A white patch lesion found on a MUCOUS MEMBRANE that cannot be scraped off. Leukoplakia is generally considered a precancerous condition, however its appearance may also result from a variety of HEREDITARY DISEASES.
Epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa associated with Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) and found almost exclusively in persons with HIV infection. The lesion consists of a white patch that is often corrugated or hairy.
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.
'Oral Submucous Fibrosis' is a chronic, insidious, and potentially disabling condition, characterized by progressive stiffness and loss of elasticity of the oral mucosa, due to fibrotic changes in the lamina propria, often associated with juxta-epithelial inflammation and epithelial atrophy.
Lining of the ORAL CAVITY, including mucosa on the GUMS; the PALATE; the LIP; the CHEEK; floor of the mouth; and other structures. The mucosa is generally a nonkeratinized stratified squamous EPITHELIUM covering muscle, bone, or glands but can show varying degree of keratinization at specific locations.
'Mouth diseases' is a broad term referring to various conditions that cause inflammation, infection, or structural changes in any part of the mouth, including the lips, gums, tongue, palate, cheeks, and teeth, which can lead to symptoms such as pain, discomfort, difficulty in chewing or speaking, and altered aesthetics.
An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.
Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.
A muscular organ in the mouth that is covered with pink tissue called mucosa, tiny bumps called papillae, and thousands of taste buds. The tongue is anchored to the mouth and is vital for chewing, swallowing, and for speech.
Powdered or cut pieces of leaves of NICOTIANA TABACUM which are inhaled through the nose, chewed, or stored in cheek pouches. It includes any product of tobacco that is not smoked.
Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A variant of well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma that is most common in the oral cavity, but also occurs in the larynx, nasal cavity, esophagus, penis, anorectal region, vulva, vagina, uterine cervix, and skin, especially on the sole of the foot. Most intraoral cases occur in elderly male abusers of smokeless tobacco. The treatment is surgical resection. Radiotherapy is not indicated, as up to 30% treated with radiation become highly aggressive within six months. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A low-molecular-weight protein (minimum molecular weight 8000) which has the ability to inhibit trypsin as well as chymotrypsin at independent binding sites. It is characterized by a high cystine content and the absence of glycine.
Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)
A condition of the mucous membrane characterized by erythematous papular lesions. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting B-cells in humans. It is thought to be the causative agent of INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS and is strongly associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY;), BURKITT LYMPHOMA; and other malignancies.
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.
Plants or plant parts which are harmful to man or other animals.
Procedures for identifying types and strains of fungi.
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.
Microscopic threadlike filaments in FUNGI that are filled with a layer of protoplasm. Collectively, the hyphae make up the MYCELIUM.
The oval-shaped oral cavity located at the apex of the digestive tract and consisting of two parts: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. It is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC). (From Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Engewood, CO, 1995.)
A predominantly X-linked recessive syndrome characterized by a triad of reticular skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy and leukoplakia of mucous membranes. Oral and dental abnormalities may also be present. Complications are a predisposition to malignancy and bone marrow involvement with pancytopenia. (from Int J Paediatr Dent 2000 Dec;10(4):328-34) The X-linked form is also known as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome and involves the gene which encodes a highly conserved protein called dyskerin.
Direct nucleotide sequencing of gene fragments from multiple housekeeping genes for the purpose of phylogenetic analysis, organism identification, and typing of species, strain, serovar, or other distinguishable phylogenetic level.
One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hungary" is not a medical term; it is a country located in Central Europe, and its name should not be used in the context of medical definitions.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context. It is a geographical location, referring to the Republic of India, a country in South Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
Nuclear antigens encoded by VIRAL GENES found in HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4. At least six nuclear antigens have been identified.
Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent parts possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, curative or other pharmacologic attributes, when administered to man or animals.
A genus of yeast-like mitosporic Saccharomycetales fungi characterized by producing yeast cells, mycelia, pseudomycelia, and blastophores. It is commonly part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of infections, including CANDIDIASIS; ONYCHOMYCOSIS; vulvovaginal candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, VULVOVAGINAL), and thrush (see CANDIDIASIS, ORAL). (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A group of tetraterpenes, with four terpene units joined head-to-tail. Biologically active members of this class are used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic ACNE; PSORIASIS; and other disorders of keratinization.
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.

Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 null genotypes as risk factors for oral leukoplakia in ethnic Indian betel quid/tobacco chewers. (1/63)

Oral cancer is the most common cancer in males and third most common in females in India, the main causative agent being the use of chewing tobacco with or without betel quid (BQ). However, nothing is known about the role of the host metabolic genes in oral cancer in ethnic Indian population. In this study, the prevalence of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes (GSTM1*2 and GSTT1*2) in oral premalignant leukoplakia cases and controls was ascertained in genomic DNA by a multiplex PCR technique. Biopsies taken from 98 oral leukoplakia patients and exfoliated cells from 82 healthy controls both of Indian ethnicity were analysed. GSTM1*1 (active) was present in 83% and GSTT1*1 (active) was present in 78% of all control subjects, while prevalence of GSTM1*2 and GSTT1*2 null genotypes was significantly higher among oral leukoplakia cases. The prevalence of GSTM1*2 in leukoplakia cases was 81.6% compared with 17% in controls [odds ratio (OR), 22; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1047] and GSTT1*2 was 75.5% in the cases versus 22% in controls (OR, 11; 95% CI, 5-22). Combined null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 prevailed in 60.2% of the cases with none detected in controls. Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 enzymes are both known to catalyse detoxification of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation products and tobacco-derived carcinogens that have been found in the saliva of BQ/tobacco chewers. Our results, still requiring confirmation by a larger study, demonstrate that the null genotypes of both GSTM1 and GSTT1 increase with high penetrance, separately or in combination, the risk for developing leukoplakia in an Indian ethnic population.  (+info)

Smokeless tobacco potentiates VIP-induced DNA synthesis and inactivates NEP 24.11 in oral keratinocytes. (2/63)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure of cultured chemically transformed hamster oral keratinocytes (HCPC-1) to an aqueous extract of smokeless tobacco (STE) potentiates DNA synthesis elicited by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), an autocrine neuropeptide, and, if so, whether this response is associated with inactivation of neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP 24. 11), an ectoenzyme that cleaves and inactivates VIP very effectively, in these cells. I found that STE and VIP each elicited a modest, albeit significant, increase in DNA synthesis in cultured HCPC-1 cells (P < 0.05). However, incubation of HCPC-1 cells with STE together with VIP evoked a significant, concentration- dependent increase in DNA synthesis that was mediated by VIP receptors. The effects of STE and VIP were synergistic. Maximal response was observed after a 48-h incubation. STE significantly attenuated NEP 24.11 activity in HCPC-1 cells at a time when VIP-induced DNA synthesis was maximal. Collectively, these data indicate that STE potentiates VIP-induced DNA synthesis in cultured oral keratinocytes, and that this response is temporally related to STE-induced inactivation of NEP 24.11 in these cells. I suggest that NEP 24.11 modulates the mitogenic effects of smokeless tobacco in the oral epithelium, in part, by inactivating VIP.  (+info)

Association between polymorphism in p21(Waf1/Cip1) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene and human oral cancer. (3/63)

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene p21(Waf1/Cip1) plays a central role in inducing cellular growth arrest, terminal differentiation, and apoptosis. Alterations in this gene may adversely affect regulation of these processes and increase susceptibility for cancer. We have recently reported a novel polymorphism in the p21(Waf1/Cip1) gene in the Indian population and its association with esophageal cancer. An A-->G transition at codon 149 resulted in amino acid substitution from aspartate to glycine in the proliferating cell nuclear antigen binding COOH-terminal domain of p21(Waf1/Cip1) that may affect PCNA-p21(Waf1/Cip1) interactions, thereby affecting regulation of cellular proliferation, and may increase susceptibility for development of cancer. In a parallel study in our laboratory, we searched for putative p21(Waf1/Cip1) mutations in oral premalignant and malignant lesions. No somatic mutation was detected in exon 2 of p21(Waf1/Cip1). Interestingly, a codon 149 polymorphism variant (A-->G) was identified in 11 of 30 (37%) premalignant lesions (7 of 19 hyperplastic lesions and 4 of 11 dysplastic lesions) and 11 of 30 (37%) squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). This codon 149 variant was also identified in paired lymphocytes of all of the patients with premalignant lesions and SCCs harboring the variant allele, suggesting the occurrence of a polymorphism. Lymphocyte DNA isolated from 50 unrelated age- and gender-matched healthy subjects was screened for this polymorphism. Seven of 50 (14%) normal controls harbored the A-->G codon 149 variant allele. Immunohistochemical analysis of p21(Waf1/Cip1) protein expression showed immunoreactivity in 19 of these 30 (63%) oral premalignant lesions and 16 of 30 (53%) SCCs. The most intriguing features of the study were: (a) the significant increase in frequency of this polymorphism not only in patients with oral SCCs (P = 0.038), but also in patients with premalignant lesions (P = 0.038), compared with normal controls; and (b) the significantly higher frequency of p21(Waf1/Cip1) variants (codon 149) in oral premalignant lesions (10 of 11 cases) and SCCs (11 of 11 cases) with wild-type p53 (P = 0.045) than in lesions with p53 mutations, suggesting that this polymorphism affects the p53 pathway and may play a vital role in oral tumorigenesis. Furthermore, overexpression of p21 protein in oral lesions harboring missense mutations in the p53 gene suggest a p53-independent role for p21 in the pathogenesis of oral cancer.  (+info)

