The death of the female parent.
Maternal deaths resulting from complications of pregnancy and childbirth in a given population.
Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).
Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint.
Organized services to provide health care to expectant and nursing mothers.
Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
Medical problems associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR, such as BREECH PRESENTATION; PREMATURE OBSTETRIC LABOR; HEMORRHAGE; or others. These complications can affect the well-being of the mother, the FETUS, or both.
The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a cardiovascular disease. The disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or FETUS.
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.
Organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the mother.
Blocking of maternal circulation by AMNIOTIC FLUID that is forced into uterine VEINS by strong UTERINE CONTRACTION near the end of pregnancy. It is characterized by the sudden onset of severe respiratory distress and HYPOTENSION that can lead to maternal DEATH.
Delivery of the FETUS and PLACENTA under the care of an obstetrician or a health worker. Obstetric deliveries may involve physical, psychological, medical, or surgical interventions.
Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.
Postmortem examination of the body.
A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (>140 mm Hg) and diastolic (>90 mm Hg) blood pressure on at least two occasions 6 h apart. HYPERTENSION complicates 8-10% of all pregnancies, generally after 20 weeks of gestation. Gestational hypertension can be divided into several broad categories according to the complexity and associated symptoms, such as EDEMA; PROTEINURIA; SEIZURES; abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION and liver functions.
A variety of anesthetic methods such as EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA used to control the pain of childbirth.
The practice of assisting women in childbirth.
Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.
An infection occurring in PUERPERIUM, the period of 6-8 weeks after giving birth.
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.
Illegal termination of pregnancy.
Free-standing facilities that provide prenatal, childbirth, and postnatal care and usually incorporate family-centered maternity care concepts and practices.
Drugs that stimulate contraction of the myometrium. They are used to induce LABOR, OBSTETRIC at term, to prevent or control postpartum or postabortion hemorrhage, and to assess fetal status in high risk pregnancies. They may also be used alone or with other drugs to induce abortions (ABORTIFACIENTS). Oxytocics used clinically include the neurohypophyseal hormone OXYTOCIN and certain prostaglandins and ergot alkaloids. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p1157)
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.
A series of actions, sometimes symbolic actions which may be associated with a behavior pattern, and are often indispensable to its performance.
Hospital department responsible for the administration and management of services provided for obstetric and gynecologic patients.
Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.
Physicians appointed to investigate all cases of sudden or violent death.
Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality.
Deaths occurring from the 28th week of GESTATION to the 28th day after birth in a given population.
A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium.
Postnatal deaths from BIRTH to 365 days after birth in a given population. Postneonatal mortality represents deaths between 28 days and 365 days after birth (as defined by National Center for Health Statistics). Neonatal mortality represents deaths from birth to 27 days after birth.
A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.
Intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by any of a number of techniques. (POPLINE, 1978)
A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Dar es Salaam. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.
An infant during the first month after birth.
A complete separation or tear in the wall of the UTERUS with or without expulsion of the FETUS. It may be due to injuries, multiple pregnancies, large fetus, previous scarring, or obstruction.
A republic in western Africa, south of BURKINA FASO and west of TOGO. Its capital is Accra.
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context. It is a geographical location, referring to the Republic of India, a country in South Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a blood disease (HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES) which involves BLOOD CELLS or COAGULATION FACTORS. The hematologic disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or FETUS.
Childbirth taking place in the home.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
The process of giving birth to one or more offspring.
An organized procedure carried out by a select committee of professionals in evaluating the performance of other professionals in meeting the standards of their specialty. Review by peers is used by editors in the evaluation of articles and other papers submitted for publication. Peer review is used also in the evaluation of grant applications. It is applied also in evaluating the quality of health care provided to patients.
The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.
Official records of individual deaths including the cause of death certified by a physician, and any other required identifying information.
A detailed review and evaluation of selected clinical records by qualified professional personnel for evaluating quality of medical care.
The care of women and a fetus or newborn given before, during, and after delivery from the 28th week of gestation through the 7th day after delivery.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Special hospitals which provide care to women during pregnancy and parturition.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Bangladesh" is a country located in South Asia, not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition. It shares borders with India, Myanmar (Burma), and Bay of Bengal. The population is primarily Bengali, and the official language is Bangla (Bengali). The capital city is Dhaka. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, feel free to ask!
A republic in southern Africa, south of TANZANIA, east of ZAMBIA and ZIMBABWE, bordered on the west by the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Maputo. It was formerly called Portuguese East Africa.
A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083)
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)
A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.
The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.
The science of utilization, distribution, and consumption of services and materials.
A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.
A medical facility which provides a high degree of subspecialty expertise for patients from centers where they received SECONDARY CARE.
The age of the mother in PREGNANCY.
Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
Health care programs or services designed to assist individuals in the planning of family size. Various methods of CONTRACEPTION can be used to control the number and timing of childbirths.
The status of health in rural populations.
A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (>96%) occur in the FALLOPIAN TUBES, known as TUBAL PREGNANCY. They can be in other locations, such as UTERINE CERVIX; OVARY; and abdominal cavity (PREGNANCY, ABDOMINAL).
The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.
A state of prolonged irreversible cessation of all brain activity, including lower brain stem function with the complete absence of voluntary movements, responses to stimuli, brain stem reflexes, and spontaneous respirations. Reversible conditions which mimic this clinical state (e.g., sedative overdose, hypothermia, etc.) are excluded prior to making the determination of brain death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp348-9)
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.
Hospitals controlled by various types of government, i.e., city, county, district, state or federal.
A republic in southern Africa east of ZAMBIA and MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Lilongwe. It was formerly called Nyasaland.
Planning for needed health and/or welfare services and facilities.
All of Africa except Northern Africa (AFRICA, NORTHERN).
The levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality.
Hospitals engaged in educational and research programs, as well as providing medical care to the patients.
Health services, public or private, in rural areas. The services include the promotion of health and the delivery of health care.
The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.
A republic in southern Africa, the southernmost part of Africa. It has three capitals: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). Officially the Republic of South Africa since 1960, it was called the Union of South Africa 1910-1960.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
A specialized agency of the United Nations designed as a coordinating authority on international health work; its aim is to promote the attainment of the highest possible level of health by all peoples.
Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.
In females, the period that is shortly after giving birth (PARTURITION).
Conceptual response of the person to the various aspects of death, which are based on individual psychosocial and cultural experience.
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.
Size and composition of the family.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The proportion of patients with a particular disease during a given year per given unit of population.

Understanding maternal mental illness: psychiatric autopsy of a maternal death. (1/23)

Maternal mental illness is a significant public health concern, with established adverse outcomes on both mother and infant, such as impaired mother-infant bonding and infant cognitive and emotional development. In severe cases, maternal mortality and infanticide can tragically occur. This is a report on the suicide of a mother who jumped to her death at three months postpartum. She suffered from puerperal psychosis with bipolar features, with onset at six weeks postpartum. The case highlights the burden of maternal mental illness in our community as well as the need for resources and services to care well for mothers. With a better understanding of its presentation and risk factors, early identification and intervention can reduce morbidity and mortality.  (+info)

Effect of early detection and treatment on malaria related maternal mortality on the north-western border of Thailand 1986-2010. (2/23)

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Alcohol consumption in relation to maternal deaths from induced-abortions in Ghana. (3/23)

INTRODUCTION: The fight against maternal deaths has gained attention as the target date for Millennium Development Goal 5 approaches. Induced-abortion is one of the leading causes of maternal deaths in developing countries which hamper this effort. In Ghana, alcohol consumption and unwanted pregnancies are on the ascendancy. We examined the association between alcohol consumption and maternal mortality from induced-abortion. We further analyzed the factors that lie behind the alcohol consumption patterns in the study population. METHOD: The data we used was extracted from the Ghana Maternal Health Survey 2007. This was a national survey conducted across the 10 administrative regions of Ghana. The survey identified 4203 female deaths through verbal autopsy, among which 605 were maternal deaths in the 12 to 49 year-old age group. Analysis was done using Statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics 20. A case control study design was used. Cross-tabulations and logistic regression models were used to investigate associations between the different variables. RESULTS: Alcohol consumption was significantly associated with abortion-related maternal deaths. Women who had ever consumed alcohol (OR (adjusted) 2.6, 95% CI 1.38-4.87), frequent consumers (OR (adjusted) 2.6, 95% CI 0.89-7.40) and occasional consumers (OR (adjusted) 2.7, 95% CI 1.29-5.46) were about three times as likely to die from abortion-related causes compared to those who abstained from alcohol. Maternal age, marital status and educational level were found to have a confounding effect on the observed association. CONCLUSION: Policy actions directed toward reducing abortion-related deaths should consider alcohol consumption, especially among younger women. Policy makers in Ghana should consider increasing the legal age for alcohol consumption. We suggest that information on the health risks posed by alcohol and abortion be disseminated to communities in the informal sector where vulnerable groups can best be reached.  (+info)

Hepatitis E, a vaccine-preventable cause of maternal deaths. (4/23)

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The WHO maternal near-miss approach and the maternal severity index model (MSI): tools for assessing the management of severe maternal morbidity. (5/23)

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Assessing health and economic outcomes of interventions to reduce pregnancy-related mortality in Nigeria. (6/23)

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Population-based study of risk factors for severe maternal morbidity. (7/23)

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Mrs Killer and Dr Crook: birth attendants and birth outcomes in early twentieth-century Derbyshire. (8/23)

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Maternal death is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes."

This definition is used to monitor and compare maternal mortality rates across different populations and time periods. Maternal death can be further classified as direct or indirect, depending on whether it results from a complication of the pregnancy or delivery process itself (direct) or from a pre-existing medical condition that was worsened by the pregnancy (indirect).

Maternal mortality is an important indicator of the overall health and well-being of women and communities. Reducing maternal deaths is a key goal of global public health efforts, and progress towards this goal is monitored through indicators such as the maternal mortality ratio (MMR), which measures the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in a given population.

Maternal mortality is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes."

This definition highlights that maternal mortality is a preventable death that occurs during pregnancy, childbirth, or in the postpartum period, and it can be caused by various factors related to or worsened by the pregnancy or its management. The WHO also collects data on maternal deaths due to direct obstetric causes (such as hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, sepsis, and unsafe abortion) and indirect causes (such as malaria, anemia, and HIV/AIDS).

Maternal mortality is a significant public health issue worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Reducing maternal mortality is one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations, with a target to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030.

Eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication characterized by the onset of seizures or convulsions in a woman who has already developed preeclampsia, which is a condition marked by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys. Eclampsia can occur before, during, or after delivery and is considered a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. It can pose significant risks to both the mother and the baby, including premature birth, fetal growth restriction, and even maternal and fetal death.

The exact causes of eclampsia are not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to problems with the placenta and abnormal blood vessel development in the uterus. Risk factors for developing eclampsia include preexisting medical conditions such as chronic hypertension or diabetes, a history of preeclampsia or eclampsia in previous pregnancies, multiple gestation (carrying more than one baby), and certain genetic factors.

Treatment for eclampsia typically involves delivering the baby as soon as possible to prevent further complications. In some cases, medication may be given to manage seizures and prevent their recurrence. Close monitoring of both the mother and the baby is essential to ensure the best possible outcomes.

The "cause of death" is a medical determination of the disease, injury, or event that directly results in a person's death. This information is typically documented on a death certificate and may be used for public health surveillance, research, and legal purposes. The cause of death is usually determined by a physician based on their clinical judgment and any available medical evidence, such as laboratory test results, autopsy findings, or eyewitness accounts. In some cases, the cause of death may be uncertain or unknown, and the death may be classified as "natural," "accidental," "homicide," or "suicide" based on the available information.

Maternal health services refer to the preventative, diagnostic, and treatment-based healthcare services provided during pregnancy, childbirth, and postnatal period. These services aim to ensure the best possible health outcomes for mothers throughout their reproductive years, including family planning, preconception care, antenatal care, delivery, postpartum care, and management of chronic conditions or complications that may arise during pregnancy and childbirth.

The World Health Organization (WHO) outlines several critical components of maternal health services:

1. Antenatal care: Regular check-ups to monitor the mother's and fetus's health, identify potential risks, provide essential interventions, and offer counseling on nutrition, breastfeeding, and birth preparedness.
2. Delivery care: Skilled attendance during childbirth, including normal vaginal delivery and assisted deliveries (forceps or vacuum extraction), and access to emergency obstetric care for complications such as hemorrhage, eclampsia, obstructed labor, and sepsis.
3. Postnatal care: Continuum of care for mothers and newborns during the first six weeks after childbirth, focusing on recovery, early detection and management of complications, immunization, family planning, and psychosocial support.
4. Family planning: Access to modern contraceptive methods, counseling on fertility awareness, and safe abortion services where legal, to enable women to plan their pregnancies and space their children according to their reproductive intentions.
5. Management of chronic conditions: Comprehensive care for pregnant women with pre-existing or pregnancy-induced medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and mental health disorders.
6. Preconception care: Identification and management of risk factors before conception to optimize maternal and fetal health outcomes.
7. Prevention and management of gender-based violence: Screening, counseling, and referral services for women experiencing intimate partner violence or sexual violence during pregnancy and childbirth.
8. Health promotion and education: Community-based interventions to raise awareness about the importance of maternal health, promote positive health behaviors, and reduce barriers to accessing healthcare services.

Maternal health services should be accessible, affordable, acceptable, and equitable for all women, regardless of their age, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or geographical location. Adequate investment in maternal health infrastructure, human resources, and service delivery models is essential to achieve universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030.

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a significant obstetrical complication defined as the loss of more than 500 milliliters of blood within the first 24 hours after childbirth, whether it occurs vaginally or through cesarean section. It can also be defined as a blood loss of more than 1000 mL in relation to the amount of blood lost during the procedure and the patient's baseline hematocrit level.

Postpartum hemorrhage is classified into two types: primary (early) PPH, which occurs within the first 24 hours after delivery, and secondary (late) PPH, which happens between 24 hours and 12 weeks postpartum. The most common causes of PPH are uterine atony, trauma to the genital tract, retained placental tissue, and coagulopathy.

Uterine atony is the inability of the uterus to contract effectively after delivery, leading to excessive bleeding. Trauma to the genital tract can occur during childbirth, causing lacerations or tears that may result in bleeding. Retained placental tissue refers to the remnants of the placenta left inside the uterus, which can cause infection and heavy bleeding. Coagulopathy is a condition where the blood has difficulty clotting, leading to uncontrolled bleeding.

Symptoms of PPH include excessive vaginal bleeding, low blood pressure, increased heart rate, decreased urine output, and signs of shock such as confusion, rapid breathing, and pale skin. Treatment for PPH includes uterotonics, manual removal of retained placental tissue, repair of genital tract lacerations, blood transfusions, and surgery if necessary.

Preventing PPH involves proper antenatal care, monitoring high-risk pregnancies, active management of the third stage of labor, and prompt recognition and treatment of any bleeding complications during or after delivery.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.

It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.

Obstetric labor complications refer to any physical or physiological difficulties that arise during the process of childbirth (labor) and can pose risks to the health of the mother, baby, or both. These complications may result from various factors such as pre-existing medical conditions, fetal distress, prolonged labor, abnormal positioning of the fetus, or issues related to the size or weight of the baby.

Some examples of obstetric labor complications include:

1. Fetal distress: This occurs when the fetus is not receiving adequate oxygen supply or is in danger during labor. It can be caused by various factors such as umbilical cord compression, placental abruption, or maternal anemia.
2. Prolonged labor: When labor lasts for more than 20 hours in first-time mothers or more than 14 hours in subsequent pregnancies, it is considered prolonged labor. This can lead to fatigue, infection, and other complications for both the mother and baby.
3. Abnormal positioning of the fetus: Normally, the fetus should be positioned head-down (vertex) before delivery. However, if the fetus is in a breech or transverse position, it can lead to difficult labor and increased risk of complications during delivery.
4. Shoulder dystocia: This occurs when the baby's shoulders get stuck behind the mother's pubic bone during delivery, making it challenging to deliver the baby. It can cause injuries to both the mother and the baby.
5. Placental abruption: This is a serious complication where the placenta separates from the uterus before delivery, leading to bleeding and potential oxygen deprivation for the fetus.
6. Uterine rupture: A rare but life-threatening complication where the uterus tears during labor, causing severe bleeding and potentially endangering both the mother and baby's lives.
7. Preeclampsia/eclampsia: This is a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder that can lead to complications such as seizures, organ failure, or even maternal death if left untreated.
8. Postpartum hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding after delivery can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
9. Infections: Maternal infections during pregnancy or childbirth can lead to complications for both the mother and baby, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and even fetal death.
10. Anesthesia complications: Adverse reactions to anesthesia during delivery can cause respiratory depression, allergic reactions, or other complications that may endanger the mother's life.

Cell death is the process by which cells cease to function and eventually die. There are several ways that cells can die, but the two most well-known and well-studied forms of cell death are apoptosis and necrosis.

Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death that occurs as a normal and necessary process in the development and maintenance of healthy tissues. During apoptosis, the cell's DNA is broken down into small fragments, the cell shrinks, and the membrane around the cell becomes fragmented, allowing the cell to be easily removed by phagocytic cells without causing an inflammatory response.

