigastric artery originates from the external iliac artery and ascends toward the umbilicus (navel), passing along the posterior surface of the rectus sheath. It anastomoses (joins) with the superior epigastric artery, which is a branch of the internal thoracic artery. Together, these arteries supply blood to the muscles and skin of the anterior abdominal wall.

Postoperative pain is defined as the pain or discomfort experienced by patients following a surgical procedure. It can vary in intensity and duration depending on the type of surgery performed, individual pain tolerance, and other factors. The pain may be caused by tissue trauma, inflammation, or nerve damage resulting from the surgical intervention. Proper assessment and management of postoperative pain is essential to promote recovery, prevent complications, and improve patient satisfaction.

A bezoar is a mass trapped in the gastrointestinal tract, typically in the stomach, that is composed of indigestible materials such as hair, fibers, or food particles. Bezoars can cause various symptoms including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and obstruction. They are more commonly found in people with certain conditions such as diabetes, mental health disorders, or those who have had gastric surgery. Treatment may involve medication or endoscopic removal of the bezoar.

Female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) is a specific form of tuberculosis (TB) that affects the female reproductive organs. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

In FGTB, the bacteria typically infect the fallopian tubes, uterus, ovaries, and/or the cervix, leading to various gynecological symptoms. The infection can cause scarring, blockage of the fallopian tubes, and damage to the reproductive organs, which may result in infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or chronic pelvic pain.

FGTB is often asymptomatic or has non-specific symptoms, making it difficult to diagnose. Common symptoms include irregular menstrual bleeding, postmenopausal bleeding, vaginal discharge, and pelvic pain. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies (such as ultrasound or CT scan), and laboratory tests (such as endometrial biopsy, PCR, or culture).

FGTB is usually treated with a standard anti-tuberculosis drug regimen that includes isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for at least six months. In some cases, surgery may be required to manage complications such as hydrosalpinx or chronic pelvic pain. Preventing the spread of pulmonary TB through early detection and treatment is crucial in preventing FGTB.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

The umbilicus, also known as the navel, is the scar left on the abdominal wall after the removal of the umbilical cord in a newborn. The umbilical cord connects the developing fetus to the placenta in the uterus during pregnancy, providing essential nutrients and oxygen while removing waste products. After birth, the cord is clamped and cut, leaving behind a small stump that eventually dries up and falls off, leaving the umbilicus. In adults, it typically appears as a slight depression or dimple on the abdomen.

Dysmenorrhea is a medical term that refers to painful menstrual cramps and discomfort during menstruation. It's one of the most common gynecological complaints among women of reproductive age. There are two types of dysmenorrhea: primary and secondary.

1. Primary Dysmenorrhea: This type is more common and occurs in women who have had normal, pelvic anatomy. The pain is caused by strong contractions of the uterus due to the production of prostaglandins (hormone-like substances that are involved in inflammation and pain). Primary dysmenorrhea usually starts soon after menarche (the beginning of menstruation) and tends to improve with age, particularly after childbirth.
2. Secondary Dysmenorrhea: This type is less common and occurs due to an underlying medical condition affecting the reproductive organs, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), or adenomyosis. The pain associated with secondary dysmenorrhea tends to worsen over time and may be accompanied by other symptoms like irregular menstrual bleeding, pain during intercourse, or chronic pelvic pain.

Treatment for dysmenorrhea depends on the type and underlying cause. For primary dysmenorrhea, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen can help alleviate pain by reducing prostaglandin production. Hormonal birth control methods like oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices (IUDs) may also be prescribed to reduce menstrual pain. For secondary dysmenorrhea, treatment typically involves addressing the underlying medical condition causing the pain.

Uterine perforation is a medical condition that refers to the piercing or puncturing of the uterine wall. This can occur during various medical procedures such as dilatation and curettage (D&C), insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD), or during childbirth. It can also be caused by trauma or infection. Uterine perforation can lead to serious complications, such as bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding organs. If left untreated, it can be life-threatening. Symptoms of uterine perforation may include severe abdominal pain, heavy vaginal bleeding, fever, and signs of shock. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Ultrasonography, also known as sonography, is a diagnostic medical procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to produce dynamic images of organs, tissues, or blood flow inside the body. These images are captured in real-time and can be used to assess the size, shape, and structure of various internal structures, as well as detect any abnormalities such as tumors, cysts, or inflammation.

During an ultrasonography procedure, a small handheld device called a transducer is placed on the patient's skin, which emits and receives sound waves. The transducer sends high-frequency sound waves into the body, and these waves bounce back off internal structures and are recorded by the transducer. The recorded data is then processed and transformed into visual images that can be interpreted by a medical professional.

Ultrasonography is a non-invasive, painless, and safe procedure that does not use radiation like other imaging techniques such as CT scans or X-rays. It is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions in various parts of the body, including the abdomen, pelvis, heart, blood vessels, and musculoskeletal system.

Ileus is a condition characterized by a lack of intestinal motility or paralysis of the bowel, leading to obstruction of the digestive tract. It is not caused by a physical blockage but rather by a disruption of the normal muscular contractions (peristalsis) that move food through the intestines. This can result in abdominal distention, vomiting, and absence of bowel movements or gas passage. Ileus can be a complication of various surgical procedures, intra-abdominal infections, or other medical conditions. It is essential to diagnose and treat ileus promptly to prevent further complications such as tissue damage, sepsis, or even death.

CA-125 antigen is a type of protein that is found on the surface of many ovarian cancer cells and is often used as a tumor marker to monitor the effectiveness of treatment and to detect recurrence of ovarian cancer. Elevated levels of CA-125 may also be present in other types of cancer, as well as nonmalignant conditions such as endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and cirrhosis. It is important to note that while CA-125 can be a useful tool in managing ovarian cancer, it is not specific to this type of cancer and should be used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluations.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Romania" is not a medical term. It is a country located in southeastern Europe. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help. Could you please clarify your question?

Electrocoagulation is a medical procedure that uses heat generated from an electrical current to cause coagulation (clotting) of tissue. This procedure is often used to treat a variety of medical conditions, such as:

* Gastrointestinal bleeding: Electrocoagulation can be used to control bleeding in the stomach or intestines by applying an electrical current to the affected blood vessels, causing them to shrink and clot.
* Skin lesions: Electrocoagulation can be used to remove benign or malignant skin lesions, such as warts, moles, or skin tags, by applying an electrical current to the growth, which causes it to dehydrate and eventually fall off.
* Vascular malformations: Electrocoagulation can be used to treat vascular malformations (abnormal blood vessels) by applying an electrical current to the affected area, causing the abnormal vessels to shrink and clot.