Propensity of HIV patients to seek urgent and emergent care. HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study Consortium. (4/63)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the propensity of HIV-infected adults to seek care for common symptoms, and to determine whether they would seek care in the emergency department (ED) or with their primary care provider. DESIGN: Cross-sectional interview study. SETTING: Patients in care in the 48 contiguous United States. PARTICIPANTS: A nationally representative group of HIV- infected adults selected using multistage probability sampling. MEASUREMENTS: Subjects were interviewed between January 1996 and April 1997. Patients with advanced disease (past AIDS diagnosis and/or CD4 cell count <200/microL) and early disease were asked how they would seek care for key HIV-associated symptom complexes. Three advanced disease and 3 early disease symptom scenarios were used. MAIN RESULTS: Most advanced disease patients (78% to 87%) would seek care right away from the ED or primary care provider for the symptoms asked. Most early disease patients (82%) would seek care right away for new respiratory symptoms; fewer would do so for headache (46%) or oral white patches (62%). In a multivariate model, independent predictors of propensity to use the ED for advanced disease symptoms included African-American ethnicity (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.5; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.8 to 3.4); less education (adjusted OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.7); drug dependence (adjusted OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.7); annual income less than $5,000 (adjusted OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.3); and lower psychological well-being (adjusted OR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.9 to 1.0). In early disease, the following independently predicted ED use: African American (adjusted OR, 4.7; 95% CI, 3.1 to 7.1) or Hispanic ethnicity (adjusted OR 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4 to 4.3), female gender (adjusted OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.2), annual income less than $5,000 (adjusted OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3. 0), and lower psychological well-being (adjusted OR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0. 8 to 1.0). CONCLUSIONS: Many patients would use the ED instead of same-day primary care for several common symptoms of HIV disease. African Americans, the poor, and patients with psychological symptoms had a higher propensity to use the ED.  (+info)

Clinical modulation of oral leukoplakia and protease activity by Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate in a phase IIa chemoprevention trial. (5/63)

Bowman-Birk inhibitor is a protease inhibitor derived from soybeans that has demonstrated chemopreventive activity in a number of in vitro and animal systems. We conducted a 1-month phase IIa clinical trial of Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate (BBIC) in patients with oral leukoplakia. BBIC was administered to 32 subjects with oral leukoplakia for 1 month. We assessed toxicity and clinical and histological response of the lesions, and oral mucosal cell protease activity (PA) and serum micronutrient levels were measured. Clinical response was determined by measurement of pre- and posttreatment individual and total lesion areas and analysis of blinded clinical judgments of photographs. On the basis of prespecified response criteria, 31% of patients achieved a clinical response (two with complete and eight with partial responses). BBIC was nontoxic in doses up to 1066 chymotrypsin inhibitory units. The mean pretreatment total lesion area decreased from 615 to 438 mm2 after BBIC treatment (P < 0.004). A linear fit of the dose-response relationship between dose of BBIC and decrease in total lesion area was suggested (P < 0.08), and analysis of blinded clinical impression from lesion photographs confirmed this relationship (P < 0.01). Overall, at all doses tested, a 24.2% decrease in total lesion area was observed following treatment (sign rank = -142; P < 0.004). High pretreatment PA was associated with greater decreases in PA after BBIC administration (P < 0.02). BBIC demonstrated clinical activity after oral administration to patients with oral leukoplakia. These results indicate that BBIC should be investigated for chemopreventive activity in a randomized clinical trial.  (+info)

A clinico-pathological study of vulval dermatoses. (6/63)

A long-term review of 108 women suffering from various forms of vulval dermatosis is described and a detailed analysis of those with chronic hypertrophic vulvitis, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, and neurodermatitis is made. One case of neurodermatitis and two cases of lichen sclerosus progressed to carcinoma but no case of chronic hypertrophic vulvitis became malignant. It is possible that vulval dermatoses occur more commonly in the nulliparous than in the parous women and there is a slight preponderance of women who are blood group A. It is suggested that the term "leukoplakia" should be abandoned and that vulval lesions should be described in precise and meaningful histological terms.  (+info)

Prognosis of oral pre-malignant lesions: significance of clinical, histopathological, and molecular biological characteristics. (7/63)

The concept of a two-step process of cancer development in the oral mucosa, i.e., the initial presence of a precursor subsequently developing into cancer, is well-established. Oral leukoplakia is the best-known precursor lesion. The evidence that oral leukoplakias are pre-malignant is mainly derived from follow-up studies showing that between < 1 and 18% of oral pre-malignant lesions will develop into oral cancer; it has been shown that certain clinical sub-types of leukoplakia are at a higher risk for malignant transformation than others. The presence of epithelial dysplasia may be even more important in predicting malignant development than the clinical characteristics. Three major problems, however, are attached to the importance of epithelial dysplasia in predicting malignant development: (1) The diagnosis is essentially subjective, (2) it seems that not all lesions exhibiting dysplasia will eventually become malignant and some may even regress, and (3) carcinoma can develop from lesions in which epithelial dysplasia was not diagnosed in previous biopsies. There is, therefore, a substantial need to improve the histologic assessment of epithelial dysplasia or, since epithelial dysplasia does not seem to be invariably associated with or even a necessary prerequisite for malignant development, it may be necessary to develop other methods for predicting the malignant potential of pre-malignant lesions. As a consequence of these problems, numerous attempts have been made to relate biological characteristics to the malignant potential of leukoplakias. Molecular biological markers have been suggested to be of value in the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of leukoplakias. Markers of epithelial differentiation and, more recently, genomic markers could potentially be good candidates for improving the prognostic evaluation of precursors of oral cancer. As yet, one or a panel of molecular markers has not been determined that allows for a prognostic prediction of oral pre-cancer which is any more reliable than dysplasia recording. However, these new markers could be considered complementary to conventional prognostic evaluation.  (+info)

Allelic imbalance at chromosome 11 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in an Indian patient population. (8/63)

BACKGROUND: Genetic instability of chromosome 11 is a frequent event in many solid tumours, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). AIMS: To perform allelic imbalance analysis of cytogenetically mapped altered regions of human chromosome 11 in patients with HNSCC from eastern India. METHODS: Genomic alterations were investigated using highly polymorphic microsatellite markers in both HNSCC and leukoplakia tissues. RESULTS: Microsatellite markers D11S1758 from 11p13-15 and D11S925 from 11q23.3-24 had the highest frequency (38% and 32%, respectively) of loss of heterozygosity among all the markers analysed. Allelic loss at the marker D11S925 was seen in both leukoplakia and in all stages of HNSCC tumour tissues suggesting that it is an early event in HNSCC tumorigenesis. Microsatellite size alteration was also found to be high (> 20%) in several markers. In leukoplakia samples microsatellite instability was seen at a higher frequency than loss of the allele, indicating such alterations might initiate the process of tumorigenesis in HNSCC. CONCLUSIONS: The high rate of chromosomal alterations at 11q21-24 in HNSCC suggests the presence of a putative tumour suppressor gene in this region.  (+info)

Leukoplakia is a medical term used to describe a white or gray patch that develops on the mucous membranes lining the inside of the mouth. These patches are typically caused by excessive cell growth and cannot be easily scraped off. Leukoplakia is often associated with long-term tobacco use, including smoking and chewing tobacco, as well as alcohol consumption. While most cases of leukoplakia are benign, a small percentage can develop into oral cancer, so it's essential to have any suspicious patches evaluated by a healthcare professional.

Hairy leukoplakia is a medical condition characterized by the presence of white, thickened patches or lesions that develop on the tongue or inside of the cheek. It gets its name "hairy" from the appearance of tiny, hair-like projections on the surface of the lesions. This condition is most commonly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and is considered an oral manifestation of HIV/AIDS. However, it can also occur in individuals with a weakened immune system due to other causes. It's important to note that while hairy leukoplakia itself is not cancerous, it can indicate an increased risk for developing oral cancer.

A mouth neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth or tumor in the oral cavity, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant mouth neoplasms are also known as oral cancer. They can develop on the lips, gums, tongue, roof and floor of the mouth, inside the cheeks, and in the oropharynx (the middle part of the throat at the back of the mouth).

Mouth neoplasms can have various causes, including genetic factors, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Symptoms may include a lump or thickening in the oral soft tissues, white or red patches, persistent mouth sores, difficulty swallowing or speaking, and numbness in the mouth. Early detection and treatment of mouth neoplasms are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing complications.

Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic, progressive, and potentially disabling disease that affects the oral soft tissues. It is characterized by inflammation and fibrosis (excessive deposition of collagen) of the submucosal tissues, leading to stiffness and limitation of mouth opening, tongue movement, and occasionally swallowing or speaking difficulties. The condition primarily affects individuals with a history of areca nut (betel nut) chewing, although other factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and genetic predisposition may also contribute to its development. Symptoms can include burning sensation in the mouth, dryness, and pain during speaking, eating, or swallowing. In severe cases, OSF can lead to significant functional impairment and require surgical intervention.

The mouth mucosa refers to the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the mouth, also known as the oral mucosa. It covers the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, palate, and floor of the mouth. This moist tissue is made up of epithelial cells, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings. Its functions include protecting the underlying tissues from physical trauma, chemical irritation, and microbial infections; aiding in food digestion by producing enzymes; and providing sensory information about taste, temperature, and texture.

Mouth diseases refer to a variety of conditions that affect the oral cavity, including the lips, gums, teeth, tongue, palate, and lining of the mouth. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other organisms. They can also result from injuries, chronic illnesses, or genetic factors.

Some common examples of mouth diseases include dental caries (cavities), periodontal disease (gum disease), oral herpes, candidiasis (thrush), lichen planus, and oral cancer. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, redness, bleeding, bad breath, difficulty swallowing or speaking, and changes in the appearance of the mouth or teeth. Treatment depends on the specific diagnosis and may involve medications, dental procedures, or lifestyle changes.

Lichen Planus is a chronic, autoimmune skin condition that can also affect the mucous membranes inside the mouth, genitals, and eyes. It is characterized by the appearance of purplish, flat-topped bumps or lesions on the skin, which may be itchy. The exact cause of Lichen Planus is unknown, but it is believed to occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks cells in the skin or mucous membranes. Certain medications, viral infections, and genetic factors may increase the risk of developing this condition. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms and may include topical corticosteroids, oral medications, or light therapy.

