Melanosis
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Melanins
Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1
Facial Dermatoses
Felis
Panthera
Agouti Signaling Protein
Colonic Diseases
Nevus, Pigmented
Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic
Conjunctival Diseases
Hyperpigmentation
Coyotes
Cysteinyldopa
Neuroectodermal Tumor, Melanotic
Neurocutaneous melanosis presenting with intracranial amelanotic melanoma. (1/186)
We describe imaging findings in a 2-year-old girl with neurocutaneous melanosis and malignant cerebral melanoma. Because the cerebral melanoma in this child was of the amelanotic type, high-signal intensity on unenhanced T1-weighted images was not present. The cutaneous lesions played a crucial role in establishing a correct (presumed) histopathologic diagnosis on the basis of the imaging findings. To our knowledge this is the first report describing an intracranial amelanotic malignant melanoma in association with neurocutaneous melanosis. (+info)Genetics of risk factors for melanoma: an adult twin study of nevi and freckles. (2/186)
BACKGROUND: We sought by use of an adult twin study to investigate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental effects on the expression of nevi and freckles, which are known risk factors for melanoma, and to determine if age and sun exposure influence the heritability of nevi. DESIGN AND METHODS: Total nevus and freckle counts were conducted on 127 monozygotic twin pairs and 323 dizygotic twin pairs. Intraclass correlations were calculated by use of analysis of variance. Model-fitting analyses were performed to quantify the genetic and environmental components of the variance for nevus and freckle counts. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation for total nevus counts was.83 in monozygotic pairs compared with.51 in dizygotic pairs. Quantitative genetic analyses showed that the contribution of genetic factors on nevi expression varied according to age. For twins less than 45 years old, the additive genetic variance on total nevus count was 36% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.8%-63%), with 38% (95% CI = 14%-61%) and 26% (95% CI = 16%-42%) of the remaining variance attributed to common environment and unique environmental effects, respectively. In twins aged 45 years or older, common environmental effects on total nevus count became negligible, with the additive genetic variance increasing to 84% (95% CI = 77%-88%). Body site was also found to affect the heritability estimates for nevus counts, with a statistically significant difference between sun-exposed and sun-protected sites. The polychoric correlation (i.e., the correlation in liability within twins for more than two categories) for total freckle counts was.91 in monozygotic twin pairs compared with.54 in dizygotic twin pairs. Additive genetic effects explained 91% (95% CI = 86%-94%) of the variance in freckle counts. CONCLUSION: The contribution of genetic factors on the variance for total nevus counts increased with age, and sun exposure appears to influence the expression of nevi. The results of this study highlight the need to take into account the age and site of nevus counts for future genetic linkage or association studies in the search for new melanoma genes. (+info)An unbalanced submicroscopic translocation t(8;16)(q24.3;p13.3)pat associated with tuberous sclerosis complex, adult polycystic kidney disease, and hypomelanosis of Ito. (3/186)
We report on a familial submicroscopic translocation involving chromosomes 8 and 16. The proband of the family had a clinical picture suggestive of a large deletion in the chromosome 16p13.3 area, as he was affected with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and had alpha thalassaemia trait, and his half brother, who also had TSC, may have suffered additionally from polycystic kidney disease (PKD). FISH studies provided evidence for a familial translocation t(8;16)(q24.3;p13.3) with an unbalanced form in the proband and a balanced form in the father and in a paternal aunt. The unbalanced translocation caused the index patient to be deleted for the chromosome 16p13.3-pter region, with the most proximal breakpoint described to date for terminal 16p deletions. In addition, FISH analysis showed a duplication for the distal 8q region. Since the index patient also had hypomelanosis of Ito (HI), either of the chromosomal areas involved in the translocation may be a candidate region for an HI determining gene. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that both carriers of the balanced translocation showed a nodular goitre, while the proband has hypothyroidism. (+info)Anthranoid laxative use is not a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia: results of a prospective case control study. (4/186)