Necrosis, on the other hand, is a form of cell death that occurs as a result of acute tissue injury or overwhelming stress. During necrosis, the cell's membrane becomes damaged and the contents of the cell are released into the surrounding tissue, causing an inflammatory response.

There are also other forms of cell death, such as autophagy, which is a process by which cells break down their own organelles and proteins to recycle nutrients and maintain energy homeostasis, and pyroptosis, which is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in response to infection and involves the activation of inflammatory caspases.

Cell death is an important process in many physiological and pathological processes, including development, tissue homeostasis, and disease. Dysregulation of cell death can contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmune diseases.

Cardiovascular complications in pregnancy refer to conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels, which can arise during pregnancy, childbirth, or after delivery. These complications can be pre-existing or new-onset and can range from mild to severe, potentially threatening the life of both the mother and the fetus. Some examples of cardiovascular complications in pregnancy include:

1. Hypertension disorders: This includes chronic hypertension (high blood pressure before pregnancy), gestational hypertension (high blood pressure that develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy), and preeclampsia/eclampsia (a pregnancy-specific disorder characterized by high blood pressure, proteinuria, and potential organ damage).

2. Cardiomyopathy: A condition in which the heart muscle becomes weakened, leading to an enlarged heart and reduced pumping efficiency. Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a specific type that occurs during pregnancy or in the months following delivery.

3. Arrhythmias: Irregularities in the heart's rhythm, such as tachycardia (rapid heartbeat) or bradycardia (slow heartbeat), can occur during pregnancy and may require medical intervention.

4. Valvular heart disease: Pre-existing valve disorders, like mitral stenosis or aortic insufficiency, can worsen during pregnancy due to increased blood volume and cardiac output. Additionally, new valve issues might develop during pregnancy.

5. Venous thromboembolism (VTE): Pregnancy increases the risk of developing blood clots in the veins, particularly deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).

6. Ischemic heart disease: Although rare, coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome can occur during pregnancy, especially in women with risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, or smoking history.

7. Heart failure: Severe cardiac dysfunction leading to fluid accumulation, shortness of breath, and reduced exercise tolerance may develop due to any of the above conditions or other underlying heart diseases.

Early recognition, monitoring, and appropriate management of these cardiovascular complications in pregnancy are crucial for maternal and fetal well-being.

Puerperal disorders are a group of medical conditions that can affect women during the period following childbirth, also known as the puerperium. The puerperium typically lasts for six to eight weeks after delivery. These disorders can be complications of childbirth or postpartum infections and include:

1. Puerperal fever: This is a febrile illness that occurs during the puerperium, usually caused by a bacterial infection. The most common causative organisms are group A streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli.

2. Puerperal sepsis: This is a severe form of puerperal fever characterized by the presence of bacteria in the blood (bacteremia) and widespread inflammation throughout the body. It can lead to organ failure and even death if not treated promptly with antibiotics.

3. Puerperal endometritis: This is an infection of the lining of the uterus (endometrium) that occurs during the puerperium. Symptoms may include fever, abdominal pain, and foul-smelling vaginal discharge.

4. Puerperal mastitis: This is an inflammation of the breast tissue that can occur during lactation, often caused by a bacterial infection. It is more common in women who are breastfeeding but can also occur in non-lactating women.

5. Puerperal psychosis: This is a rare but serious mental health disorder that can occur after childbirth. It is characterized by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.

6. Puerperal thromboembolism: This is a blood clot that forms during the puerperium, usually in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). It can be a serious complication of childbirth and requires prompt medical attention.

Overall, puerperal disorders are a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low-income countries where access to healthcare is limited. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of long-term complications.

Maternal welfare is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in a general sense, it refers to the physical, mental, and social well-being of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. It encompasses various factors such as access to quality healthcare services, nutrition, emotional support, and a safe and healthy environment.

Maternal welfare is an essential component of maternal health, which aims to ensure that women have a positive and safe pregnancy and childbirth experience, free from complications and harm. It involves addressing issues related to maternal mortality and morbidity, prenatal care, family planning, and reproductive rights.

Promoting maternal welfare requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes healthcare providers, policymakers, community leaders, and families working together to ensure that women have access to the resources and support they need to maintain their health and well-being during pregnancy and beyond.

An amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare but serious condition that can occur during pregnancy, labor, or shortly after delivery. It occurs when amniotic fluid, fetal cells, hair, or other debris enter the mother's bloodstream and block the flow of blood to the lungs or other parts of the body. This can cause a range of symptoms including sudden shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, chills, and in severe cases, cardiac arrest or seizures. AFE is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.

The exact causes of amniotic fluid embolism are not well understood, but it is thought to occur when there is a disruption in the placental barrier that allows amniotic fluid and fetal debris to enter the mother's bloodstream. Risk factors for AFE include advanced maternal age, cesarean delivery, placenta previa, and other pregnancy complications.

Treatment for AFE typically involves supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, medications to support blood pressure and heart function, and in some cases, surgery to remove the blockage from the blood vessels. Despite treatment, AFE can be a life-threatening condition with significant morbidity and mortality rates.

"Delivery, Obstetric" is a medical term that refers to the process of giving birth to a baby. It involves the passage of the fetus through the mother's vagina or via Caesarean section (C-section), which is a surgical procedure.

The obstetric delivery process typically includes three stages:

1. The first stage begins with the onset of labor and ends when the cervix is fully dilated.
2. The second stage starts with full dilation of the cervix and ends with the birth of the baby.
3. The third stage involves the delivery of the placenta, which is the organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus during pregnancy.

Obstetric delivery requires careful monitoring and management by healthcare professionals to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the baby. Various interventions and techniques may be used during the delivery process to facilitate a safe and successful outcome, including the use of medications, assisted delivery with forceps or vacuum extraction, and C-section.

Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. It is characterized by the loss of brainstem reflexes, unresponsiveness, and apnea (no breathing). In medical terms, death can be defined as:

1. Cardiopulmonary Death: The irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions.
2. Brain Death: The irreversible loss of all brain function, including the brainstem. This is often used as a definition of death when performing organ donation.

It's important to note that the exact definition of death can vary somewhat based on cultural, religious, and legal perspectives.

An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination or obduction, is a medical procedure in which a qualified professional (usually a pathologist) examines a deceased person's body to determine the cause and manner of death. This process may involve various investigative techniques, such as incisions to study internal organs, tissue sampling, microscopic examination, toxicology testing, and other laboratory analyses. The primary purpose of an autopsy is to gather objective evidence about the medical conditions and factors contributing to the individual's demise, which can be essential for legal, insurance, or public health purposes. Additionally, autopsies can provide valuable insights into disease processes and aid in advancing medical knowledge.

Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), also known as gestational hypertension, is a condition characterized by the new onset of high blood pressure (≥140 mm Hg systolic or ≥90 mm Hg diastolic) after 20 weeks of pregnancy in a woman who was normotensive before. It can sometimes progress to more severe conditions like preeclampsia and eclampsia, which are associated with damage to other organ systems such as the liver and kidneys.

PIH is typically classified into two types:

1. Gestational hypertension: This is when a woman develops high blood pressure after 20 weeks of pregnancy without any protein in the urine or evidence of damage to other organ systems. Women with gestational hypertension are at increased risk for preeclampsia and may require closer monitoring.

2. Preeclampsia: This is a more severe form of PIH, characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria (≥0.3 g in a 24-hour urine collection) after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Preeclampsia can also involve damage to other organ systems, such as the liver, kidneys, or brain, and may progress to eclampsia, a life-threatening condition characterized by seizures.

The exact causes of PIH are not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to problems with the development and function of the blood vessels that supply the placenta. Risk factors for developing PIH include first-time pregnancies, obesity, older age, a history of chronic hypertension or kidney disease, and carrying multiples (twins, triplets, etc.).

Treatment for PIH depends on the severity of the condition and the gestational age of the pregnancy. In mild cases, close monitoring of blood pressure, urine protein levels, and fetal growth may be sufficient. More severe cases may require medication to lower blood pressure, corticosteroids to promote fetal lung maturity, or early delivery of the baby to prevent further complications.

Obstetrical anesthesia refers to the use of anesthetic techniques and medications during childbirth or obstetrical procedures. The goal is to provide pain relief and comfort to the birthing person while ensuring the safety of both the mother and the baby. There are different types of obstetrical anesthesia, including:

1. Local anesthesia: Injection of a local anesthetic agent to numb a specific area, such as the perineum (the area between the vagina and the anus) during childbirth.
2. Regional anesthesia: Numbing a larger region of the body using techniques like spinal or epidural anesthesia. These methods involve injecting local anesthetic agents near the spinal cord to block nerve impulses, providing pain relief in the lower half of the body.
3. General anesthesia: Using inhaled gases or intravenous medications to render the birthing person unconscious during cesarean sections (C-sections) or other surgical procedures related to childbirth.

The choice of anesthetic technique depends on various factors, including the type of delivery, the mother's medical history, and the preferences of both the mother and the healthcare team. Obstetrical anesthesia requires specialized training and expertise to ensure safe and effective pain management during labor and delivery.

Midwifery is the health profession that involves providing care to childbearing individuals and their newborns during pregnancy, labor, birth, and postpartum period. Midwives offer a range of services including: conducting physical examinations, monitoring the health of the fetus and mother, providing education and counseling on pregnancy-related topics, managing common complaints and complications, and collaborating with other healthcare professionals when necessary. They promote normal childbirth and work to minimize technological interventions, while ensuring the safety and well-being of both the mother and baby. Midwifery is based on the principles of informed choice, continuity of care, and evidence-based practice.

Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:

1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.

The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.

The term "developing countries" is a socio-economic classification used to describe nations that are in the process of industrialization and modernization. This term is often used interchangeably with "low and middle-income countries" or "Global South." The World Bank defines developing countries as those with a gross national income (GNI) per capita of less than US $12,695.

In the context of healthcare, developing countries face unique challenges including limited access to quality medical care, lack of resources and infrastructure, high burden of infectious diseases, and a shortage of trained healthcare professionals. These factors contribute to significant disparities in health outcomes between developing and developed nations.

Puerperal infection, also known as childbed fever or postpartum infection, is a healthcare-associated infection that can occur in women following childbirth, miscarriage, or abortion. It's typically caused by bacteria that enter the reproductive system during these processes and can lead to inflammation and infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, or other pelvic organs.

The most common causative agents are Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus), Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Symptoms of puerperal infection can include fever, abdominal pain, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, and painful urination. If left untreated, the infection can lead to serious complications such as sepsis, infertility, or even death.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are crucial for managing puerperal infections and preventing complications. Good hygiene practices and proper sterilization of medical equipment can also help reduce the risk of developing this infection.

Fetal death, also known as stillbirth or intrauterine fetal demise, is defined as the death of a fetus at 20 weeks of gestation or later. The criteria for defining fetal death may vary slightly by country and jurisdiction, but in general, it refers to the loss of a pregnancy after the point at which the fetus is considered viable outside the womb.

Fetal death can occur for a variety of reasons, including chromosomal abnormalities, placental problems, maternal health conditions, infections, and umbilical cord accidents. In some cases, the cause of fetal death may remain unknown.

The diagnosis of fetal death is typically made through ultrasound or other imaging tests, which can confirm the absence of a heartbeat or movement in the fetus. Once fetal death has been diagnosed, medical professionals will work with the parents to determine the best course of action for managing the pregnancy and delivering the fetus. This may involve waiting for labor to begin naturally, inducing labor, or performing a cesarean delivery.

Experiencing a fetal death can be a very difficult and emotional experience for parents, and it is important for them to receive supportive care from their healthcare providers, family members, and friends. Grief counseling and support groups may also be helpful in coping with the loss.

A criminal abortion is an illegal abortion, which is a procedure performed with the intent to induce the termination of a pregnancy, carried out in violation of the law. In many jurisdictions, criminal abortions are defined as those performed outside of the legal parameters set forth by the relevant regulations, such as those that require the procedure to be performed by a licensed medical professional, within certain timeframes, and/or for specific reasons.

Criminal abortions may be motivated by various factors, including financial constraints, social stigma, or fear of repercussions. Engaging in criminal abortion practices can result in severe legal consequences, including fines, imprisonment, and in some cases, loss of medical license. It's important to note that the legality and accessibility of abortion vary significantly across different countries and regions, with varying restrictions and requirements.

If you require assistance or advice related to pregnancy termination, it is crucial to consult a licensed healthcare professional or a trusted reproductive health organization in your area to ensure that you receive accurate information and safe care within the legal framework of your jurisdiction.

Birthing centers, also known as birth centers or freestanding birth centers, are healthcare facilities that provide family-centered care for low-risk childbirth. They are usually standalone facilities, separate from hospitals, and are designed to provide a homelike atmosphere for labor, delivery, and immediate postpartum recovery.

Birthing centers are staffed by certified nurse-midwives, midwives, and sometimes obstetricians who work together to provide care that is based on the principles of normal, physiologic birth. They offer a range of services, including prenatal care, labor support, and postpartum follow-up care.

Birthing centers aim to provide a safe and supportive environment for women who want to have a natural childbirth experience, without the need for medical intervention unless it becomes necessary. They may not be equipped to handle high-risk pregnancies or complications during labor and delivery, and therefore may transfer women to a hospital if needed.

It's important to note that while birthing centers can provide a unique and personalized childbirth experience, they may not be covered by all insurance plans, and it's essential to check with your insurance provider to determine coverage before making a decision.

Oxytocics are a class of medications that stimulate the contraction of uterine smooth muscle. They are primarily used in obstetrics to induce or augment labor, and to control bleeding after childbirth. Oxytocin is the most commonly used oxytocic and is naturally produced by the posterior pituitary gland. Synthetic forms of oxytocin, such as Pitocin, are often used in medical settings to induce labor or reduce postpartum bleeding. Other medications with oxytocic properties include ergometrine and methylergometrine. It's important to note that the use of oxytocics should be monitored carefully as overuse can lead to excessive uterine contractions, which may compromise fetal oxygenation and increase the risk of uterine rupture.

Uterine hemorrhage, also known as uterine bleeding or gynecological bleeding, is an abnormal loss of blood from the uterus. It can occur in various clinical settings such as menstruation (known as menorrhagia), postpartum period (postpartum hemorrhage), or in non-pregnant women (dysfunctional uterine bleeding). The bleeding may be light to heavy, intermittent or continuous, and can be accompanied by symptoms such as pain, dizziness, or fainting. Uterine hemorrhage is a common gynecological problem that can have various underlying causes, including hormonal imbalances, structural abnormalities, coagulopathies, and malignancies. It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing heavy or prolonged uterine bleeding to determine the cause and receive appropriate treatment.

I'm not aware of a specific medical definition for "ceremonial behavior." However, in general, ceremonial behaviors are actions or rituals that are performed in a formal, ritualistic manner, often as part of a cultural, religious, or social tradition. These behaviors can serve various purposes, such as marking important life events, expressing shared values and beliefs, or reinforcing social bonds.

In some cases, ceremonial behaviors may have health implications. For example, participation in cultural or religious rituals can provide a sense of community and support, which can have positive effects on mental health. Additionally, certain ceremonial practices, such as meditation or prayer, may have direct physiological effects that contribute to stress reduction and relaxation.

However, it's important to note that the term "ceremonial behavior" is not a medical diagnosis or clinical concept, and its meaning can vary depending on the context in which it is used.

The Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB-GYN) Department in a hospital is responsible for providing healthcare services related to pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period, as well as gynecological care for women of all ages. This department is typically staffed with medical doctors who have specialized training in obstetrics and/or gynecology, including obstetricians, gynecologists, and maternal-fetal medicine specialists.

Obstetrics focuses on the care of pregnant women, including prenatal care, delivery, and postpartum care. Obstetricians provide medical care during pregnancy and childbirth to ensure the health and wellbeing of both the mother and the baby. They are trained to manage high-risk pregnancies, perform cesarean sections, and handle complications that may arise during labor and delivery.

Gynecology focuses on the health of the female reproductive system, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders related to the reproductive organs. Gynecologists provide routine care such as Pap tests, breast exams, and family planning services, as well as more complex care for conditions such as endometriosis, ovarian cysts, and menopause.

The OB-GYN department may also include specialized services such as reproductive endocrinology and infertility, which focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of infertility and other hormonal disorders related to reproduction. Additionally, some OB-GYN departments may offer midwifery services, providing a more natural approach to childbirth under the supervision of medical professionals.

Overall, the OB-GYN department plays a critical role in ensuring the health and wellbeing of women throughout their lives, from adolescence through menopause and beyond.

A Cesarean section, often referred to as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. It involves making an incision through the mother's abdomen and uterus to remove the baby. This procedure may be necessary when a vaginal delivery would put the mother or the baby at risk.

There are several reasons why a C-section might be recommended, including:

* The baby is in a breech position (feet first) or a transverse position (sideways) and cannot be turned to a normal head-down position.
* The baby is too large to safely pass through the mother's birth canal.
* The mother has a medical condition, such as heart disease or high blood pressure, that could make vaginal delivery risky.
* The mother has an infection, such as HIV or herpes, that could be passed to the baby during a vaginal delivery.
* The labor is not progressing and there are concerns about the health of the mother or the baby.

