Measles
Measles virus
Measles Vaccine
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Morbillivirus
Antigens, CD46
Immunization Programs
Mumps
Disease Outbreaks
Vaccination
Rubella
Mumps Vaccine
Immunization Schedule
Rubella Vaccine
Mumps virus
Rubella virus
Population Surveillance
Vero Cells
Disease Notification
Guinea-Bissau
Viral Fusion Proteins
Pan American Health Organization
Americas
Distemper Virus, Canine
Cercopithecus aethiops
Disease Eradication
Immunoglobulin M
Rubella Syndrome, Congenital
Role of schools in the transmission of measles in rural Senegal: implications for measles control in developing countries. (1/1521)
Patterns of measles transmission at school and at home were studied in 1995 in a rural area of Senegal with a high level of vaccination coverage. Among 209 case children with a median age of 8 years, there were no deaths, although the case fatality ratio has previously been 6-7% in this area. Forty percent of the case children had been vaccinated against measles; the proportion of vaccinated children was higher among secondary cases (47%) than among index cases (33%) (prevalence ratio = 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.76). Vaccinated index cases may have been less infectious than unvaccinated index cases, since they produced fewer clinical cases among exposed children (relative risk = 0.55, 95% CI 0.29-1.04). The secondary attack rate was lower in the schools than in the homes (relative risk = 0.31, 95% CI 0.20-0.49). The school outbreaks were protracted, with 4-5 generations of cases being seen in the two larger schools. Vaccine efficacy was found to be 57% (95% CI -23 to 85) in the schools and 74% (95% CI 62-82) in the residential compounds. Measles infection resulted in a mean of 3.8 days of absenteeism per case, though this did not appear to have an impact on the children's grades. Among the index cases, 56% of children were probably infected by neighbors in the community, and 7% were probably infected at health centers, 13% outside the community, and 24% in one of the three schools which had outbreaks during the epidemic. However, most of the school-related cases occurred at the beginning and therefore contributed to the general propagation of the epidemic. To prevent school outbreaks, it may be necessary to require vaccination prior to school entry and to revaccinate children in individual schools upon detection of cases of measles. Multidose measles vaccination schedules will be necessary to control measles in developing countries. (+info)I(2/1521)
nvited commentary: vaccine failure or failure to vaccinate? (+info)W(3/1521)
aning of vaccine-induced immunity: is it a problem in Africa? (+info)Seroepidemiological evaluation of 1989-91 mass vaccination campaigns against measles, in Italy. (4/1521)
In 1989-91 anti-measles vaccination campaigns were conducted in several Italian regions to vaccinate all children aged between 13 months and 10-12 years without a history of measles or measles vaccination. This study was conducted to evaluate serological status after the mass vaccination campaigns. In 1994, capillary blood samples were collected from randomly selected children, aged 2-14 years, living in 13 local health units. Antibody titres were determined by ELISA. Blood spot samples were analysed for 4114 (75.6%) of 5440 selected children. Among the 835 that reported measles before 1990, 806 (96.5%) were immune and of the 2798 vaccinated, 2665 (95.2%) were immune. The Edmoston-Zagreb (E-Z) strain vaccine was associated with a lower level of immunity than the Schwarz (SW) strain. A history of measles identified almost all immune children. Vaccination with the SW strain conferred persistent immunity (at least 5 years) in 98% of vaccinees. The strategy was able to unite natural and induced immunity. (+info)Characterization of a new genotype of measles virus detected in China and England. (5/1521)
We report the co-circulation of a new lineage of measles virus (MV) and an Edmonston-like (Ed-like) genotype of MV in China during 1995-7. Sequence analysis of 25 strains was performed on a 282 nucleotides (nt) region of the nucleoprotein (N) gene, a 450-nt region of the haemagglutinin (H) gene and a 152-nt region of the matrix (M) gene by direct sequencing of RT-PCR amplicons obtained from clinical specimens. The entire H gene was sequenced from two strains. The results showed that 24/25 Chinese strains belonged to a new genogroup and were distinct from the vaccine strains used in China and the UK, and also from MV strains previously described in Europe, Africa and the USA. The remaining strain was Ed-like. Two strains of the new genotype (IV) and one of the Ed-like genotype were also detected in the UK in 1996. (+info)Measles eradication: experience in the Americas. (6/1521)
In 1994, the Ministers of Health from the Region of the Americas targeted measles for eradication from the Western Hemisphere by the year 2000. To achieve this goal, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) developed an enhanced measles eradication strategy. First, a one-time-only "catch-up" measles vaccination campaign is conducted among children aged 9 months to 14 years. Efforts are then made to vaccinate through routine health services ("keep-up") at least 95% of each newborn cohort at 12 months of age. Finally, to assure high population immunity among preschool-aged children, indiscriminate "follow-up" measles vaccination campaigns are conducted approximately every 4 years. These vaccination activities are accompanied by improvements in measles surveillance, including the laboratory testing of suspected measles cases. The implementation of the PAHO strategy has resulted in a marked reduction in measles incidence in all countries of the Americas. Indeed, in 1996 the all-time regional record low of 2109 measles cases was reported. There was a relative resurgence of measles in 1997 with over 20,000 cases, due to a large measles outbreak among infants, preschool-aged children and young adults in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Contributing factors for this outbreak included: low routine infant vaccination coverage, failure to conduct a "follow-up" campaign, presence of susceptible young adults, and the importation of measles virus, apparently from Europe. PAHO's strategy has been effective in interrupting measles virus circulation. This experience demonstrates that global measles eradication is an achievable goal using currently available measles vaccines. (+info)Candidate viral diseases for elimination or eradication. (7/1521)
This article discusses the possibilities for elimination or eradication of four viral diseases--measles, hepatitis B, rubella and yellow fever. (+info)Bacterial pneumonia as a suprainfection in young adults with measles. (8/1521)
The aim of this study was to report the clinical and laboratory characteristics of bacterial pneumonia related to measles infection, and also to assess any correlation between severity and time of onset. Four hundred and twenty-four previously healthy young males (age 22+/-2.1 yrs) were hospitalized with typical symptoms and signs of measles. One hundred and twelve (26%) developed bacterial pneumonia on admission (n=41), during their hospital stay (n=20) or days after their discharge (n=51): groups A, B and C, respectively. Single lobar consolidation was the most common finding, accounting for 89% of cases. Pleural effusion was uncommon and associated in half of the cases with empyema. A microbiological diagnosis was made in 81 cases. Streptococcus pneumoniae (65 cases) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (9 cases) were the most commonly identified organisms. Patients from group C had significantly higher values of white blood cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and lower values of arterial oxygen tension (14+/-0.8 x 10(9) x L(-1), 88+/-4 mm and 6.3+/-0.4 kPa (47+/-3 mmHg), respectively) than the other two groups. There were no deaths during the hospitalization period. The mean duration of hospital stay was 13+/-2.4 days and was longer in the presence of K. pneumoniae infection (19+/-1.6 days). Six patients from group C were admitted to the intensive care unit. In conclusion, these data suggest that bacterial pneumonia associated with measles is not unusual in hospitalized adults, and it seems to be more severe when it occurs days after the onset of rash. (+info)Measles, also known as rubeola, is a highly infectious viral disease that primarily affects the respiratory system. It is caused by the measles virus, which belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and the genus Morbillivirus. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals or through airborne droplets released during coughing and sneezing.
The classic symptoms of measles include:
1. Fever: A high fever (often greater than 104°F or 40°C) usually appears before the onset of the rash, lasting for about 4-7 days.
2. Cough: A persistent cough is common and may become severe.
3. Runny nose: A runny or blocked nose is often present during the early stages of the illness.
4. Red eyes (conjunctivitis): Inflammation of the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye, can cause redness and irritation.
5. Koplik's spots: These are small, irregular, bluish-white spots with a red base that appear on the inside lining of the cheeks, usually 1-2 days before the rash appears. They are considered pathognomonic for measles, meaning their presence confirms the diagnosis.
6. Rash: The characteristic measles rash typically starts on the face and behind the ears, then spreads downward to the neck, trunk, arms, and legs. It consists of flat red spots that may merge together, forming irregular patches. The rash usually lasts for 5-7 days before fading.
Complications from measles can be severe and include pneumonia, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and ear infections. In rare cases, measles can lead to serious long-term complications or even death, particularly in young children, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems.
Vaccination is an effective way to prevent measles. The measles vaccine is typically administered as part of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine, which provides immunity against all three diseases.
Measles virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. It is the causative agent of measles, a highly contagious infectious disease characterized by fever, cough, runny nose, and a red, blotchy rash. The virus primarily infects the respiratory tract and then spreads throughout the body via the bloodstream.
The genome of the measles virus is approximately 16 kilobases in length and encodes for eight proteins: nucleocapsid (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), fusion protein (F), hemagglutinin (H), large protein (L), and two non-structural proteins, V and C. The H protein is responsible for binding to the host cell receptor CD150 (SLAM) and mediating viral entry, while the F protein facilitates fusion of the viral and host cell membranes.
Measles virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected individuals. The virus can remain airborne for up to two hours in a closed space, making it highly contagious. Measles is preventable through vaccination, which has led to significant reductions in the incidence of the disease worldwide.
A measles vaccine is a biological preparation that induces immunity against the measles virus. It contains an attenuated (weakened) strain of the measles virus, which stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that protect against future infection with the wild-type (disease-causing) virus. Measles vaccines are typically administered in combination with vaccines against mumps and rubella (German measles), forming the MMR vaccine.