The procedure is typically performed using a specialized device that delivers an electrical current through a needle or probe. The intensity and duration of the electrical current can be adjusted to achieve the desired effect. Electrocoagulation may be used alone or in combination with other treatments, such as surgery or medication.

It's important to note that electrocoagulation is not without risks, including burns, infection, and scarring. It should only be performed by a qualified medical professional who has experience with the procedure.

Fertility is the natural ability to conceive or to cause conception of offspring. In humans, it is the capacity of a woman and a man to reproduce through sexual reproduction. For women, fertility usually takes place during their reproductive years, which is from adolescence until menopause. A woman's fertility depends on various factors including her age, overall health, and the health of her reproductive system.

For men, fertility can be affected by a variety of factors such as age, genetics, general health, sexual function, and environmental factors that may affect sperm production or quality. Factors that can negatively impact male fertility include exposure to certain chemicals, radiation, smoking, alcohol consumption, drug use, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Infertility is a common medical condition affecting about 10-15% of couples trying to conceive. Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility refers to the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse, while secondary infertility refers to the inability to conceive following a previous pregnancy.

Infertility can be treated with various medical and surgical interventions depending on the underlying cause. These may include medications to stimulate ovulation, intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), or surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities.

Peptic ulcer perforation is a serious and sightful gastrointestinal complication characterized by the penetration or erosion of an acid-peptic ulcer through the full thickness of the stomach or duodenal wall, resulting in spillage of gastric or duodenal contents into the peritoneal cavity. This leads to chemical irritation and/or bacterial infection of the abdominal cavity, causing symptoms such as sudden severe abdominal pain, tenderness, rigidity, and potentially life-threatening sepsis if not promptly diagnosed and treated with surgical intervention, antibiotics, and supportive care.

The omentum, in anatomical terms, refers to a large apron-like fold of abdominal fatty tissue that hangs down from the stomach and loops over the intestines. It is divided into two portions: the greater omentum, which is larger and hangs down further, and the lesser omentum, which is smaller and connects the stomach to the liver.

The omentum has several functions in the body, including providing protection and cushioning for the abdominal organs, assisting with the immune response by containing a large number of immune cells, and helping to repair damaged tissues. It can also serve as a source of nutrients and energy for the body during times of starvation or other stressors.

In medical contexts, the omentum may be surgically mobilized and used to wrap around injured or inflamed tissues in order to promote healing and reduce the risk of infection. This technique is known as an "omentopexy" or "omentoplasty."

The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the female pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum. It has a thick, middle layer called the myometrium, which is composed of smooth muscle tissue, and an inner lining called the endometrium, which provides a nurturing environment for the fertilized egg to develop into a fetus during pregnancy.

The uterus is where the baby grows and develops until it is ready for birth through the cervix, which is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The uterus plays a critical role in the menstrual cycle as well, by shedding its lining each month if pregnancy does not occur.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Preoperative care refers to the series of procedures, interventions, and preparations that are conducted before a surgical operation. The primary goal of preoperative care is to ensure the patient's well-being, optimize their physical condition, reduce potential risks, and prepare them mentally and emotionally for the upcoming surgery.

Preoperative care typically includes:

1. Preoperative assessment: A thorough evaluation of the patient's overall health status, including medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and diagnostic imaging, to identify any potential risk factors or comorbidities that may impact the surgical procedure and postoperative recovery.
2. Informed consent: The process of ensuring the patient understands the nature of the surgery, its purpose, associated risks, benefits, and alternative treatment options. The patient signs a consent form indicating they have been informed and voluntarily agree to undergo the surgery.
3. Preoperative instructions: Guidelines provided to the patient regarding their diet, medication use, and other activities in the days leading up to the surgery. These instructions may include fasting guidelines, discontinuing certain medications, or arranging for transportation after the procedure.
4. Anesthesia consultation: A meeting with the anesthesiologist to discuss the type of anesthesia that will be used during the surgery and address any concerns related to anesthesia risks, side effects, or postoperative pain management.
5. Preparation of the surgical site: Cleaning and shaving the area where the incision will be made, as well as administering appropriate antimicrobial agents to minimize the risk of infection.
6. Medical optimization: Addressing any underlying medical conditions or correcting abnormalities that may negatively impact the surgical outcome. This may involve adjusting medications, treating infections, or managing chronic diseases such as diabetes.
7. Emotional and psychological support: Providing counseling, reassurance, and education to help alleviate anxiety, fear, or emotional distress related to the surgery.
8. Preoperative holding area: The patient is transferred to a designated area near the operating room where they are prepared for surgery by changing into a gown, having intravenous (IV) lines inserted, and receiving monitoring equipment.

By following these preoperative care guidelines, healthcare professionals aim to ensure that patients undergo safe and successful surgical procedures with optimal outcomes.

Intestinal diseases refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the function or structure of the small intestine, large intestine (colon), or both. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. They can be caused by infections, inflammation, genetic disorders, or other factors. Some examples of intestinal diseases include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), celiac disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and intestinal infections. The specific medical definition may vary depending on the context and the specific condition being referred to.

Gallbladder neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the tissue of the gallbladder, which can be benign or malignant. Benign neoplasms are non-cancerous and typically do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant neoplasms, also known as gallbladder cancer, can invade nearby tissues and organs and may metastasize (spread) to distant parts of the body. Gallbladder neoplasms can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, and nausea, but they are often asymptomatic until they have advanced to an advanced stage. The exact causes of gallbladder neoplasms are not fully understood, but risk factors include gallstones, chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, and certain inherited genetic conditions.

General surgery is a surgical specialty that focuses on the abdominal organs, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder and bile ducts, and often the thyroid gland. General surgeons may also deal with diseases involving the skin, breast, soft tissue, and hernias. They employ a wide range of surgical procedures, using both traditional and laparoscopic techniques.

This definition is consistent with the guidelines provided by professional medical organizations such as the American College of Surgeons and the Royal College of Surgeons. However, it's important to note that specific practices can vary based on factors like geographical location, training, and individual expertise.

The retroperitoneal space refers to the area within the abdominal cavity that is located behind (retro) the peritoneum, which is the smooth serous membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers the abdominal organs. This space is divided into several compartments and contains vital structures such as the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, aorta, and vena cava.