C-sections are generally safe for both the mother and the baby, but like any surgery, they do carry some risks. These can include infection, bleeding, blood clots, and injury to nearby organs. In addition, women who have a C-section are more likely to experience complications in future pregnancies, such as placenta previa or uterine rupture.

If you have questions about whether a C-section is necessary for your delivery, it's important to discuss your options with your healthcare provider.

A coroner and medical examiner are officials in the legal system who are responsible for investigating and determining the cause of death in certain cases. While their roles can overlap, there are some differences between them.

A coroner is a public official who is typically appointed or elected to serve in a particular jurisdiction, such as a county or district. The coroner's primary responsibility is to investigate any sudden, unexpected, or suspicious deaths that occur within their jurisdiction. This may include deaths that occur due to violence, accidents, suicide, or unknown causes.

In order to determine the cause of death, the coroner may conduct an autopsy, order toxicology tests, and review medical records and other evidence. The coroner may also hold an inquest, which is a formal hearing in which witnesses are called to testify about the circumstances surrounding the death. Based on the evidence gathered during the investigation, the coroner will make a determination as to the cause and manner of death.

A medical examiner, on the other hand, is a physician who has completed specialized training in forensic pathology. Medical examiners are typically appointed or hired by a government agency, such as a state or county, to perform autopsies and investigate deaths.

Medical examiners are responsible for determining the cause of death in cases where there is a suspicion of foul play, as well as in other circumstances where the cause of death may not be immediately apparent. They may also testify in court as expert witnesses based on their findings.

In some jurisdictions, the roles of coroner and medical examiner are combined, with the official serving as both a public administrator and a trained physician. In other cases, the two roles are separate, with the coroner responsible for administrative functions and the medical examiner responsible for determining the cause of death.

Prenatal care is a type of preventive healthcare that focuses on providing regular check-ups and medical care to pregnant women, with the aim of ensuring the best possible health outcomes for both the mother and the developing fetus. It involves routine prenatal screenings and tests, such as blood pressure monitoring, urine analysis, weight checks, and ultrasounds, to assess the progress of the pregnancy and identify any potential health issues or complications early on.

Prenatal care also includes education and counseling on topics such as nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle choices that can affect pregnancy outcomes. It may involve referrals to specialists, such as obstetricians, perinatologists, or maternal-fetal medicine specialists, for high-risk pregnancies.

Overall, prenatal care is an essential component of ensuring a healthy pregnancy and reducing the risk of complications during childbirth and beyond.

Perinatal mortality is the death of a baby around the time of birth. It specifically refers to stillbirths (fetal deaths at 28 weeks of gestation or more) and deaths in the first week of life (early neonatal deaths). The perinatal period is defined as beginning at 22 weeks (154 days) of gestation and ending 7 completed days after birth. Perinatal mortality rate is the number of perinatal deaths during this period, expressed per 1000 total births (live births + stillbirths). High perinatal mortality rates can indicate poor quality of care during pregnancy and childbirth.

Obstetrics is a branch of medicine and surgery concerned with the care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period. It involves managing potential complications that may arise during any stage of pregnancy or delivery, as well as providing advice and guidance on prenatal care, labor and delivery, and postpartum care. Obstetricians are medical doctors who specialize in obstetrics and can provide a range of services including routine check-ups, ultrasounds, genetic testing, and other diagnostic procedures to monitor the health and development of the fetus. They also perform surgical procedures such as cesarean sections when necessary.

Infant Mortality is the death of a baby before their first birthday. The infant mortality rate is typically expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 live births. This is a key indicator of the overall health of a population and is often used to measure the well-being of children in a society.

Infant mortality can be further categorized into neonatal mortality (death within the first 28 days of life) and postneonatal mortality (death after 28 days of life but before one year). The main causes of infant mortality vary by country and region, but generally include premature birth, low birth weight, congenital anomalies, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and infectious diseases.

Reducing infant mortality is a major public health goal for many countries, and efforts to improve maternal and child health, access to quality healthcare, and socioeconomic conditions are crucial in achieving this goal.

HELLP syndrome is a serious complication in pregnancy, characterized by Hemolysis (the breakdown of red blood cells), Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelet count. It is often considered a variant of severe preeclampsia or eclampsia, although it can also occur without these conditions.

The symptoms of HELLP syndrome include headache, nausea and vomiting, upper right abdominal pain, and visual disturbances. It can lead to serious complications for both the mother and the baby, such as liver failure, placental abruption, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and even death if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

The exact cause of HELLP syndrome is not known, but it is thought to be related to problems with the blood vessels that supply the placenta. Treatment typically involves delivering the baby as soon as possible, even if the baby is premature. Women who have had HELLP syndrome are at increased risk for complications in future pregnancies.

Induced abortion is a medical procedure that intentionally terminates a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the womb. It can be performed either surgically or medically through the use of medications. The timing of an induced abortion is typically based on the gestational age of the pregnancy, with different methods used at different stages.

The most common surgical procedure for induced abortion is vacuum aspiration, which is usually performed during the first trimester (up to 12-13 weeks of gestation). This procedure involves dilating the cervix and using a vacuum device to remove the pregnancy tissue from the uterus. Other surgical procedures, such as dilation and evacuation (D&E), may be used in later stages of pregnancy.

Medical abortion involves the use of medications to induce the termination of a pregnancy. The most common regimen involves the use of two drugs: mifepristone and misoprostol. Mifepristone works by blocking the action of progesterone, a hormone necessary for maintaining pregnancy. Misoprostol causes the uterus to contract and expel the pregnancy tissue. This method is typically used during the first 10 weeks of gestation.

Induced abortion is a safe and common medical procedure, with low rates of complications when performed by trained healthcare providers in appropriate settings. Access to induced abortion varies widely around the world, with some countries restricting or prohibiting the practice entirely.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tanzania" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in East Africa. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Uterine rupture is a serious obstetrical complication characterized by the disruption or tearing of all layers of the uterine wall, including the serosa (outer covering), myometrium (middle layer of muscle), and endometrium (inner lining). This can occur during pregnancy, labor, or delivery. In some cases, it may also involve the rupture of the adjacent structures such as bladder or broad ligament. Uterine rupture is a medical emergency that requires immediate surgical intervention to prevent maternal and fetal mortality or morbidity.

The symptoms of uterine rupture might include severe abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, loss of fetal heart rate, changes in the mother's vital signs, and shock. The risk factors for uterine rupture include previous cesarean delivery, grand multiparity (having given birth to five or more pregnancies), use of labor-inducing drugs like oxytocin, and instrumental deliveries with vacuum extractors or forceps.

The management of uterine rupture typically involves an emergency laparotomy (open abdominal surgery) to repair the tear and stop any bleeding. In some cases, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may be necessary if the damage is too severe or if there are other complications. The prognosis for both mother and baby depends on various factors like the extent of the injury, timeliness of treatment, and the overall health status of the patient before the event.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ghana" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in West Africa, known officially as the Republic of Ghana. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I would be happy to help with those!

Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-related disorder, typically characterized by the onset of high blood pressure (hypertension) and damage to organs, such as the kidneys, after the 20th week of pregnancy. It is often accompanied by proteinuria, which is the presence of excess protein in the urine. Pre-eclampsia can lead to serious complications for both the mother and the baby if left untreated or unmanaged.

The exact causes of pre-eclampsia are not fully understood, but it is believed that placental issues, genetic factors, and immune system problems may contribute to its development. Risk factors include first-time pregnancies, history of pre-eclampsia in previous pregnancies, chronic hypertension, obesity, older age (35 or older), and assisted reproductive technology (ART) pregnancies.

Pre-eclampsia can progress to a more severe form called eclampsia, which is characterized by the onset of seizures. HELLP syndrome, another severe complication, involves hemolysis (breaking down of red blood cells), elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count.

Early detection and management of pre-eclampsia are crucial to prevent severe complications. Regular prenatal care, including frequent blood pressure checks and urine tests, can help identify early signs of the condition. Treatment typically involves close monitoring, medication to lower blood pressure, corticosteroids to promote fetal lung maturity, and, in some cases, delivery of the baby if the mother's or baby's health is at risk.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

Hematologic pregnancy complications refer to disorders related to the blood and blood-forming tissues that occur during pregnancy. These complications can have serious consequences for both the mother and the fetus if not properly managed. Some common hematologic pregnancy complications include:

1. Anemia: A condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood, which can lead to fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia during pregnancy.
2. Thrombocytopenia: A condition characterized by a decrease in the number of platelets (cells that help blood clot) in the blood. Mild thrombocytopenia is relatively common during pregnancy, but severe thrombocytopenia can increase the risk of bleeding during delivery.
3. Gestational thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (GTTP): A rare but serious disorder that can cause blood clots to form in small blood vessels throughout the body, leading to a decrease in the number of platelets and red blood cells. GTTP can cause serious complications such as stroke, kidney failure, and even death if not promptly diagnosed and treated.
4. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): A condition characterized by abnormal clotting and bleeding throughout the body. DIC can be triggered by various conditions such as severe infections, pregnancy complications, or cancer.
5. Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome: A serious complication of pregnancy that can cause damage to the liver and lead to bleeding. HELLP syndrome is often associated with preeclampsia, a condition characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys.

It's important for pregnant women to receive regular prenatal care to monitor for these and other potential complications, and to seek prompt medical attention if any concerning symptoms arise.

Home childbirth, also known as home birth, refers to the process of giving birth in a private residence, such as one's own home, rather than in a healthcare facility like a hospital or birth center. Home childbirth is typically attended by a midwife, who provides prenatal care, attends the birth, and offers postpartum care. In some cases, a doctor may also be present at a home birth. It's important to note that home birth is not legal in all countries or regions, and even where it is legal, it may not be covered by insurance. Home childbirth carries inherent risks and should only be considered after careful consultation with healthcare providers.

Infectious pregnancy complications refer to infections that occur during pregnancy and can affect the mother, fetus, or both. These infections can lead to serious consequences such as preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, stillbirth, or even death. Some common infectious agents that can cause pregnancy complications include:

1. Bacteria: Examples include group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
2. Viruses: Examples include cytomegalovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, and HIV, which can cause congenital anomalies, developmental delays, or transmission of the virus to the fetus.
3. Parasites: Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause severe neurological damage in the fetus if transmitted during pregnancy.
4. Fungi: Examples include Candida albicans, which can cause fungal infections in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.

Preventive measures such as vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding high-risk behaviors can help reduce the risk of infectious pregnancy complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infections during pregnancy are also crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.

Parturition is the process of giving birth, or the act of delivering newborn offspring. In medical terms, it refers to the expulsion of the products of conception (such as the fetus, placenta, and membranes) from the uterus of a pregnant woman during childbirth. This process is regulated by hormonal changes and involves complex interactions between the mother's body and the developing fetus. Parturition typically occurs after a full-term pregnancy, which is approximately 40 weeks in humans.

Peer review is a process in which experts in a field assess the quality and validity of scientific research, scholarly articles, or other professional works prior to publication. In the context of medical research, peer review typically involves one or more researchers with similar expertise evaluating a manuscript or study proposal to ensure that it meets established standards for design, methodology, analysis, and interpretation of results. The goal of peer review is to maintain the integrity and credibility of the scientific record by identifying and correcting errors, biases, or other shortcomings in the research before it is published. Peer review is a standard practice in medical publishing and is considered an essential component of the scientific process.

A rural population refers to people who live in areas that are outside of urban areas, typically defined as having fewer than 2,000 residents and lacking certain infrastructure and services such as running water, sewage systems, and paved roads. Rural populations often have less access to healthcare services, education, and economic opportunities compared to their urban counterparts. This population group can face unique health challenges, including higher rates of poverty, limited access to specialized medical care, and a greater exposure to environmental hazards such as agricultural chemicals and industrial pollutants.

A death certificate is a formal legal document that records the date, location, and cause of a person's death. It is typically issued by a medical professional, such as a physician or medical examiner, and is used to establish the fact of death for legal purposes. The information on a death certificate may be used for a variety of purposes, including settling the deceased person's estate, assisting with insurance claims, and supporting public health surveillance and research.

In order to complete a death certificate, the medical professional must determine the cause of death and any significant contributing conditions. This may involve reviewing the deceased person's medical history, conducting a physical examination, and ordering laboratory tests or autopsy. The cause of death is typically described using standardized codes from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

It is important to note that the information on a death certificate is considered confidential and is protected by law. Only authorized individuals, such as the deceased person's next of kin or legal representative, are permitted to access the document.

A medical audit is a systematic review and evaluation of the quality of medical care against established standards to see if it is being delivered efficiently, effectively, and equitably. It is a quality improvement process that aims to improve patient care and outcomes by identifying gaps between actual and desired practice, and implementing changes to close those gaps. Medical audits can focus on various aspects of healthcare delivery, including diagnosis, treatment, medication use, and follow-up care. The ultimate goal of medical audits is to ensure that patients receive the best possible care based on current evidence and best practices.

Perinatal care refers to the health care provided to pregnant individuals, fetuses, and newborn infants during the time immediately before and after birth. This period is defined as beginning at approximately 20 weeks of gestation and ending 4 weeks after birth. Perinatal care includes preventative measures, medical and supportive services, and treatment for complications during pregnancy, childbirth, and in the newborn period. It encompasses a wide range of services including prenatal care, labor and delivery management, postpartum care, and neonatal care. The goal of perinatal care is to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the baby by preventing, diagnosing, and treating any potential health issues that may arise during this critical period.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

A maternity hospital, also known as a birthing center or maternity ward in a general hospital, is a healthcare institution specifically designed to provide care and services for women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. These facilities have specialized medical staff, equipment, and resources to manage both normal and high-risk pregnancies, deliveries, and newborn care.

Maternity hospitals offer various services, including:

1. Antenatal care: Regular check-ups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and fetus, provide necessary vaccinations, screen for potential complications, and offer education on pregnancy, childbirth, and newborn care.
2. Intrapartum care: Monitoring and support during labor and delivery, including pain management options, epidural anesthesia, and assisted vaginal deliveries using forceps or vacuum extraction, if necessary.
3. Obstetric surgery: Access to cesarean sections (C-sections) and other surgical interventions in case of complications or emergencies during childbirth.
4. Neonatal care: Immediate care for newborns, including resuscitation, monitoring, and treatment for any medical conditions or abnormalities. Some maternity hospitals have specialized neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) to provide advanced care for premature or critically ill newborns.
5. Postpartum care: Support and guidance for mothers during the recovery period after childbirth, including breastfeeding assistance, emotional support, and family planning counseling.
6. Education and counseling: Providing expectant parents with information on pregnancy, childbirth, parenting skills, and family planning. This may include prenatal classes, lactation consultations, and support groups.

Maternity hospitals prioritize the safety and well-being of both mother and baby, ensuring that they receive high-quality medical care and support throughout the childbearing process.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Bangladesh" is a country located in South Asia, rather than a medical term or condition. It is bordered by India to the west, north, and east, and by Myanmar (Burma) to the southeast, with the Bay of Bengal to the south. The official name of the country is the People's Republic of Bangladesh.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them for you!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mozambique" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in Southeast Africa, known officially as the Republic of Mozambique. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Magnesium Sulfate is an inorganic salt with the chemical formula MgSO4. It is often encountered as the heptahydrate sulfate mineral epsomite (MgSO4·7H2O), commonly called Epsom salts. Magnesium sulfate is used medically as a vasodilator, to treat constipation, and as an antidote for magnesium overdose or poisoning. It is also used in the preparation of skin for esthetic procedures and in the treatment of eclampsia, a serious complication of pregnancy characterized by seizures.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a sudden, unexpected natural death caused by the cessation of cardiac activity. It is often caused by cardiac arrhythmias, particularly ventricular fibrillation, and is often associated with underlying heart disease, although it can occur in people with no known heart condition. SCD is typically defined as a natural death due to cardiac causes that occurs within one hour of the onset of symptoms, or if the individual was last seen alive in a normal state of health, it can be defined as occurring within 24 hours.

It's important to note that sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is different from SCD, although they are related. SCA refers to the sudden cessation of cardiac activity, which if not treated immediately can lead to SCD.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nigeria" is not a medical term. It is a country located in West Africa, and it is the most populous country in Africa. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terms, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

Health services accessibility refers to the degree to which individuals and populations are able to obtain needed health services in a timely manner. It includes factors such as physical access (e.g., distance, transportation), affordability (e.g., cost of services, insurance coverage), availability (e.g., supply of providers, hours of operation), and acceptability (e.g., cultural competence, language concordance).

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), accessibility is one of the key components of health system performance, along with responsiveness and fair financing. Improving accessibility to health services is essential for achieving universal health coverage and ensuring that everyone has access to quality healthcare without facing financial hardship. Factors that affect health services accessibility can vary widely between and within countries, and addressing these disparities requires a multifaceted approach that includes policy interventions, infrastructure development, and community engagement.