Keratosis, in general, refers to a skin condition characterized by the abnormal growth or development of keratin, a protein that forms part of the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). There are several types of keratosis, including:

1. Seborrheic Keratosis: benign, often pigmented, rough, and scaly growths that can appear anywhere on the body. They tend to increase in number with age.
2. Actinic Keratosis: rough, scaly patches or spots on the skin that are caused by long-term exposure to sunlight or artificial UV light. These have the potential to develop into squamous cell carcinoma, a type of skin cancer.
3. Solar Keratosis: another term for actinic keratosis, as it is primarily caused by sun damage.
4. Keratosis Pilaris: a common condition where small, rough bumps appear on the skin, often on the arms, thighs, or cheeks. These are caused by excess keratin blocking hair follicles.
5. Follicular Keratosis: a disorder characterized by the formation of horny plugs within the hair follicles, leading to rough, sandpaper-like bumps on the skin.
6. Intraepidermal Keratosis: a term used to describe the abnormal accumulation of keratin in the epidermis, which can lead to various skin conditions.

It's important to consult with a healthcare professional or dermatologist for proper diagnosis and treatment if you suspect having any form of keratosis.

In medical terms, the tongue is a muscular organ in the oral cavity that plays a crucial role in various functions such as taste, swallowing, and speech. It's covered with a mucous membrane and contains papillae, which are tiny projections that contain taste buds to help us perceive different tastes - sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. The tongue also assists in the initial process of digestion by moving food around in the mouth for chewing and mixing with saliva. Additionally, it helps in forming words and speaking clearly by shaping the sounds produced in the mouth.

Smokeless tobacco is a type of tobacco that is not burned or smoked. It's often called "spit" or "chewing" tobacco. The most common forms of smokeless tobacco in the United States are snuff and chewing tobacco. Snuff is a finely ground tobacco that can be dry or moist. Dry snuff is sniffed or taken through the nose, while moist snuff is placed between the lower lip or cheek and gum. Chewing tobacco is plugs, leaves, or twists of tobacco that are chewed or sucked on.

Smokeless tobacco contains nicotine, which is addictive. When you use smokeless tobacco, the nicotine is absorbed through the lining of your mouth and goes directly into your bloodstream. This can lead to a rapid increase in nicotine levels in your body, which can make it harder to quit using tobacco.

Smokeless tobacco also contains harmful chemicals that can cause cancer of the mouth, esophagus, and pancreas. It can also cause other health problems, such as gum disease, tooth decay, and precancerous lesions in the mouth. Using smokeless tobacco can also increase your risk of developing heart disease and having a stroke.

A precancerous condition, also known as a premalignant condition, is a state of abnormal cellular growth and development that has a higher-than-normal potential to progress into cancer. These conditions are characterized by the presence of certain anomalies in the cells, such as dysplasia (abnormal changes in cell shape or size), which can indicate an increased risk for malignant transformation.

It is important to note that not all precancerous conditions will eventually develop into cancer, and some may even regress on their own. However, individuals with precancerous conditions are often at a higher risk of developing cancer compared to the general population. Regular monitoring and appropriate medical interventions, if necessary, can help manage this risk and potentially prevent or detect cancer at an early stage when it is more treatable.

Examples of precancerous conditions include:

1. Dysplasia in the cervix (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or CIN)
2. Atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular hyperplasia in the breast
3. Actinic keratosis on the skin
4. Leukoplakia in the mouth
5. Barrett's esophagus in the digestive tract

Regular medical check-ups, screenings, and lifestyle modifications are crucial for individuals with precancerous conditions to monitor their health and reduce the risk of cancer development.

Oral candidiasis is a medical condition characterized by an infection of the oral mucous membranes caused by the Candida fungus species, most commonly Candida albicans. It is also known as thrush or oral thrush. The infection typically appears as white, creamy, or yellowish patches or plaques on the tongue, inner cheeks, roof of the mouth, gums, and sometimes on the tonsils or back of the throat. These lesions can be painful, causing soreness, burning sensations, and difficulty swallowing. Oral candidiasis can affect people of all ages; however, it is more commonly seen in infants, elderly individuals, and those with weakened immune systems due to illness or medication use. Various factors such as poor oral hygiene, dentures, smoking, dry mouth, and certain medical conditions like diabetes or HIV/AIDS can increase the risk of developing oral candidiasis. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications in the form of topical creams, lozenges, or oral solutions, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the infection.

Carcinoma, verrucous is a type of slow-growing, well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma that has a exophytic, papillary, and warty appearance. It typically occurs in the oral cavity, larynx, and genital regions. The tumor often has a long clinical course and is locally invasive but has low potential for metastasis.

It's also known as Ackerman's tumor or Buschke-Lowenstein tumor when it occurs in the genital region. It can be caused by long-standing irritation, chronic inflammation, or infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). The diagnosis is usually made through a biopsy and imaging studies may be used to determine the extent of the tumor. Treatment typically involves surgical excision, but radiation therapy and chemotherapy may also be used in some cases.

The Trypsin Inhibitor, Bowman-Birk Soybean is a type of protease inhibitor that is found in soybeans. It is named after its discoverer, Henry B. Bowman, and the location where it was first discovered, the Birk farm in Ohio. This protein inhibits the activity of trypsin, an enzyme that helps digest proteins in the body.

The Bowman-Birk Trypsin Inhibitor (BBTI) is a small protein with a molecular weight of approximately 8000 Da and consists of two inhibitory domains, each containing a reactive site for trypsin. This dual inhibitory property allows BBTI to inhibit both trypsin and chymotrypsin, another proteolytic enzyme.

BBTI has been studied extensively due to its potential health benefits. It has been shown to have anti-cancer properties, as it can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis (programmed cell death). Additionally, BBTI may also have anti-inflammatory effects and has been shown to protect against oxidative stress.

However, it is important to note that excessive consumption of BBTI may interfere with protein digestion and absorption in the body, as it inhibits trypsin activity. Therefore, soybeans and soybean-derived products should be consumed in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

Lichen Planus, Oral is a relatively common inflammatory condition that affects the mucous membranes inside the mouth. It is characterized by the presence of white, lacy patches (called Wickham's striae), papules, or plaques on the oral mucosa, which can be uncomfortable or painful, especially when eating spicy, salty, or acidic foods. The condition can also cause soreness, redness, and ulceration in some cases.

The exact cause of oral lichen planus is not known, but it is believed to be related to an abnormal immune response in which the body's immune system attacks the cells in the oral mucosa. The condition can affect people of any age, but it is most commonly seen in middle-aged adults, and it affects women more often than men.

While there is no cure for oral lichen planus, treatment can help to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Topical corticosteroids are often used to reduce inflammation and relieve pain, while systemic medications may be prescribed in severe cases. It is important to avoid irritants such as tobacco, alcohol, and spicy foods, which can exacerbate symptoms. Regular dental check-ups are also recommended to monitor the condition and prevent any complications.

Erythroplasia is a medical term used to describe a lesion or patch on the mucous membrane that is characterized by bright red appearance. It is most commonly associated with erythroplasia of Queyrat, which is a precancerous condition that affects the penis's foreskin or glans in uncircumcised males.

Erythroplasia of Queyrat typically appears as a well-demarcated, smooth, bright red plaque. It can be asymptomatic or associated with symptoms such as itching, burning, or discomfort. The condition is caused by the dysplastic transformation of squamous cells and has the potential to progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma if left untreated.

The diagnosis of erythroplasia usually involves a biopsy to confirm the presence of dysplastic changes in the affected tissue. Treatment options include topical therapies, such as 5-fluorouracil or imiquimod, and surgical excision. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is essential to monitor for recurrence or progression to cancer.

Medical Definition of "Herpesvirus 4, Human" (Epstein-Barr Virus)

"Herpesvirus 4, Human," also known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is a member of the Herpesviridae family and is one of the most common human viruses. It is primarily transmitted through saliva and is often referred to as the "kissing disease."

EBV is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis (IM), also known as glandular fever, which is characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. The virus can also cause other diseases, including certain types of cancer, such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Once a person becomes infected with EBV, the virus remains in the body for the rest of their life, residing in certain white blood cells called B lymphocytes. In most people, the virus remains dormant and does not cause any further symptoms. However, in some individuals, the virus may reactivate, leading to recurrent or persistent symptoms.

EBV infection is diagnosed through various tests, including blood tests that detect antibodies against the virus or direct detection of the virus itself through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. There is no cure for EBV infection, and treatment is generally supportive, focusing on relieving symptoms and managing complications. Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, and not sharing personal items such as toothbrushes or drinking glasses.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in the squamous cells, which are flat, thin cells that form the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). It commonly occurs on sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, lips, and backs of the hands. Squamous cell carcinoma can also develop in other areas of the body including the mouth, lungs, and cervix.

This type of cancer usually develops slowly and may appear as a rough or scaly patch of skin, a red, firm nodule, or a sore or ulcer that doesn't heal. While squamous cell carcinoma is not as aggressive as some other types of cancer, it can metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body if left untreated, making early detection and treatment important.

Risk factors for developing squamous cell carcinoma include prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, fair skin, a history of sunburns, a weakened immune system, and older age. Prevention measures include protecting your skin from the sun by wearing protective clothing, using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, avoiding tanning beds, and getting regular skin examinations.