The retroperitoneal space can be further categorized into two regions:

1. The posterior pararenal space, which is lateral to the psoas muscle and contains fat tissue.
2. The perirenal space, which surrounds the kidneys and adrenal glands and is filled with fatty connective tissue.

Disorders or conditions affecting the retroperitoneal space may include infections, tumors, hematomas, or inflammation, which can lead to various symptoms depending on the specific structures involved. Imaging techniques such as CT scans or MRI are commonly used to diagnose and assess retroperitoneal pathologies.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

An explosion is a rapid release of energy that causes a blast wave or pressure surge, and may also produce rapidly expanding gases, heat, light, and sound. In medical terms, explosions can cause a variety of injuries, including blunt trauma, penetrating trauma, burns, and primary and secondary blast injuries.

Blunt trauma is caused by the force of the explosion propelling objects or people through the air, or by the collapse of structures. Penetrating trauma is caused by flying debris or fragments that pierce the skin and other tissues. Burns can result from the heat generated by the explosion, as well as from contact with hot gases, flames, or chemicals.

Primary blast injuries are caused by the direct effect of the blast wave on the body, and can damage internal organs such as the lungs, ears, and brain. Secondary blast injuries are caused by debris or fragments that become projectiles due to the force of the explosion. Tertiary blast injuries occur when people or objects are thrown by the blast wind or become trapped in collapsed structures.

Medical personnel who treat victims of explosions must be trained to recognize and manage these various types of injuries, as well as to provide appropriate psychological support for those affected by the traumatic event.

Nephrectomy is a surgical procedure in which all or part of a kidney is removed. It may be performed due to various reasons such as severe kidney damage, kidney cancer, or living donor transplantation. The type of nephrectomy depends on the reason for the surgery - a simple nephrectomy involves removing only the affected portion of the kidney, while a radical nephrectomy includes removal of the whole kidney along with its surrounding tissues like the adrenal gland and lymph nodes.