Economics is a social science that studies how individuals, businesses, governments, and societies make choices on allocating resources to satisfy their unlimited wants. It primarily focuses on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

In healthcare, economics is often referred to as "health economics," which applies economic theory and methods to analyze health care markets, evaluate alternative health policies, and optimize resource allocation in the healthcare sector. Health economists study issues such as the cost-effectiveness of medical treatments, the impact of health insurance on access to care, and the efficiency of different healthcare delivery systems.

Understanding economics is crucial for making informed decisions about healthcare policy, resource allocation, and patient care. By analyzing data and applying economic principles, healthcare professionals can help ensure that resources are used efficiently and effectively to improve health outcomes and reduce costs.

Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog used in obstetrics and gynecology to prevent and treat ulcers caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), reduce the risk of gastric ulcers in patients taking NSAIDs long term, induce labor, manage postpartum hemorrhage, and cause abortion. It is also used off-label for cervical ripening before gynecologic surgery and to treat miscarriage.

In addition, Misoprostol has been found to be effective in reducing the risk of gastric ulcers and NSAID-induced dyspepsia (upper abdominal pain or discomfort) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions who require long-term NSAID therapy.

It is important to note that Misoprostol should not be used during pregnancy unless under the supervision of a healthcare provider for specific medical indications, such as preventing or treating stomach ulcers in pregnant women taking NSAIDs or inducing labor. It can cause miscarriage and birth defects if taken during early pregnancy.

Tertiary care centers are specialized healthcare facilities that provide complex medical and surgical services to patients with severe or rare conditions. These centers have advanced medical technology, specialized treatment options, and multidisciplinary teams of healthcare professionals who work together to manage the most challenging cases. Tertiary care centers often serve as referral centers for primary and secondary care providers, and they typically offer a wide range of services including cancer care, neurosurgery, cardiac surgery, transplantation, and other highly specialized treatments. Access to tertiary care centers is usually limited to patients who require advanced medical care that cannot be provided by community hospitals or smaller healthcare facilities.

Maternal age is a term used to describe the age of a woman at the time she becomes pregnant or gives birth. It is often used in medical and epidemiological contexts to discuss the potential risks, complications, and outcomes associated with pregnancy and childbirth at different stages of a woman's reproductive years.

Advanced maternal age typically refers to women who become pregnant or give birth at 35 years of age or older. This group faces an increased risk for certain chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome, and other pregnancy-related complications, including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and cesarean delivery.

On the other end of the spectrum, adolescent pregnancies (those that occur in women under 20 years old) also come with their own set of potential risks and complications, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and anemia.

It's important to note that while maternal age can influence pregnancy outcomes, many other factors – including genetics, lifestyle choices, and access to quality healthcare – can also play a significant role in determining the health of both mother and baby during pregnancy and childbirth.

Population surveillance in a public health and medical context refers to the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health-related data for a defined population over time. It aims to monitor the health status, identify emerging health threats or trends, and evaluate the impact of interventions within that population. This information is used to inform public health policy, prioritize healthcare resources, and guide disease prevention and control efforts. Population surveillance can involve various data sources, such as vital records, disease registries, surveys, and electronic health records.

Family planning services refer to comprehensive healthcare programs and interventions that aim to help individuals and couples prevent or achieve pregnancies, according to their desired number and spacing of children. These services typically include:

1. Counseling and education: Providing information about various contraceptive methods, their effectiveness, side effects, and appropriate use. This may also include counseling on reproductive health, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and preconception care.
2. Contraceptive services: Making a wide range of contraceptive options available to clients, including barrier methods (condoms, diaphragms), hormonal methods (pills, patches, injectables, implants), intrauterine devices (IUDs), and permanent methods (tubal ligation, vasectomy).
3. Screening and testing: Offering STI screening and testing, as well as cervical cancer screening for eligible clients.
4. Preconception care: Providing counseling and interventions to help women achieve optimal health before becoming pregnant, including folic acid supplementation, management of chronic conditions, and avoidance of harmful substances (tobacco, alcohol, drugs).
5. Fertility services: Addressing infertility issues through diagnostic testing, counseling, and medical or surgical treatments when appropriate.
6. Menstrual regulation: Providing manual vacuum aspiration or medication to safely and effectively manage incomplete miscarriages or unwanted pregnancies within the first trimester.
7. Pregnancy options counseling: Offering unbiased information and support to help individuals make informed decisions about their pregnancy, including parenting, adoption, or abortion.
8. Community outreach and education: Engaging in community-based initiatives to increase awareness of family planning services and promote reproductive health.
9. Advocacy: Working to remove barriers to accessing family planning services, such as policy changes, reducing stigma, and increasing funding for programs.

Family planning services are an essential component of sexual and reproductive healthcare and contribute significantly to improving maternal and child health outcomes, reducing unintended pregnancies, and empowering individuals to make informed choices about their reproductive lives.

Rural health is a branch of healthcare that focuses on the unique health challenges and needs of people living in rural areas. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines rural health as "the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in the rural population."

Rural populations often face disparities in healthcare access and quality compared to their urban counterparts. Factors such as geographic isolation, poverty, lack of transportation, and a shortage of healthcare providers can contribute to these disparities. Rural health encompasses a broad range of services, including primary care, prevention, chronic disease management, mental health, oral health, and emergency medical services.

The goal of rural health is to improve the health outcomes of rural populations by addressing these unique challenges and providing high-quality, accessible healthcare services that meet their needs. This may involve innovative approaches such as telemedicine, mobile health clinics, and community-based programs to reach people in remote areas.

Ectopic pregnancy is a type of abnormal pregnancy that occurs outside the uterine cavity. The most common site for an ectopic pregnancy is the fallopian tube, accounting for about 95% of cases. This condition is also known as tubal pregnancy. Other less common sites include the ovary, cervix, and abdominal cavity.

In a normal pregnancy, the fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tube and implants itself in the lining of the uterus. However, in an ectopic pregnancy, the fertilized egg implants and starts to develop somewhere other than the uterus. The growing embryo cannot survive outside the uterus, and if left untreated, an ectopic pregnancy can cause life-threatening bleeding due to the rupture of the fallopian tube or other organs.

Symptoms of ectopic pregnancy may include abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, shoulder pain, lightheadedness, fainting, and in severe cases, shock. Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of medical history, physical examination, ultrasound, and blood tests to measure the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced during pregnancy.

Treatment for ectopic pregnancy depends on several factors, including the location, size, and growth rate of the ectopic mass, as well as the patient's overall health and desire for future pregnancies. Treatment options may include medication to stop the growth of the embryo or surgery to remove the ectopic tissue. In some cases, both methods may be used together. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent serious complications and improve the chances of preserving fertility in future pregnancies.

A stillbirth is defined as the delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy. The baby may die at any time during the pregnancy, but death must occur after 20 weeks to be classified as a stillbirth. Stillbirths can have many different causes, including problems with the placenta or umbilical cord, chromosomal abnormalities, infections, and birth defects. In some cases, the cause of a stillbirth may not be able to be determined.

Stillbirth is a tragic event that can have significant emotional and psychological impacts on the parents and other family members. It is important for healthcare providers to offer support and resources to help families cope with their loss. This may include counseling, support groups, and information about memorializing their baby.

Brain death is a legal and medical determination that an individual has died because their brain has irreversibly lost all functions necessary for life. It is characterized by the absence of brainstem reflexes, unresponsiveness to stimuli, and the inability to breathe without mechanical support. Brain death is different from a vegetative state or coma, where there may still be some brain activity.

The determination of brain death involves a series of tests and examinations to confirm the absence of brain function. These tests are typically performed by trained medical professionals and may include clinical assessments, imaging studies, and electroencephalograms (EEGs) to confirm the absence of electrical activity in the brain.

Brain death is an important concept in medicine because it allows for the organ donation process to proceed, potentially saving the lives of others. In many jurisdictions, brain death is legally equivalent to cardiopulmonary death, which means that once a person has been declared brain dead, they are considered deceased and their organs can be removed for transplantation.

Spontaneous abortion, also known as miscarriage, is the unintentional expulsion of a nonviable fetus from the uterus before the 20th week of gestation. It is a common complication of early pregnancy, with most miscarriages occurring during the first trimester. Spontaneous abortion can have various causes, including chromosomal abnormalities, maternal health conditions, infections, hormonal imbalances, and structural issues of the uterus or cervix. In many cases, the exact cause may remain unknown.

The symptoms of spontaneous abortion can vary but often include vaginal bleeding, which may range from light spotting to heavy bleeding; abdominal pain or cramping; and the passing of tissue or clots from the vagina. While some miscarriages occur suddenly and are immediately noticeable, others may progress slowly over several days or even weeks.

In medical practice, healthcare providers often use specific terminology to describe different stages and types of spontaneous abortion. For example:

* Threatened abortion: Vaginal bleeding during early pregnancy, but the cervix remains closed, and there is no evidence of fetal demise or passing of tissue.
* Inevitable abortion: Vaginal bleeding with an open cervix, indicating that a miscarriage is imminent or already in progress.
* Incomplete abortion: The expulsion of some but not all products of conception from the uterus, requiring medical intervention to remove any remaining tissue.
* Complete abortion: The successful passage of all products of conception from the uterus, often confirmed through an ultrasound or pelvic examination.
* Missed abortion: The death of a fetus in the uterus without any expulsion of the products of conception, which may be discovered during routine prenatal care.
* Septic abortion: A rare and life-threatening complication of spontaneous abortion characterized by infection of the products of conception and the surrounding tissues, requiring prompt medical attention and antibiotic treatment.

Healthcare providers typically monitor patients who experience a spontaneous abortion to ensure that all products of conception have been expelled and that there are no complications, such as infection or excessive bleeding. In some cases, medication or surgical intervention may be necessary to remove any remaining tissue or address other issues related to the miscarriage. Counseling and support services are often available for individuals and couples who experience a spontaneous abortion, as they may face emotional challenges and concerns about future pregnancies.

"Public hospitals" are defined as healthcare institutions that are owned, operated, and funded by government entities. They provide medical services to the general public, regardless of their ability to pay. Public hospitals can be found at the local, regional, or national level and may offer a wide range of services, including emergency care, inpatient and outpatient care, specialized clinics, and community health programs. These hospitals are accountable to the public and often have a mandate to serve vulnerable populations, such as low-income individuals, uninsured patients, and underserved communities. Public hospitals may receive additional funding from various sources, including patient fees, grants, and donations.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Malawi" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in southeastern Africa. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!

Health planning is a systematic process of creating strategies, policies, and goals to improve the health of a population and ensure the provision of adequate and accessible healthcare services. It involves assessing the health needs of the community, establishing priorities, developing interventions, and implementing and evaluating programs to address those needs. The ultimate goal of health planning is to optimize the health status of the population, reduce health disparities, and make efficient use of resources in the healthcare system. This process typically involves collaboration among various stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, policymakers, community members, and advocacy groups.

"Africa South of the Sahara" is a term commonly used in medical and scientific literature to refer to the region of the African continent that lies south of the Sahara Desert. This region includes 48 countries, with a population of over 1 billion people, and is characterized by its tropical or subtropical climate, diverse cultures, and unique health challenges.

The term "South of the Sahara" is used to distinguish this region from North Africa, which is predominantly Arab and Berber in culture and has closer ties to the Middle East than to Sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara Desert serves as a natural geographical boundary between these two regions.

In medical terms, "Africa South of the Sahara" encompasses a wide range of health issues, including infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and Ebola, which are prevalent in many parts of the region. The area also faces challenges related to maternal and child health, nutrition, water and sanitation, and non-communicable diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Medical research and interventions focused on "Africa South of the Sahara" aim to address these unique health challenges and improve the overall health outcomes of the population in this region.

Quality of health care is a term that refers to the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge. It encompasses various aspects such as:

1. Clinical effectiveness: The use of best available evidence to make decisions about prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care. This includes considering the benefits and harms of different options and making sure that the most effective interventions are used.
2. Safety: Preventing harm to patients and minimizing risks associated with healthcare. This involves identifying potential hazards, implementing measures to reduce errors, and learning from adverse events to improve systems and processes.
3. Patient-centeredness: Providing care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values. This includes ensuring that patients are fully informed about their condition and treatment options, involving them in decision-making, and providing emotional support throughout the care process.
4. Timeliness: Ensuring that healthcare services are delivered promptly and efficiently, without unnecessary delays. This includes coordinating care across different providers and settings to ensure continuity and avoid gaps in service.
5. Efficiency: Using resources wisely and avoiding waste, while still providing high-quality care. This involves considering the costs and benefits of different interventions, as well as ensuring that healthcare services are equitably distributed.
6. Equitability: Ensuring that all individuals have access to quality healthcare services, regardless of their socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, gender, age, or other factors. This includes addressing disparities in health outcomes and promoting fairness and justice in healthcare.

Overall, the quality of health care is a multidimensional concept that requires ongoing evaluation and improvement to ensure that patients receive the best possible care.

A "Teaching Hospital" is a healthcare institution that provides medical education and training to future healthcare professionals, such as medical students, residents, and fellows. These hospitals are often affiliated with medical schools or universities and have a strong focus on research and innovation in addition to patient care. They typically have a larger staff of specialized doctors and medical professionals who can provide comprehensive care for complex and rare medical conditions. Teaching hospitals also serve as important resources for their communities, providing access to advanced medical treatments and contributing to the development of new healthcare technologies and practices.

Rural health services refer to the healthcare delivery systems and facilities that are located in rural areas and are designed to meet the unique health needs of rural populations. These services can include hospitals, clinics, community health centers, mental health centers, and home health agencies, as well as various programs and initiatives aimed at improving access to care, addressing health disparities, and promoting health and wellness in rural communities.

Rural health services are often characterized by longer travel distances to healthcare facilities, a greater reliance on primary care and preventive services, and a higher prevalence of certain health conditions such as chronic diseases, injuries, and mental health disorders. As a result, rural health services must be tailored to address these challenges and provide high-quality, affordable, and accessible care to rural residents.

In many countries, rural health services are supported by government policies and programs aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure, workforce development, and telehealth technologies in rural areas. These efforts are critical for ensuring that all individuals, regardless of where they live, have access to the healthcare services they need to maintain their health and well-being.

In medical terms, parity refers to the number of times a woman has given birth to a viable fetus, usually defined as a pregnancy that reaches at least 20 weeks' gestation. It is often used in obstetrics and gynecology to describe a woman's childbearing history and to assess potential risks associated with childbirth.

Parity is typically categorized as follows:

* Nulliparous: A woman who has never given birth to a viable fetus.
* Primiparous: A woman who has given birth to one viable fetus.
* Multiparous: A woman who has given birth to more than one viable fetus.

In some cases, parity may also consider the number of pregnancies that resulted in stillbirths or miscarriages, although this is not always the case. It's important to note that parity does not necessarily reflect the total number of pregnancies a woman has had, only those that resulted in viable births.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "South Africa" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located at the southernmost tip of the African continent. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

Socioeconomic factors are a range of interconnected conditions and influences that affect the opportunities and resources a person or group has to maintain and improve their health and well-being. These factors include:

1. Economic stability: This includes employment status, job security, income level, and poverty status. Lower income and lack of employment are associated with poorer health outcomes.
2. Education: Higher levels of education are generally associated with better health outcomes. Education can affect a person's ability to access and understand health information, as well as their ability to navigate the healthcare system.
3. Social and community context: This includes factors such as social support networks, discrimination, and community safety. Strong social supports and positive community connections are associated with better health outcomes, while discrimination and lack of safety can negatively impact health.
4. Healthcare access and quality: Access to affordable, high-quality healthcare is an important socioeconomic factor that can significantly impact a person's health. Factors such as insurance status, availability of providers, and cultural competency of healthcare systems can all affect healthcare access and quality.
5. Neighborhood and built environment: The physical conditions in which people live, work, and play can also impact their health. Factors such as housing quality, transportation options, availability of healthy foods, and exposure to environmental hazards can all influence health outcomes.

Socioeconomic factors are often interrelated and can have a cumulative effect on health outcomes. For example, someone who lives in a low-income neighborhood with limited access to healthy foods and safe parks may also face challenges related to employment, education, and healthcare access that further impact their health. Addressing socioeconomic factors is an important part of promoting health equity and reducing health disparities.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is not a medical condition or term, but rather a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Here's a brief description:

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as the global authority on public health issues. Established in 1948, WHO's primary role is to coordinate and collaborate with its member states to promote health, prevent diseases, and ensure universal access to healthcare services. WHO is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and has regional offices around the world. It plays a crucial role in setting global health standards, monitoring disease outbreaks, and providing guidance on various public health concerns, including infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, mental health, environmental health, and maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health.

Data collection in the medical context refers to the systematic gathering of information relevant to a specific research question or clinical situation. This process involves identifying and recording data elements, such as demographic characteristics, medical history, physical examination findings, laboratory results, and imaging studies, from various sources including patient interviews, medical records, and diagnostic tests. The data collected is used to support clinical decision-making, inform research hypotheses, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. It is essential that data collection is performed in a standardized and unbiased manner to ensure the validity and reliability of the results.