Melanosis is a general term that refers to an increased deposit of melanin, the pigment responsible for coloring our skin, in the skin or other organs. It can occur in response to various factors such as sun exposure, aging, or certain medical conditions. There are several types of melanosis, including:

1. Epidermal melanosis: This type of melanosis is characterized by an increase in melanin within the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. It can result from sun exposure, hormonal changes, or inflammation.
2. Dermal melanosis: In this type of melanosis, there is an accumulation of melanin within the dermis, the middle layer of the skin. It can be caused by various conditions such as nevus of Ota, nevus of Ito, or melanoma metastasis.
3. Mucosal melanosis: This type of melanosis involves an increase in melanin within the mucous membranes, such as those lining the mouth, nose, and genitals. It can be a sign of systemic disorders like Addison's disease or Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
4. Lentigo simplex: Also known as simple lentigines, these are small, benign spots that appear on sun-exposed skin. They result from an increase in melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin.
5. Labial melanotic macule: This is a pigmented lesion found on the lips, typically the lower lip. It is more common in darker-skinned individuals and is usually benign but should be monitored for changes that may indicate malignancy.
6. Ocular melanosis: An increase in melanin within the eye can lead to various conditions such as ocular melanocytosis, oculodermal melanocytosis, or choroidal melanoma.

It is important to note that while some forms of melanosis are benign and harmless, others may indicate an underlying medical condition or even malignancy. Therefore, any new or changing pigmented lesions should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

'Toxic plants' refer to those species of plants that contain toxic substances capable of causing harmful effects or adverse health reactions in humans and animals when ingested, touched, or inhaled. These toxins can cause a range of symptoms from mild irritation to serious conditions such as organ failure, paralysis, or even death depending on the plant, the amount consumed, and the individual's sensitivity to the toxin.

Toxic plants may contain various types of toxins, including alkaloids, glycosides, proteins, resinous substances, and essential oils. Some common examples of toxic plants include poison ivy, poison oak, nightshade, hemlock, oleander, castor bean, and foxglove. It is important to note that some parts of a plant may be toxic while others are not, and the toxicity can also vary depending on the stage of growth or environmental conditions.

If you suspect exposure to a toxic plant, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately and, if possible, bring a sample of the plant for identification.

Mycological typing techniques are methods used to identify and classify fungi at the species or strain level, based on their unique biological characteristics. These techniques are often used in clinical laboratories to help diagnose fungal infections and determine the most effective treatment approaches.

There are several different mycological typing techniques that may be used, depending on the specific type of fungus being identified and the resources available in the laboratory. Some common methods include:

1. Phenotypic methods: These methods involve observing and measuring the physical characteristics of fungi, such as their growth patterns, colonial morphology, and microscopic features. Examples include macroscopic and microscopic examination, as well as biochemical tests to identify specific metabolic properties.

2. Genotypic methods: These methods involve analyzing the DNA or RNA of fungi to identify unique genetic sequences that can be used to distinguish between different species or strains. Examples include PCR-based methods, such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, as well as sequencing-based methods, such as internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST).

3. Proteotypic methods: These methods involve analyzing the proteins expressed by fungi to identify unique protein profiles that can be used to distinguish between different species or strains. Examples include matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Mycological typing techniques are important tools for understanding the epidemiology of fungal infections, tracking outbreaks, and developing effective treatment strategies. By accurately identifying the specific fungi causing an infection, healthcare providers can tailor their treatments to target the most vulnerable aspects of the pathogen, improving patient outcomes and reducing the risk of drug resistance.

Smoking is not a medical condition, but it's a significant health risk behavior. Here is the definition from a public health perspective:

Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning tobacco that is commonly consumed through cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. The smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and numerous toxic and carcinogenic substances. These toxins contribute to a wide range of diseases and health conditions, such as lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and various other cancers, as well as adverse reproductive outcomes and negative impacts on the developing fetus during pregnancy. Smoking is highly addictive due to the nicotine content, which makes quitting smoking a significant challenge for many individuals.

Hyphae (singular: hypha) are the long, branching filamentous structures of fungi that make up the mycelium. They are composed of an inner layer of cell wall materials and an outer layer of proteinaceous fibrils. Hyphae can be divided into several types based on their structure and function, including septate (with cross-walls) and coenocytic (without cross-walls) hyphae, as well as vegetative and reproductive hyphae. The ability of fungi to grow as hyphal networks allows them to explore and exploit their environment for resources, making hyphae critical to the ecology and survival of these organisms.

In medical terms, the mouth is officially referred to as the oral cavity. It is the first part of the digestive tract and includes several structures: the lips, vestibule (the space enclosed by the lips and teeth), teeth, gingiva (gums), hard and soft palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and salivary glands. The mouth is responsible for several functions including speaking, swallowing, breathing, and eating, as it is the initial point of ingestion where food is broken down through mechanical and chemical processes, beginning the digestive process.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

Beta-carotene is a type of carotenoid, which is a pigment found in plants that gives them their vibrant colors. It is commonly found in fruits and vegetables, such as carrots, sweet potatoes, and spinach.

Beta-carotene is converted into vitamin A in the body, which is an essential nutrient for maintaining healthy vision, immune function, and cell growth. It acts as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.

According to the medical definition, beta-carotene is a provitamin A carotenoid that is converted into vitamin A in the body. It has a variety of health benefits, including supporting eye health, boosting the immune system, and reducing the risk of certain types of cancer. However, it is important to note that excessive consumption of beta-carotene supplements can lead to a condition called carotenemia, which causes the skin to turn yellow or orange.

Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare genetic disorder that affects the bone marrow's ability to produce blood cells and can also affect other parts of the body, such as the skin, nails, and mucous membranes. It is characterized by the triad of abnormal skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy, and leukoplakia (white patches) in the mouth. People with dyskeratosis congenita are also at an increased risk of developing bone marrow failure, cancer, and pulmonary fibrosis. The disorder is caused by mutations in genes involved in the maintenance of telomeres, which are the protective caps on the ends of chromosomes that shorten as cells divide. These mutations can lead to premature shortening of telomeres and cellular aging, resulting in the symptoms of dyskeratosis congenita.

Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) is a standardized method used in microbiology to characterize and identify bacterial isolates at the subspecies level. It is based on the sequencing of several (usually 7-10) housekeeping genes, which are essential for the survival of the organism and have a low rate of mutation. The sequence type (ST) is determined by the specific alleles present at each locus, creating a unique profile that can be used to compare and cluster isolates into clonal complexes or sequence types. This method provides high-resolution discrimination between closely related strains and has been widely adopted for molecular epidemiology, infection control, and population genetics studies of bacterial pathogens.

Epithelium is the tissue that covers the outer surface of the body, lines the internal cavities and organs, and forms various glands. It is composed of one or more layers of tightly packed cells that have a uniform shape and size, and rest on a basement membrane. Epithelial tissues are avascular, meaning they do not contain blood vessels, and are supplied with nutrients by diffusion from the underlying connective tissue.

Epithelial cells perform a variety of functions, including protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensation. They can be classified based on their shape and the number of cell layers they contain. The main types of epithelium are:

1. Squamous epithelium: composed of flat, scalelike cells that fit together like tiles on a roof. It forms the lining of blood vessels, air sacs in the lungs, and the outermost layer of the skin.
2. Cuboidal epithelium: composed of cube-shaped cells with equal height and width. It is found in glands, tubules, and ducts.
3. Columnar epithelium: composed of tall, rectangular cells that are taller than they are wide. It lines the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts.
4. Pseudostratified epithelium: appears stratified or layered but is actually made up of a single layer of cells that vary in height. The nuclei of these cells appear at different levels, giving the tissue a stratified appearance. It lines the respiratory and reproductive tracts.
5. Transitional epithelium: composed of several layers of cells that can stretch and change shape to accommodate changes in volume. It is found in the urinary bladder and ureters.

Epithelial tissue provides a barrier between the internal and external environments, protecting the body from physical, chemical, and biological damage. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the exchange of substances between the body and its environment.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hungary" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in Central Europe, known for its rich history, culture, and natural beauty. If you have any questions about medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigens (EBV NA) are proteins found inside the nucleus of cells that have been infected with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV is a type of herpesvirus that is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis (also known as "mono" or "the kissing disease").

There are two main types of EBV NA: EBNA-1 and EBNA-2. These proteins play a role in the replication and survival of the virus within infected cells. They can be detected using laboratory tests, such as immunofluorescence assays or Western blotting, to help diagnose EBV infection or detect the presence of EBV-associated diseases, such as certain types of lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

EBNA-1 is essential for the maintenance and replication of the EBV genome within infected cells, while EBNA-2 activates viral gene expression and modulates the host cell's immune response to promote virus survival. Both proteins are considered potential targets for the development of antiviral therapies and vaccines against EBV infection.

Medicinal plants are defined as those plants that contain naturally occurring chemical compounds which can be used for therapeutic purposes, either directly or indirectly. These plants have been used for centuries in various traditional systems of medicine, such as Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, and Native American medicine, to prevent or treat various health conditions.

Medicinal plants contain a wide variety of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, and saponins, among others. These compounds have been found to possess various pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities.

Medicinal plants can be used in various forms, including whole plant material, extracts, essential oils, and isolated compounds. They can be administered through different routes, such as oral, topical, or respiratory, depending on the desired therapeutic effect.

It is important to note that while medicinal plants have been used safely and effectively for centuries, they should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Some medicinal plants can interact with prescription medications or have adverse effects if used inappropriately.

'Candida' is a type of fungus (a form of yeast) that is commonly found on the skin and inside the body, including in the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina, in small amounts. It is a part of the normal microbiota and usually does not cause any problems. However, an overgrowth of Candida can lead to infections known as candidiasis or thrush. Common sites for these infections include the skin, mouth, throat, and genital areas. Some factors that can contribute to Candida overgrowth are a weakened immune system, certain medications (such as antibiotics and corticosteroids), diabetes, pregnancy, poor oral hygiene, and wearing damp or tight-fitting clothing. Common symptoms of candidiasis include itching, redness, pain, and discharge. Treatment typically involves antifungal medication, either topical or oral, depending on the site and severity of the infection.