Benefits of laparoscopy appear to recede with younger age. Efficacy of laparoscopy is inferior to open surgery in certain ... "Female Pelvic Laparoscopy". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 22 September 2020. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laparoscopy. Feder ... Revision weight loss surgery Single port laparoscopy MedlinePlus > Laparoscopy Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... In gynecology, diagnostic laparoscopy may be used to inspect the outside of the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes, as, for ...
... (SPL) is a recently developed technique in laparoscopic surgery. It is a minimally invasive surgical ... Standard hand instruments are rigid in design and were developed over the last 30 years for use in laparoscopy. Articulation is ...
One of pioneer surgeons of laparoscopy in India with more than 32,000 laparoscopic surgeries to his credit, from basic to ... He is a Teacher, Academician, Trainer in laparoscopy, writer and social worker. Education MS Gen. Surgery, 1984 - 1987 Osmania ... Most versatile surgeon in India with experience and expertise in general surgery, GI surgery, gynaec laparoscopy, thoracoscopy ... "Laparoscopy :: Dr.B.Narsaiah". 13 July 2011. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2013. 4. https://www. ...
". "Amrita School of Medicine" (PDF). "Laparoscopy Hospital". "Chris O'Brien Lifehouse Fellowship". v t e (Articles with topics ...
Berci, G.; Cuschieri, A. (1986). Practical Laparoscopy. London: Bailliere Tindall. Cuschieri, A.; Berci, G. (1990). ...
Zucker, Karl A. (January 2001). Surgical Laparoscopy. ISBN 9780683306705. Aufses, Arthur H.; Niss, Barbara (December 2002). ...
Other findings, such as endometriotic lesions, may also be treated as part of laparoscopy. If laparoscopy with ... In this case, laparoscopy can be considered as the next step to verify the diagnosis of tubal occlusion. This procedure does ... Chromopertubation with laparoscopy is considered the "gold standard" to evaluate tubal patency. It is the most accurate way to ... While laparoscopy with chromopertubation is considered to be the first-line practice for the diagnosis of tubal occlusion, it ...
Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy. A Guide for Patients, Revised 2012. From the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Patient ...
"Laparoscopy Today". Laparoscopy Today. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2011-01-02. "Endometriosis - ... Nezhat & the Rise of Advanced Operative Video-Laparoscopy". Laparoscopy.blogs.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02. AAGL 2009 Honorary ... Nezhat is best known for the surgical innovation referred to as video-laparoscopy or "operating off the monitor", a method now ... However, by approximately the mid-1990s it can be established that most of the initial misgivings about video-laparoscopy had ...
During laparoscopy (laparoscopic surgery or minimally invasive surgery), it is necessary to insufflate the abdominal cavity (i. ... Mouton, W G; Bessell JR; Otten KT; Maddern GJ (1999). "Pain after laparoscopy". Surg Endosc. 13 (5): 445-448. doi:10.1007/ ... Binda, M; Molinas C; Hansen P; Koninckx P (2006). "Effect of desiccation and temperature during laparoscopy on Adhesion ... "Meta-analysis of the effect of warm humidified insufflation on pain after laparoscopy". Br J Surg. 95 (8): 950-956. doi:10.1002 ...
Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy. A Guide for Patients, Revised 2012. From the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Patient ... Hysteroscopy can be used in conjunction with laparoscopy or other methods to reduce the risk of perforation during the ...
Gynecological laparoscopy 6. Laparoscopic surgery 7. In vitro conception 8. Surrogate conception 9. Investigation of ...
Rudolph-Witt, Rebecca (4 May 2016). "How Mini-Laparoscopy Changed". Medical Design and Outsourcing. Retrieved 30 August 2022. " ...
Laparoscopy Extends into Gynecology". Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons. 1 (3): 289-292. PMC 3016739. PMID ... In 1961 Palmer was the first to retrieve a human oocyte from a patient via laparoscopy. In 1962 Palmer performed laparoscopic ... was a French gynecologist and pioneer in gynecologic laparoscopy. Palmer was born in Paris. His parents, Fritjof Palmer and ... extensively teaching and influencing many gynecologists throughout the world about the use and potential of laparoscopy. Others ...
He specializes in laparoscopy. In December of the same year, Vollant began his career as a general surgeon in the Baie-Comeau ...
Hope reported in 1937 on the use of laparoscopy to diagnose ectopic pregnancy. In 1944, Raoul Palmer placed his patients in the ... Laparoscopy extends into gynecology". Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons. 1 (3): 289-92. PMC 3016739. PMID ... The laparoscopy: liver disease, biliary disease, etc. The respiratory tract: lung cancer, transbronchoscopy lung biopsy, ... 13-. ISBN 978-93-86150-49-3. Litynski GS (Jan-Mar 1997). "Laparoscopy-the early attempts: spotlighting Georg Kelling and Hans ...
... medical CO2 for laparoscopy. The Group also provides hygiene and disinfection solutions, through its German subsidiary Schulke ...
Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 23 (3): 324-328. doi:10.1097/SLE.0b013e318290126d. PMID 23752002. ...
"Sterilization by Electrocoagulation and Division via Laparoscopy". Atlasofpelvicsurgery.com. Retrieved 2013-06-25. "Hulka Clip ... "Silastic Band Sterilization via Laparoscopy". Atlasofpelvicsurgery.com. Retrieved 2013-06-25. "Sterilization by the Modified ... "Frequently Asked Questions: Special Procedures: Laparoscopy". American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 1 February ...
Bittner, James G. IV (2010-10-02). "Mesh-free Laparoscopic Repair of Small Spigelian Hernias". Surgical Laparoscopy Endoscopy ... a Spigelian hernia can be repaired by doing robotic laparoscopy and most patients can go home the same day. This novel ...
Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 22 (4): 283-8. doi:10.1097/sle.0b013e3182582e92. PMID 22874675. ...
... he pioneered surgical laparoscopy and was the first worldwide to perform an appendectomy assisted by laparoscopy in 1975. Henk ... most notably the International Laparoscopy Congress in Miami, USA, (Feb. 1981) to popularise the use of laparoscopy in surgical ... "Laparoscopy: The Controversial Beginnings of a Surgical Revolution". Retrieved 2017-09-09. {{cite news}}: ,last= has generic ... His first publication describing his theory around the appendix as well as the use of the laparoscopy during surgery was ...
Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 22 (4): 283-8. doi:10.1097/sle.0b013e3182582e92. PMID 22874675. ...
Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy, and Percutaneous Techniques, 2001; 11: 9-13". Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous ...
Nephrectomy and heminephrectomy - Traditionally done with laparoscopy, it is not likely that a robotic procedure offers ... Satava RM (February 2002). "Surgical robotics: the early chronicles: a personal historical perspective". Surgical Laparoscopy, ... February 2002). "Early experience with robotically assisted internal thoracic artery harvest". Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy ...
Laparoscopy Laparoscopic surgery "About us". AAGL website. Retrieved 5 February 2014. "Our Vision". AAGL website. Archived from ... AAGL publishes the advancements in gynecologic laparoscopy and other conference proceedings in the Journal of Minimally ...
Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 28 (1): 13-19. doi:10.1097/SLE.0000000000000507. ISSN 1534-4908. ...
Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 16 (4): 208-211. doi:10.1097/00129689-200608000-00002. ISSN 1530- ...
Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 18 (2): 216-218. doi:10.1097/SLE.0b013e318166145c. PMID 18427347. ...
Nduka, C. C.; Monson, J. R. T.; Menzies-Gow, N.; Darzi, A. (1994). "Abdominal wall metastases following laparoscopy". British ... dexterity on laparoscopy simulator". The Lancet. 352 (9135): 1191. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)00034-8. PMID 9777838. S2CID ...