BACKGROUND: Anthranoid laxatives are the most commonly used purgatives in the therapy of acute and chronic constipation. Recent experimental data and a prospective cohort study provide evidence of a possible risk of anthranoid use for the development of colorectal neoplasms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective case control study at the University of Erlangen to investigate the risk of anthranoid laxative use for the development of colorectal adenomas or carcinomas. A total of 202 patients with newly diagnosed colorectal carcinomas, 114 patients with adenomatous polyps, and 238 patients (controls) with no colorectal neoplasms who had been referred for total colonoscopy were studied. The use of anthranoid preparations was assessed by standardised interview, and endoscopically visible or microscopic melanosis coli was studied by histopathological examination. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant risk of anthranoid use for the development of colorectal adenomas (unadjusted odds ratio 1.0; 95% CI 0.5-1.9) or carcinomas (unadjusted odds ratio 1.0; 95% CI 0.6-1.8). Even after adjustment for the risk factors age, sex, and blood in the stools by logistic regression analysis the odds ratio for adenomas was 0.84 (95% CI 0. 4-1.7) and for carcinomas 0.93 (95% CI 0.5-1.7). Also, there were no differences between the patient and control groups for duration of intake. Macroscopic and high grade microscopic melanosis coli were not significant risk factors for the development of adenomas or carcinomas. CONCLUSION: Neither anthranoid laxative use, even in the long term, nor macroscopic or marked microscopic melanosis coli were associated with any significant risk for the development of colorectal adenoma or carcinoma. (+info)Suprabasal expression of the human papillomavirus type 16 oncoproteins in mouse epidermis alters expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins. (5/186)
Human papillomavirus (HPV) survives by reactivating DNA replication in post-mitotic cells. In the present study, we describe a mouse model of HPV-dependent disease. In these mice, DNA synthesis is activated in suprabasal keratinocytes, leading to acanthosis, parakeratosis and enhanced desquamation. The full-length E6/E7 transcript and two alternately spliced products are produced and in most lines the predominant product is E6*. In the present study, we examine the effects of E6/E7 on cell cycle regulatory protein expression. E6/E7 expression in mouse epidermis is correlated with increased levels of the p53, p21, p27, cdk2, cdk4, cdk6, cyclin D1 and cyclin E regulatory proteins. Hyperproliferation is also observed in the buccal mucosa and the tongue epithelia of E6/E7 mice, and p53 levels are markedly increased in these epithelia. These results suggest that the major changes in cell cycle regulatory protein expression are in response to the presence of E7 and that E6 has a lesser impact. (+info)Accelerated ultraviolet radiation-induced carcinogenesis in hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor transgenic mice. (6/186)
The dramatic rise in incidence of malignant melanoma experienced by populations both within the United States and throughout the world over the last several decades has been attributed to enhanced exposure to the UV spectrum of sunlight radiation. This hypothesis can now be tested using genetically engineered mouse models predisposed to malignant melanoma. Here we use melanoma-prone transgenic mice inappropriately expressing hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) in the skin as an experimental model system to ascertain the consequences of a chronic regimen of suberythemal UV radiation on melanoma genesis. HGF/SF is a multifunctional regulator capable of stimulating growth, motility, invasiveness, and morphogenetic transformation in cells, including melanocytes, expressing its receptor tyrosine kinase Met. HGF/SF transgenic mice demonstrate ectopic interfollicular localization and accumulation of melanocytes within the truncal dermis, epidermis, and junction and if untreated develop primary cutaneous melanoma with a mean onset age of approximately 21 months. Transgenic mice and their wild-type littermates subjected to UV radiation three times weekly using FS40 sunlamps (60% UVB and 40% UVA), with daily UV doses graded from 2.25 to 6.0 kJ/m2, developed skin tumors with a mean onset age of 26 and 37 weeks, respectively (P < 0.001, Kaplan-Meier log rank test). However, the repeated doses of suberythemal UV radiation used in this study failed to accelerate melanoma genesis, instead inducing the development of nonmelanoma tumors that included squamous cell carcinomas, squamous papillomas, and sarcomas. The conspicuous absence of melanocytic tumors occurred despite the immunohistochemical detection of a significant stimulation (P < 0.001) in melanocyte-specific bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in response to only 2 weeks of UV irradiation (total UV dose of 13.5 kJ/m2), resulting in 2.6- and 4.6-fold increases in the number of melanocytes in the dermis and epidermis, respectively. These data indicate that chronic suberythemal UV radiation preferentially favors the development of nonmelanocytic over melanocytic neoplasms in this transgenic animal, consistent with the pathogenesis proposed for sun exposure-associated skin cancer based on retrospective studies in the human population. Our findings suggest that the HGF/SF transgenic mouse will be useful as an experimental model for determining the consequences of exposure to various regimens of UV radiation and for elucidating the mechanisms by which such consequences are realized. (+info)Benign atypical junctional melanocytic hyperplasia associated with intradermal nevi: a common finding that may be confused with melanoma in situ. (7/186)
Over the past few years, consultation cases thought to represent melanoma in situ have been received that consisted of otherwise normal intradermal nevi with an abnormal but benign junctional proliferation of melanocytes that we have termed benign atypical junctional melanocytic hyperplasia. In order to evaluate the incidence of this feature, 400 cases of intradermal nevi were reviewed. Of these, 25 (6.2%) qualified for inclusion, making this a rather common phenomenon. Clinically, patient ages ranged from 18 to 64 years (mean, 35 years), with a male to female ratio of 1:1. Face (40%) and back (32%) were the most common locations. Histologically, the lesions were predominantly dome-shaped with an intradermal component consisting of conventional nevus cells. Most importantly, each lesion exhibited prominent individual nevomelanocytic cells dispersed at uneven intervals along the dermoepidermal junction in insufficient numbers to be considered compound nevi. The cells exhibited abundant pale to clear cytoplasm, an increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, and often exhibited prominent nucleoli. However, these lesions could be distinguished from melanoma in situ by the lack of several features including lateral spread, upward epidermal migration, marked cytologic atypia, finely granular "smoky" melanin pigment, mitotic figures, and a subjacent host inflammatory response. All cases behaved in a benign fashion. Although benign atypical junctional melanocytic hyperplasia is a relatively common histological curiosity, it is a potential pitfall in the diagnosis of pigmented lesions. (+info)Evolutionary dynamics of declining melanism in the peppered moth in the Netherlands. (8/186)
Populations of Biston betularia in the region of The Netherlands around Leiden and Rotterdam were resampled. A comparison of three sets of data for 1969-1973, 1988 and 1999 enabled a further examination of declines in melanism. Unlike parallel changes for the black carbonaria form of this species in urban regions of Britain, those inThe Netherlands involve substantial changes in frequencies of at least two of the intermediate insularia morphs as well as an increase in the non-melanic typica morph. The darkest of the three insularia morphs has shown a transitory pulse of increased frequency in The Netherlands. The dynamics are discussed in relation to the history of air pollution and to straightforward predictions about selection. (+info)Melanosis is a general term that refers to an increased deposit of melanin, the pigment responsible for coloring our skin, in the skin or other organs. It can occur in response to various factors such as sun exposure, aging, or certain medical conditions. There are several types of melanosis, including:
1. Epidermal melanosis: This type of melanosis is characterized by an increase in melanin within the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. It can result from sun exposure, hormonal changes, or inflammation.
2. Dermal melanosis: In this type of melanosis, there is an accumulation of melanin within the dermis, the middle layer of the skin. It can be caused by various conditions such as nevus of Ota, nevus of Ito, or melanoma metastasis.