The postpartum period refers to the time frame immediately following childbirth, typically defined as the first 6-12 weeks. During this time, significant physical and emotional changes occur as the body recovers from pregnancy and delivery. Hormone levels fluctuate dramatically, leading to various symptoms such as mood swings, fatigue, and breast engorgement. The reproductive system also undergoes significant changes, with the uterus returning to its pre-pregnancy size and shape, and the cervix closing.

It is essential to monitor physical and emotional health during this period, as complications such as postpartum depression, infection, or difficulty breastfeeding may arise. Regular check-ups with healthcare providers are recommended to ensure a healthy recovery and address any concerns. Additionally, proper rest, nutrition, and support from family and friends can help facilitate a smooth transition into this new phase of life.

"Attitude to Death" is not a medical term per se, but it does refer to an individual's perspective, feelings, and beliefs about death and dying. It can encompass various aspects such as fear, acceptance, curiosity, denial, or preparation. While not a medical definition, understanding a person's attitude to death can be relevant in healthcare settings, particularly in palliative and end-of-life care, as it can influence their decisions and experiences around their own mortality.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to an infection injures its own tissues and organs. It is characterized by a whole-body inflammatory state (systemic inflammation) that can lead to blood clotting issues, tissue damage, and multiple organ failure.

Sepsis happens when an infection you already have triggers a chain reaction throughout your body. Infections that lead to sepsis most often start in the lungs, urinary tract, skin, or gastrointestinal tract.

Sepsis is a medical emergency. If you suspect sepsis, seek immediate medical attention. Early recognition and treatment of sepsis are crucial to improve outcomes. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and may require oxygen, medication to raise blood pressure, and corticosteroids. In severe cases, surgery may be required to clear the infection.

"Family characteristics" is a broad term that can refer to various attributes, dynamics, and structures of a family unit. These characteristics can include:

1. Family structure: This refers to the composition of the family, such as whether it is a nuclear family (two parents and their children), single-parent family, extended family, blended family, or same-sex parent family.
2. Family roles: The responsibilities and expectations assigned to each family member, such as caregiver, provider, or decision-maker.
3. Communication patterns: How family members communicate with one another, including frequency, tone, and level of openness.
4. Problem-solving styles: How the family approaches and resolves conflicts and challenges.
5. Cultural and religious practices: The values, traditions, and beliefs that shape the family's identity and worldview.
6. Family functioning: The overall health and effectiveness of the family system, including its ability to adapt to change and support individual members' needs.
7. Attachment styles: The quality and nature of the emotional bonds between family members, which can impact attachment security and relationships throughout life.
8. Parenting style: The approach that parents take in raising their children, such as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, or uninvolved.
9. Family history: Past experiences and events that have shaped the family's development and dynamics.
10. Genetic factors: Inherited traits and predispositions that can influence family members' health, behavior, and personality.

Understanding family characteristics is essential in fields such as medicine, psychology, social work, and counseling, as these factors can significantly impact individual and family well-being.

A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Morbidity, in medical terms, refers to the state or condition of being diseased or unhealthy. It is used to describe the incidence or prevalence of a particular disease or health condition within a population, or the presence of multiple diseases or health conditions in an individual. Morbidity can also refer to the complications or symptoms associated with a disease or injury. In clinical settings, morbidity may be used to assess a patient's overall health status and their response to treatment.