The measles vaccine is highly effective, with one or two doses providing immunity in over 95% of people who receive it. It is usually given to children as part of routine childhood immunization programs, with the first dose administered at 12-15 months of age and the second dose at 4-6 years of age.
Measles vaccination has led to a dramatic reduction in the incidence of measles worldwide and is considered one of the greatest public health achievements of the past century. However, despite widespread availability of the vaccine, measles remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in some parts of the world, particularly in areas with low vaccination coverage or where access to healthcare is limited.
The Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine is a combination immunization that protects against three infectious diseases: measles, mumps, and rubella. It contains live attenuated viruses of each disease, which stimulate an immune response in the body similar to that produced by natural infection but do not cause the diseases themselves.
The MMR vaccine is typically given in two doses, the first at 12-15 months of age and the second at 4-6 years of age. It is highly effective in preventing these diseases, with over 90% effectiveness reported after a single dose and near 100% effectiveness after the second dose.
Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can cause fever, rash, cough, runny nose, and red, watery eyes. It can also lead to serious complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and even death.
Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands, causing swelling and tenderness in the cheeks and jaw. It can also cause fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. Mumps can lead to serious complications such as deafness, meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), and inflammation of the testicles or ovaries.
Rubella, also known as German measles, is a viral infection that typically causes a mild fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes. However, if a pregnant woman becomes infected with rubella, it can cause serious birth defects such as hearing impairment, heart defects, and developmental delays in the fetus.
The MMR vaccine is an important tool in preventing these diseases and protecting public health.
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, progressive, and fatal inflammatory disease of the brain characterized by seizures, cognitive decline, and motor function loss. It is caused by a persistent infection with the measles virus, even in individuals who had an uncomplicated acute measles infection earlier in life. The infection results in widespread degeneration and scarring (sclerosis) of the brain's gray matter.
The subacute phase of SSPE typically lasts for several months to a couple of years, during which patients experience a decline in cognitive abilities, behavioral changes, myoclonic jerks (involuntary muscle spasms), and visual disturbances. As the disease progresses, it leads to severe neurological impairment, coma, and eventually death.
SSPE is preventable through early childhood measles vaccination, which significantly reduces the risk of developing this fatal condition later in life.
Morbillivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales. It includes several important human and animal pathogens that cause diseases with significant morbidity and mortality. The most well-known member of this genus is Measles virus (MV), which causes measles in humans, a highly contagious disease characterized by fever, rash, cough, and conjunctivitis.
Other important Morbilliviruses include:
* Rinderpest virus (RPV): This virus caused rinderpest, a severe disease in cattle and other cloven-hoofed animals, which was eradicated in 2011 through a global vaccination campaign.
* Canine Distemper Virus (CDV): A pathogen that affects dogs, wild canids, and several other mammalian species, causing a systemic disease with respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms.
* Phocine Distemper Virus (PDV) and Porpoise Morbillivirus (PMV): These viruses affect marine mammals, such as seals and porpoises, causing mass mortality events in their populations.
Morbilliviruses are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with a genome size of approximately 15-16 kilobases. They have a pleomorphic shape and can vary in diameter from 150 to 750 nanometers. The viral envelope contains two glycoproteins: the hemagglutinin (H) protein, which mediates attachment to host cells, and the fusion (F) protein, which facilitates membrane fusion and viral entry.
Transmission of Morbilliviruses typically occurs through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected individuals or animals. The viruses can cause acute infections with high fatality rates, particularly in naïve populations that lack immunity due to insufficient vaccination coverage or the absence of previous exposure.
In summary, Morbillivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae that includes several important human and animal pathogens causing acute respiratory infections with high fatality rates. Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets or direct contact, and vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing outbreaks and controlling disease spread.
CD46, also known as membrane cofactor protein (MCP), is a regulatory protein that plays a role in the immune system and helps to protect cells from complement activation. It is found on the surface of many different types of cells in the body, including cells of the immune system such as T cells and B cells, as well as cells of various other tissues such as epithelial cells and endothelial cells.
As an antigen, CD46 is a molecule that can be recognized by the immune system and stimulate an immune response. It is a type I transmembrane protein that consists of four distinct domains: two short cytoplasmic domains, a transmembrane domain, and a large extracellular domain. The extracellular domain contains several binding sites for complement proteins, which helps to regulate the activation of the complement system and prevent it from damaging host cells.
CD46 has been shown to play a role in protecting cells from complement-mediated damage, modulating immune responses, and promoting the survival and proliferation of certain types of immune cells. It is also thought to be involved in the development of some autoimmune diseases and may be a target for immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer.
Immunization programs, also known as vaccination programs, are organized efforts to administer vaccines to populations or communities in order to protect individuals from vaccine-preventable diseases. These programs are typically implemented by public health agencies and involve the planning, coordination, and delivery of immunizations to ensure that a high percentage of people are protected against specific infectious diseases.
Immunization programs may target specific age groups, such as infants and young children, or populations at higher risk of certain diseases, such as travelers, healthcare workers, or individuals with weakened immune systems. The goals of immunization programs include controlling and eliminating vaccine-preventable diseases, reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases, and protecting vulnerable populations from outbreaks and epidemics.
Immunization programs may be delivered through a variety of settings, including healthcare facilities, schools, community centers, and mobile clinics. They often involve partnerships between government agencies, healthcare providers, non-governmental organizations, and communities to ensure that vaccines are accessible, affordable, and acceptable to the populations they serve. Effective immunization programs require strong leadership, adequate funding, robust data systems, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation to assess their impact and identify areas for improvement.
Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the parotid salivary glands, causing them to swell and become painful. The medical definition of mumps is: "An acute infectious disease, caused by the mumps virus, characterized by painful enlargement of one or more of the salivary glands, especially the parotids."
The infection spreads easily through respiratory droplets or direct contact with an infected person's saliva. Symptoms typically appear 16-18 days after exposure and include fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, and swollen, tender salivary glands. Complications of mumps are rare but can be serious and include meningitis, encephalitis, deafness, and inflammation of the reproductive organs in males.
Prevention is through vaccination with the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, which is part of routine childhood immunization schedules in many countries.
A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.
Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.
Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.
Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way to protect people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. It uses your body's natural defenses to build protection to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.
A vaccination usually contains a small, harmless piece of a virus or bacteria (or toxins produced by these germs) that has been made inactive or weakened so it won't cause the disease itself. This piece of the germ is known as an antigen. When the vaccine is introduced into the body, the immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign and produces antibodies to fight it.
If a person then comes into contact with the actual disease-causing germ, their immune system will recognize it and immediately produce antibodies to destroy it. The person is therefore protected against that disease. This is known as active immunity.
Vaccinations are important for both individual and public health. They prevent the spread of contagious diseases and protect vulnerable members of the population, such as young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems who cannot be vaccinated or for whom vaccination is not effective.
Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.
Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.
There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.
In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.
Rubella, also known as German measles, is a viral infection that primarily affects the skin and lymphatic system. It is caused by the rubella virus. The disease is typically mild with symptoms such as low-grade fever, sore throat, swollen glands (especially around the ears and back of the neck), and a rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body.
Rubella is preventable through vaccination, and it's part of the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine. It's crucial to get vaccinated against rubella because if a pregnant woman gets infected with the virus, it can cause serious birth defects in her unborn baby, including hearing impairment, eye abnormalities, heart problems, and developmental delays. This condition is called congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).
It's worth noting that rubella has been largely eliminated from many parts of the world due to widespread vaccination programs, but it still remains a public health concern in areas with low vaccination rates or where access to healthcare is limited.
The Mumps Vaccine is a biological preparation intended to induce immunity against mumps, a contagious viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands. The vaccine contains live attenuated (weakened) mumps virus, which stimulates the immune system to develop a protective response without causing the disease.
There are two types of mumps vaccines available:
1. The Jeryl Lynn strain is used in the United States and is part of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine and the Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella (MMRV) vaccine. This strain is derived from a clinical isolate obtained from the throat washings of a child with mumps in 1963.
2. The Urabe AM9 strain was used in some countries but has been discontinued in many places due to an increased risk of meningitis as a rare complication.
The MMR vaccine is typically given to children at 12-15 months of age and again at 4-6 years of age, providing long-lasting immunity against mumps in most individuals. The vaccine has significantly reduced the incidence of mumps and its complications worldwide.
Hemagglutinins are glycoprotein spikes found on the surface of influenza viruses. They play a crucial role in the viral infection process by binding to sialic acid receptors on host cells, primarily in the respiratory tract. After attachment, hemagglutinins mediate the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes, allowing the viral genome to enter the host cell and initiate replication.
There are 18 different subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1-H18) identified in influenza A viruses, which naturally infect various animal species, including birds, pigs, and humans. The specificity of hemagglutinins for particular sialic acid receptors can influence host range and tissue tropism, contributing to the zoonotic potential of certain influenza A virus subtypes.
Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays are commonly used in virology and epidemiology to measure the antibody response to influenza viruses and determine vaccine effectiveness. In these assays, hemagglutinins bind to red blood cells coated with sialic acid receptors, forming a diffuse mat of cells that can be observed visually. The addition of specific antisera containing antibodies against the hemagglutinin prevents this binding and results in the formation of discrete buttons of red blood cells, indicating a positive HI titer and the presence of neutralizing antibodies.