Benefits of laparoscopy appear to recede with younger age. Efficacy of laparoscopy is inferior to open surgery in certain ... "Female Pelvic Laparoscopy". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 22 September 2020. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laparoscopy. Feder ... Revision weight loss surgery Single port laparoscopy MedlinePlus > Laparoscopy Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... In gynecology, diagnostic laparoscopy may be used to inspect the outside of the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes, as, for ...
A laparoscopy is surgery that lets a surgeon see your organs without making a large cut in your body. Its used to diagnose and ... What is a laparoscopy?. A laparoscopy is a type of surgery that lets a surgeon look inside your body without making a large ... Why do I need a laparoscopy?. There are many reasons why you may need a laparoscopy, including if:. *You have pain or other ... What happens during a laparoscopy?. Laparoscopy is usually done in a hospital or an outpatient clinic. In general, it includes ...
Diagnostic laparoscopy is a procedure that allows a doctor to look directly at the contents of the abdomen or pelvis. ... Diagnostic laparoscopy is often done for the following:. *Find the cause of pain or a growth in the abdomen and pelvic area ... Diagnostic laparoscopy may not be possible if you have a swollen bowel, fluid in the abdomen (ascites), or you have had a past ... The laparoscopy is normal if there is no blood in the abdomen, no hernias, no intestinal obstruction, and no cancer in any ...
If you choose to logout it will log you out from all the applications.. ...
Laparoscopy is used to examine the abdominal organs. Well teach you how to prepare, what to expect during the procedure, and ... A laparoscopy, also known as a diagnostic laparoscopy, is a surgical diagnostic procedure used to examine the organs inside the ... Laparoscopy. (2020).. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Laparoscopy. *. Laparoscopy: How its performed. (2018).. http://www. ... A laparoscopy is usually done as an outpatient procedure. This means that you can go home the same day as your surgery in many ...
Exploratory laparoscopy also allows tissue biopsy, culture acquisition, and a variety of therapeutic interventions. ... also termed diagnostic laparoscopy, is a minimally invasive method for the diagnosis of intra-abdominal diseases by direct ... Exploratory laparoscopy (also referred to as diagnostic laparoscopy) is a minimally invasive method for the diagnosis of intra- ... Diagnostic laparoscopy for accurate staging of intra-abdominal malignancies is referred to as staging laparoscopy and is ...
Laparoscopy is surgery that is done through small incisions in the belly. Small tools and a scope with a tiny camera are passed ... Laparoscopy shortens recovery time and leaves smaller scars than open surgery.. Laparoscopic Instruments Being Placed in the ... Diagnostic laparoscopy patient information from SAGES. Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons website. ... Laparoscopy. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists website. Available at: https://www.acog.org/en/Womens% ...
Find out about what happens when you get a gynaecological laparoscopy. ... Is gynaecological laparoscopy major surgery? It depends on the type of procedure you are having. If youre having a laparoscopy ... Is a gynaecological laparoscopy painful? A gynaecological laparoscopy is usually done under general anaesthesia, which means ... How long does a gynaecological laparoscopy take?. A simple gynaecological laparoscopy to look inside your pelvis may take as ...
For presumed early stage primary endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, laparoscopy is associated with similar OS and ... This review found low to moderate-certainty evidence to support the role of laparoscopy for the management of early endometrial ... Laparoscopy versus laparotomy for the management of early stage endometrial cancer Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 31;10( ... Over the last two decades there has been a steady increase of the use of laparoscopy for endometrial cancer. This review ...
... point summaries of hydrosalpinx and contraindication to laparoscopy. The presence of a hydrosalpinx during an in‐vitro ... The patient with hydrosalpinx and contraindication to laparoscopy. Assisted Reproduction Techniques (2021) * Basim Abu Rafea, ... "The patient with hydrosalpinx and contraindication to laparoscopy" Assisted Reproduction Techniques (2021) Available at: http ... point summaries of hydrosalpinx and contraindication to laparoscopy. The presence of a hydrosalpinx during an in‐vitro ...
Laparoscopy for the management of gastric cancer. Purpose: To conduct a systematic review to explore the role of laparoscopy ... When utilized as a diagnostic test, trials were included if staging laparoscopy was compared to a predefined gold standard in ... Overall, staging laparoscopy identified distant metastases that were not identified in a preoperative staging computed ... There is evidence that staging laparoscopy is a more accurate staging modality than computed tomography for advanced gastric ...
Learn about Hand-Assisted Laparoscopy at online-medical-dictionary.org ... Hand-Assisted Laparoscopies. Laparoscopic Surgeries, Hand-Assisted. Laparoscopic Surgery, Hand-Assisted. Laparoscopies, Hand- ... Hand-Assisted Laparoscopy. Synonyms. Hand Assisted Laparoscopic Surgery. Hand Assisted Laparoscopic Surgical Procedures. Hand ... Assisted Laparoscopy. Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Surgeries. Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Surgery. Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic ...
Laparoscopy gynaecological investigation - Keyhole surgery examines and treats gynaecological conditions.. Choose Spire London ... Following a gynaecological laparoscopy, it is normal to have a small amount of vaginal bleeding. Some laparoscopies involve the ... Laparoscopy is a form of surgery that allows doctors to examine and possibly treat internal organs by viewing images sent from ... Laparoscopy surgery is also known as keyhole surgery.. Your doctors may use it to help diagnose symptoms of gynaecological ...
Laparoscopy. Laparoscopy is a procedure used to check the organs in the belly (abdomen). It can also check a womans pelvic ... One benefit of laparoscopy is that its minimally invasive. That means it uses a very small cut in the belly. Laparoscopy ... Why might I need a laparoscopy?. An abdominal laparoscopy can be done to check the abdomen and its organs for:. *Tumors and ... Laparoscopy uses a thin lighted tube that has a video camera. The tube is called a laparoscope. It is put into a tiny cut or ...
PART 5. GLOBAL LAPAROSCOPY AND ENDOSCOPY DEVICES MARKET BY TYPE. PART 6. GLOBAL LAPAROSCOPY AND ENDOSCOPY DEVICES MARKET BY END ... PART 7. GLOBAL LAPAROSCOPY AND ENDOSCOPY DEVICES MARKET BY PRODUCT. PART 8. GLOBAL LAPAROSCOPY AND ENDOSCOPY DEVICES MARKET BY ... Global Laparoscopy Devices Market Report 2019, Competitive Landscape, Trends and Opportunities. The Laparoscopy Devices market ... Global Laparoscopy Surgical Clamp Market Research Report 2019-2023. In the context of China-US trade war and global economic ...
Report: first ESUT fellowship in endourology and laparoscopy. Mon, 6 Dec 2010 ... Jens Rassweiler, Chairman of ESUT, their certificate for a fellowship in endourology and laparoscopy. This fellowship programme ... laparoscopy and imaging. I was given the task to participate, conduct and evaluate several research projects, which later on ...
This page will publish the day to day events of World Laparoscopy Hospital Alumni ... World Laparoscopy Training Institute Bld.No: 27, DHCC, Dubai, UAE. World Laparoscopy Training Institute. 5401 S Kirkman Rd ... The Daily Experience at World Laparoscopy Hospital. Every day at World Laparoscopy Hospital is a contemporary event in the ... World Laparoscopy Hospital Cyber City Gurugram, NCR Delhi, 122002 India. All Enquiries. Tel: +91 124 2351555, +91 9811416838, + ...