Retinoids are a class of chemical compounds that are derivatives of vitamin A. They are widely used in dermatology for the treatment of various skin conditions, including acne, psoriasis, and photoaging. Retinoids can help to reduce inflammation, improve skin texture and tone, and stimulate collagen production.

Retinoids work by binding to specific receptors in the skin cells, which triggers a series of biochemical reactions that regulate gene expression and promote cell differentiation and turnover. This can help to unclog pores, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and improve the overall health and appearance of the skin.

There are several different types of retinoids used in skincare products, including retinoic acid, retinaldehyde, and retinol. Retinoic acid is the most potent form of retinoid and is available by prescription only. Retinaldehyde and retinol are weaker forms of retinoid that can be found in over-the-counter skincare products.

While retinoids can be highly effective for treating various skin conditions, they can also cause side effects such as dryness, irritation, and sensitivity to the sun. It is important to use retinoids as directed by a healthcare professional and to follow proper sun protection measures when using these products.

Neoplastic cell transformation is a process in which a normal cell undergoes genetic alterations that cause it to become cancerous or malignant. This process involves changes in the cell's DNA that result in uncontrolled cell growth and division, loss of contact inhibition, and the ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body.

Neoplastic transformation can occur as a result of various factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to carcinogens, viral infections, chronic inflammation, and aging. These changes can lead to the activation of oncogenes or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, which regulate cell growth and division.

The transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells is a complex and multi-step process that involves multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. It is characterized by several hallmarks, including sustained proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, enabling replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, activation of invasion and metastasis, reprogramming of energy metabolism, and evading immune destruction.

Neoplastic cell transformation is a fundamental concept in cancer biology and is critical for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression. It also has important implications for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, as identifying the specific genetic alterations that underlie neoplastic transformation can help guide targeted therapies and personalized medicine approaches.