An immunization schedule is a series of planned dates when a person, usually a child, should receive specific vaccines in order to be fully protected against certain preventable diseases. The schedule is developed based on scientific research and recommendations from health organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
The immunization schedule outlines which vaccines are recommended, the number of doses required, the age at which each dose should be given, and the minimum amount of time that must pass between doses. The schedule may vary depending on factors such as the individual's age, health status, and travel plans.
Immunization schedules are important for ensuring that individuals receive timely protection against vaccine-preventable diseases, and for maintaining high levels of immunity in populations, which helps to prevent the spread of disease. It is important to follow the recommended immunization schedule as closely as possible to ensure optimal protection.
Rubella vaccine is a preventive measure used to immunize individuals against rubella, also known as German measles. It contains inactivated or weakened forms of the rubella virus that stimulate an immune response when introduced into the body. The two types of rubella vaccines available are:
1. Live Attenuated Rubella Vaccine (RAV): This vaccine contains a weakened form of the rubella virus, which triggers an immune response without causing the disease. It is the most commonly used rubella vaccine and is often combined with measles and mumps vaccines to create the Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) or Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Varicella (MMRV) vaccines.
2. Inactivated Rubella Vaccine: This vaccine contains a killed rubella virus, which is less commonly used but can still provide immunity against the disease.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that children receive one dose of MMR vaccine at 12-15 months of age and another dose at 4-6 years of age. This schedule ensures optimal protection against rubella and other diseases included in the vaccines.
It is important to note that pregnant women should not receive the rubella vaccine, as it can potentially harm the developing fetus. Women who are planning to become pregnant should ensure they have had their rubella immunization before conceiving.
Mass vaccination is a coordinated effort to administer vaccine doses to a large portion of a population in a short amount of time. This strategy is often used during outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as influenza or measles, to quickly build up community immunity (herd immunity) and reduce the spread of the disease. Mass vaccination campaigns can also be implemented as part of public health initiatives to control or eliminate vaccine-preventable diseases in a population. These campaigns typically involve mobilizing healthcare workers, volunteers, and resources to reach and vaccinate as many people as possible, often through mobile clinics, community centers, and other accessible locations.
The Mumps virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus that belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and Rubulavirus genus. It is the causative agent of mumps, an acute infectious disease characterized by painful swelling of the salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands.
The Mumps virus has a spherical or pleomorphic shape with a diameter of approximately 150-250 nanometers. It is surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane derived from the host cell, which contains viral glycoproteins that facilitate attachment and entry into host cells.
The M protein, located beneath the envelope, plays a crucial role in virus assembly and budding. The genome of the Mumps virus consists of eight genes encoding nine proteins, including two major structural proteins (nucleocapsid protein and matrix protein) and several non-structural proteins involved in viral replication and pathogenesis.
Transmission of the Mumps virus occurs through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected saliva. After infection, the incubation period ranges from 12 to 25 days, followed by a prodromal phase characterized by fever, headache, malaise, and muscle pain. The characteristic swelling of the parotid glands usually appears 1-3 days after the onset of symptoms.
Complications of mumps can include meningitis, encephalitis, orchitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis, and deafness. Prevention relies on vaccination with the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, which is highly effective in preventing mumps and its complications.
Rubella virus is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus, within the family Togaviridae. It is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that causes the disease rubella (German measles) in humans. The virus is typically transmitted through respiratory droplets and has an incubation period of 12-23 days.
Rubella virus infection during pregnancy, particularly during the first trimester, can lead to serious birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the developing fetus. The symptoms of CRS may include hearing impairment, eye abnormalities, heart defects, and developmental delays.
The virus was eradicated from the Americas in 2015 due to widespread vaccination programs. However, it still circulates in other parts of the world, and travelers can bring the virus back to regions where it has been eliminated. Therefore, maintaining high vaccination rates is crucial for preventing the spread of rubella and protecting vulnerable populations from CRS.
Population surveillance in a public health and medical context refers to the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health-related data for a defined population over time. It aims to monitor the health status, identify emerging health threats or trends, and evaluate the impact of interventions within that population. This information is used to inform public health policy, prioritize healthcare resources, and guide disease prevention and control efforts. Population surveillance can involve various data sources, such as vital records, disease registries, surveys, and electronic health records.
Vero cells are a line of cultured kidney epithelial cells that were isolated from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the 1960s. They are named after the location where they were initially developed, the Vervet Research Institute in Japan.
Vero cells have the ability to divide indefinitely under certain laboratory conditions and are often used in scientific research, including virology, as a host cell for viruses to replicate. This allows researchers to study the characteristics of various viruses, such as their growth patterns and interactions with host cells. Vero cells are also used in the production of some vaccines, including those for rabies, polio, and Japanese encephalitis.
It is important to note that while Vero cells have been widely used in research and vaccine production, they can still have variations between different cell lines due to factors like passage number or culture conditions. Therefore, it's essential to specify the exact source and condition of Vero cells when reporting experimental results.
Disease notification is the process by which health care professionals, laboratories, or other relevant individuals or organizations inform public health authorities about cases of specific diseases or conditions that are reportable (also known as notifiable) within a particular jurisdiction. Reportable diseases are those that have been designated by law or regulation as posing a significant risk to public health and for which timely reporting is necessary to enable effective surveillance, control measures, and prevention strategies.
The specific diseases and conditions that must be reported, as well as the procedures for reporting, vary by jurisdiction. Common reportable diseases include infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, measles, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), as well as non-infectious conditions like cancer and lead poisoning.
The purpose of disease notification is to provide public health officials with accurate and up-to-date information about the occurrence and spread of diseases in a population. This information can help inform policy decisions, guide resource allocation, and support the development and implementation of evidence-based interventions to protect and promote the health of communities.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Guinea-Bissau" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in West Africa, bordered by Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south and east. The capital city of Guinea-Bissau is Bissau. If you have any questions about geographical terms or anything else, please let me know!
Viral fusion proteins are specialized surface proteins found on the envelope of enveloped viruses. These proteins play a crucial role in the viral infection process by mediating the fusion of the viral membrane with the target cell membrane, allowing the viral genetic material to enter the host cell and initiate replication.
The fusion protein is often synthesized as an inactive precursor, which undergoes a series of conformational changes upon interaction with specific receptors on the host cell surface. This results in the exposure of hydrophobic fusion peptides or domains that insert into the target cell membrane, bringing the two membranes into close proximity and facilitating their merger.
A well-known example of a viral fusion protein is the gp120/gp41 complex found on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The gp120 subunit binds to CD4 receptors and chemokine coreceptors on the host cell surface, triggering conformational changes in the gp41 subunit that expose the fusion peptide and enable membrane fusion. Understanding the structure and function of viral fusion proteins is important for developing antiviral strategies and vaccines.
The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is the specialized international health agency for the Americas. It is an integral part of the United Nations system and functions as the regional office for the Americas of the World Health Organization (WHO). PAHO's mission is to promote equity in health, to combat disease, and to improve the quality of, and length of, life among the peoples of the Americas. It aims to provide technical cooperation and mobilize partnerships to help countries improve their health systems and services, with an emphasis on those most in need. The organization also works to strengthen national and local health institutions and mobilize partnerships for the implementation of effective public policies and actions to combat diseases and injuries.
The "Americas" is a term used to refer to the combined landmasses of North America and South America, which are separated by the Isthmus of Panama. The Americas also include numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. This region is home to a diverse range of cultures, ecosystems, and historical sites. It is named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci, who was one of the first Europeans to explore and map parts of South America in the late 15th century.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Niger" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in West Africa, officially known as the Republic of Niger. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, please provide more details and I would be happy to help.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "travel" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. In general, travel refers to the act of moving or journeying from one place to another, often over long distances. However, in a medical context, it might refer to the recommendation that individuals with certain medical conditions or those who are immunocompromised avoid traveling to areas where they may be at increased risk of exposure to infectious diseases. It's always best to check with a healthcare professional for advice related to specific medical situations and travel.
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and causes a contagious and serious disease in dogs and other animals. The virus primarily affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems of infected animals.
The symptoms of canine distemper can vary widely depending on the age and immune status of the animal, as well as the strain of the virus. Initial signs may include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, and discharge from the eyes and nose. As the disease progresses, affected animals may develop vomiting, diarrhea, pneumonia, and neurological symptoms such as seizures, muscle twitching, and paralysis.
Canine distemper is highly contagious and can be spread through direct contact with infected animals or their respiratory secretions. The virus can also be transmitted through contaminated objects such as food bowls, water dishes, and bedding.
Prevention of canine distemper is achieved through vaccination, which is recommended for all dogs as a core vaccine. It is important to keep dogs up-to-date on their vaccinations and to avoid contact with unfamiliar or unvaccinated animals. There is no specific treatment for canine distemper, and therapy is generally supportive, focusing on managing symptoms and preventing complications.
'Cercopithecus aethiops' is the scientific name for the monkey species more commonly known as the green monkey. It belongs to the family Cercopithecidae and is native to western Africa. The green monkey is omnivorous, with a diet that includes fruits, nuts, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates. They are known for their distinctive greenish-brown fur and long tail. Green monkeys are also important animal models in biomedical research due to their susceptibility to certain diseases, such as SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), which is closely related to HIV.