... World J Gastrointest Surg 2023; 15( ... Influence of liver function after laparoscopy-assisted vs totally laparoscopic gastrectomy. World J Gastrointest Surg 2023; 15( ...
This page will publish the day to day events of World Laparoscopy Hospital Alumni ... World Laparoscopy Training Institute Bld.No: 27, DHCC, Dubai, UAE. World Laparoscopy Training Institute. 5401 S Kirkman Rd ... The Daily Experience at World Laparoscopy Hospital. Every day at World Laparoscopy Hospital is a contemporary event in the ... World Laparoscopy Hospital Cyber City Gurugram, NCR Delhi, 122002 India. All Enquiries. Tel: +91 124 2351555, +91 9811416838, + ...
Infertility, often treated with laparoscopy if fallopian tubes are blocked. *Pelvic prolapse, when the vagina, uterus, or ... When possible, surgeons at Bassett Healthcare Network prefer minimally invasive surgery, laparoscopy, or robotic-assisted ... laparoscopy, and robotic surgery:. *Hysterectomy, surgically removing the uterus either vaginally or through an incision in the ...
Presented by Louis R. Kavoussi, MD, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore.
Incision for abdominal laparoscopy. Abdominal laparoscopy is a useful aid in diagnosing disease or trauma in the abdominal ... Large operations such as liver and pancreatic resections may begin with laparoscopy to exclude the presence of additional ...
Laparoscopy as method for injury detection in anterior abdominal stab wounds. * Report By: Laura Morrow - ST1 Emergency ... In [patients with anterior abdominal stab wounds] does [laparoscopy] reliably detect [intra-abdominal injury / peritoneal ...
John Berryman answered: Endometriosis: Endometriosis is not diagnosed by laparoscopy in many cases. Seeing the implants is ... Recently had a laparoscopy to diagnose endometriosis- no endo found. Due 1st period and no period yet- could the op have ... Endometriosis is not diagnosed by laparoscopy in many cases. Seeing the implants is dependent on looking at the right time ... Can endometriosis get worse after a laparoscopy ? i had a lap for endometriosis in june 2017 because of pain every month.dr ...
Endoscopic Submucosal with diagnostic Laparoscopy (Movie Clip) - PG: MIS Colorectal ...
Typically in laparoscopy, the abdomen is first inflated with carbon dioxide, and the laparosocpe passed through a small ... Today, a typical laparoscopy system consists of four main components: One or more digital cameras, a light source, a monitor ... Laparoscopy Laparoscopic surgery is a widely accepted surgical technique that uses small incisions and long pencil-like ... Typically in laparoscopy, the abdomen is first inflated with carbon dioxide, and the laparosocpe passed through a small ...
Earth Refugee is an Organization Earth initiative for the transition of refugees and asylum seekers in Greece from passive recipients of humanitarian aid to pr
"Laparoscopy, or a Half-Birth" was written by Gabriella Graceffo for Rattles Ekphrastic Challenge, May 2022, and selected as ... "Laparoscopy, or a Half-Birth" by Gabriella Graceffo. June 30, 2022Posted by Rattle ...
Keywords: pregnancy, first trimester, uterine rupture, laparoscopy Citation styles. APA Copy. Jang, D.G., Lee, G.S.R., Yoon, J. ... Jang, D.G.; Lee, G.S.R.; Yoon, J.H.; Lee, S.J. Placenta Percreta-Induced Uterine Rupture Diagnosed By Laparoscopy in the First ... Placenta Percreta-Induced Uterine Rupture Diagnosed By Laparoscopy in the First Trimester. Int J Med Sci 2011; 8(5):424-427. ... Placenta Percreta-Induced Uterine Rupture Diagnosed By Laparoscopy in the First Trimester. Int J Med Sci 2011; 8(5):424-427. ...
... also called laparoscopy, is a growing area in veterinary surgery. Click here to find out more about Laparoscopic procedures ... Laparoscopy surgery (keyhole surgery). Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical technique to explore the abdomen with two ... Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical technique to explore the abdomen with two to three small keyhole incisions. A ... In human medicine keyhole surgery or laparoscopy has been used for many years given its reduced surgical trauma and quicker ...
  • Diagnostic laparoscopy is a procedure that allows a doctor to look directly at the contents of the abdomen or pelvis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Diagnostic laparoscopy may not be possible if you have a swollen bowel, fluid in the abdomen (ascites), or you have had a past surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Falcone T, Walters MD. Diagnostic laparoscopy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A laparoscopy, also known as a diagnostic laparoscopy, is a surgical diagnostic procedure used to examine the organs inside the abdomen , as well as other closed spaces, such as the knees. (healthline.com)
  • In some circumstances, your surgeon may believe the risk of a diagnostic laparoscopy is too high to warrant the benefits of using a minimally invasive technique. (healthline.com)
  • Exploratory laparoscopy (also referred to as diagnostic laparoscopy) is a minimally invasive method for the diagnosis of intra-abdominal diseases through direct inspection of intra-abdominal organs. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnostic laparoscopy is useful for making a definitive clinical diagnosis whenever there is a diagnostic dilemma even after routine diagnostic workup, including patients with nonspecific abdominal pain, hemodynamically stable patients who have sustained blunt or penetrating trauma with suspected intra-abdominal injuries, and critically ill intensive care unit (ICU) patients with suspected intra-abdominal sepsis or pathologies. (medscape.com)
  • By enabling accurate staging, diagnostic laparoscopy permits patient selection for curative resection or neoadjuvant chemotherapy while avoiding nontherapeutic laparotomy, which is associated with a delay in the initiation of chemotherapy. (medscape.com)
  • This article provides a comprehensive description of the role of exploratory (diagnostic) laparoscopy) as an alternative to traditional open exploratory laparotomy in the management of certain intra-abdominal conditions. (medscape.com)
  • Regarding the utility of exploratory laparoscopy for patients with NSAP, a meta-analysis of four randomized control trials (N = 811) comparing exploratory laparoscopy with active observation concluded that early diagnostic laparoscopy was associated with a decreased number of patients discharged without a final diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnostic laparoscopy patient information from SAGES. (epnet.com)
  • Available at: https://www.sages.org/publications/patient-information/patient-information-for-diagnostic-laparoscopy-from-sages. (epnet.com)
  • When utilized as a diagnostic test, trials were included if staging laparoscopy was compared to a predefined gold standard in addition to conventional staging modalities. (sages.org)
  • Diagnostic laparoscopy was considered for surgical abdomen and fluid collection that was noted in sonography. (medsci.org)
  • Diagnostic laparoscopy is a procedure that allows a health care provider to look directly inside of a patient's abdomen or pelvis in order to identify or rule out certain medical problems. (uabmedicine.org)
  • I recently had my first pre-operative appointment for the diagnostic laparoscopy I'm having soon. (hormonesmatter.com)
  • If we do a laparoscopy and find nothing, we still have other diagnostic options. (hormonesmatter.com)
  • However, a close relative of mine underwent a diagnostic laparoscopy in her early twenties for endometriosis and her doctors decided to give her a hysterectomy. (hormonesmatter.com)
  • Laparoscopy has progressed from a restricted gynecologic surgical technique used only for diagnostic and tubal ligations to a significant surgical instrument utilized for a wide range of gynecologic and nongynecologic purposes during the last 50 years. (icloudhospital.com)
  • To reduce the danger of aspiration, diagnostic laparoscopy is frequently done under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. (icloudhospital.com)
  • Trocar insertion is comparable to diagnostic laparoscopy. (icloudhospital.com)