... oral leukoplakia, leukoplakia of the urinary tract, including bladder leukoplakia or leukoplakia of the penis, vulvae, cervix ... leukoplakia buccalis (leukoplakia of the buccal mucosa) or leukoplakia lingualis (leukoplakia of the lingual mucosa). There are ... namely homogeneous leukoplakia and non-homogeneous (heterogenous) leukoplakia, which are described below. The word leukoplakia ... which is a recognized sub-type of leukoplakia. Homogeneous leukoplakia (also termed "thick leukoplakia") is usually well ...
Depending upon what definition of leukoplakia is used, hairy leukoplakia is sometimes considered a subtype of leukoplakia, or a ... Hairy leukoplakia is a white patch on the side of the tongue with a corrugated or hairy appearance. It is caused by Epstein- ... Hairy leukoplakia occurs on the tongue and has a similar name to hairy tongue, but these are separate conditions with different ... Oral hairy leukoplakia was discovered by Deborah Greenspan and John S. Greenspan, and in 1985 they identified a connection ...
Leukoplakia • Licentiate in Dental Surgery • Lichen planus • Lie bumps • Ligature • Linea alba • Lingual tonsils • Lion • Lip ...
"Leukoplakia Causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 31 May 2015. Davies PD, Yew WW, Ganguly D, Davidow AL, Reichman LB, Dheda K, Rook ... These claims, however, are not supported by the available evidence." Oral and spit tobacco increase the risk for leukoplakia, a ... In addition, complications may further include leukoplakia, the adherent white plaques or patches on the mucous membranes of ...
Leukoplakia b. Speech and hearing deficits Khanna and Andrade in 1995 developed a group classification system for the surgical ...
... "speckled leukoplakia" or "eyrthroleukoplakia" is used. Although oral erythroplakia is much less common than leukoplakia, ... Similarly, the term leukoplakia was originally coined to describe white lesions of the urinary tract, and in 1877 was first ... An adjacent area of leukoplakia may be found along with the erythroplakia. Erythroplasia may also occur on the laryngeal mucosa ... Petrou S.P.; David M. Pinkstaff; Kevin J. Wu; Kenneth J. Bregg (November 2003). "Leukoplakia of the Bladder". Cliggott ...
"Oral Leukoplakia: Patient Information" (PDF). American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 2005. Letter to FDA, ...
... rather than a true leukoplakia. Indeed, it can be clinically indistinguishable from true leukoplakia, but tissue biopsy shows ... If candidal leukoplakia is suspected, a biopsy may be indicated. Smears and biopsies are usually stained with periodic acid- ... Another term for hyperplastic candidiasis is "candidal leukoplakia". This term is a largely historical synonym for this subtype ... Some sources use this term to describe leukoplakia lesions that become colonized secondarily by Candida species, thereby ...
"Leukoplakia-A Diagnostic and Management Algorithm". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 75 (4): 723-734. doi:10.1016/j. ... It is often mistaken for leukoplakia. The ICD-10 lists WSN under "other congenital malformations of mouth". It could be ...
Oral use of products containing bloodroot are strongly associated with the development of oral leukoplakia, which is a ... "Viadent Usage and Oral Leukoplakia: A Spurious Association". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 30 (3): 182-96. doi: ...
Leukoplakia is a manifestation of squamous epithelial hyperplasia that may be a precursor to oral squamous cell carcinoma. ... To rule out malignancy, a biopsy of leukoplakia is indicated. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) can present as erythematous or ... Bouquot JE, Gorlin RJ (April 1986). "Leukoplakia, lichen planus, and other oral keratoses in 23,616 white Americans over the ... Nagao T, Ikeda N, Fukano H, Hashimoto S, Shimozato K, Warnakulasuriya S (October 2005). "Incidence rates for oral leukoplakia ...
Hairy leukoplakia is a lesion that Deborah Greenspan and he discovered, and in 1985 they identified a connection between it and ... Greenspan, Deborah; Greenspan, John S.; Souza, Yvonne de; Levy, Jay A.; Ungar, Allan M. (1989). "Oral hairy leukoplakia in an ... He was part of a team looking into the molecular pathogenesis of Epstein-Barr virus-associated hairy leukoplakia. ...
Sudbø J, Reith A. When is an oral leukoplakia premalignant? Oral Oncol. 2002 Dec;38(8):813-4. Retraction: Oral Oncol. 2007 Apr; ... "The influence of resection and aneuploidy on mortality in oral leukoplakia" (in English) Exclusive radio interview with Jon ... DNA content as a prognostic marker in patients with oral leukoplakia. N Engl J Med. 2001 Apr 26;344(17):1270-8. Retraction: ... The influence of resection and aneuploidy on mortality in oral leukoplakia. N Engl J Med. 2004 Apr 1;350(14):1405-13. ...
"13 cis retinoic acid in the treatment of oral leukoplakia." N Engl J Med 315:1501-h 5, 1986. "HEALTH; Scientists Say an Acne ... "13-cis-retinoic acid in the treatment of oral leukoplakia". New England Journal of Medicine. 315 (24): 1501-5. doi:10.1056/ ...
In addition, he collaborated with Hugh Wallace and studied vulval leukoplakia. Whimster often suffered from severe depression ...
It is not related to leukoplakia, and is not dysplastic or premalignant. It was originally thought to be associated with ...
... is negatively associated with recurrent/newly formed oral leukoplakia". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e38648. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...738648X. ...
"A quantitative assessment of Langerhans cells in oral mucosal lichen planus and leukoplakia." British Journal of Dermatology ...
... is negatively associated with recurrent/newly formed oral leukoplakia". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e38648. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...738648X. ...
In extreme forms, this may manifest as leukoplakia or stomatitis nicotina (smoker's keratosis). This increased keratinization ...
"Identification of a microRNA signature associated with progression of leukoplakia to oral carcinoma". Human Molecular Genetics ...
Diseases include leukoplakia, epulis, gingival hyperplasia, gingivitis, periodontitis and aphthous ulcer (canker sore). To ... Diseases include mucocele, aphthous ulcer, angular stomatitis, carcinoma, cleft lip, leukoplakia, herpes simplex and chelitis. ... aphthous ulcer and leukoplakia. To assess the tonsils, a patient opens their mouth and a tongue blade is used to depress the ... Kaposi's sarcoma and leukoplakia. The soft palate is checked with a penlight. It should be light pink, smooth and upwardly ...
"Identification of a microRNA signature associated with progression of leukoplakia to oral carcinoma". Human Molecular Genetics ...
They may be mistaken for papilloma or verrucous leukoplakia but are benign (1). Syphilis- Bacterial infection which is usually ...
Oral and spit tobacco increase the risk for leukoplakia, a precursor to oral cancer. Chewing tobacco causes cancer, ...
2007). "Demonstration of ethanol-induced protein adducts in oral leukoplakia (pre-cancer) and cancer". Journal of Oral ...
"Promoter hypermethylation profile of tumour suppressor genes in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma". Journal of ...
Jadassohn-Lewandowsky syndrome: An ectodermal dysplasia characterized by onychogryposis, hyperkeratosis, leukoplakia, ...
This type of leukoplakia has been termed "sanguinaria-associated keratosis", and more than 80% of people with leukoplakia in ... Leukoplakia Archived 3 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine, (pdf format) hosted by the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial ... However, its use is strongly associated with the development of leukoplakia (a white patch in the mouth), usually in the buccal ... Although this type of leukoplakia may show dysplasia, the potential for malignant transformation is unknown. Ironically, ...
The importance of RNA sequencing in the diagnostics of malignant disorders, such as leukoplakia, is increasing. Transcriptome ...
... oral leukoplakia, leukoplakia of the urinary tract, including bladder leukoplakia or leukoplakia of the penis, vulvae, cervix ... leukoplakia buccalis (leukoplakia of the buccal mucosa) or leukoplakia lingualis (leukoplakia of the lingual mucosa). There are ... namely homogeneous leukoplakia and non-homogeneous (heterogenous) leukoplakia, which are described below. The word leukoplakia ... which is a recognized sub-type of leukoplakia. Homogeneous leukoplakia (also termed "thick leukoplakia") is usually well ...
Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is a disease of the mucosa first described in 1984. This pathology is associated with Epstein-Barr ... Median CD4 count when oral hairy leukoplakia is first detected is 235-468/µL. Another study showed oral hairy leukoplakia ... encoded search term (Hairy Leukoplakia) and Hairy Leukoplakia What to Read Next on Medscape ... Prevalence and risk factors associated with leukoplakia, hairy leukoplakia, erythematous candidiasis, and gingival hyperplasia ...
Leukoplakia causes thick, white patches inside the mouth. They may cause pain and make it hard to eat some foods. Over time, ... Treatment of oral leukoplakia with a low-dose of beta-carotene and vitamin C supplements: a randomized controlled trial. Int J ... Chemoprevention of oral leukoplakia and chronic esophagitis in an area of high incidence of oral and esophageal cancer. Ann ... Chemoprevention of oral leukoplakia with vitamin A and beta carotene: an assessment. Oral Oncol. 1997 Jul;33(4):231-236. ...
... Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2015 Oct;142(10):572-6. doi: 10.1016/j.annder. ... Background: Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is an EBV-associated condition of the oral mucosa, which is often painless. It is ... Oral hairy leukoplakia; Oral lichen planus; Topical steroids. ...
Hairy leukoplakia is seen in severe defects of immunity, particularly in HIV infection. The cause of this condition is an ... Oral hairy leukoplakia is not associated with any malignant potential. The condition does not cause any other symptoms and does ... Hairy leukoplakia is a white patch on the side of the tongue with a corrugated or hairy appearance. ... Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Hairy_leukoplakia&oldid=1112429" ...
... in the gingival buccal sulcus from chewing tobacco ...
A condition that affects mucous membranes. Signs include thickened white patches in the mouth or on the penis or vagina. Leukoplakias can become cancerous.
Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is a disease of the mucosa first described in 1984. This pathology is associated with Epstein-Barr ... Median CD4 count when oral hairy leukoplakia is first detected is 235-468/µL. Another study showed oral hairy leukoplakia ... encoded search term (Hairy Leukoplakia) and Hairy Leukoplakia What to Read Next on Medscape ... Prevalence and risk factors associated with leukoplakia, hairy leukoplakia, erythematous candidiasis, and gingival hyperplasia ...
Leukoplakia and allied lesions, present views on diagnosis and management. *I. van der Waal (Speaker) ...
... discusses proliferative leukoplakia and risk of oral cancer. ... 0:08 , As we know that oral leukoplakia, which is a whitish ... oral precancerous leukoplakia called proliferative leukoplakia. And it looks just as it sounds very verrucous or heaped up ... Proliferative Leukoplakia and Oral Cancer Transformation. Oct 12, 2022. Glenn J. Hanna, MD ... Glenn J. Hanna, MD, discusses proliferative leukoplakia and risk of oral cancer. ...
Medicating Potency for the Practitioner
Statement 1 Oral leukoplakia must always be biopsied * 65-year-old man with alcohol and nicotine abuse has had dentures for 10 ... carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma as part of the clinicopathologic spectrum of oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: A ...
Treatment for leukoplakia involves Removing the source of irritation. For example, if leukoplakia is caused by a rough tooth or ... In this article, youll learn what is Leukoplakia. Further, it talks about the causes and symptoms of Leukoplakia, along with ... Evaluation of Effect of Topical Melatonin in Treatment of Oral Leukoplakia. Villkor: Oral Leukoplakia.. Successful Treatment of ... How is oral hairy leukoplakia treated? Treatment Treatments. There are no standard treatments for leukoplakia. Comte durkheim ...
Leukoplakia. Departments: Oral Medicine And Radiology Leukoplakia is a condition where areas of keratosis appear as adherent ... Leukoplakia may affect other gastrointestinal tract mucosal sites, or mucosal surfaces of the urinary tract and genitals. ...
Oral leukoplakia (OL) is a white patch or plaque that cannot be rubbed off, cannot be characterized clinically or ... encoded search term (Oral Leukoplakia) and Oral Leukoplakia What to Read Next on Medscape ... Oral Leukoplakia Medication. Updated: Mar 31, 2015 * Author: Christopher M Harris, MD, DMD; Chief Editor: Arlen D Meyers, MD, ... Pindborg JJ, Roed-Peterson B, Renstrup G. Role of smoking in floor of the mouth leukoplakias. J Oral Pathol. 1972. 1(1):22-9. [ ...
Leukoplakia 5/17 Leukoplakia is a reaction to an irritant, like rough teeth, badly fitting dentures, smoking, and smokeless ... Leukoplakia can also be a precancerous condition. Persistent patches or other changes in your mouth need a dentists evaluation ...
Leukoplakia to określenie opisujące stwardniałe fragmenty błony śluzowej, uważane za stan przedrakowy. Zmiany te odznaczają się ... Co to jest leukoplakia?. Termin leukoplakia zgodnie z definicją Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO) oznacza białą plamę lub ... Leukoplakia może przybierać różne rozmiary i kształty: od małych i ograniczonych plam lub smug po rozległe i rozlane zmiany bez ... Leukoplakia jest najczęściej spotykanym stanem przedrakowym w jamie ustnej. To poważny problem zdrowotny, ponieważ aż u do 60% ...