3. Mucosal melanosis: This type of melanosis involves an increase in melanin within the mucous membranes, such as those lining the mouth, nose, and genitals. It can be a sign of systemic disorders like Addison's disease or Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
4. Lentigo simplex: Also known as simple lentigines, these are small, benign spots that appear on sun-exposed skin. They result from an increase in melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin.
5. Labial melanotic macule: This is a pigmented lesion found on the lips, typically the lower lip. It is more common in darker-skinned individuals and is usually benign but should be monitored for changes that may indicate malignancy.
6. Ocular melanosis: An increase in melanin within the eye can lead to various conditions such as ocular melanocytosis, oculodermal melanocytosis, or choroidal melanoma.
It is important to note that while some forms of melanosis are benign and harmless, others may indicate an underlying medical condition or even malignancy. Therefore, any new or changing pigmented lesions should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.
Neurocutaneous syndromes are a group of rare, genetic disorders that primarily affect the nervous system and skin. These conditions are present at birth or develop in early childhood. They are characterized by the growth of benign tumors along nerve pathways (neurocutaneous) and various abnormalities of the skin, eyes, brain, spine, and other organs.
Some common examples of neurocutaneous syndromes include:
1. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1): A condition characterized by multiple café-au-lait spots on the skin, freckling in the axillary and inguinal regions, and neurofibromas (benign tumors of the nerves).
2. Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2): A condition that primarily affects the auditory nerves and is characterized by bilateral acoustic neuromas (vestibular schwannomas), which can cause hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance problems.
3. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): A condition characterized by benign tumors in various organs, including the brain, skin, heart, kidneys, and lungs. The skin manifestations include hypomelanotic macules, facial angiofibromas, and shagreen patches.
4. Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS): A condition characterized by a port-wine birthmark on the face, which involves the trigeminal nerve distribution, and abnormal blood vessels in the brain, leading to seizures, developmental delays, and visual impairment.
5. Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL): A condition characterized by the growth of benign tumors in various organs, including the brain, spinal cord, kidneys, pancreas, and adrenal glands. The tumors can become malignant over time.
6. Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T): A condition characterized by progressive ataxia (loss of coordination), oculocutaneous telangiectasias (dilated blood vessels in the skin and eyes), immune deficiency, and increased risk of cancer.
Early diagnosis and management of neurocutaneous disorders are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes. Regular follow-up with a multidisciplinary team, including neurologists, dermatologists, ophthalmologists, geneticists, and other specialists, is necessary to monitor disease progression and provide appropriate interventions.
Conjunctival neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop on the conjunctiva, which is the thin, clear mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer surface of the eye. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Benign conjunctival neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. They may include lesions such as conjunctival cysts, papillomas, or naevi (moles). These growths can usually be removed through simple surgical procedures with a good prognosis.
Malignant conjunctival neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and have the potential to invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The most common type of malignant conjunctival neoplasm is squamous cell carcinoma, which arises from the epithelial cells that line the surface of the conjunctiva. Other less common types include melanoma, lymphoma, and adenocarcinoma.
Malignant conjunctival neoplasms typically require more extensive treatment, such as surgical excision, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. The prognosis for malignant conjunctival neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis, as well as the patient's overall health and age. Early detection and prompt treatment are key to improving outcomes in patients with these conditions.
Pigmentation, in a medical context, refers to the coloring of the skin, hair, or eyes due to the presence of pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. These cells produce a pigment called melanin, which determines the color of our skin, hair, and eyes.
There are two main types of melanin: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Eumelanin is responsible for brown or black coloration, while pheomelanin produces a red or yellow hue. The amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes can vary from person to person, leading to differences in skin color and hair color.
Changes in pigmentation can occur due to various factors such as genetics, exposure to sunlight, hormonal changes, inflammation, or certain medical conditions. For example, hyperpigmentation refers to an excess production of melanin that results in darkened patches on the skin, while hypopigmentation is a condition where there is a decreased production of melanin leading to lighter or white patches on the skin.