  • Diagnostic laparoscopy is a surgical procedure used to evaluate intra-abdominal or pelvic pathology (eg, tumor, endometriosis) in patients with acute or chronic abdominal pain and operability in patients with cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Le diagnostic et la prise en charge adéquate des lésions intra cavitaires permettent d'am liorer les chances de conception. (who.int)
  • Laparoscopy: diagnostic and therapeutic uses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Laparoscopy (from Ancient Greek λαπάρα (lapára) 'flank, side', and σκοπέω (skopéō) 'to see') is an operation performed in the abdomen or pelvis using small incisions (usually 0.5-1.5 cm) with the aid of a camera. (wikipedia.org)
  • The laparoscopy is normal if there is no blood in the abdomen, no hernias, no intestinal obstruction, and no cancer in any visible organs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The most common risks associated with a laparoscopy are bleeding , infection, and damage to organs in your abdomen. (healthline.com)
  • A gynaecological laparoscopy is a procedure to look inside your pelvis (lower abdomen or tummy). (bupa.co.uk)
  • Laparoscopy is a procedure used to check the organs in the belly (abdomen). (sarahbush.org)
  • When possible, surgeons at Bassett Healthcare Network prefer minimally invasive surgery, laparoscopy, or robotic-assisted surgeries, which use one or more small incisions in the abdomen to see and treat the problem. (bassett.org)
  • In addition, we recommend laparoscopy for the investigation of acute abdomen with unclear diagnosis in the first trimester of pregnancy. (medsci.org)
  • Laparoscopy is minimally invasive surgery that uses a small telescope equipped with a light and tiny camera (laparoscope) that is inserted through small incisions in your abdomen to let your doctor see inside your reproductive organs like your uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • Laparoscopy is a type of surgical procedure that allows a surgeon to access the inside of the abdomen (tummy) and pelvis without having to make large incisions in the skin. (kk-hospital.com)
  • A gynecological laparoscopy ( keyhole surgery ) is a treatment that examines your womb (uterus), fallopian tubes, and ovaries from within your lower belly (abdomen). (icloudhospital.com)
  • Exploratory laparoscopy also allows tissue biopsy, culture acquisition, and a variety of therapeutic interventions. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 , 2 ] Laparoscopic ultrasonography (LUS) can also be performed during exploratory laparoscopy to evaluate organs that are not amenable to direct visual inspection. (medscape.com)
  • Running the bowel" between two atraumatic 3mm bowel forceps during an exploratory laparoscopy. (vetsurgeon.org)
  • A laparoscopy is a type of surgery that lets a surgeon look inside your body without making a large incision (cut). (medlineplus.gov)
  • For example, if a laparoscopy finds a tumor, the surgeon may remove it completely during the same surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Laparoscopy is sometimes called "minimally invasive surgery" or "keyhole surgery," because it requires smaller cuts than traditional, "open" surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A laparoscopy is often performed using general anesthesia, which can make you drowsy and unable to drive for several hours after surgery. (healthline.com)
  • Laparoscopy is surgery that is done through small incisions in the belly. (epnet.com)
  • Laparoscopy shortens recovery time and leaves smaller scars than open surgery. (epnet.com)
  • A laparoscopy is also called keyhole surgery. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Laparoscopy is a form of surgery that allows doctors to examine and possibly treat internal organs by viewing images sent from a small, thin tube (a laparoscope) inserted through small cuts into your body. (spirehealthcare.com)
  • Gynaecological laparoscopy is a less invasive way than traditional surgery for doctors to see your reproductive organs. (spirehealthcare.com)
  • Laparoscopy usually takes less time and has a faster recovery than open surgery. (sarahbush.org)
  • The Graduation Day and Certification Ceremony for the September 2023 Diploma Batch in Minimal Access Surgery at World Laparoscopy Hospital will feature Prof. Dr. R. K. Mishra and Dr. B. S. Bhalla as distinguished guests. (laparoscopyhospital.com)
  • At the heart of the World Laparoscopy Hospital's mission is the commitment to train the next generation of surgeons and medical professionals in the art and science of Minimal Access Surgery. (laparoscopyhospital.com)
  • In human medicine 'keyhole' surgery or laparoscopy has been used for many years given its reduced surgical trauma and quicker recovery times compared to traditional 'open' surgery. (vets4pets.com)
  • The main drivers which are fuelling the growth of Europe Laparoscopy Device Market are elderly generation who are demanding less invasive surgery, and surgeons who are getting better training in laparoscopy than in the past, increased population of obese and aged people. (emailwire.com)
  • Laparoscopic devices are typically used during laparoscopy (a type of minimally invasive surgery) and enable the surgeon to operate through small incisions that are generally between 3 to 5 mm. (marketresearch.com)
  • Laparoscopy and endoscopy are related to minimally invasive surgical techniques and have advantages over open surgeries, including fewer incisions at the time of surgery, shorter hospital stays, and less painful, quicker recovery post-surgery. (marketresearch.com)
  • Background/Aim: Laparoscopy and endoscopy cooperative surgery (LECS) is an excellent surgical procedure that utilizes the advantages of both methods. (iiarjournals.org)
  • developed laparoscopy and endoscopy cooperative surgery (LECS) ( 14 ), a promising procedure to resolve the above-mentioned problems, for gastric submucosal tumors. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Laparoscopy , also known as minimally invasive surgery or keyhole surgery, is a medical technique that has revolutionized the field of surgery. (kk-hospital.com)
  • Unlike traditional open surgery that involves large incisions, laparoscopy employs small incisions through which a laparoscope, a thin, flexible tube equipped with a camera and light, is inserted into the body. (kk-hospital.com)
  • If you are having gynecologic laparoscopy, dye may be injected into your cervix so the surgeon can view the fallopian tubes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • One such institution is the World Laparoscopy Hospital, where a contemporary event unfolds every day, featuring a remarkable 8-hour hands-on laparoscopic training program. (laparoscopyhospital.com)
  • Group photograph of the doctors with Prof. Dr. R. K. Mishra and Dr. B. S. Balla at World Laparoscopy Hospital. (laparoscopyhospital.com)
  • When an abdominal laparoscopy is performed, a doctor uses an instrument called a laparoscope to look at the abdominal organs. (healthline.com)
  • Large incisions can be avoided during laparoscopy because the surgeon uses an instrument called a laparoscope. (kk-hospital.com)
  • What is an abdominal laparoscopy? (healthline.com)
  • Why is an abdominal laparoscopy performed? (healthline.com)
  • A laparoscopy is often used to identify and diagnose the source of pelvic or abdominal pain . (healthline.com)
  • What are the risks of an abdominal laparoscopy? (healthline.com)
  • How do I prepare for an abdominal laparoscopy? (healthline.com)
  • Laparoscopy may be used to determine a stage of cancer for an abdominal organ. (sarahbush.org)
  • Abdominal laparoscopy is a useful aid in diagnosing disease or trauma in the abdominal cavity with less scarring than with a large abdominal incision. (limamemorial.org)
  • Benefits of laparoscopy include decreased blood loss, post-operative pain and length of hospital stay, as well as improved mobilisation, quicker return to normal activity and fewer pulmonary, thrombotic (blood clot-related) and abdominal wall complications. (bahrainthismonth.com)