3. Leukoplakia. Leukoplakia is a premalignant condition. According to a 2020 article, this means that a person with leukoplakia ... 2. Oral hairy leukoplakia. According to Johns Hopkins Medicine, this is a condition that occurs due to the Epstein-Barr virus. ... of people with leukoplakia will develop oral cancer.. The article also indicates that any kind of tobacco use is the most ... Non-homogenous leukoplakia is irregular and flat and may appear as mixed red and white patches on the tongue. ...
Study Name: A Phase II Trial to Assess the Effects of Green Tea in Oral Leukoplakia. Condition: Oral Leukoplakia. Date: 2005-09 ... Study Name: Rosiglitazone Maleate in Treating Patients With Oral Leukoplakia. Condition: Oral Leukoplakia. Date: 2006-08-24. ... Study Name: Photodynamic Therapy for Oral Leukoplakia and Erythroleukoplakia. Condition: Oral Leukoplakia. Date: 2005-09-08. ... Study Name: Celecoxib in Preventing Head and Neck Cancer in Patients With Oral Leukoplakia. Condition: *Head and Neck Cancer ...
Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is a disease of the mucosa first described in 1984. This pathology is associated with Epstein-Barr ... encoded search term (Hairy Leukoplakia) and Hairy Leukoplakia What to Read Next on Medscape ... Oral hairy leukoplakia in an HIV-seronegative heart transplant patient. J Oral Pathol Med. 1990 Apr. 19(4):192-4. [QxMD MEDLINE ... Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is a disease of the mucosa first described in 1984. This pathology is associated with Epstein-Barr ...
... Mehdawi, Manaaer Gamal (2019-01-20) Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is a disease of the ...
Candida colonization is regularly correlated with oral leukoplakia (OL), which is called as "Candida leukoplakia," with ... C. albicans is the most common Candida species associated with leukoplakia, and its genotype A strains are more frequently ... The microbiome of potentially malignant oral leukoplakia exhibits enrichment for fusobacterium, leptotrichia, campylobacter and ... https://www.metabiom.org/disease/259/oral-leukoplakia. Keywords: Microbiome, Dysbiosis, Chronic ...
Traditionally, doctors and dentists have depended on the tongue to help them diagnose various diseases. And tongues do have a lot to say. For example, scarlet fever is accompanied by a spotted "strawberry" tongue. Burning tongue, a very painful condition, [...]. ...
RAMOS, Ruth Tramontani et al. Oral Leukoplakia: concepts and clinical repercussions. Rev. Bras. Odontol. [online]. 2017, vol.74 ... Objective: the objective of this study is to review a literature on the update of recent concepts on oral leukoplakia (LO) and ... Keywords : Leukoplakia; Squamous cell carcinoma; Potentially malignant disorders; Premalignant lesions; Terminology.. · ... Results: the term leukoplakia represents white plaques that may be malignant, excluding other known diseases or disorders that ...
Home/Leukoplakia Symptoms. Leukoplakia Symptoms. * Health A - Z. Natural Health NewsDecember 31, 2014. 0 184 ... Leukoplakia Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment. What Is Leukoplakia? It is a disorder that involves mucus membranes of ...
Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia answers are found in the Evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines powered by Unbound ... "Interventions for Treating Oral Leukoplakia." Evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines, Duodecim Medical Publications Limited, 2019. ... Interventions for Treating Oral Leukoplakia [Internet]. In: Evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines. Duodecim Medical Publications ... Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia. Evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines. Duodecim Medical Publications Limited; 2019. ...
Leukoplakia on tongue is a condition characterized by a white discoloration of the mucous membranes in the mouth. Read more... ... Hairy leukoplakia. People who mainly suffer from HIV or AIDS usually experience hairy leukoplakia patches in the mouth. The ... Causes of leukoplakia on tongue. Leukoplakia on tongue is especially common in people over forty years. In addition, some ... Hairy leukoplakia can be distinguished, because the leukoplakia spots also form deposits. This could be a sign that the immune ...
Want to learn more about leukoplakia treatments? Call us at 732-297-7000 today. ... The indications of leukoplakia may differ from patient to persistent. ... Treating Leukoplakia. Despite the fact that leukoplakia does not more often than not cause any agony, evacuating the fix that ... Leukoplakia patches cant be evacuated through brushing or scratching. It can take a long time for leukoplakia to create. A ...
... oral hairy leukoplakia) नामक एक स्थिति भी होती है, जो एपस्टीन-बार वायरस होने के परिणामस्वरूप भी होती है, जो जीवन भर आपके शरीर ... idiopathic leukoplakia) कहा जाता है)।अधिकांश मामले 50 से 70 वर्ष की आयु के पुरुषों में होते हैं। 1% से भी कम मामले 30 वर्ष से ... How is leukoplakia treated?ल्यूकोप्लाकिया के इलाज का मुख्य लक्ष्य इसे कैंसर बनने से रोकना है। हालाँकि, उपचार एक चुनौती है और ... How is leukoplakia diagnosed?चूंकि ल्यूकोप्लाकिया के सफेद धब्बे लक्षण पैदा नहीं ...
Key words: oral hairy leukoplakia, HIV, acyclovir. Pujiastuti, A. T., & Murtiastutik, D. (2016). Oral Hairy Leukoplakia in ... oral hairy leukoplakia HIV acyclovir Authors. * Agustina Tri Pujiastuti [email protected] ... Background: Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is an asymptomatic white plaque with vertical corrugations most commonly found on the ... to report a case of oral hairy leukoplakia in an HIV patient that is often misdiagnosed as oral candidasis. Case: A 44-years ...
  • Homogeneous leukoplakia is usually slightly elevated compared to surrounding mucosa, and often has a fissured, wrinkled or corrugated surface texture, with the texture generally consistent throughout the whole lesion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Non-homogeneous leukoplakia is a lesion of non-uniform appearance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oral hairy leukoplakia may not be the traditional lesion reported in only HIV-positive individuals and other immunosuppressed individuals. (medscape.com)
  • As we know that oral leukoplakia, which is a whitish lesion in the mouth of undetermined malignant potential affects somewhere between 2% and 4% of the global population. (targetedonc.com)
  • The treatment of leukoplakia is most effective when the lesion is found and treated early, while it is small. (web.app)
  • The white lesion that kills--aneuploid dysplastic oral leukoplakia. (medscape.com)
  • The unknown etiology of the lesion automatically put it into a category of high-risk leukoplakia, especially since it had just recently manifested and there had been a history of previous biopsy to the area that was diagnosed as precancerous tissue. (dentistryiq.com)
  • Method: A comparative study was carried out in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, which include total 63 patients based on inclusion and exclusion criteria 21 clinically and histopathologically diagnosed oral cancer patients and 21 leukoplakia patients and 21 subjects with no clinical lesion were included in the study. (journalcra.com)
  • Since Leukoplakia is a precancerous lesion, it is important to seek medical attention to have it biopsied and removed. (nutralegacy.com)
  • Some habits, such as the use of oral snuff (smokeless tobacco), can cause gum recession and leukoplakia (a precancerous white lesion) and possibly predispose to oral cancer whereas oral use of cocaine can cause gum ulceration or peeling of mouth tissues. (intelligentdental.com)
  • Treatment of oral leukoplakia with a low-dose of beta-carotene and vitamin C supplements: a randomized controlled trial. (epnet.com)
  • Systematic review of randomized trials for the treatment of oral leukoplakia. (epnet.com)
  • This study evaluated the use of topical 0.05% vitamin A (tretinoin) acid gel for the treatment of oral leukoplakia. (web.app)
  • Evaluation of Effect of Topical Melatonin in Treatment of Oral Leukoplakia. (web.app)
  • Mogedas-Vegara A, Hueto-Madrid JA, Chimenos-Küstner E, Bescós-Atín C. The treatment of oral leukoplakia with the CO2 laser: A retrospective study of 65 patients. (web.app)
  • The lesions from a yeast infection can typically be rubbed off while those of leukoplakia cannot. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the white color in leukoplakia is a result of hyperkeratosis (or acanthosis), similarly appearing white lesions that are caused by reactive keratosis (smoker's keratosis or frictional keratoses e.g. morsicatio buccarum) are not considered to be leukoplakias. (wikipedia.org)
  • Verrucous leukoplakia" (or "verruciform leukoplakia") is a descriptive term used for thick, white, papillary lesions. (wikipedia.org)
  • These authors concluded that oral hairy leukoplakia should not be considered pathognomonic for HIV infection and should be included in the differential diagnosis of other keratotic lesions, especially in elderly individuals. (medscape.com)
  • Epstein in 1998 used topical 1% bleomycin in dimethylsulfoxide for treating dysplastic oral lesions - once/day Due to the possibility of malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia, these lesions must be assessed and managed closely and, if not resolved, must be reassessed on a regular basis. (web.app)
  • the articles found between the years 2010 and 2016, using the MEDLINE, PUBMED (Medical Publications), and LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences) databases were selected using the following keywords: leukoplakia, squamous cell carcinoma, potentially malignant disorders, premalignant lesions, terminology. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2 Leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) share many of the same etiology factors, 2 and approximately 5.4% of leukoplakic lesions become SCC. (dentistryiq.com)
  • Leukoplakia is the name given to leathery lesions which are white in color and occur on tongue or other parts of mouth. (drchetan.com)
  • Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is a disease of the mucosa first described in 1984. (medscape.com)
  • HIV-negative people can have oral hairy leukoplakia, especially individuals with organ transplants and other immunocompromised disease. (medscape.com)
  • The pathogenesis of hairy leukoplakia is clearly complex, potentially requiring a convergence of factors including EBV co-infection, productive EBV replication, EBV genetic evolution, expression of specific EBV "latent" genes, and immune escape. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, a marked decrease or an absence of Langerhans cells occurs in hairy leukoplakia biopsy tissues. (medscape.com)
  • Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is associated with HIV infection and/or immunosuppression. (medscape.com)
  • [ 9 ] The risk of developing oral hairy leukoplakia doubles with each 300-unit decrease in CD4 count. (medscape.com)
  • Oral hairy leukoplakia also is associated with Behçet syndrome and ulcerative colitis. (medscape.com)
  • Smoking more than a pack of cigarettes a day is positively correlated with the development of oral hairy leukoplakia in HIV-positive men. (medscape.com)
  • No increase in oral hairy leukoplakia was observed when controlled for number of oral sex partners. (medscape.com)
  • Increased reports of oral hairy leukoplakia are now published in other populations. (medscape.com)
  • The authors concluded that oral hairy leukoplakia diagnosis should not be limited to HIV-positive individuals or those with immunosuppression. (medscape.com)
  • An oral and maxillary pathology archive spanning 1994-2020 was investigated looking for cases of oral hairy leukoplakia in immunocompetent individuals. (medscape.com)
  • The etiology of oral hairy leukoplakia in this group of patients was not clearly understood. (medscape.com)
  • Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is an EBV-associated condition of the oral mucosa, which is often painless. (nih.gov)
  • Hairy leukoplakia is a white patch on the side of the tongue with a corrugated or hairy appearance. (wikidoc.org)
  • Hairy leukoplakia is seen in severe defects of immunity , particularly in HIV infection. (wikidoc.org)
  • Oral hairy leukoplakia is not associated with any malignant potential. (wikidoc.org)
  • 2021-04-17 · Oral hairy leukoplakia often means that you need HIV treatment or that your healthcare provider needs to change your current treatment. (web.app)
  • Nineteen cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated oral hairy leukoplakia (HLP) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replication were treated Nov 1, 2017 Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term success rate of oral leukoplakia treatments by using different "Leukoplakia, Erythroplakia, Oral Lichen Planus, & Oral Cancer. (web.app)
  • How is oral hairy leukoplakia treated? (web.app)
  • Fewer cases of oral hairy leukoplakia have been reported in non-HIV patients. (medscape.com)
  • The incidence of oral hairy leukoplakia is similar to that in the United States and thereby reflects the prevalence of HIV. (medscape.com)
  • [ 9 ] However, a study from Spain reported only 1 case of hairy leukoplakia in 500 renal transplant recipients studied. (medscape.com)
  • In patients with HIV, the median CD4 count when oral hairy leukoplakia is first detected is 468/µL. (medscape.com)
  • People who mainly suffer from HIV or AIDS usually experience hairy leukoplakia patches in the mouth. (dentistrybook.net)