Combined vaccines are defined in medical terms as vaccines that contain two or more antigens from different diseases, which are given to provide protection against multiple diseases at the same time. This approach reduces the number of injections required and simplifies the immunization schedule, especially during early childhood. Examples of combined vaccines include:
1. DTaP-Hib-IPV (e.g., Pentacel): A vaccine that combines diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease, and poliovirus components in one injection to protect against these five diseases.
2. MMRV (e.g., ProQuad): A vaccine that combines measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) antigens in a single injection to provide immunity against all four diseases.
3. HepA-HepB (e.g., Twinrix): A vaccine that combines hepatitis A and hepatitis B antigens in one injection, providing protection against both types of hepatitis.
4. MenACWY-TT (e.g., MenQuadfi): A vaccine that combines four serogroups of meningococcal bacteria (A, C, W, Y) with tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein in one injection for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease caused by these serogroups.
5. PCV13-PPSV23 (e.g., Vaxneuvance): A vaccine that combines 13 pneumococcal serotypes with PPSV23, providing protection against a broader range of pneumococcal diseases in adults aged 18 years and older.
Combined vaccines have been thoroughly tested for safety and efficacy to ensure they provide a strong immune response and an acceptable safety profile. They are essential tools in preventing various infectious diseases and improving overall public health.
Disease eradication is the complete and permanent elimination of a specific disease from all humans or animals worldwide. This is achieved through various methods, including vaccination programs, improved sanitation, and public health measures. The disease is no longer present in any form, and there is no risk of it re-emerging. Smallpox is the only human disease to have been successfully eradicated so far. Efforts are currently underway to eradicate polio, with significant progress made but still ongoing.
Nucleoproteins are complexes formed by the association of proteins with nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). These complexes play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as packaging and protecting genetic material, regulating gene expression, and replication and repair of DNA. In these complexes, proteins interact with nucleic acids through electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and other non-covalent interactions, leading to the formation of stable structures that help maintain the integrity and function of the genetic material. Some well-known examples of nucleoproteins include histones, which are involved in DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells, and reverse transcriptase, an enzyme found in retroviruses that transcribes RNA into DNA.
"World Health" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it is often used in the context of global health, which can be defined as:
"The area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. It emphasizes trans-national health issues, determinants, and solutions; involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences and engages stakeholders from across sectors and societies." (World Health Organization)
Therefore, "world health" could refer to the overall health status and health challenges faced by populations around the world. It encompasses a broad range of factors that affect the health of individuals and communities, including social, economic, environmental, and political determinants. The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a key role in monitoring and promoting global health, setting international standards and guidelines, and coordinating responses to global health emergencies.
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid. It is the first antibody to be produced in response to an initial exposure to an antigen, making it an important part of the body's primary immune response. IgM antibodies are large molecules that are composed of five basic units, giving them a pentameric structure. They are primarily found on the surface of B cells as membrane-bound immunoglobulins (mlgM), where they function as receptors for antigens. Once an mlgM receptor binds to an antigen, it triggers the activation and differentiation of the B cell into a plasma cell that produces and secretes large amounts of soluble IgM antibodies.
IgM antibodies are particularly effective at agglutination (clumping) and complement activation, which makes them important in the early stages of an immune response to help clear pathogens from the bloodstream. However, they are not as stable or long-lived as other types of antibodies, such as IgG, and their levels tend to decline after the initial immune response has occurred.
In summary, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the primary immune response to antigens by agglutination and complement activation. It is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid, and it is produced by B cells after they are activated by an antigen.
Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) is a collection of severe birth defects that occur when a woman contracts rubella (German measles) during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester. The virus can cause damage to the developing fetus's heart, brain, eyes, and ears, leading to a range of symptoms known as CRS. These may include:
1. Cardiac defects: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), pulmonary stenosis, and ventricular septal defects are common.
2. Cataracts or congenital glaucoma.
3. Deafness, which can be unilateral or bilateral.
4. Developmental delay and intellectual disability.
5. Microcephaly (small head size).
6. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) leading to low birth weight.
7. Hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen).
8. Jaundice.
9. Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count).
10. Skin rash or pigmentary changes.
Prevention is crucial, as there is no cure for CRS once it has developed. The MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine effectively prevents rubella infection and subsequent CRS.
Measles
Measles vaccine
Measles (disambiguation)
Measles hemagglutinin
Measles morbillivirus
Disneyland measles outbreak
Measles & Rubella Initiative
Melanie's Marvelous Measles
Epidemiology of measles
Measles: A Dangerous Illness
2019-2020 measles outbreaks
2018 Madagascar measles outbreak
Australian Measles Control Campaign
2019 Samoa measles outbreak
2019 Tonga measles outbreak
2013 Swansea measles epidemic
2019 New York measles outbreak
1990-1991 Philadelphia measles outbreak
2019 Kuala Koh measles outbreak
2019 Pacific Northwest measles outbreak
Measles resurgence in the United States
2019 measles outbreak in the Philippines
2019-2020 New Zealand measles outbreak
Measles virus encoding the human thyroidal sodium iodide symporter
2019-2020 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ohio Advocates for Medical Freedom
List of infectious diseases
Rubella
SARS conspiracy theory
History of virology
Questions About Measles | CDC
Measles | Rubeola | MedlinePlus
Measles Outbreak -- Central Ohio, 2022-2023
Measles: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Rubeola / Measles | CDC Yellow Book 2024
ACIP: Measles Prevention
GHO | By category | Measles - Reported cases by country
NHANES 1999-2000: Measles, Rubella, & Varicella Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies
measles | Blogs | CDC
Health Alert Network (HAN) - 00493 | Guidance on Measles during the Summer Travel Season
Media article: Man contracts measles, exposes others | PAGNet
Measles - Wikipedia
Measles Serology | CDC
Rubella (German Measles) | CDC
Measles | Mass.gov
Measles - NYC Health
Measles & Rubella Partnership
Measles: Causes, symptoms, and treatment
BBC NEWS | Health | 'Unprecedented' rise in measles
Mumps, Measles, Rubella News -- ScienceDaily
Health Alert Network (HAN) - 00493 | Guidance on Measles during the Summer Travel Season
measles - Skepchick
MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine - NHS
New drug to combat measles developed | ScienceDaily
10-day measles - Wiktionary, the free dictionaryMumps and Rubella18
- Neither child had received measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, and neither had known contact with a person with measles. (medscape.com)
- Measles immunization (in the form of the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine) for everyone older than 12 mo who is infected by HIV, except those who have evidence of severe immunosuppression. (medscape.com)
- Measles vaccine is usually given in a shot called MMR, which protects against measles, mumps and rubella. (mass.gov)
- The vaccine is combined with mumps and rubella vaccines into one vaccine called measles, mumps and rubella (MMR). (nyc.gov)
- The HPA says too few children are receiving both doses of the combined measles, mumps and rubella jab. (bbc.co.uk)
- This helps protect them for a short time against measles, mumps and rubella. (www.nhs.uk)
- Having both doses gives long-lasting protection against measles, mumps and rubella. (www.nhs.uk)
- New York is currently taking that plan of action very seriously, recommending an accelerated vaccination schedule where infants get their first measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine at 6 months (instead of one year), and their second within a few months of that (instead of waiting until age 4, as the standard schedule recommends). (healthline.com)
- One Orthodox mother said her husband pressured her to give their 7-year-old the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) shot after the entire family was iced out of the community and kids kicked out of yeshiva. (nypost.com)
- MMR stands for the three diseases immunized-measles, mumps and rubella. (wmich.edu)
- The vaccine can protect against three diseases: measles, mumps, and rubella. (medindia.net)
- Rep. Paul Harris, R-Vancouver, and Rep. Monica Stonier, D-Vancouver, shown in Vancouver on Nov. 7, introduced a bill that would remove the personal exemption for the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. (columbian.com)
- Factors affecting uptake of measles, mumps, and rubella immunisation. (bmj.com)
- The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is a combination vaccine that helps protect against these three serious viral infections. (msdmanuals.com)
- The vaccine contains live but weakened measles, mumps, and rubella viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
- For more information, see the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) vaccine information statement . (msdmanuals.com)
- Birth before 1957 is generally considered sufficient evidence of immunity to measles, mumps, and rubella, except for health care workers. (msdmanuals.com)
- Measles, mumps, and rubella--vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). (medscape.com)
Acquired measles cases1
- [ 1 ] Investigation of the U.S.-acquired measles cases identified additional measles cases, and local and state health departments confirmed a community outbreak on November 9, 2022. (medscape.com)
Case of measles7
- Does CDC provide testing for any suspected case of measles? (cdc.gov)
- Ottawa Public Health (OPH) has confirmed a case of measles in the city. (cbc.ca)