  • In the absence of access to imaging modalities, laparoscopy may be used selectively in the workup and treatment of acute abdominal processes in pregnancy. (guidelinecentral.com)
  • Laparoscopy, or a Half-Birth" was written by Gabriella Graceffo for Rattle' s Ekphrastic Challenge, May 2022, and selected as the Editor's Choice. (rattle.com)
  • Your doctor might recommend a laparoscopy examination to diagnose the cause of gynaecological symptoms, such as polycystic ovary syndrome , endometriosis or to perform small operations. (spirehealthcare.com)
  • The report profiles 18 companies that have a strong foothold in the laparoscopy and endoscopy devices market, including a few listed below. (marketresearch.com)
  • Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing laparoscopy and laparotomy for early stage endometrial cancer. (nih.gov)
  • We used hazard ratios (HRs) for OS and recurrence free survival (RFS), risk ratios (RR) for severe adverse events and mean differences (MD) for continuous outcomes in women who received laparoscopy or laparotomy with 9% confidence intervals (CI). (nih.gov)
  • The review contains nine RCTs comparing laparoscopy with laparotomy for the surgical management of early stage endometrial cancer.All nine studies met the inclusion criteria and assessed 4389 women at the end of the studies. (nih.gov)
  • A further meta-analysis of two studies, which assessed 3344 women and included one very large trial of over 2500 participants, found that there was no clinical difference in the risk of severe postoperative complications in women in the laparoscopy and laparotomy groups (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.38). (nih.gov)
  • Laparoscopy is done under general anesthesia, which means you are asleep while it happens. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • There is a small risk of damage to the organs being examined during a laparoscopy. (healthline.com)
  • Performing laparoscopy in the presence of adhesions can take much longer and increases the risk of injuring organs. (healthline.com)
  • A laparoscopy is usually done as an outpatient procedure. (healthline.com)
  • If you're having a gynaecological laparoscopy to diagnose a condition, you'll usually have the procedure and go home the same day. (bupa.co.uk)
  • A gynaecological laparoscopy is usually done under general anaesthesia, which means you'll be asleep during the procedure. (bupa.co.uk)
  • The basic laparoscopy and hysteroscopy modules are aimed at Specialist Professionals to provide them with the basic laparoscopy/hysteroscopic knowledge and psychomotor skills. (esge.org)
  • geographically 2E and popular Atlas of Operative Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy, of yours. (elitebath.com)
  • Abnormal uterine findings were de Recherche et d'Application en identified in 95.8% of patients attending hysteroscopy at GESHRTH. (who.int)
  • Laparoscopy is usually done in a hospital or an outpatient clinic. (medlineplus.gov)
  • All nine studies reported hospital stay and results showed that on average, laparoscopy was associated with a significantly shorter hospital stay. (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, laparoscopy is associated with reduced operative morbidity and hospital stay. (nih.gov)
  • Laparoscopy procedures are done on an outpatient basis and do not require that you stay in the hospital overnight. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • A laparoscopy allows your doctor to see inside your body in real time, without having to make large incisions. (healthline.com)
  • Gynaecological laparoscopy can help to diagnose conditions and also to treat them where possible. (bupa.co.uk)
  • You may have a gynaecological laparoscopy to investigate certain symptoms, such as pain in your pelvis. (bupa.co.uk)
  • You may also have a gynaecological laparoscopy to treat a condition. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Your doctor will explain why they're recommending a gynaecological laparoscopy, and will talk about the benefits and potential risks involved. (bupa.co.uk)
  • A specialist doctor called a gynaecologist will usually carry out your gynaecological laparoscopy. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Gynaecological laparoscopy usually takes about half an hour to an hour if you're having it to diagnose a condition. (bupa.co.uk)
  • However, if the peritoneal insufflation pressure is minimized, laparoscopy can be conducted under conscious sedation. (icloudhospital.com)
  • Europe Laparoscopy Device Market value is projected to grow at a CAGR of 7.28% to reach USD 2.43 billion by 2023. (emailwire.com)
  • With superior recovery times, and declined postoperative pain, laparoscopy is opted over any other old techniques. (emailwire.com)
  • Complications of laparoscopy can include bleeding, bacterial peritonitis, and perforation of a viscus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Predictive impacts of peritoneal washing cytology for surgical resection-intended pancreatic cancer cases: Establishment of planned staging laparoscopy criteria. (bvsalud.org)
  • Staging laparoscopy (SL) has been advocated for pancreatic cancer , mainly to evaluate the peritoneal washing cytology (CY) status, which seems to impact the prognosis of pancreatic cancer . (bvsalud.org)
  • A laparoscopy is performed when these tests don't provide enough information or insight for a diagnosis. (healthline.com)
  • Laparoscopy is recommended for both diagnosis and treatment of adnexal torsion. (guidelinecentral.com)
  • There are two options for diagnosis: a laparoscopy and chemically-induced menopause with Lupron. (hormonesmatter.com)
  • Diagnosis and appropriate correction of intrauterine anomalies are considered et d'Application en Chirurgie essential in order to increase chances of conception. (who.int)
  • If you're still suffering with pelvic pain even after a laparoscopy, we can often significantly reduce or eliminate your pain. (berkleycenter.com)
  • Can endometriosis worsen post-laparoscopy? (healthtap.com)
  • Endometriosis is not diagnosed by laparoscopy in many cases. (healthtap.com)
  • 4 failed ivfs,Amh 0.85, doctor suggesting laparoscopy, no endometriosis symptoms, I'm 33, I don't know if lap is the way to go. (healthtap.com)
  • Lupron or Laparoscopy to Diagnose Endometriosis? (hormonesmatter.com)
  • Laparoscopy is the most often used technique for diagnosing and treating endometriosis. (icloudhospital.com)
  • Laparoscopy is used to help diagnose the cause of symptoms in the belly or pelvis . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Laparoscopy can be safely performed during any trimester of pregnancy when operation is indicated. (guidelinecentral.com)
  • Large operations such as liver and pancreatic resections may begin with laparoscopy to exclude the presence of additional tumors (metastatic disease) that would preclude curative resection. (limamemorial.org)
  • Overall, staging laparoscopy identified distant metastases that were not identified in a preoperative staging computed tomography for 20-30% of the subjects. (sages.org)
  • There is evidence that staging laparoscopy is a more accurate staging modality than computed tomography for advanced gastric cancers. (sages.org)
  • A laparoscopy is often done when the results of a physical exam, X-ray, or computed tomography (CT) scan are not clear. (sarahbush.org)
  • To do a laparoscopy, a surgeon makes a small cut near your belly button that's usually a half-inch long or less. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Laparoscopy may be used to take a small tissue sample for testing (a biopsy). (sarahbush.org)
  • Additionally, laparoscopy has cosmetic benefits, as the smaller scars are less noticeable, enhancing the patient's overall experience. (kk-hospital.com)
  • You will probably not stay overnight after a laparoscopy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Indeed, for many common surgical procedures, laparoscopy has become the gold standard, unless contraindicated. (bahrainthismonth.com)
  • Your doctor may change the dose of any medications that could affect the outcome of a laparoscopy. (healthline.com)