  • Hairy leukoplakia can be distinguished, because the leukoplakia spots also form deposits. (dentistrybook.net)
  • Smoker keratosis or hairy leukoplakia are two other names which are used for this medical condition. (drchetan.com)
  • The most common are candidiasis (candidosis) and hairy leukoplakia. (intelligentdental.com)
  • The word leukoplakia is also included within the nomenclature of other oral conditions which present as white patches, however, these are specific diagnoses that are generally considered separate from leukoplakia, with the notable exception of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, which is a recognized sub-type of leukoplakia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Beta carotene produces sustained remissions in patients with oral leukoplakia: results of a multicenter prospective trial. (epnet.com)
  • [ 11 ] Recently, studies report that beta-carotene produced sustained remissions in patients with oral leukoplakia (OL), with a durable response for at least 1 year. (medscape.com)
  • Garewal HS, Katz RV, Meyskens F, Pitcock J, Morse D, Friedman S. Beta-carotene produces sustained remissions in patients with oral leukoplakia: results of a multicenter prospective trial. (medscape.com)
  • The chance of cancer formation depends on the type, with between 3-15% of localized leukoplakia and 70-100% of proliferative leukoplakia developing into squamous cell carcinoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oropharyngeal leukoplakia is linked to the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and sometimes this is associated with tylosis, which is thickening of the skin on the palms and soles of the feet (see: Leukoplakia with tylosis and esophageal carcinoma). (wikipedia.org)
  • Haya-Fernández MC, Bagán JV, Murillo-Cortés J, Poveda-Roda R, Calabuig C. The prevalence of oral leukoplakia in 138 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • Leukoplakia is a condition where areas of keratosis appear as adherent white patches on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. (midac.in)
  • In smokers who have leukoplakia on tongue have to do with smokers keratosis. (dentistrybook.net)
  • Quick Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2020 Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Bernstein J. Papadakis Mar 21, 2007 Leukoplakia and Erythroplakia Since the oral cavity is composed of many different types of tissues, benign or malignant neoplasms may occur. (web.app)
  • It has an overall prevalence rate of 1-4% with highest prevalence Aug 14, 2012 The diagnosis of leukoplakia will take place at the dental clinic. (web.app)
  • it was concluded that the concepts about oral leukoplakia raise a possibility for the potential for malignant transformation, highlighting the importance of diagnosis and treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • If you smoke or chew chewing tobacco, it is best to stop doing this to ensure that these annoying leukoplakia spots are permanently removed. (dentistrybook.net)
  • Patients may have erythroplakia, an ulcer with fissuring or exophytic margins, a speckled (red/white) leukoplakia, a lump with abnormal blood vessels, an indurated lump or ulcer, or a nonhealing socket after tooth extraction. (aafp.org)
  • Leukoplakia could be classified as mucosal disease, and also as a premalignant condition. (wikipedia.org)
  • Leukoplakia may affect other gastrointestinal tract mucosal sites, or mucosal surfaces of the urinary tract and genitals. (midac.in)
  • Leukoplakia is a firmly attached white patch on a mucous membrane which is associated with increased risk of cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer. (epnet.com)
  • Chemoprevention of oral leukoplakia and chronic esophagitis in an area of high incidence of oral and esophageal cancer. (epnet.com)
  • Glenn J. Hanna, MD, discusses proliferative leukoplakia and risk of oral cancer. (targetedonc.com)
  • Glenn J. Hanna, MD, director, Center for Salivary and Rare Head and Neck Cancers, physician at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and assistant professor of Medicine, at Harvard Medical School, discusses proliferative leukoplakia (PL) and risk of oral cancer. (targetedonc.com)
  • If it has developed due to Sep 27, 2018 Oral leukoplakia is an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) that Clinical manifestations and treatment of Epstein-Barr virus infection Or a biopsy may be done if your healthcare provider thinks the patches may be cancer or another rare condition. (web.app)
  • Oral cancer development in patients with leukoplakia--clinicopathological factors affecting outcome. (medscape.com)
  • According to a 2020 article, this means that a person with leukoplakia is at higher risk of developing oral cancer . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Between 1-9% of people with leukoplakia will develop oral cancer. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Non-homogenous leukoplakia is more likely to turn malignant, developing into oral cancer. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • the term leukoplakia represents white plaques that may be malignant, excluding other known diseases or disorders that do not show an increased risk for cancer. (bvsalud.org)
  • In very rare cases, such a leukoplakia spot can eventually develop into a malignant oral cancer. (dentistrybook.net)
  • This is very important so that the doctor can get a clear picture and it is certain that it is ultimately leukoplakia and not an early form of oral cancer. (dentistrybook.net)
  • In specific cases, there might be a connection between leukoplakia and a few sorts of oral malignant growth or oral cancer. (prestigeoralsurgery.com)
  • But in rare cases , leukoplakia can develop into oral cancer. (healthline.com)
  • Integrative analysis of genomic and transcriptomic data of normal, tumour, and co-occurring leukoplakia tissue triads drawn from patients with gingivobuccal oral cancer identifies signatures of tumour initiation and progression. (bvsalud.org)
  • Objective - This study was conducted to assess the prevalence and correlation of Candida organisms in leukoplakia, oral cancer and healthy control group. (journalcra.com)
  • Results: In present study we found positive correlation of Candida species in oral cancer and leukoplakia patients. (journalcra.com)
  • While leukoplakia patches are usually noncancerous, some do show early signs of cancer. (colgate.com)
  • Tobacco and alcohol use are important risk factors for leukoplakia and oral cancer . (intelligentdental.com)
  • Brouns E, Baart J, Karagozoglu K, Aartman I, Bloemena E, van der Waal I. Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia in a well-defined cohort of 144 patients. (medscape.com)
  • E-cadherin as a potential biomarker of malignant transformation in oral leukoplakia: a retrospective cohort study. (medscape.com)
  • But there's this subgroup of patients a small percentage of those who have a very high risk, oral precancerous leukoplakia called proliferative leukoplakia. (targetedonc.com)
  • Oral leukoplakia is a white patch or plaque that develops in the oral cavity and is strongly associated with smoking. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treatment for leukoplakia involves Removing the source of irritation. (web.app)
  • Excisional biopsy for management of lateral tongue leukoplakia. (medscape.com)
  • People with leukoplakia may notice white patches on their tongue that they are unable to scrape off. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Non-homogenous leukoplakia is irregular and flat and may appear as mixed red and white patches on the tongue. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Medical professionals can diagnose leukoplakia by doing a biopsy of the tongue. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Leukoplakia on the tongue or in the mouth can be described as a very irritating and burning feeling. (dentistrybook.net)
  • Leukoplakia on tongue is especially common in people over forty years. (dentistrybook.net)
  • When in doubt or uncertainty of leukoplakia on tongue, you can make an appointment with the dentist or the doctor . (dentistrybook.net)
  • Leukoplakia is a condition wherein thick, white patches structure on the tongue and the covering of the cheeks of the mouth. (prestigeoralsurgery.com)
  • Your tongue can look white due to collected debris or due to a health condition like a fungal infection or leukoplakia. (healthline.com)
  • If syphilis isn't treated, white patches called syphilitic leukoplakia can form on your tongue. (healthline.com)
  • Leukoplakia with moderate dysplasia on the lateral border of the tongue. (mhmedical.com)
  • A photo Leukoplakia of the tongue with the resulting white crusting along the side of the tongue. (mhmedical.com)
  • Leukoplakia Under Tongue. (dentalcare.com)
  • Leukoplakia is a premalignant condition. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Oral leukoplakia is thought to be a premalignant condition and does not typically cause symptoms. (aafp.org)
  • Leukoplakia could also be considered according to the affected site, e.g. oral leukoplakia, leukoplakia of the urinary tract, including bladder leukoplakia or leukoplakia of the penis, vulvae, cervix or vagina. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2020-05-22 2018-09-27 2015-03-20 2018-11-05 There are different treatments for leukoplakia, which have shown different results. (web.app)
  • There are no standard treatments for leukoplakia. (web.app)
  • Want to learn more about leukoplakia treatments? (prestigeoralsurgery.com)
  • Oral leukoplakia is a potentially malignant disorder affecting the oral mucosa. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the 2020 article , homogenous leukoplakia presents a series of uniformly white patches with no other symptoms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Evidence Central , evidence.unboundmedicine.com/evidence/view/EBMG/454424/all/Interventions_for_treating_oral_leukoplakia. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Within the mouth, leukoplakia is sometimes further classified according to the site involved, e.g. leukoplakia buccalis (leukoplakia of the buccal mucosa) or leukoplakia lingualis (leukoplakia of the lingual mucosa). (wikipedia.org)
  • Bottom line Sep 1, 2017 Type of surgical treatment and recurrence of oral leukoplakia: A retrospective clinical study. (web.app)
  • The surface texture is irregular compared to homogeneous leukoplakia, and may be flat (papular), nodular or exophytic. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, if leukoplakia is caused by a rough tooth or an irregular surface on a denture or filling the tooth will be smoothed and dental appliances repaired. (web.app)
  • Chemoprevention of oral leukoplakia with vitamin A and beta carotene: an assessment. (epnet.com)
  • Pindborg JJ, Roed-Peterson B, Renstrup G. Role of smoking in floor of the mouth leukoplakias. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, some things in the mouth can trigger leukoplakia. (dentistrybook.net)
  • The spots in the mouth look very different from a normal leukoplakia spot. (dentistrybook.net)
  • A considerable lot of the instances of leukoplakia don't result in long haul harm to the tissues of the mouth. (prestigeoralsurgery.com)
  • Despite the fact that leukoplakia does not more often than not cause any agony, evacuating the fix that frames in the mouth is a significant objective of treatment as it ought to decrease your danger of creating mouth malignant growth. (prestigeoralsurgery.com)
  • A white or grayish patch inside your mouth or on your lips is called leukoplakia . (healthline.com)
  • and white patches inside the mouth ( oral leukoplakia ). (medlineplus.gov)
  • There are two main clinical variants of oral leukoplakia, namely homogeneous leukoplakia and non-homogeneous (heterogenous) leukoplakia, which are described below. (wikipedia.org)
  • the objective of this study is to review a literature on the update of recent concepts on oral leukoplakia (LO) and its clinical repercussions. (bvsalud.org)
  • Has a number of different clinical presentations, most commonly presenting as leukoplakias and erythroplakias. (dentistryiq.com)
  • Leukoplakia is a reaction to an irritant, like rough teeth, badly fitting dentures, smoking, and smokeless tobacco. (webmd.com)
  • Dyskeratosis congenita may be associated with leukoplakia of the oral mucosa and of the anal mucosa. (wikipedia.org)
  • If a medical professional diagnoses leukoplakia, they will remove the patches with surgery. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The World Health Organization defines leukoplakia as "a white patch or plaque that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease. (dentistryiq.com)
  • Oral leukoplakia is a bright white, sharply defined patch or plaque that cannot be wiped off. (aafp.org)
  • An outline was proposed for diagnosing oral leukoplakia that will prevent other oral white disorders being misclassified as leukoplakia. (nih.gov)
  • Einhorn J, Wersall J. Incidence of oral carcinoma in patients with leukoplakia of the oral mucosa. (medscape.com)
  • Homogeneous leukoplakia (also termed "thick leukoplakia") is usually well defined white patch of uniform, flat appearance and texture, although there may be superficial irregularities. (wikipedia.org)
  • Candida colonization is regularly correlated with oral leukoplakia (OL), which is called as "Candida leukoplakia," with infiltration of hyphae in the superficial epithelium. (metabiom.org)
  • Leukoplakia may also occur in the larynx, possibly in association with gastro-esophageal reflux disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Association between oral leukoplakia and upper gastrointestinal cancers: a 28-year follow-up study in the Linxian General Population Trial. (medscape.com)