- The Centre for Health Protection (CHP) of the Department of Health (DH) said today (April 15) that no additional case of measles infection has been recorded as at 4pm today. (gov.hk)
- At the same time 1 in 68 American children were diagnosed with autism or for every case of measles there were 7000 cases of autism. (whale.to)
- The CDC says 15 states have had at least one case of measles confirmed in 2019, for a total of 314 cases to date. (sltrib.com)
- Some people get a more serious case of measles which can cause diarrhea, middle ear infection, pneumonia (lung infection) or encephalitis (brain infection). (acphd.org)
- August 7, 2019 (San Diego) - The first case of measles this year in San Diego County has been confirmed in an 11-month-old resident who had recently traveled to the Philippines, the County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency announced Wednesday. (eastcountymagazine.org)
Rubeola5
- Measles, also known as rubeola, is one of the most contagious infectious diseases, with at least a 90% secondary infection rate in susceptible domestic contacts. (medscape.com)
- Measles (rubeola) is often a severe disease, frequently complicated by middle ear infection or bronchopneumonia. (cdc.gov)
- Measles is caused by the rubeola virus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Infection with the rubeola virus causes measles. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Measles , also called rubeola, is a highly contagious illness caused by a virus. (acphd.org)
20197
- Signs advertising free measles vaccines and information about measles are displayed at the Rockland County Health Department in Pomona, N.Y., March 27, 2019. (voanews.com)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lists six measles outbreaks, defined as three or more cases, around the country in 2019, including Rockland County's. (sltrib.com)
- August 25, 2019 (Anaheim) - For the second time in four years, a visitor to Disneyland has exposed countless others to measles. (eastcountymagazine.org)
- April 29, 2019 (Los Angeles) - A major outbreak of measles (or rubella) in Los Angeles and other U.S. cities could soon spread to San Diego, health officials warn. (eastcountymagazine.org)
- Globally, only 83% of children received the first dose of measles vaccine (MCV1) in 2022, compared to 86% in 2019. (unfoundation.org)
- The Centers for Disease Control reports more than 760 people have come down with measles in 2019. (kxan.com)
- In this file image made from Nov. 25, 2019, file video, a New Zealand health official prepares a measles vaccination at a clinic in Apia, Samoa. (newser.com)
Outbreak of measles4
- ABSTRACT An outbreak of measles due to secondary vaccine failure prompted this investigation into the prevalence of measles antibody in children. (who.int)
- No vaccination outbreak of measles in our country in 1997. (who.int)
- There is currently an outbreak of measles in New York City . (thedailybeast.com)
- Health officials have been left fearing an outbreak of measles after a man contracted the highly contagious disease. (microbes.info)
Rash17
- On November 5, 2022, Columbus Public Health, Ohio and the Ohio Department of Health were notified of two children aged 2 years who were admitted to a central Ohio hospital with rash, fever, cough, and congestion, suggestive of measles. (medscape.com)
- Measles is a highly contagious viral illness that typically begins with a prodrome of fever, cough, coryza (runny nose), and conjunctivitis (pink eye), lasting 2-4 days prior to rash onset. (cdc.gov)
- The incubation period for measles from exposure to fever is usually about 10 days (range 7 to 12 days), and from exposure to rash onset is usually about 14 days (range 7 to 21 days). (cdc.gov)
- The characteristic measles rash is classically described as a generalized red maculopapular rash that begins several days after the fever starts. (wikipedia.org)
- The measles rash appears two to four days after the initial symptoms and lasts for up to eight days. (wikipedia.org)
- Modified measles is characterized by a prolonged incubation period, milder, and less characteristic symptoms (sparse and discrete rash of short duration). (wikipedia.org)
- Detection of specific IgM antibodies in a serum specimens collected within the first few days of rash onset can provide presumptive evidence of a current or recent measles virus infection. (cdc.gov)
- In countries such as the United States where endemic circulation of measles has been eliminated, most suspected cases are not measles, and rash and fever are more likely due to a number of other rash-causing illnesses such as parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, or human herpesvirus-6 (roseola). (cdc.gov)
- People with measles can spread the disease 4 days before the rash begins until 4 days after rash onset. (mass.gov)
- Because measles can look like other diseases that cause a rash, the only sure way to know if you have measles is to get tested. (mass.gov)
- Measles is a virus that causes fever and a rash. (nyc.gov)
- This gives rise to the hallmark measles rash. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The patient, who developed fever on April 8 and rash on April 10, disembarked in Naha on April 10 and was diagnosed with measles on April 12. (gov.hk)
- these lesions present as blue and white spots on bright red background and appear a few days before and after the measles rash. (health.mil)
- The characteristic measles rash appears as maculopapular lesions that start on the head and gradually proceed down the body over 5-6 days. (health.mil)
- Consider/suspect measles in patients with a rash and fever ≥101°F (38.3°C) regardless of travel history. (acphd.org)
- German measles) causes a runny nose, swollen lymph nodes, and a rash with a light reddening of the skin, especially the face. (msdmanuals.com)
200011
- Although the elimination of endemic measles transmission in the US in 2000 was sustained through at least 2011, according to a CDC study, cases continue to be caused by virus brought into the country by travelers from abroad, with spread occurring largely among unvaccinated individuals. (medscape.com)
- In 88% of the cases reported between 2000 and 2011, the virus originated from a country outside the US, and 2 out of every 3 individuals who developed measles were unvaccinated. (medscape.com)
- From January 1 to May 23, 2014, 288 confirmed cases were reported to the CDC, a figure that exceeds the highest reported annual total number of cases (220 cases in 2011) since measles was declared eliminated in the United States in 2000. (medscape.com)
- Measles was declared eliminated (defined as the absence of endemic measles virus transmission in a defined geographic area for ≥12 months in the presence of a well-performing surveillance system) from the United States in 2000. (cdc.gov)
- Vaccination resulted in an 80% decrease in deaths from measles between 2000 and 2017, with about 85% of children worldwide having received their first dose as of 2017. (wikipedia.org)
- This post was originally published February 5, 2015, but the measles situation has only worsened since then, with anti-vaccination propaganda leading to the worst outbreak since measles was all but eradicated in 2000, so this post is unfortunately timely once again. (skepchick.org)
- The county is experiencing New York state's longest measles outbreak since the disease was declared officially eliminated from the United States in 2000. (sltrib.com)
- The report, 'Progress Toward Regional Measles Elimination - Worldwide, 2000-2017' a joint publication of WHO and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released on Friday suggested that the spike in measles cases occurred owing to gaps in vaccination coverage. (medindia.net)
- Since 2000, over 21 million lives have been saved through measles immunizations. (medindia.net)
- After almost 4 years without measles cases, in April 2000, measles virus was reintroduced into Mexico by a Canadian visitor. (immunizationinfo.org)
- In 2000, measles had all but stopped spreading in the U.S. That's because vaccination rates were high enough to. (medlineplus.gov)
20234
- The outbreak was declared over on February 4, 2023, 42 days (two measles incubation periods) after the last reported case. (medscape.com)
- As of June 8, 2023 , CDC has been notified of 16 confirmed U.S. cases of measles across 11 jurisdictions, with 14 (88%) linked to international travel. (cdc.gov)
- The United States has seen an increase in measles cases during the first 5 months of 2023, with 16 reported cases compared with 3 in 2022 during the same period. (cdc.gov)
- Large and disruptive outbreaks (≥20 reported measles cases per million population during a 12-month period) have been reported in the European, African, Eastern Mediterranean, Western Pacific, and Southeast Asian regions during 2023. (cdc.gov)
Vaccines12
- Measles vaccine is available in monovalent (measles only) form and in combinations: measles-rubella (MR) and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccines. (cdc.gov)
- All vaccines containing measles antigen are recommended for use at about 15 months of age under routine conditions. (cdc.gov)
- The measles vaccine is effective at preventing the disease, is exceptionally safe, and is often delivered in combination with other vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
- A CDC study found that 94 percent of children in the U.S. receive the first dose of vaccines that protect against measles, mumps, rubella and other vaccine preventable diseases. (voanews.com)
- But vaccines that require boosters, including the vaccine against measles, had lower rates of coverage. (voanews.com)
- Medical reporting has brought to light the glaring ineffectiveness of the measles vaccines in fulfilling their widely claimed promise of preventing outbreaks in highly vaccine compliant populations. (whale.to)
- Stop hyping the safety of MMR vaccines which may actually be more dangerous than live measles and may be ineffective in preventing the illness which they are so anxious to report as a dangerous epidemic itself. (whale.to)
- [2011 May] Six Times More Measles Vaccine Adverse Reaction Reports Than Measles Cases in 2011 there have been 698 FDA Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) reports related to MMR, MMRV (MMR plus varicella) and measles vaccines in 2011 including 4 deaths and 280 emergency room visits. (whale.to)
- Finland 'eradicated' mumps measles and rubella by mass vaccination from 1982 with two doses of live virus vaccines. (whale.to)
- While the Senate had first sought a bill that would have removed the philosophical exemption for all required childhood vaccines, both chambers ultimately agreed to move forward with the House bill that focused only on the measles, mumps, rubella vaccine - also known as MMR. (columbian.com)
- HHS Secretary Alex Azar said the spike was "avoidable" and he called measles vaccines "among the most extensively studied medical products we have. (wskg.org)
- Methods: IgG titers against rubella and measles vaccines were measured in plasma obtained from the same donors at 2, 5, and. (lu.se)
Rubella vaccine2
- The best protection against rubella is MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) vaccine. (cdc.gov)
- Since 1991, measles elimination efforts in Mexico have resulted in increasing coverage to more than 95% among children 1 through 6 years of age with 2 doses of either measles or measles-mumps-rubella vaccine since 1996 and in coverage of 97.6% among children 6 through 10 years of age since 1999. (immunizationinfo.org)