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... occurs when a brain dead patient is pregnant and their body is kept alive to deliver ... Field, D.R.; Gates, E.A.; Creasy, R.K.; Jonsen, A.R.; Laros, R.K. (1988). "Maternal Brain Death During Pregnancy: Medical and ... July 2004). "Maternal brain death: medical, ethical, and legal issues". Intensive Care Medicine. 30 (7): 1484-6. doi:10.1007/ ... In the 28-year period between 1982 and 2010, there were "30 [reported] cases of maternal brain death (19 case reports and 1 ...
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... causes one out of every four maternal deaths that occur annually and accounts for more maternal deaths than any other ... One third of the maternal deaths occur in India and Nigeria. The effect of a mother's death results in vulnerable families, and ... This will result in an improvement in maternal health. Four elements are essential to maternal death prevention. First, ... In other cases, maternal health can reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. Maternal health revolves around the health and ...
... contribution to the overall global maternal death. These figures indicate that reduction in maternal death in Ethiopia is below ... As part of its drive to tackle maternal mortality, Maternal Death Surveillance and Response system was started since 2013 in ... Maternal death is defined as "The death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective ... In this report, maternal death in Ethiopia reduced from 43,300 to 13,000 from 1990 to 2013 indicating a reduction by 38% and ...
... is the maternal death of a woman in India during pregnancy or after pregnancy, including post- ... Similarly, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR; number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births) in India was 450. In 2010, ... Dhar, Sujoy (26 January 2009). "India grapples with high maternal death rate". Reuters. GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality ... "maternal" deaths occurred in India. India showed a steady decline in maternal mortality, from 254 in every 100 000 live births ...
Maternal death, also called maternal mortality, is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the death of a woman ... The maternal mortality ratio, on the other hand, is the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. The maternal ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maternal death. Health system Health care systems by country Maternal mortality in the ... Death-related lists, Maternal death, Social science indices). ... The global rate is 211 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births ...
Schier AF (2007). "The Maternal-Zygotic Transition: Death and Birth of RNAs". Science. 316 (5823): 406-7. Bibcode:2007Sci...316 ... 2008). "The Maternal to Zygotic Transition in Animals and Plants". Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 73: 89-100. doi:10.1101/ ... Maternal to zygotic transition (MZT), also known as embryonic genome activation, is the stage in embryonic development during ... This process is important because it is the first time that the new embryonic genome is utilized and the paternal and maternal ...
... the causes of maternal death have changed overtime and are generally preventable. The leading causes of maternal death include ... According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of ... In March 2021, the maternal mortality rate in Uganda dropped from 438 deaths per 100,000 births in 2011 to 368 deaths per ... In 2006, the maternal mortality rate in Uganda is 506 deaths per 100,00 live births. There is a need for health provision ...
uses the term near-miss maternal death) Lewis, Gwyneth (2003). "Beyond the Numbers: reviewing maternal deaths and complications ... A maternal near miss (MNM) is an event in which a pregnant woman comes close to maternal death, but does not die - a "near-miss ... The standard indicator is the Maternal Mortality Ratio, defined as the ratio of the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live ... In the UK, for example, the most dramatic decline in maternal death was achieved in Rochdale, an industrial town in the poorest ...
Maternal deaths have steadily increased in Texas from 2010, with more than 30 deaths occurring for every 100,000 live births in ... Maternal Health Texas Family Planning Abortion Maternal Death Alexander, Greg (2001). "Assessing the Role and Effectiveness of ... In Texas, African-American women are at the highest risk of maternal death. In 2013, the Senate Bill 495 passed, leading to the ... According to the World Health Organization, maternal mortality is defined as "the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 ...
... is one cause of intrauterine death (IUD). The Kleihauer-Betke test is a blood test used to measure ... Fetal-maternal haemorrhage is the loss of fetal blood cells into the maternal circulation. It takes place in normal pregnancies ... 2000 cells are counted under the microscope and a percentage of foetal to maternal cells is calculated. Fetal-maternal ... Fetal-maternal haemorrhage occurs when this membrane ceases to function as a barrier and fetal cells may come in contact with ...
In developing countries, the leading cause of maternal death is still hemorrhage. In the United States 2011-2013, hemorrhage ... Maternal total serum calcium decreases due to maternal hypoalbuminemia, but the ionized calcium levels are maintained. Total ... Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy are the adaptations that take place during pregnancy that enable the accommodation ... Maternal insulin resistance can lead to gestational diabetes. Increased liver metabolism is also seen, with increased ...
Angola represents a country with one of the highest maternal death rates in the world. Statistics vary, but the estimated ... Unsafe abortions are one of the leading causes of maternal death in the developing world. In many African countries, abortions ... maternal mortality ratio (MMR) toward the end of the Civil War was between 1,281-1,500 maternal deaths to 100,000 live births. ... The WHO lists the leading causes of maternal death as severe bleeding, infections, high blood pressure during pregnancy, ...
... and most of maternal mortality are likely to happen at this stage. Most maternal deaths result from haemorrhage, complications ... Reduction of maternal deaths is one of the main goals of the Tanzanian Poverty Reduction Strategy and the health sector reform ... MMR is estimated by using both number of maternal deaths and live births. Many low-income countries have no or very little data ... Malaria is the leading cause of death for Tanzanian children and is a major cause of maternal mortality. Tanzania is making ...
... the maternal death rate averaged 9.1 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births during the years 1979-1986, but then rose rapidly ... "reduce maternal deaths and life-threatening complications of childbirth among women of color". Maternal death can be traced to ... to study the medical causes of maternal death. This tool defines pregnancy-related death as death during or within one year of ... one factor affecting the US maternal death rate is the variability in the calculation of maternal deaths. The WHO deems ...
... also noting the disparate rates of Black maternal death. Race affects maternal health throughout the pregnancy continuum, ... Black women have 3.4 times the risk of maternal death from pregnancy complications compared to white women. Black women over 40 ... and maternal death. Black women are more than twice as likely as white women to be diagnosed with chronic hypertension. Black, ... and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy accounted for disproportionately more maternal deaths for Black women then white women ...
"The Women's March 2019 Women's Agenda , Maternal Death , Medicare (United States)". Scribd. Retrieved April 1, 2019. Crain, ...
"Number of maternal deaths , Data". "Number of infant deaths , Data". "Child Mortality". ", NITI Aayog". Balarajan, Yarlini; ... 11.9% of all maternal deaths and 18% of all infant mortality in the world occurs in India, ranking it the highest in the world ... Communicable disease is the cause of death for 53% of all deaths in India. Public health initiatives that affect people in all ... At the end of the colonial period, death rates from infectious diseases such as cholera had fallen to a low, although other ...
... a maternal mortality study of 181 countries in 2008 found that Haiti's maternal mortality rate was approximately 582 deaths per ... World Health Organization; Erica Royston; Sue Armstrong (1989). Preventing maternal deaths (PDF) (Report). Geneva : World ... While the high maternal mortality rate in Haiti can be attributed to the fact that women in developing countries tend to have ... By the end of 2010, a total of 179,379 cases, including 3,990 deaths were reported in Haiti. This represents 61% of all cases ...
Almost 90% of maternal deaths during childbirth occur in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, compared to less than 1% in the developed ... "The causes of maternal death". BBC News. 23 November 1998. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 27 August ... One-third of deaths around the world-some 18 million people a year or 50,000 per day-are due to poverty-related causes. People ... For example, Sri Lanka had a maternal mortality rate of 2% in the 1930s, higher than any nation today, but reduced it to 0.5- ...
Parker RB (July 1956). "Maternal death from aspiration asphyxia". British Medical Journal. 2 (4983): 16-9. doi:10.1136/bmj. ... Perioperative mortality has been defined as any death, regardless of cause, occurring within 30 days after surgery in or out of ... PMID 727541.[permanent dead link] Beecher HK, Todd DP (July 1954). "A study of the deaths associated with anesthesia and ... Pathological investigation of deaths following surgery, anaesthesia, and medical procedures". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 52 ...
Prior, Neil (25 March 2012). "Reducing maternal death in Africa". BBC News. Retrieved 7 September 2018. "New Year Honours". ... is the founder of the charity Mothers of Africa and through her charity work is contributing to the improvement of maternal ...
40 of which are females and 50 males and 8 of those deaths are infants. No maternal death was reported. CDR (Crude Death Rate) ... Leading causes of deaths are Pneumonia, Hypertensive Vascular Diseases, Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Cancer and Accidents. Leading ... Using the current population of 14,066 mortality or deaths reported during the year was 90. ...
"Number of maternal deaths - Zimbabwe , Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-09-22. "Maternal mortality ratio (modeled ... These diseases contribute effectively to maternal and childhood death, with a maternal mortality rate of 365 per 100,000 ... The number of maternal deaths in ZImbabwe in 2017 was 2100 which has not changed a lot from 2200 recorded in 2000. This shows ... A decrease in the number of maternal deaths was recorded starting in 2009 when the government of national unity resolved the ...
8. Maternal and Newborn Health Care in Crisis Situations SEC. 9. Maternal Death Review SEC. 10. Role of the Food and Drug ... Maternal deaths in the Philippines, according to the World Health Organization, is at 5.7 per day, not 10-11 deaths a day, as ... "Studies show maternal deaths in Philippines in decline". Philippine Daily Inquirer. August 28, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2012 ... "meant to prevent maternal deaths related to pregnancy and childbirth", said Clara Padilla of Engender Rights. She reported that ...
The Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Task Force was started by the Department of State in 2013 to help reduce maternal death in ... Maternal mortality in the United States Maternal healthcare in Texas Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Task Force on Department ... In 1994 the period of measurement for a "maternal-related death" after childbirth was extended from six weeks to a year after ... Although reproductive health and maternal death is significantly different for black women, this is not part of the study ...
Maternal death Childbirth World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health ... Some use the cutoff of 20 weeks of gestation, after which fetal death is known as a stillbirth. The death of the fetus or ... The maternal recovery period directly following the events of human childbirth, regardless of whether it is a live birth, is ... After the fetus is expelled from the maternal body it is called a neonate. Whether the birth is vaginal or by Caesarean section ...
Pregnancy in Turner syndrome is inherently high-risk; the maternal death rate is 2%. Usually, estrogen replacement therapy is ... An increased risk of Turner syndrome may also be indicated by abnormal triple or quadruple maternal serum screen. The fetuses ... Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (February 2012). "Increased maternal cardiovascular ... of all deaths in the syndrome. The risk is substantially increased for individuals with bicuspid aortic valves, who make up 95 ...
... is longer for maternal deaths compared with other causes of death. Thus, provisional estimates of deaths from maternal causes ... NCHS reports maternal mortality using the WHO definition of a maternal death, which is "the death of a woman while pregnant or ... In this data visualization, maternal deaths are those deaths with an underlying cause of death assigned to International ... A maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy irrespective of the ...
... lifetime risk of maternal death and proportion of maternal deaths among deaths of women of reproductive years (PM). Maternal ... that can result in maternal death. The four measures of maternal death are the maternal mortality ratio (MMR), maternal ... Proportion of maternal deaths among deaths of women of reproductive age (PM) is the number of maternal deaths in a given time ... Maternal Death Surveillance and Response is another strategy that has been used to prevent maternal death. This is one of the ...
... maternal, newborn, childbirth, and adolescent health (RMNCAH) scientific conference committed to support actions for stronger ... health systems to advance access to quality Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child, Adolescent Health, and Nutrition (RMNCAH+N ... It is critical to consolidate the gains of the successes chalked and ensure maternal deaths are a thing of the past", Dr Jakaya ... Despite these major strides, there are still some bottlenecks to address to achieve zero maternal deaths. However, stakeholders ...
Khatun F, Rasheed S, Moran AC, Alam AM, Shomik MS, Sultana M, Causes of neonatal and maternal deaths in Dhaka slums: ... of pregnancy-associated deaths. If these numbers are representative of southern Asia, as many as 10,500 maternal deaths each ... and neonatal death or even maternal deaths.. To further underscore the urgency of action in this domain, we now highlight some ... In that setting, viral hepatitis was reported to be the underlying cause for 11% of maternal deaths. In addition, an epidemic ...
Number of maternal deaths from The World Bank: Data ... Number of maternal deaths. WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group ... Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2020. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2023 ...
... from the Birth-Centered Outcomes Research Engagement in Medi-Cal Project to decrease maternal mortality and severe maternal ... Preventing Maternal Deaths in Medi-Cal: What Medi-Cal and Health Plans Can Do. Jul 24, 2023 ... Batra, Priya, Gabriela Alvarado, and Chloe E. Bird, Preventing Maternal Deaths in Medi-Cal: What Policymakers Can Do, RAND ... Preventing Maternal Deaths in Medi-Cal: What Health Care Systems Can Do. Jul 24, 2023 ...
Have maternal deaths in the United States been on the rise over the past several years? - Featured Topics from the National ... Fact or Fiction - Have maternal deaths in the United States been on the rise over the past several years?. Posted on March 30, ...
Policy - The National Road Map Strategic Plan To Accelerate Reduction of Maternal, Newborn and Child Deaths in Tanzania. PDF ... TZA 2008 The National Road Map Strategic Plan To Accelerate Reduction of Maternal, Newborn and Child Deaths in Tanzania.pdf ... Taking a multi-sectoral and partnership approach to address the underlying causes of maternal, newborn and child death such as ... Other list of indicators to assess maternal, newborn and child health:. c) Neonatal indicators:. • Prevalence of low birth ...
U.S. Has The Worst Rate of Maternal Deaths In The Developed World More American women are dying of pregnancy-related ... Maternal Mortality Is Rising in the U.S. As It Declines Elsewhere. Deaths per 100,000 live births ... U.S. Has The Worst Rate Of Maternal Deaths In The Developed World. ... NPR and ProPublica teamed up for a six-month long investigation on maternal mortality in the U.S. Among our key findings:. * ...
... an estimated 1,205 women died due to maternal causes in the United States. ... This was an increase from 861 reported cases of maternal deaths in 2020. This statistic presents the number of maternal deaths ... Basic Statistic Maternal death rate in Russia 2000-2022, by area. * Basic Statistic Number of deaths due to pneumonia in France ... A maternal death is defined by the World Health Organization as, "the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of ...
Disparities between Black and white women are concentrated among a few causes of death. ... NIH-funded study highlights stark racial disparities in maternal deaths. Racial and ethnic disparities in maternal mortality - ... Late maternal deaths - those occurring between six weeks and one year postpartum - were 3.5 times more likely among Black women ... U.S. maternal mortality statistics are determined from death certificates completed by a physician, coroner or medical examiner ...
WR records increase in maternal deaths On Feb 24, 2017. Last updated Mar 24, 2017. ... Tinkorang, in this regard, said the Region would continue to focus on strategies to reduce high maternal and new-born deaths. ... She was hopeful that the outcome of the review meeting would further strengthen and accelerate the reduction of maternal, new- ... "Reduction of Maternal and New-born Mortality through Improving Quality of Care".. The Regional Health Director said 2016 was a ...
... the Maternal Death Clock began to tick - keeping track of the total number of maternal deaths in the world. ... at decreasing maternal deaths has fallen far short of where it needs to be to meet the MDG target of cutting maternal deaths by ... Quick Hit: Amnesty International Unveils Maternal Death Clock By Rachel Walden - September 20, 2010 ... If you go to the site, theres a petition, more information, and code for embedding the death clock widget. ...
Maternal Deaths Increase in Brazil. Para ler este relatório em português, clique aqui. A report from the Ministry of Health ... For the sake of comparisons, in the United States, there were 861 maternal deaths in 2020 and 1,178 in 2021, according to the ... The maternal mortality ratio projected by the ministry for 2030 is 55.6 deaths per 100,000 live births. ... Roraima led the ranking of maternal mortality in 2021, with 281.7 deaths per 100,000 live births, a level similar to that of ...
"UN Volunteers are highly committed people who know that in order to achieve zero avoidable maternal deaths and zero unmet needs ... Zeroing in on avoidable maternal deaths, family planning and gender-based violence 17 January 2023. ... He contributes to achieving the Three Zeros. Zero unmet contraceptive needs, zero preventable maternal deaths, and zero ... Zeroing in on avoidable maternal deaths, family planning and gender-based violence ...
With a maternal mortality rate higher than many other high-income countries, reducing these deaths is critical. Unfortunately, ... Morbidity and mortality can still occur after a successful pregnancy and birth, with approximately 1/3 of all maternal deaths ... ASTHOs Maternal Morbidity and Mortality Technical Package, which was built on ASTHOs strategic priorities, outlines a number ... Decreasing the overall rate of low-risk C-sections from its 2020 rate of 25.9% to 23.6% is another maternal health-related goal ...
Asante-Akim South records zero maternal death On Jan 27, 2017. Last updated Mar 19, 2017. ... zero maternal death, last year.. Mr. Ringo Naah, the District Health Director, said they were determined to continue to work ... Asante-Akim South District is making strong progress in the promotion of maternal health - recording for the first time ever, ... Speaking at an annual performance review meeting held at Juaso, he said improving access to maternal, child and reproductive ...
under-5 mortality declined from 115 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2003 to 41 deaths per 1,000 live births in the 5 years ... During this same period, neonatal mortality declined from 33 deaths per 1,000 live births to 21 deaths per 1,000 births," reads ... The under-five deaths have declined from 52 per 1,000 live births to 41 deaths. ... Cases of children dying between birth and their first birthday (infant mortality), have also reduced from 39 deaths per 1,000 ...
New wearable optical device may prevent maternal deaths. * Fri, Sep 22 2023 04:01:46 PM ... Haemorrhage during labour or after childbirth accounts for almost 30 per cent of maternal deaths globally. ... and could help prevent maternal deaths.. The new device, developed by a team at the Washington University, is designed to be ...
... there is a connection between increasing maternal mortality in the United States and GOP policies under consideration in the U. ... Exit interview: NOWs ONeill on GOP health policy and maternal deaths. Original Article:. Published in USA Today by Heidi M ... there is a connection between increasing maternal mortality in the United States and GOP policies under consideration in the U. ...
US sees drop in maternal deaths at hospitals, rise in birth complications. Despite improvements to the overall maternal ... The U.S. has the highest maternal mortality rate among developed countries, with the ratio increasing from 7.2 deaths per ... the CDC-sponsored Pregnancy Mortality and Surveillance System reported increases in maternal deaths over a similar period, ... "Were talking about deaths, among for the most part, a population of young women, and much of that is preventable," emphasized ...
PPH accounts for 35 per cent of all maternal deaths ... At 27 maternal deaths, it was a close second to Palakkad, which ... Total maternal deaths recorded at the start of the decade stood at 186, which came down to 133 last year. Of the total 1,076 ... PPH being a leading cause of maternal death is not only a country-wide trend but has also been seen in other low-income ... Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) has been a leading cause of maternal deaths in Kerala for the better part of the last decade, ...
While the CDC vows to offer support to maternal mortality review committees across the country to help lower the numbers of ... deaths, it is clear that lifting regulatory burdens on the industry would significantly help. ... Most Maternal Deaths in US Would Be Prevented, If Not For Government. Alice Salles 4 years ago. Comments ... making the United States one of developed countries with the highest maternal death rates in the world. In addition, black and ...
The maternal death rate is 42.8 per 100,000 live births for black women, compared with 12.5 for white women and 17.3 rate for ... Women in the U.S. face a 1-in-1,800 risk for maternal death, the worst among the developed nations surveyed in Save the ... Pregnancy-related deaths in the U.S. have risen from 7.2 per 100,000 live births in 1987 to 17.8 in 2009 and 2011, according to ... This reflects a reduction in the mortality rate for that age group to 46 deaths per 1,000 lives births in 2013 from 90 in 1996. ...
... deaths related to pregnancy or childbirth - in the United States may be larger than previously reported, suggests a study ... Racial and ethnic disparities in maternal deaths in the U.S. may be larger than previously reported. *Download PDF Copy ... Late maternal deaths - those occurring between six weeks and one year postpartum - were 3.5 times more likely among Black women ... U.S. maternal mortality statistics are determined from death certificates completed by a physician, coroner or medical examiner ...
There is a universal problem with underreporting and misclassification of maternal deaths. In the USA, maternal death rate from ... It is important to establish pregnancy status, timing and cause of death to define maternal death, but there exists ... Need for developing case definitions and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation for maternal death as an ... More recent data suggest approximately a fifty percent decline in maternal deaths worldwide [1]. Although these statistics are ...
The investigation also found 18 ghost health centres in the district and evidence of increasing maternal deaths due to ... The State House Health Monitoring Unit has blamed health workers for the increasing number of maternal deaths in Manafwa ... The investigation also found 18 ghost health centres in the district and evidence of increasing maternal deaths due to ... State House team cites graft in Manafwa maternal deaths. Tuesday, September 26, 2023 ...
... is the only industrialized nation where the rate of pregnancy-related deaths is rising. Experts say one way to save lives is ... As the rate of maternal deaths in the U.S. has ticked upward, so has the incidence of "severe maternal morbidity," according to ... thats considered a maternal death. Karen Tabb Dina reviews cases like this in the state of Illinois. Shes a maternal health ... With Black Women At Highest Risk of Maternal Death, Some States Extending Medicaid Illinois Public Media - WILL , By Christine ...
Abortion-Related Maternal Deaths. If you have information about an abortion-related maternal death, whether it took place at an ... How to Report an Abortion Injury or Maternal Death to Operation Rescue. Posted by Cheryl Sullenger , Jun 28, 2022 , Abortion911 ... and at our website dedicated to abortion injuries and maternal deaths, Abortion911.com. ...
  • Provisional rates which are an early estimate of the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, are shown as of the date specified and may not include all deaths and births that occurred during a given time period (see Technical Notes ). (cdc.gov)
  • Provisional maternal mortality rates presented in this data visualization are for "12-month ending periods," defined as the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births occurring in the 12-month period ending in the month indicated. (cdc.gov)
  • Reported provisional rates are the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births occurring in the U.S. among U.S. residents received and processed for the 12-month period indicated. (cdc.gov)
  • As women have gained access to family planning and skilled birth attendant with backup emergency obstetric care, the global maternal mortality ratio has fallen from 385 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 216 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 2021, the RMM pointed out that for every 100,000 live births, there were 110 deaths of women, the same rate recorded in 1998. (pulitzercenter.org)
  • In 2020, the official rate was 71.9 deaths per 100,000 live births. (pulitzercenter.org)
  • Brazil is a signatory to an agreement settled with the United Nations in 2015 to reduce, by 2030, the maternal mortality ratio to a maximum of 30 per 100,000 live births, that is, almost a quarter of the number registered in 2021. (pulitzercenter.org)
  • The maternal mortality ratio projected by the ministry for 2030 is 55.6 deaths per 100,000 live births. (pulitzercenter.org)
  • The Folha news team has toured cities in north Brazil, a region with a mortality rate of 140.8 deaths per 100,000, the highest in the country, and heard from health professionals, managers, and, mainly, families who lost pregnant women and found a series of problems in the network of maternal and child care. (pulitzercenter.org)
  • Roraima led the ranking of maternal mortality in 2021, with 281.7 deaths per 100,000 live births, a level similar to that of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, such as Mozambique. (pulitzercenter.org)
  • The U.S. has the highest maternal mortality rate among developed countries, with the ratio increasing from 7.2 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1987 to 17.3 deaths in 2017. (courthousenews.com)
  • Over that period, maternal mortalities per 100,000 discharges dropped from 10.6 to 4.6. (courthousenews.com)
  • Pregnancy-related deaths in the U.S. have risen from 7.2 per 100,000 live births in 1987 to 17.8 in 2009 and 2011, according to the CDC. (modernhealthcare.com)
  • The maternal death rate is 42.8 per 100,000 live births for black women, compared with 12.5 for white women and 17.3 rate for women of all other races. (modernhealthcare.com)
  • The 2022 Uganda Demographic and Healh Survey report shows that the number of mothers who died during pregnancy, delivery or 42 ays after delivery stood at 189 deaths per 100,000 live births, translating to 2,800 deaths in about 1.5 million live births. (monitor.co.ug)
  • In 2017, states that restricted abortion had a maternal death rate (28.5 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births) that was nearly double (15.7 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births) those that had passed laws protecting access to abortion. (time.com)
  • The rate for Black moms rose from 26.7 to 55.4 deaths per 100,000 over the 20-year period. (kunr.org)
  • The state's pregnancy-related mortality ratio (PRMR) for 2017-2018 was 8.8 pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 births compared to the national ratio of 17.3 pregnancy-related death per 100,000 births in 2017. (mn.us)
  • This figure corresponds to around 10 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. (inserm.fr)
  • These are regional disparities: 1 out of every 7 maternal deaths occurs in the French overseas departments (DOMs), and the number of maternal deaths reported per live births in the DOMs is 4 times higher than in Metropolitan France (40 compared to 9 deaths/100,000 live births). (inserm.fr)
  • As a rate, this equates to 29.5 deaths per 100,000 live births for Black women compared to 11.5 deaths per 100,000 live births for white women . (communitysolutions.com)
  • The maternal mortality ratio is defined as the direct and indirect maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. (medscape.com)
  • Direct maternal death rates are calculated as the number of direct maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. (medscape.com)
  • The indirect maternal death rate is defined as the number of indirect maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. (medscape.com)
  • The study , which was published in the September issue of Obstetrics and Gynecology , found that although maternal mortality rates rose slowly from 2006 to 2010, increasing from 18.1 deaths per 100,000 live births to 18.6, the number skyrocketed after that. (mic.com)
  • By 2011 the number was up to 33 deaths per 100,000, and continued to rise to 35.8 by 2014. (mic.com)
  • The under-five deaths have declined from 52 per 1,000 live births to 41 deaths. (co.ke)
  • under-5 mortality declined from 115 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2003 to 41 deaths per 1,000 live births in the 5 years preceding the 2022 survey. (co.ke)
  • During this same period, neonatal mortality declined from 33 deaths per 1,000 live births to 21 deaths per 1,000 births," reads a section of the health report. (co.ke)
  • the prevalence of near miss was 4.2 cases per 1000 live births , there were 8.3 cases of Near Miss to 1 Maternal Death and the mortality index was 10.7% (case fatality). (bvsalud.org)
  • For example, the 12-month ending period in June 2020 would include deaths and births occurring from July 1, 2019, through June 30, 2020. (cdc.gov)
  • Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2020. (worldbank.org)
  • This was an increase from 861 reported cases of maternal deaths in 2020. (statista.com)
  • In absolute numbers, there were 1,964 deaths in 2020 and 2,941 deaths in 2021. (pulitzercenter.org)
  • For the sake of comparisons, in the United States, there were 861 maternal deaths in 2020 and 1,178 in 2021, according to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (pulitzercenter.org)
  • PPH was not a leading cause of maternal deaths in Kerala only during two years: 2019-2020, when suicides took over marginally and 2015-2016 when respiratory illnesses took the lead. (org.in)
  • Seventeen of the 133 maternal deaths recorded in 2019-2020 were due to PPH and 19 were due to suicide. (org.in)
  • In 2019-2020, it recorded 25 deaths, followed by Kottayam (13), Thiruvananthapuram (13) and Palakkad (12). (org.in)
  • Maternal mortality ratio has come down significantly in the state to 28 in 2019-2020, from 38.4 in 2010-2011. (org.in)
  • Between 2010 and 2020, nine per cent of all maternal deaths in Kerala were due to suicide. (org.in)
  • Maternal deaths increased by 40% from 2020 to 2021 in the United States. (publichealthmdc.com)
  • By re-examining information on death certificates from 2016 and 2017, researchers found that the maternal mortality rate among non-Hispanic Black women was 3.5 times higher than among non-Hispanic white women. (nih.gov)
  • In the current study, researchers re-examined death certificates from 2016 and 2017, carefully evaluating the text on the death certificates that describes in detail the factors that led to death. (nih.gov)
  • 2021) Racial and ethnic disparities in maternal mortality in the United States using enhanced vital records, 2016-2017. (news-medical.net)
  • One research paper published in 2017 estimated about 13% of maternal deaths in the U.S. occur between six weeks and one year postpartum. (wvxu.org)
  • In a study published in March in the journal Contraception , Eisenberg and his co-authors found that from 1995 to 2017, the maternal mortality rate increased most significantly in states that enacted the most restrictive abortion laws. (time.com)
  • Mental health conditions were the leading underlying cause of maternal deaths between 2017 and 2019, with white and Hispanic women most likely to die from suicide or drug overdose, while cardiac problems were the leading cause of death for Black women. (wuwf.org)
  • The Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) today released its first-ever Minnesota Maternal Mortality Report (PDF) , which examined maternal deaths during or within one year of pregnancy from 2017 to 2018. (mn.us)
  • This report provided data on 1,018 pregnancy-related deaths among residents of 36 states from 2017-2019 that were shared with the CDC through the Maternal Mortality Review Information Application (MMRIA). (northcentralbreastfeedingtaskforce.com)
  • In higher resource regions, there are still significant areas with room for growth, particularly as they relate to racial and ethnic disparities and inequities in maternal mortality and morbidity rates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Racial and ethnic disparities in maternal mortality - deaths related to pregnancy or childbirth - in the United States may be larger than previously reported, suggests a study funded by the National Institutes of Health. (nih.gov)
  • The new analysis also revealed that these disparities were concentrated among a few causes of death. (nih.gov)
  • These sobering findings highlight the urgent need to address racial and ethnic disparities in maternal deaths," said NICHD Director Diana W. Bianchi, M.D. "Accurate data are essential to guide efforts to reduce maternal deaths, many of which are preventable, and to improve the equity of healthcare for women during and after pregnancy. (nih.gov)
  • While recent data suggests that a more diverse healthcare workforce may improve birth outcomes, structural racism and implicit bias contribute to racial disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality. (astho.org)
  • These sobering findings highlight the urgent need to address racial and ethnic disparities in maternal deaths. (news-medical.net)
  • While the report shows the state's overall maternal mortality rate is much lower than the national average, it also shows stark disparities in mortality - especially among Black and American Indian Minnesotans. (mn.us)
  • Each maternal death is tragic, and the racial disparities we see in the data are alarming. (mn.us)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) defines maternal death as the death of a pregnant mother due to complications related to pregnancy, underlying conditions worsened by the pregnancy or management of these conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Direct obstetric deaths are causes of death due to complications of pregnancy, birth or termination. (wikipedia.org)
  • We conclude that the prominence of cardiovascular conditions among the leading causes of maternal deaths, particularly for Black women, highlights the importance of increased vigilance to improve early diagnosis and treatment of these complications," said Dr. MacDorman. (nih.gov)
  • One of the most important indicators is the maternal mortality ratio (RMM), which computes deaths related to complications during pregnancy and up to 42 days after a child's birth. (pulitzercenter.org)
  • Severe maternal morbidity , generally defined as labor and delivery complications that significantly impact health, continues to rise. (astho.org)
  • Despite improvements to the overall maternal mortality rate, a government analysis found minority mothers remain at an outsized risk of death and complications during childbirth in a hospital. (courthousenews.com)
  • CN) - Over the last two decades, the rate of maternal mortality for hospital deliveries dropped significantly across the U.S. even as delivery-related complications increased, according to a study published Thursday in the Journal of the American Medical Association. (courthousenews.com)
  • At the same time, severe maternal morbidity complications, or SMMs, that put a mother's health at risk increased from 147 per 10,000 to 179 over the course of the study. (courthousenews.com)
  • According to the CDC, 700 American women die yearly from pregnancy-related complications, making the United States one of developed countries with the highest maternal death rates in the world. (theadvocates.org)
  • Maternal health experts says extending Medicaid coverage to a full year postpartum makes sense because pregnancy-related complications - both medical and mental health issues - aren't limited to the first few months. (wvxu.org)
  • The role of structural discrimination has gained additional attention after studies found that black mothers are more likely to experience complications or death from pregnancy regardless of income, health insurance status or whether they received timely medical care. (startribune.com)
  • The issue has fueled a movement for providers to reckon with the ways that overt and subtle acts of racism, prejudice and gender bias in everyday life and the health system can contribute to illness, pregnancy complications and maternal death. (startribune.com)
  • This analysis, led by the National Expert Committee on Maternal Mortality (part of Santé Publique France, the French public health agency, since 2014), allows for any failings in the health care system to be brought to light, and is also responsible for considering non-fatal complications, which are more common but more difficult to study. (inserm.fr)
  • A major result of this report is the reduction by a third compared to 10 years ago of deaths directly related to obstetrical complications such as hemorrhage and eclampsia. (inserm.fr)
  • . According to the general principle of the inquiry, 'better understanding for better prevention', we have targeted specific elements to be improved within the provision and organization of health care in order to avoid patient deaths, but also in all likelihood serious maternal complications, which do not lead to death but result from the same failings " concludes Catherine Deneux-Tharaux, who led the inquiry. (inserm.fr)
  • Babies born to obese mothers are at increased risk of a range of complications including admission to neonatal care, macrosomia (excessive birth weight), low Apgar score [a test that assesses the health of newborns immediately after birth], and death. (nccor.org)
  • These findings force us to see the global burden of obesity on reproductive health in a new perspective, where complications attributable to maternal obesity in low-income countries may far outnumber the burden seen in affluent countries. (nccor.org)
  • Roughly 700 to 900 women die as a result of pregnancy and childbirth each year in the U.S., and for each mother who dies, about 70 others suffer significant near-death complications - equivalent to more than 50,000 women each year. (spanglaw.com)
  • While there are unique circumstances in every pregnancy and patient, the numbers show that, at least in the U.S., increasing rates of maternal death can be caused by more than serious and unavoidable complications. (spanglaw.com)
  • This statistic is defined as death from complications of pregnancy, delivery, or the puerperium period. (medscape.com)
  • Indirect deaths often represent underlying medical conditions aggravated, but not caused by, the pregnancy, including complications from connective-tissue disease or cardiac conditions, in which the underlying pathology is independent of the pregnancy, but it was likely to have been exacerbated by pathophysiologic changes of pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • It has been estimated that half of direct maternal deaths in the United States may be preventable through early diagnosis and appropriate medical care of pregnancy complications. (medscape.com)
  • Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for cluster effect for maternal and perinatal variables and delays in receiving obstetric care were calculated as risk estimates of maternal complications having a severe maternal outcome (near miss or death ). (bvsalud.org)
  • Information about the cause of death is translated into medical codes, which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention compile into national datasets. (nih.gov)
  • The committees are at work in almost 40 states in the U.S. and in the latest and largest compilation of such data , released in September by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a staggering 84% of pregnancy-related deaths were deemed preventable. (wuwf.org)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported last year that more than 80% of pregnancy-related deaths were preventable. (kunr.org)
  • According to statistics from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. maternal death rates are trending in the wrong direction. (spanglaw.com)
  • Postpartum cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle) and the blood pressure disorders preeclampsia and eclampsia were leading causes of maternal death for Black women, with mortality rates five times higher than those for white women. (nih.gov)
  • In 2003, states began adding a checkbox to the certificates to indicate whether a woman was pregnant or postpartum at the time of death. (nih.gov)
  • For Black women, preeclampsia/eclampsia was the leading cause of maternal death, followed by postpartum cardiomyopathy, embolism and hemorrhage. (nih.gov)
  • Late maternal deaths - those occurring between six weeks and one year postpartum - were 3.5 times more likely among Black women than white women. (nih.gov)
  • Postpartum cardiomyopathy was the leading overall cause of late maternal deaths, with Black women having a six-times-higher risk than white women. (nih.gov)
  • Although pregnant women and postpartum mothers are now more protected against the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19, the rise in the number of deaths has been linked to causes such as hypertension, hemorrhages, and infections, considered preventable in 90% of situations. (pulitzercenter.org)
  • Morbidity and mortality can still occur after a successful pregnancy and birth, with approximately 1/3 of all maternal deaths happening between one week and one year postpartum. (astho.org)
  • And, while several states are increasing support for doulas, others are exploring different ways to extend the reach and impact of the perinatal workforce, including promoting home-visiting services for underserved populations and expanding both coverage for postpartum care services and the role of maternal child health programs more generally. (astho.org)
  • While the HSS study tracked a decrease in maternal mortality for hospitalized childbirths, the CDC-sponsored Pregnancy Mortality and Surveillance System reported increases in maternal deaths over a similar period, factoring in pregnancy-related and postpartum deaths. (courthousenews.com)
  • Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) has been a leading cause of maternal deaths in Kerala for the better part of the last decade, according to a report prepared by the Kerala Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. (org.in)
  • In recent years, Illinois' Maternal Mortality Review Committee has urged policy changes that would remove barriers to health care for pregnant and postpartum women. (wvxu.org)
  • Many [postpartum] health issues and health problems extend beyond the 60-day period that Medicaid is currently covering," says Dr. Rachel Bervell, an obstetrician in Seattle and co-founder of the Black OBGYN Project , which aims to raise awareness about racial injustices in maternal health care. (wvxu.org)
  • Increased screening for postpartum depression and anxiety, starting at the first prenatal visit and continuing throughout the year after birth, is another CDC recommendation, as is better coordination of care between medical and social services, says David Goodman, who leads the maternal mortality prevention team at the CDC's Division of Reproductive Health , which issued the report. (wuwf.org)
  • Now, 36 states have either extended or plan to extend Medicaid coverage to a full year postpartum, partly in response to the early work of maternal mortality review committees. (wuwf.org)
  • While these deaths are thankfully rare in Dane County, every parent that dies during pregnancy, birth, or postpartum is a tragedy. (publichealthmdc.com)
  • Early onset of the disease and postpartum hemorrhage were independent variables associated with severe maternal outcomes, in addition to acute pulmonary edema , previous heart disease and delays in receiving secondary and tertiary care . (bvsalud.org)
  • In 2021, an estimated 1,205 women died due to maternal causes in the United States. (statista.com)
  • This statistic presents the number of maternal deaths in the United States from 2018 to 2021, by age group. (statista.com)
  • A doctor uses a hand-held Doppler probe on a pregnant woman to measure the heartbeat of the fetus on Dec. 17, 2021, in Jackson, Miss. Maternal deaths have more than doubled nationwide, and Black and American Indian and Alaska Native mothers experience the highest rates, according to a new study. (kunr.org)
  • Maternal Deaths Increased in 2021. (publichealthmdc.com)
  • If you read health news regularly, you might have seen an alarming statistic in the headlines: maternal deaths increased in the U.S. in 2021. (publichealthmdc.com)
  • According to a recent report from the CDC , 1,205 people died of maternal causes in the United States in 2021. (publichealthmdc.com)
  • In addition to maternal deaths, pregnancy-related deaths (deaths within one year after birth related to pregnancy) also increased in 2021. (publichealthmdc.com)
  • US researchers have developed a new wearable optical device that can detect haemorrhage during labour or after childbirth, and could help prevent maternal deaths. (daijiworld.com)
  • In their analysis, embolisms and preeclampsia/eclampsia tied for the leading overall cause of maternal death across all racial and ethnic groups during pregnancy or within six weeks after pregnancy. (nih.gov)
  • Ectopic pregnancy was the fifth leading cause of maternal death for Black women but was not a leading cause for white or Hispanic women. (nih.gov)
  • PPH being a leading cause of maternal death is not only a country-wide trend but has also been seen in other low-income countries. (org.in)
  • This fact sheet presents recommendations for policymakers from the Birth-Centered Outcomes Research Engagement in Medi-Cal Project to decrease maternal mortality and severe maternal morbidity among Medi-Cal members. (rand.org)
  • Themes elicited as causes of death were severe anaemia, end-stage HIV, blood loss and time delays. (bmj.com)
  • Included in pregnancy-associated deaths are those that occurred from a pregnancy complication, a chain of events initiated by pregnancy, or the aggravation of an unrelated condition by the physiologic effects of pregnancy, for example severe bleeding or high blood pressure - these are called "pregnancy-related deaths. (mn.us)
  • Looking ahead, Community Solutions will continue to explore the data and recommendations, what gaps remain in available information (namely data on severe maternal morbidity or "near misses"), how this further informs the work we've produced on the status of women in Ohio and what we can do to support policy and practice change that will improve the health and experience of women. (communitysolutions.com)
  • Maternal near miss and death among women with severe hypertensive disorders: a Brazilian multicenter surveillance study. (bvsalud.org)
  • The main objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and factors associated with severe maternal outcomes in women with severe hypertensive disorders. (bvsalud.org)
  • A prospective surveillance of severe maternal morbidity with data collected from medical charts and entered into OpenClinica®, an online system , over a one-year period (2009 to 2010). (bvsalud.org)
  • In women with severe hypertensive disorders, the current study identified situations independently associated with a severe maternal outcome, which could be modified by interventions in obstetric care and in the healthcare system . (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, the study showed the feasibility of a hospital system for surveillance of severe maternal morbidity . (bvsalud.org)
  • So, we tend to focus, at Johns Hopkins, on the severe end of things, so where hepatitis E causes serious illness and death in pregnant women, and obviously those very serious cases are what we're most concerned about. (cdc.gov)
  • The 4th President of the United Republic of Tanzania, Excellence Dr. Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, commended the government for the successful strive in reducing the deaths of pregnant mothers from over 556 thousand deaths in 2016 to 104 deaths in 2022. (who.int)
  • In 2022, there were 20 deaths. (pulitzercenter.org)
  • 2022 abortion restrictions have the potential to further impact maternal mortality. (publichealthmdc.com)
  • States with more abortion restrictions have higher rates of maternal mortality , and many states became much more restrictive after the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Roe v. Wade in 2022. (publichealthmdc.com)
  • Dar es Salaam - Tanzania lawmakers and development partners gathering for the 2nd reproductive, maternal, newborn, childbirth, and adolescent health (RMNCAH) scientific conference committed to support actions for stronger health systems to advance access to quality Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child, Adolescent Health, and Nutrition (RMNCAH+N). (who.int)
  • The Government is ever committed to strengthening health systems to advance access to quality Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child, Adolescent Health, and Nutrition", stated Hon. Ummy Mwalimu, The Minister of Health in Tanzania. (who.int)
  • Speaking at an annual performance review meeting held at Juaso, he said improving access to maternal, child and reproductive health services would remain their major priority. (ghanabusinessnews.com)
  • Kenya's exceptional performance in reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health (RMNCAH) indicators garnered recognition at the just concluded World Health Assembly in Geneva. (co.ke)
  • Pregnancy-related deaths increased consistently along with rising rates of COVID-19 -associated deaths among women of reproductive age. (publichealthmdc.com)
  • The UN agency dedicated to improving reproductive and maternal health worldwide (UNFPA) appealed on Monday for $2.5 billion by 2030 to help avert potential "dire consequences" surrounding pregnancies and maternal deaths. (un.org)
  • Important measures of maternal health across a population include not only mortality and birth rates but also subtler measures, such as fertility rates and reproductive mortality rates, among others. (medscape.com)
  • We could prioritize preventing maternal deaths as a country through funding, policies, and support for families. (publichealthmdc.com)