Outbreaks of measles3
- During outbreaks of measles, the CDC measles laboratory can assist with testing. (cdc.gov)
- The rise in families not vaccinating their children has resulted in deadly outbreaks of measles, a disease that had once been all but eradicated, around the world. (nypost.com)
- The most recent limited outbreaks of measles in Mexico appear to have been imported from Asia, affecting largely unimmunized infants and young adults. (immunizationinfo.org)
Centers for Diseas5
- As the summer travel season begins, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is issuing this Health Alert Network (HAN) Health Advisory to remind clinicians and public health officials to provide guidance for measles prevention to international travelers and to be on alert for cases of measles . (cdc.gov)
- According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , around 20% of people in the United States who get measles need to spend time in the hospital, and it is fatal in 1-3 of every 1,000 cases. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that all children get two doses of measles vaccine. (foxnews.com)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that as of the end of last week, 626 cases of measles have been confirmed in the U.S. so far this year, up from 555 as of a week ago. (columbian.com)
- Title : Measles Corporate Authors(s) : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). Global Health Odyssey Museum. (cdc.gov)
Doses of measles vaccine2
- No. CDC considers people who received two doses of measles vaccine as children according to the U.S. vaccination schedule protected for life, and they do not ever need a booster dose. (cdc.gov)
- Two doses of measles vaccine are about 97% effective at preventing measles if exposed to the virus. (cdc.gov)
Complications7
- Groups who are at higher risk for complications from severe measles should receive intravenous application at a dose of 400 mg/kg. (medscape.com)
- Measles can cause severe health complications, including pneumonia, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and death. (cdc.gov)
- Approximately 351 children die from measles-related complications each day, or 14 deaths every hour. (redcross.org)
- Measles is a highly contagious condition that can lead to life-threatening complications. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Measles is a viral disease that causes uncomfortable symptoms and can lead to life-threatening or life-changing complications. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Complications develop in approximately 30% of measles cases, which are most common in children younger than 5 years and adults 20 years and older. (health.mil)
- In the United States, 2 out of 1000 people who get measles will die from it, usually from the complications of the pneumonia or encephalitis caused by the infection. (acphd.org)
Eliminate measles5
- If success can be demonstrated in the U.S. as well as other countries in the hemisphere, worldwide efforts to eliminate measles will be encouraged. (cdc.gov)
- The benefit from a study of measles seroprevalence will be to document age-specific immunity that is found following measles elimination efforts and to help judge the levels of immunity that are needed to eliminate measles. (cdc.gov)
- 13, 2022 Current vaccination strategies are unlikely to eliminate measles, according to a new study. (sciencedaily.com)
- Can We Eliminate Measles and Rubella Worldwide? (medscape.com)
- In India, to eliminate measles and control rubella by 2020, the government has initiated the Measles-Rubella (MR) Campaign targeting to vaccinate 410 million children and adolescents between 9 months to 15 years of age. (medindia.net)
Endemic7
- Given the large global measles burden and high communicability of the disease, travelers could be exposed to the virus in any country they visit where measles remains endemic or where large outbreaks are occurring. (cdc.gov)
- Endemic measles activity persists across the European, African, Southeast Asian and Western Pacific regions Footnote 3 . (canada.ca)
- While endemic transmission has not been re-established in Canada, the possibility of importation of measles into the country remains, as a result of population exchange with endemic countries or countries experiencing measles outbreaks. (canada.ca)
- The figure announced Monday is the second-highest number of cases in a decade and on pace to exceed the previous record, set in 2014, since endemic measles was eradicated almost 20 years ago. (thedailybeast.com)
- After the pandemic, the Mexican Ministry of Health implemented programs to eliminate endemic measles-the common low-level occurrence of the disease in the country. (immunizationinfo.org)
- Researchers concluded that the specific strategies adopted for measles elimination have enabled Mexico to eliminate the endemic transmission of measles. (immunizationinfo.org)
- This article outlines the approach led by the Pan American Health Organization that resulted in the virtual elimination of endemic measles in the Western Hemisphere. (immunizationinfo.org)
Infection14
- Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive neurologic disorder caused by measles virus that usually presents 5-10 years after recovery from the initial primary measles virus infection. (cdc.gov)
- Results of 1 retrospective study in an isolated population suggest that measles infection in the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with an increased rate of congenital malformation. (cdc.gov)
- Measles vaccine produces a mild or inapparent, non-communicable infection. (cdc.gov)
- To prevent measles infection and spread from importation, all U.S. residents should be up to date on their MMR vaccinations, especially prior to international travel regardless of the destination. (cdc.gov)
- It is sometimes brought into the Unites States by unvaccinated travelers who return with measles infection. (nyc.gov)
- In collaboration with Dr. Veronika von Messling from the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, the researchers tested the drug by turning to a virus very closely related to measles virus, the canine distemper virus, which causes a highly lethal infection in ferrets. (sciencedaily.com)
- The biggest risk of measles is that you can get encephalitis, a brain infection, and you can die," Bernstein explained. (healthline.com)
- The incubation period (the period from infection to appearance of illness) of measles ranges from seven days to 21 days. (gov.hk)
- In the trial it was also put on record that the highest German scientific authority in the field of infectious diseases, the RKI, contrary to its legal remit as per 4 Infection Protection Act (IfSG), has failed to create tests for alleged measles virus and to publish these. (whale.to)
- Measles is a viral infection with symptoms of fever,and rashes. (medindia.net)
- The Measles Immunization Day 2017 is observed on the 16th March of every year to create awareness about the deadly measles infection. (medindia.net)
- Rubella, also called German measles, is a contagious viral infection caused by rubella virus . (health.mil)
- New research is showing signs that a measles infection can produce what specialists call "immune amnesia. (wskg.org)
- Objectives: To evaluate the impact of latent EBV and CMV infection on rubella- and measles-specific antibody responses as well as on the B-cell compartment in a prospective birth cohort followed during the first 10 years of life. (lu.se)
Sustaining measles virus1
- Humans are the only natural host for sustaining measles virus transmission, which makes global eradication of measles feasible. (cdc.gov)
Cases47
- Neither child had traveled internationally, but during June 12-October 8, 2022, four internationally imported measles cases had been confirmed among unvaccinated Franklin County, Ohio residents who had traveled to areas in East Africa where measles outbreaks were ongoing. (medscape.com)
- Moreover, the director of the CDC noted that, in 2013, US measles cases increased threefold from the previous median, to 175 cases. (medscape.com)
- Eighteen states and New York City reported measles infections during this period, and 15 outbreaks accounted for 79% of reported cases, including a large ongoing outbreak in Ohio primarily among unvaccinated Amish persons, with 138 cases reported. (medscape.com)
- [ 3 ] Public health officials confirmed a total of 59 cases of measles in California residents since the end of December 2014. (medscape.com)
- Most measles cases imported into the United States occur in unvaccinated US residents who become infected while traveling abroad, often to the World Health Organization (WHO)-defined Western Pacific and European regions. (cdc.gov)
- Nearly 90% of imported measles cases are considered preventable by vaccination (i.e., the travelers lacked recommended age- and travel-appropriate vaccination). (cdc.gov)
- Death, predominantly from respiratory and neurologic causes, occurs in 1 of every 3,000 reported measles cases. (cdc.gov)
- Before measles vaccine was available, more than 400,000 measles cases were reported each year in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- In the pre-vaccine era, most measles cases affected preschool and young school-age children. (cdc.gov)
- Most of these cases were among children who had not received measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. (cdc.gov)
- Testing for the measles virus in suspected cases is important for public health efforts. (wikipedia.org)
- Ongoing measles activity in other countries will result in sporadic cases of measles in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- However, because no assay is 100% specific, serologic testing of non-measles cases using any assay will occasionally produce false positive IgM results. (cdc.gov)
- To expedite confirmation of measles from highly suspicious cases (recent travel, classic measles signs and symptoms), particularly in a setting with many potential exposures, an aliquot of serum, and either a nasopharyngeal or throat swab can be sent to CDC while testing is underway at the SPHL or local clinical laboratory. (cdc.gov)
- Requests for measles serologic testing that are strictly for rule-out purposes (low index of suspicion, does not meet clinical case definition, no travel or contact with cases), should be directed to either SPHLs or clinical laboratories. (cdc.gov)
- Prior communication with CDC's Viral Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Branch (VVPDB) regarding suspected cases of measles that require assistance is preferred. (cdc.gov)
- There is an "unprecedented increase" in measles cases in England and Wales, experts report. (bbc.co.uk)
- Data from the Health Protection Agency showed there were 1,217 cases of measles from January to November 2008, the highest figure for over a decade. (bbc.co.uk)
- The number of measles cases in November 2008 was the same as was seen in the whole of 1996. (bbc.co.uk)
- And even before numbers for December have been recorded, the figures show there were more measles cases in 2008 than in any of the previous 12 years. (bbc.co.uk)
- Dr Mary Ramsay, an immunisation expert at the HPA, said: "We are still experiencing an unprecedented increase in measles cases across the England and Wales. (bbc.co.uk)
- Although MMR coverage is starting to improve, we cannot stress enough that measles is serious and in some cases it can be fatal. (bbc.co.uk)
- Northern Ireland saw just four cases of measles last year. (bbc.co.uk)
- So far this year, more than 300 people have contracted measles in 15 states in the U.S. Almost half of those cases occurred in Rockland County, just north of New York City. (voanews.com)
- And as they have dropped, cases of measles have increased. (voanews.com)
- Since September 2018, 170 cases of the measles have been reported - making this the largest measles outbreak in decades. (healthline.com)
- The Eagle Mountain International Church in Newark, Texas, is linked to at least 21 cases of measles. (npr.org)
- In 2013, 83 confirmed measles cases were reported in seven provinces/territories for an incidence rate of 2.4 per 1,000,000 population. (canada.ca)
- There were nine measles outbreaks reported in 2013, one of which consisted of 42 cases in a non-immunizing community in Alberta. (canada.ca)
- 2013 saw the fifth highest number of reported measles cases since 1998. (canada.ca)
- There were only 10 confirmed measles cases reported in Canada in 2012, the majority (n = 6, 60.0%) of them importations without secondary spread. (canada.ca)
- On a weekly reporting cycle, provinces and territories report cases of measles meeting the national case definition Footnote 9 to the Agency, including zero reporting, through a national case report form that is submitted by e-mail or fax. (canada.ca)
- Amid a city vaccination crackdown spawned by an outbreak of 285 confirmed measles cases, mostly in Williamsburg, since October, plans for holiday seder on Friday have become a flashpoint. (nypost.com)
- There have been 181 confirmed cases of measles in Brooklyn and Queens since October, most of them involving members of the Orthodox Jewish community, according to the CDC. (sltrib.com)
- Kakuma camp reported 14 cases of measles in 2022. (unicef.org)
- Measles cases across the United States have surged 43% in just two weeks, underscoring just how contagious the disease can be even as anti-vaxxers wage legal battles against emergency measures to stem the spread of the virus. (thedailybeast.com)
- During 1997 1999, there were no confirmed cases of measles. (immunizationinfo.org)
- That is, over the past year and a half all cases of measles in the Western Hemisphere have been traced to importations from China, Japan, Europe or Africa. (immunizationinfo.org)
- New York City accounted for about two-thirds of all U.S. measles cases reported last week. (foxnews.com)
- The vote comes as the number of measles cases nationwide this year has passed 600. (columbian.com)
- The state has seen 74 cases of measles this year. (columbian.com)
- Before there was a vaccine, it is estimated that there were over 3 million measles cases every year in the US, and 500 deaths due to measles. (acphd.org)
- This year, the U.S. has confirmed 550 measles cases so far. (wskg.org)
- MANILA, Philippines - Cases of measles in the country continue to grow this year compared to 2022, according to the Department of Health (DOH). (microbes.info)
- From 6 to 543: What is behind surge in reported measles cases in Capital? (microbes.info)
- The Idaho Department of Health and Welfare reported four additional measles cases in Nampa on Wednesday, all unvaccinated children. (microbes.info)
- What we were trying to do was estimate the relative risk of measles in various counties in the United States, where relative risk means: what would happen, how many cases would you see if the virus happens to be imported," Sarkar said. (kxan.com)
Viral6
- Viral detection methods include standard methods of culturing virus in appropriate cell lines and techniques, such as real time RT-PCR to detect measles viral RNA. (cdc.gov)
- Elimination of measles is maintained as long as a single measles viral strain is not circulating continuously throughout Canada for a period of 12 months or more Footnote 2 . (canada.ca)
- Measles is a highly contagious acute viral respiratory illness caused by a single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus with 1 serotype. (health.mil)
- A novel experimental anti-viral drug when taken orally could help contribute to measles eradication, show clinical trial results. (medindia.net)
- Measles, a highly contagious viral disease which is particularly deadly for young children, claimed some 122,000 lives globally in 2012, the most recent year for which global figures are available, according to the WHO. (medindia.net)
- Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can be contracted at any age, and that can spread widely. (europa.eu)
Symptoms2
- Dr. Plemper said the drug could be used to treat friends, family and other social contacts of a person infected with measles virus, who have not developed symptoms yet but are at risk of having caught the disease. (sciencedaily.com)
- The man was hospitalized in late August but "did not exhibit typical measles symptoms when he entered the hospital", according to Azienda Integrata Universitaria di Trieste (ASUITS). (ansa.it)
Rise in measles1
- Health officials have said the rise in measles is being fueled by travel to and from countries like Israel and Ukraine, which have huge outbreaks, and a growing anti-vaxxer movement that falsely claims the shots cause autism and other medical problems. (thedailybeast.com)
Immunity to measles1
- Children and adults ages 12 months and older should be up to date on their MMR vaccine, or they should have blood work confirming immunity to measles. (nyc.gov)
20182
- The WHO also estimate that over 140,000 people died from measles in 2018, and most were under 5 years of age. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Measles Immunization Day 2018 is celebrated to urge people to get themselves vaccinated against the highly infectious Measles virus. (medindia.net)
Prevent measles3
Dose16
- I am an adult now but only got one dose of measles vaccine as a child. (cdc.gov)
- If you were born after 1957 one dose of measles vaccine is sufficient to be considered protected from measles. (cdc.gov)
- There is no harm in getting another dose of MMR vaccine if you may already be immune to measles (or mumps or rubella). (cdc.gov)
- Coverage of Measles-containing-Vaccine first dose has reduced from 81% in 2012 to 74% in 2021 in Africa. (who.int)
- Africa has not attained the vaccination target for Measles-containing-Vaccine first dose in any given year in Legend the last decade between 2012 and 2021. (who.int)
- Measles-containing-Vaccine first dose. (who.int)
- Children in child care and preschool need 1 dose of MMR and childcare workers also need to have 1 or 2 doses of measles containing vaccine, depending on their age and other factors. (mass.gov)
- All children enrolled in pre-kindergarten, nursery school, day care programs, and Head Start are required to receive one dose of the measles vaccine . (nyc.gov)
- In 2017, 118 (61%) countries achieved the Global Vaccine Action Plan 2020 target of ≥ 90% national MCV1 (first dose of measles vaccine) coverage. (medscape.com)
- Since that time, measles coverage has declined from 84%-85% in 2017 to 81% in 2021, leaving 24.7 million completely unprotected (also known as zero-dose children) and 14.7 million children underimmunized (ie, recipients of only 1 dose). (medscape.com)
- Notably, this is the lowest immunization level since 2008 , with more than 5 million more children missing their first measles dose. (medscape.com)
- Measles is a highly-contagious disease prevented with a two-dose immunization called MMR vaccine. (wmich.edu)
- ANSA) - Trieste, November 6 - A 23-year-old man who died on Sunday of measles at the Cattinara hospital in Trieste had taken only a single dose of the vaccine against it. (ansa.it)
- Introduction status of Measles-containing vaccine 2nd dose over time. (who.int)
- These data summarize country introduction status of Measles-containing vaccine 2nd dose in the national immunization programme. (who.int)
- The percentage of children vaccinated against measles is the proportion of children reaching their second birthday who have been fully vaccinated against measles (1 dose). (who.int)
Diseases6
- Both rubella, also known as German measles, and roseola are different diseases caused by unrelated viruses. (wikipedia.org)
- Deafness, blindness, seizure disorders and other brain diseases with measles are less common. (mass.gov)
- Continued surveillance and reporting for measles and other preventable diseases is also critical. (unicef.org)
- Vietnam has high rates of vaccinations for many early childhood diseases including measles, but may be falling victim to its own success as some parents -- particularly those who have read scare stories about vaccination side effects -- see less risk from leaving their children uninoculated. (medindia.net)
- Unless an exemption is claimed, children are required to be vaccinated against or show proof of acquired immunity for nearly a dozen diseases - including polio, whooping cough and measles - before they can attend school or go to child care centers. (columbian.com)
- Survival's Director Stephen Corry said today: "When tribal people experience common diseases like measles or flu which they've never known before many of them die, and whole populations can be wiped out. (survivalinternational.org)
Epidemic6
- Typically, it's the fear that the combination measles-mumps-rubella, or MMR vaccine may have in some way contributed to the epidemic of autism - which has clearly been shown not to be true in study after study," Offit says. (npr.org)
- New Deadly Measles Epidemic in Romania Claiming Lives an out of the box analysis of this tragedy. (whale.to)
- There is insufficient evidence of a measles epidemic or dangerous outbreak to justify the respondents' extraordinary measures, including forced vaccination," a suit Monday claimed. (thedailybeast.com)
- February 6, 2015 (San Diego's East County) - The current measles epidemic has focused attention on concerns over parents who decline to vaccinate their children. (eastcountymagazine.org)
- A measles epidemic has hit an isolated Amazon tribe on the Brazil-Venezuela border which has very little immunity to the disease. (survivalinternational.org)
- Samoa's government said Monday that another five children had died within the past day from a measles outbreak, bringing the death toll from the epidemic to more than 50 as authorities race to vaccinate the entire population, the AP reports. (newser.com)
Infectious disease4
- Measles is an infectious disease caused by a virus. (medlineplus.gov)
- Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable infectious disease caused by measles virus. (wikipedia.org)
- Blood for serologic testing of measles at CDC is collected as described in the Infectious Disease Laboratories Test Directory entry for each test, listed below. (cdc.gov)
- Unlike his siblings, Jona had missed his second measles vaccination within the time frame of 18-months-old, making him vulnerable to the highly infectious disease. (unicef.org)
Serologic3
- As the incidence rate of measles declines, serologic confirmation becomes more important. (cdc.gov)
- At least one of the following is considered evidence of measles immunity for international travelers: 1) birth before 1957, 2) documented administration of two doses of live measles virus vaccine (MMR, MMRV, or other measles-containing vaccine), or 3) laboratory (serologic) proof of immunity or laboratory confirmation of disease. (cdc.gov)
- Subsequent serologic specimens sent for measles IgM testing may result in a false positive test. (cdc.gov)