  • Preliminary data from the Ministry of Health, compiled by the OOBr (Brazilian Obstetric Observatory), show that the number is almost twice as much as in 2019, the period before the pandemic when the ratio was 57.9 deaths. (pulitzercenter.org)
  • However, the high number of maternal suicides recorded in 2019 has many concerned. (org.in)
  • In another study , published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine in 2019, researchers looked at maternal mortality data from 38 states and Washington, D.C. and found that gestational limits on abortion and Planned Parenthood clinic closures each significantly increased maternal mortality. (time.com)
  • Maternal deaths nationwide more than doubled from 1999 to 2019, according to a new study in The Journal of the American Medical Association . (kunr.org)
  • Overall, the number of maternal deaths rose from 505 in 1999 to 1,210 in 2019. (kunr.org)
  • [1] A Report on Pregnancy-Associated Deaths in Ohio 2008-2016 , Ohio Department of Health, 2019, page 47. (communitysolutions.com)
  • A new joint report by the organisations has revealed that 75 per cent of all maternal, newborn and child deaths occur in just 20 countries and that these deaths are largely preventable. (figo.org)
  • ICN chief executive Dr Frances Hughes explained: "The Together We Can campaign demonstrates the critical role of the health workforce in reducing maternal, newborn and child deaths. (figo.org)
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2014) Maternal deaths in Australia 2006-2010 , AIHW, Australian Government, accessed 29 September 2023. (aihw.gov.au)
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2014) Maternal deaths in Australia 2006-2010 , AIHW, Australian Government, accessed 09 December 2023. (aihw.gov.au)
  • A recently published study found that the maternal mortality rate in Texas nearly doubled between 2010 and 2012 - coinciding with the year the state voted to slash its family-planning budget by two thirds. (mic.com)
  • This is particularly important to understand and address the racial disparity in maternal deaths. (communitysolutions.com)
  • This Community Solutions blog from 2018 will provide a quick refresher on definitions of terms related to maternal mortality. (communitysolutions.com)
  • The report includes data reviewed by the Maternal Mortality Review Committee, a multidisciplinary committee established in Minnesota statue and comprised with diverse representation from the maternal health field, public health, and community organizations. (mn.us)
  • Our work identifies a significant need for focused services after pregnancy delivery, during what is now being called the fourth trimester, given that well over half of pregnancy-associated deaths occur during this time," said Dr. Cresta Jones, associate professor at the University of Minnesota Medical School and co-chair of the Maternal Mortality Review Committee. (mn.us)
  • In one of the healthiest states in the country, Black and Indigenous moms are dying at a rate that far outstrips their share of the population," said Dr. Rachel Hardeman, Director of the Center for Antiracism Research for Health Equity at the University of Minnesota and co-chair of the Maternal Mortality Review Committee. (mn.us)
  • Zero unmet contraceptive needs, zero preventable maternal deaths, and zero gender based violence. (unv.org)
  • However, stakeholders gathered concerted that major investment must be made into the most impactful interventions for averting maternal deaths including care during childbirth (e.g., blood transfusion and parenteral administration of antibiotics) and antenatal care (e.g., management of hypertension during pregnancy). (who.int)
  • Haemorrhage during labour or after childbirth accounts for almost 30 per cent of maternal deaths globally. (daijiworld.com)
  • In addition to age and race, the study also found having a cesarean delivery increased the risk of death by 10 times and that patients diagnosed with Covid-19 were 13 times more likely to die during hospital childbirth than patients who were not infected with the virus. (courthousenews.com)
  • When a woman dies during pregnancy or within a year of childbirth in Illinois, that's considered a maternal death. (wvxu.org)
  • Maternal deaths in Australia 2006-10 is the 15th report on women who die during pregnancy and childbirth. (aihw.gov.au)
  • The United States is one of few industrialized countries where maternal death rates are rising.1 Rates of maternal mortality in the United States are also higher among certain groups than others, including African-American women, who are three to four times more likely to die during pregnancy or childbirth than are White women.2 Sadly, the vast majority of these deaths are preventable. (nwhn.org)
  • Like every doula, she's acutely aware of our current crisis - Black moms are 3 to 4 times more likely to die from pregnancy or childbirth-related causes than white mothers, and roughly two-thirds of maternal deaths in the U.S. are preventable. (cbsnews.com)
  • To accelerate the reduction of maternal, newborn and childhood morbidity and mortality, in line with MDGs 4 and 5, by 2015. (who.int)
  • Lost Mothers: Maternal Mortality In The U.S. (npr.org)
  • Federal and state funding show only 6 percent of block grants for "maternal and child health" actually go to the health of mothers. (npr.org)
  • Women in the U.S. face a 1-in-1,800 risk for maternal death, the worst among the developed nations surveyed in Save the Children's 16th annual State of the World's Mothers report (PDF) . (modernhealthcare.com)
  • She's a maternal health researcher at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign who serves on a state-level committee that's trying to figure out what's causing these mothers to die. (wvxu.org)
  • Black and American Indian/Alaska Native mothers had the highest death rates. (kunr.org)
  • For American Indian/Alaska Native mothers, the five states with the largest percentage increases in death rates were Florida, Kansas, Illinois, Rhode Island and Wisconsin - none of which are in the Mountain West. (kunr.org)
  • Common factors in the deaths include hemorrhaging, high blood pressure and pulmonary embolisms, which occur in black mothers at much higher rates than in white mothers. (startribune.com)
  • Methods A cross-sectional design was used on 356 mothers of infants who visited the maternal and child health clinics of two teaching hospitals and three major health care centres in the north of Jordan between May and December 2013. (bmj.com)
  • The estimates suggest that babies of obese mothers had about 50 percent greater odds of their baby dying in the first four weeks of life (adjusted odds ratio 1.46) than women who were of optimum weight, even after adjusting for certain factors known to affect the risk of neonatal death including maternal age, educational level, and birth order. (nccor.org)
  • This association was strongest in the first two days of life when the odds of neonatal death was 62 percent greater for obese women and 32 percent higher for overweight women compared with mothers of optimum weight. (nccor.org)
  • Many deaths are caused or contributed to by medical malpractice and the failures of health care providers to meet their "duty of care" when treating pregnant mothers. (spanglaw.com)
  • Greater focus on maternal health - The U.S. health care system may be overly focused on newborn health, at least to the point of neglect the health and safety of mothers. (spanglaw.com)
  • Collaboration among providers - Experts indicate the need for more intimate working relationships and collaboration among professionals and hospitals which care for pregnant mothers and offer maternal health and delivery services. (spanglaw.com)
  • She was hopeful that the outcome of the review meeting would further strengthen and accelerate the reduction of maternal, new-born and child mortality rates to enable Ghana to achieve the targets of the Sustainable Development Goal three, which sought to ensure health and the well -being at every stage of life. (ghanabusinessnews.com)
  • Dr. Emmanuel Tinkorang, the Western Regional Director of Ghana Health Service said though the Region had improved upon supervised delivery and family planning coverage, maternal mortality still increased from 75 cases in 2015 to 92 cases in 2016. (ghanabusinessnews.com)
  • This was decline from the 336 deaths recorded in 2016. (monitor.co.ug)
  • The report shows that there were 610 pregnancy-associated deaths, of which 186 were pregnancy-related, in Ohio between 2008 and 2016 . (communitysolutions.com)
  • Identification of pregnancy associated deaths is important for deciding whether or not the pregnancy was a direct or indirect contributing cause of the death. (wikipedia.org)
  • 110,000 pregnancies in a population of ≈650,000 women in rural Bangladesh suggest that acute hepatitis, most of it likely hepatitis E, is responsible for ≈9.8% of pregnancy-associated deaths. (cdc.gov)
  • Black Minnesotans represent 13% of the birthing population but made up 23% of pregnancy-associated deaths, and American Indian Minnesotans represent 2% of the birthing population, but 8% of pregnancy-associated deaths. (mn.us)
  • These deaths are called "pregnancy-associated deaths," even if pregnancy did not cause the death, for example, in a motor vehicle accident. (mn.us)
  • Injury was the leading cause of death for pregnancy-associated deaths. (mn.us)
  • Substance use was identified as a cause or contributing factor in 31.3% of the pregnancy-associated deaths. (mn.us)
  • These inequities likely play a role in pregnancy-associated deaths. (mn.us)
  • April 11-17 is Black Maternal Health Week-- a time to shine the spotlight on maternal and child health inequities impacting Black women and people. (publichealthmdc.com)
  • It is a reflection of the historical legacy of structural racism that has shaped current inequities in maternal mortality. (mn.us)
  • Although inequalities remain, improvements have been observed in the provision of labor care, with the death rate from hemorrhage halving. (inserm.fr)
  • However, almost all the deaths from hemorrhage were judged to be avoidable, and it remains the leading cause of maternal mortality in France (11% of deaths), although it has become rare in other countries. (inserm.fr)
  • The researchers state therefore that: "we cannot drop our guard, and the results of this report enable us to identify new areas for focus in order to further reduce deaths from hemorrhage. (inserm.fr)
  • In developed countries, direct maternal deaths are most commonly caused by hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, and embolic events. (medscape.com)
  • Although attempts have been made to reduce maternal mortality, there is much room for improvement, particularly in low-resource regions. (wikipedia.org)
  • This investment from the National Institutes of Health in promoting maternal health in partnership with the community will allow us to create the necessary infrastructure and garner appropriate resources to make strides in preventing the incredibly tragic event of maternal death, which always has far-reaching consequences," says Torri Metz, M.D., the project's principal investigator. (utah.edu)
  • Heidi M Przybyla writes for USA Today: "Terry O'Neill has a warning at the end of her eight-year tenure heading the National Organization for Women: there is a connection between increasing maternal mortality in the United States and GOP policies under consideration in the U.S. Congress. (now.org)
  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of illness and of death in the developing world and disproportionate cause of deaths among pregnant women. (cdc.gov)
  • The landmark feature of HEV genotype 1, which predominates in populations in the greater Ganges floodplains of southern Asia, is increased deaths in pregnant women ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • 20 million incident infections and 3.3 million cases of hepatitis E per year, and a 20% probability of death in infected pregnant women. (cdc.gov)
  • With many of these deaths considered preventable state and federal policy makers are taking steps to improve health outcomes for pregnant people. (astho.org)
  • Two weeks ago, police arrested and detained a midwife and nurse at Bugobero Health Centre IV as it commenced an investigation into the death of a pregnant mother and her baby at the facility. (monitor.co.ug)
  • This is leading to avoidable deaths, especially pregnant women and young children," she said. (monitor.co.ug)
  • Implicit is the notion that had the woman not been pregnant, the death would not have occurred. (medscape.com)
  • She works with medical staff to help improve maternal health outcomes. (wmuk.org)
  • Speaking on behalf of the Country Representative of WHO, Dr Sisay Tegegne, the Programme Management Officer, noted that the drastic decline in maternal mortality and the passing of the Universal Health Coverage bill by the parliament in Tanzania demonstrates the sustained investments and unwavering commitment of the Government to building a robust health system for its citizen. (who.int)
  • More recent data suggest approximately a fifty percent decline in maternal deaths worldwide [1]. (brightoncollaboration.org)
  • T exas' controversial six-week abortion ban has been in effect just 21 days, and physicians and researchers are already warning that the impact could be dire: if the law remains in effect, Texas could see a significant increase in maternal mortality. (time.com)
  • He found the Global Health Data Exchange showed a 6% increase in maternal mortality in states that restricted abortion access relative to neutral states. (time.com)
  • A new analysis from Dr. David Eisenberg, a board certified obstetrician-gynecologist who provides abortions in Missouri and Illinois, estimates that with the new law in effect, the state could see increases in maternal mortality of up to 15% overall, and up to 33% for Black women next year. (time.com)
  • It could have increases in maternal mortality. (time.com)
  • Black patients are often disproportionately impacted by abortion restrictions, and they are far more likely to die in to pregnancy-related deaths than white or Hispanic women. (time.com)
  • The study is the first to shed light on the role of maternal obesity in neonatal death (during the first 28 days of life) in developing countries. (nccor.org)
  • Sub-Saharan Africa already has the highest rates of neonatal death in the world. (nccor.org)
  • The researchers analyzed over 81,000 pregnancies involving deliveries of single babies between 2003 and 2009 to assess the risk of neonatal death by a mother's body mass index (BMI). (nccor.org)
  • In a linked comment, Ellen Nohr from Aarhus University in Denmark says, "The findings from sub-Saharan Africa are in accordance with previous studies on maternal obesity and neonatal survival from high income countries, which is reassuring in a scientific sense but also alarming. (nccor.org)
  • This data visualization presents national-level provisional maternal mortality rates based on a current flow of mortality and natality data in the National Vital Statistics System. (cdc.gov)
  • The provisional data presented on Figures 1-3 include reported 12 month-ending provisional maternal mortality rates overall, by age, and by race and Hispanic origin. (cdc.gov)
  • In the visualization and in the accompanying data file, rates based on death counts less than 20 are suppressed in accordance with current NCHS standards of reliability for rates. (cdc.gov)
  • Maternal mortality rates are based on death and birth records received and processed by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) as of a specified cutoff date. (cdc.gov)
  • There are two main measures used when talking about the rates of maternal mortality in a community or country. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many countries halved their maternal death rates in the last 10 years. (wikipedia.org)
  • BOA VISTA, Brazil-Three years after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, a period in which maternal mortality rates in Brazil doubled, the death rates are returning to levels recorded 25 years ago. (pulitzercenter.org)
  • According to a new study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, maternal death rates remain the highest among Black women, and those high rates have more than doubled over the last 20 years. (wmuk.org)
  • The research also showed death rates are especially high for Black and American Indian/Alaska Native moms. (kunr.org)
  • Nevertheless, Idaho, Utah and Wyoming were among the states with the highest overall maternal death rates for American Indian and Alaska Native women. (kunr.org)
  • Arizona and Montana had some of the higher rates of Black maternal deaths, joining states like Georgia, Mississippi and New York. (kunr.org)
  • Maternal death rates in surrounding rural clinics were low as complicated cases were referred to Ndola Central Hospital. (bmj.com)
  • The United States is the only developed nation in the world where maternal death rates are increasing. (spanglaw.com)
  • Given the alarming nature of these statistics, investigative reports from ProPublica, National Public Radio, and other organizations have taken a closer look at the U.S. health care system and potential reasons for the rise in maternal death rates. (spanglaw.com)
  • UN Volunteers are highly committed people who know that in order to achieve zero avoidable maternal deaths and zero unmet needs for family planning, they must work to leave no one behind, even in difficult conditions. (unv.org)
  • However, 56% of these deaths were considered "avoidable" or "potentially avoidable", and in 59% of cases optimal care was not provided, demonstrating clear room for improvement. (inserm.fr)
  • To date, contraceptive and maternal health services supplied by the programme have had the potential to avert 89 million unintended pregnancies, 227,000 maternal deaths, 1.4 million children's deaths and 26.8 million unsafe abortions. (un.org)
  • Despite these major strides, there are still some bottlenecks to address to achieve zero maternal deaths. (who.int)
  • Asante-Akim South District is making strong progress in the promotion of maternal health - recording for the first time ever, zero maternal death, last year. (ghanabusinessnews.com)
  • As the world grapples with the COVID-19 pandemic, the UN Population Fund ( UNFPA ) announced the next phase of its Supplies Partnership to secure essential contraception and maternal health medicines for millions of women and adolescent girls over the next decade. (un.org)
  • In this data visualization, maternal deaths are those deaths with an underlying cause of death assigned to International Statistical Classification of Diseases , 10th Revision (ICD-10) code numbers A34, O00-O95, and O98-O99. (cdc.gov)
  • The timeliness of provisional mortality surveillance data in the National Vital Statistics System database varies by cause of death. (cdc.gov)
  • Additionally, data show that many people of color experience higher maternal mortality when compared to their white counterparts. (astho.org)
  • According to the health data, childhood deaths have been steady in the past ten years. (co.ke)
  • Accurate data are essential to guide efforts to reduce maternal deaths, many of which are preventable, and to improve the equity of healthcare for women during and after pregnancy. (news-medical.net)
  • In the USA, maternal death rate from 1982 to 1996 was actually 1.3 to 3 times the rate based solely on vital statistics data [2]. (brightoncollaboration.org)
  • For years, the data showed about a third of pregnancy-related deaths occurred one year after delivery, but in this report, they jumped to more than half, Goodman says, putting even more urgency on the importance of longer-term coverage. (wuwf.org)
  • Compared to how data was released in the past, this report from ODH provides a much more complete look at maternal mortality by reviewing clinical factors and important systemic factors that contribute to maternal deaths. (communitysolutions.com)
  • Normally, maternal mortality cases are reported to WHO as a part of general mortality data by cause, sex and age. (who.int)
  • Overall, maternal mortality is an important marker of the health of the country and reflects on its health infrastructure. (wikipedia.org)
  • A new study by researchers at Johns Hopkins University shows that fulfilling unmet contraception demand by women in developing countries could reduce global maternal mortality by nearly a third, a potentially great improvement for one of the world's most vulnerable populations. (worldhunger.org)
  • In many Asian and African countries, temperature was slightly lower at 38.8 °C, malaria is reported as one of the main caus- respiratory rate had risen to 50 breaths/ es of maternal mortality [ 10-14 ], and in minute and the blood film was still positive, central Sudan it was the leading cause of but she was cyanosed. (who.int)
  • SDG 3 includes an ambitious target: "reducing the global MMR to less than 70 per 100 000 births, with no country having a maternal mortality rate of more than twice the global average. (who.int)
  • Previously, standard analyses had indicated a 2.5-times-higher death rate for Black women. (nih.gov)
  • With a maternal mortality rate higher than many other high-income countries, reducing these deaths is critical. (astho.org)
  • This reflects a reduction in the mortality rate for that age group to 46 deaths per 1,000 lives births in 2013 from 90 in 1996. (modernhealthcare.com)
  • The U.S. is the only industrialized nation where the maternal death rate is rising . (wvxu.org)
  • DETROW: The U.S. has the highest maternal mortality rate of the world's high-income countries, and in recent years, the numbers have gotten worse. (wmuk.org)
  • Compared to other high-income countries, the U.S. has a high rate of maternal mortality, and in Utah, substance use is the leading cause of pregnancy-related death. (utah.edu)
  • The American Indian/Alaska Native maternal death rate saw the greatest increase over that span, rising from 14 to 49.2 deaths. (kunr.org)
  • The United States has a maternal mortality rate that is much higher than other high-income countries . (publichealthmdc.com)
  • Considered internationally as a reflection of the overall quality of a country's health care system, maternal mortality rate constitutes a key indicator of public health. (inserm.fr)
  • This excess death rate is particularly marked in women born in Sub-Saharan Africa, among whom it is 3.5 times higher than that of women born in France. (inserm.fr)
  • the United States is one of just eight countries with a maternal mortality rate that is rising rather than decreasing . (mic.com)
  • Why Is the Maternal Mortality Rate So High for Black Women? (nwhn.org)
  • National provisional estimates include deaths and births among U.S. residents which occurred within the 50 states and the District of Columbia. (cdc.gov)
  • Moreover, a third of PPH deaths were recorded in caesarean births, highlighting "the importance of practicing safe caesarean section technique and postoperative monitoring. (org.in)
  • These epidemiological results have been made public by the triennial report of the Confidential Inquiry into Maternal Deaths (Enquête Confidentielle sur les Morts Maternelles, ENCMM) in regard to the period 2010-2012, which was led by Inserm's EPOPé - "Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology Team" - at the Center of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS, Unit 1153). (inserm.fr)
  • Women ages 35 to 44 were at greater risk of death than patients between the ages of 25 to 34, as were patients who identified as Black, Asian or American Indian. (courthousenews.com)
  • We're talking about deaths, among for the most part, a population of young women, and much of that is preventable," emphasized Usha R. Ranji, associate director of Women's Health Policy at KFF, a nonpartisan health policy think tank. (courthousenews.com)
  • Consistent with national trends, Black women are at greater risk than white women, and the vast majority of the deaths were preventable. (wvxu.org)
  • The report includes information about the women, pregnancy, and cause of death as well as good practice guidance points for clinicians to inform practice improvement. (aihw.gov.au)
  • Even more striking to nurse-detectives like Sheffield-Abdullah , is that 53% of the deaths occurred well after women left the hospital, between seven days and a year after delivery. (wuwf.org)
  • Together with these community partners and the Utah Department of Health and Human Services , Utah Support Advocates for Recovery Awareness (USARA) , and Utah Women and Newborns Quality Collaborative , the University of Utah ELEVATE Maternal Health Research Center of Excellence will generate scientific evidence to guide clinical care for the populations that need it most. (utah.edu)
  • Even more alarming, deaths are even higher for Black women and people-- an inequity driven by our systems and environment. (publichealthmdc.com)
  • For the period 2010 to 2012 under review, 256 maternal deaths were identified: a total of 85 women dying each year in France. (inserm.fr)
  • Investigating the care pathway of these women suggests that language barriers, among other factors, may sometimes play a role in the chain of events leading to their death. (inserm.fr)
  • The report finds that Black women were two and half times more likely to die of a pregnancy-related death than white women over the same time period . (communitysolutions.com)
  • Doulas are increasingly important as obstetric team members along with obstetricians, midwives and nurses to help decrease the maternal mortality crisis for women of color in the U.S.," said Madeline Sutton, an OB-GYN at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta. (cbsnews.com)
  • Having access to treatment and making sure child visitations happen regularly could be a key to preventing such deaths, Goodman says. (wuwf.org)
  • This has been something that we've seen over time," said Tina Pattara-Lau, the maternal child health specialist for the Indian Health Service. (kunr.org)
  • NPR and ProPublica report that only a fraction (roughly 6 percent) of government spending on child and maternal health care actually funds efforts to keep moms safe. (spanglaw.com)
  • Kristina Wint, a program manager for Women's Health at the Association of Maternal & Child Health Programs , said doulas can act as a buffer between patients and medical staff. (cbsnews.com)
  • A condition in which both mother and fetus are lost would both increase the numerator (maternal death) and decrease the denominator (live birth). (medscape.com)