Vaccination coverage1
- Moss has previously written on the biological feasibility of measles eradication and told Medscape that it's not tenable to rely on increased vaccination coverage alone. (medscape.com)
Declared eliminated2
Immunization Coverage3
- While we continue to face challenges related to importation and heterogeneous immunization coverage, in 2013 Canada met or partially met all four criteria outlined by the Pan American Health Organization for measles elimination. (canada.ca)
- The elimination of measles from Mexico demonstrates that high immunization coverage, aggressive case finding, with targeted immunization can eliminate local measles from a country. (immunizationinfo.org)
- While several countries - primarily large, middle-income countries - have made impressive strides to improve diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine coverage rates (a common indicator of immunization progress), low-income countries continue to lag behind, and measles immunization coverage remains low in most parts of the world. (unfoundation.org)
Contribute to closing1
- The emergence of strong antiviral immunity in treated animals is particularly encouraging, since it suggests that the drug may not only save an infected individual from disease but contribute to closing measles immunity gaps in a population," Dr. Plemper said. (sciencedaily.com)
Killed measles vaccine2
- Do people who got the killed measles vaccine in the 1960s need to be revaccinated with the current, live measles vaccine? (cdc.gov)
- Yes, people who know they got the killed measles vaccine (an earlier formulation of measles vaccine that is no longer used) should talk to their healthcare provider about getting revaccinated with the current, live measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. (cdc.gov)
Current measles outbreak1
- NEW YORK - The New York City Health Department ordered all ultra-Orthodox Jewish schools in a neighborhood of Brooklyn on Monday to exclude unvaccinated students from classes during the current measles outbreak. (foxnews.com)
Experienced measles outbreaks1
- Many countries and popular travel destinations, such as London , England, have experienced measles outbreaks in recent years. (cdc.gov)
Maintaining measles elimination1
- Measles virus continues to be imported into the country from other parts of the world, however, and recent prolonged outbreaks in the United States resulting from measles virus importations highlight the challenges faced in maintaining measles elimination. (cdc.gov)
Virus30
- Measles virus is a member of the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae . (cdc.gov)
- or detection of measles virus RNA by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) testing. (cdc.gov)
- Further discussion is included of atypical measles syndrome and of revaccination of prior recipients of killed measles virus vaccine. (cdc.gov)
- Live measles virus vaccine* available in the United States is prepared in chick embryo cell culture. (cdc.gov)
- Vaccine prepared with the further attentuated measles virus causes fewer reactions than its predecessor, Edmonston B vaccine, which is no longer distributed in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- Measles virus can remain infectious in the air and on surfaces for up to 2 hours after an infected person leaves an area. (cdc.gov)
- A capture IgM EIA (non-quantitative) that incorporates a recombinant measles virus nucleocapsid protein as the antigen is used to detect measles IgM. (cdc.gov)
- Measles is a disease caused by a virus that spreads very easily from person to person. (mass.gov)
- The virus that causes measles lives in the nose and throat and is sprayed into the air when an infected person sneezes, coughs or talks. (mass.gov)
- Touching tissues or sharing a cup used by someone who has measles can also spread the virus. (mass.gov)
- Anyone can become infected with measles, but the virus is more severe in infants, pregnant women and people whose immune systems are weak. (nyc.gov)
- There is no specific medicine to treat the measles virus. (nyc.gov)
- In the skin, the measles virus causes inflammation in the capillaries. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- This family of viruses includes measles, Nipah virus, mumps, Newcastle disease and canine distemper. (sciencedaily.com)
- Oct. 14, 2021 Researchers have described a novel host strategy for combating viruses such as measles virus that affect the mitochondria, structures within the cell. (sciencedaily.com)
- A novel antiviral drug may protect people infected with the measles from getting sick and prevent them from spreading the virus to others, an international team of researchers says. (sciencedaily.com)
- Scientists developed the drug and tested it in animals infected with a virus closely related to one that causes the measles. (sciencedaily.com)
- Scientists from the Institute for Biomedical Sciences at Georgia State University, the Emory Institute for Drug Development and the Paul-Ehrlich Institute in Germany developed the drug and tested it in animals infected with a virus closely related to one that causes the measles. (sciencedaily.com)
- Despite major progress in controlling the measles worldwide, annual measles deaths have remained constant at around 150,000 since 2007, and there has been a resurgence of the virus in European countries where it had been considered controlled. (sciencedaily.com)
- EUROPE may become a significant source of "exported" measles in poor countries that have done a better job eliminating the virus. (newscientist.com)
- Where's [the] measles virus coming from? (medscape.com)
- A previous version of this story said people could have been exposed to the measles virus at 760 Eagleson Rd. on March 28. (cbc.ca)
- The RKI claims that it made internal studies on measles virus, however refuses to hand over or publish the results. (whale.to)
- Humans are the only natural hosts of measles virus. (health.mil)
- Transmission of the measles virus is through direct contact with infectious droplets or by airborne spread when an infected person breathes, coughs, or sneezes. (health.mil)
- Surveillance data suggest that the transmission of local measles virus was interrupted in 1997. (immunizationinfo.org)
- Measles is a highly-contagious illness caused by a virus. (thedailybeast.com)
- An Idahoan unvaccinated for measles has been confirmed as positive for the virus, public health agencies announced in a news release on Wednesday. (microbes.info)
- The possibilities of genetic engineering make the oncolytic measles virus promising for immunotherapy to treat cancer. (microbes.info)
- The slow recovery of measles immunization post-pandemic is especially concerning, given the virus' highly infectious nature and its tendency to spread among already vulnerable populations. (unfoundation.org)
Illness5
- German measles", also known as rubella , is a completely different illness. (medlineplus.gov)
- Despite being considered primarily a childhood illness, measles can affect people of all ages. (medscape.com)
- Measles illness during pregnancy increases fetal risk. (cdc.gov)
- Although most children recover from measles, it can be a serious illness. (bbc.co.uk)
- Measles illness during pregnancy can cause early labor, miscarriage, and low birth weight infants. (acphd.org)
MMRV1
- The combined measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine (ProQuad) has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of febrile seizure occurring 5-12 days following vaccination at a rate of 1 in 2300-2600 children, aged 12-23 months, compared with separate MMR vaccine and varicella vaccine administered simultaneously. (medscape.com)
Highly infectious1
- This means that measles, which is highly infectious, is spreading easily among these unvaccinated children. (bbc.co.uk)
Prevention3
- These revised ACIP Measles Prevention recommendations represent an update of the previous recommendations (MMWR 1978;27:427-30, 435-7) to include current information about vaccine effectiveness and measles elimination efforts. (cdc.gov)
- The epidemiological data including sex, age, socioeconomic status, Prevention of measles using vaccination is number of family members and vaccination still the most important task in developing history were obtained. (who.int)
- Combined MMR vaccine is recommended for the prevention of mumps, measles, and rubella. (medscape.com)
Received two doses2
Children vaccinated2
- Measles antibodies develop in at least 95% of susceptible children vaccinated at about 15 months of age or older with the current further attentuated vaccine. (cdc.gov)
- Yusuf Donga (not his real name), a community health promoter, was at the forefront of mobilizing guardians and parents in the refugee camp communities to get their children vaccinated against measles. (unicef.org)
Immune to measles4
- A laboratory confirmed that you are immune to measles. (cdc.gov)
- What should I do if I'm unsure whether I'm immune to measles? (cdc.gov)
- If you're unsure whether you're immune to measles, you should first try to find your vaccination records or documentation of measles immunity. (cdc.gov)
- A laboratory confirmed that you had measles at some point in your life or confirmed that you are immune to measles. (wmich.edu)
Spread of measles3
- A study by Gastañaduy et al found that during the 2014 measles outbreak, the spread of measles was contained in an undervaccinated Amish community by the isolation of case patients, quarantine of susceptible individuals, and giving the MMR vaccine to more than 10,000 people. (medscape.com)
- As a result, the spread of measles was limited to about 1% in an Amish community of 32,630. (medscape.com)
- Health officials are "actively engaging the Mennonite community to discuss the importance of getting vaccinated to prevent the spread of measles. (wskg.org)
Deaths from measles2
- by 2014, global vaccination programs had reduced the number of deaths from measles to 73,000. (wikipedia.org)
- Since the middle of May, 1,200 child deaths from measles and malnutrition have been reported from war-torn Sudan. (microbes.info)
Likelihood of measles1
- Furthermore, observational studies in travel clinics in the United States have shown that 59% of pediatric and 53% of adult travelers eligible for measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine at the time of pretravel consultation were not vaccinated at the visit, highlighting a missed opportunity to reduce the likelihood of measles introductions and subsequent spread. (cdc.gov)
Resurgence of measles2
- There's only one reason for the resurgence of measles, and that's people not getting their immunizations," he said. (healthline.com)
- The resurgence of measles is of serious concern, with extended outbreaks occurring across regions, and particularly in countries that had achieved, or were close to achieving measles elimination," said Dr Soumya Swaminathan, Deputy Director General for Programmes at WHO. (medindia.net)
Vaccine against measles1
- According to the judgment by the Supreme Court, it may not have been a vaccine against measles. (whale.to)
Documentation of measles2
- If you do not have written documentation of measles immunity, you should get vaccinated with measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. (cdc.gov)
- As an ongoing component of Canada's commitment to the maintenance and documentation of measles elimination status, the Public Health Agency of Canada (the Agency) conducts enhanced measles surveillance. (canada.ca)