Melanin is a pigment that determines the color of skin, hair, and eyes in humans and animals. It is produced by melanocytes, which are specialized cells found in the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin) and the choroid (the vascular coat of the eye). There are two main types of melanin: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Eumelanin is a black or brown pigment, while pheomelanin is a red or yellow pigment. The amount and type of melanin produced by an individual can affect their skin and hair color, as well as their susceptibility to certain diseases, such as skin cancer.
A melanocortin receptor (MCR) is a type of G protein-coupled receptor that binds melanocortin peptides. The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is one of five known subtypes of MCRs (MC1R-MC5R).
The MC1R is primarily expressed in melanocytes, which are pigment-producing cells located in the skin, hair follicles, and eyes. This receptor plays a crucial role in determining the type of melanin that is produced in response to environmental stimuli such as UV radiation.
Activation of the MC1R by its endogenous ligands, including α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), leads to the activation of adenylate cyclase and an increase in intracellular cAMP levels. This results in the activation of protein kinase A and the phosphorylation of key transcription factors, which ultimately promote the expression of genes involved in melanin synthesis.
Mutations in the MC1R gene have been associated with various pigmentation disorders, including red hair color, fair skin, and an increased risk of developing skin cancer. Additionally, polymorphisms in the MC1R gene have been linked to an increased risk of developing other diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Facial dermatoses refer to various skin conditions that affect the face. These can include a wide range of disorders, such as:
1. Acne vulgaris: A common skin condition characterized by the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads) and inflammatory papules, pustules, and nodules. It primarily affects the face, neck, chest, and back.
2. Rosacea: A chronic skin condition that causes redness, flushing, and visible blood vessels on the face, along with bumps or pimples and sometimes eye irritation.
3. Seborrheic dermatitis: A common inflammatory skin disorder that causes a red, itchy, and flaky rash, often on the scalp, face, and eyebrows. It can also affect other oily areas of the body, like the sides of the nose and behind the ears.
4. Atopic dermatitis (eczema): A chronic inflammatory skin condition that causes red, itchy, and scaly patches on the skin. While it can occur anywhere on the body, it frequently affects the face, especially in infants and young children.
5. Psoriasis: An autoimmune disorder that results in thick, scaly, silvery, or red patches on the skin. It can affect any part of the body, including the face.
6. Contact dermatitis: A skin reaction caused by direct contact with an allergen or irritant, resulting in redness, itching, and inflammation. The face can be affected when allergens or irritants come into contact with the skin through cosmetics, skincare products, or other substances.
7. Lupus erythematosus: An autoimmune disorder that can cause a butterfly-shaped rash on the cheeks and nose, along with other symptoms like joint pain, fatigue, and photosensitivity.
8. Perioral dermatitis: A inflammatory skin condition that causes redness, small bumps, and dryness around the mouth, often mistaken for acne. It can also affect the skin around the nose and eyes.
9. Vitiligo: An autoimmune disorder that results in the loss of pigmentation in patches of skin, which can occur on the face and other parts of the body.
10. Tinea faciei: A fungal infection that affects the facial skin, causing red, scaly, or itchy patches. It is also known as ringworm of the face.
These are just a few examples of skin conditions that can affect the face. If you experience any unusual symptoms or changes in your skin, it's essential to consult a dermatologist for proper diagnosis and treatment.
"Felis" is a genus that includes small cats, such as the domestic cat (Felis catus) and several wild species. Members of this genus are typically solitary animals with lithe bodies and flexible limbs, well-suited for hunting birds and small mammals. They have sharp retractile claws, and most species have a keen sense of smell and excellent night vision. The genus Felis is part of the family Felidae, which also includes larger cats such as lions, tigers, and leopards.
"Panthera" is not a medical term, but a biological genus name that includes large cats such as lions, tigers, leopards, jaguars, and snow leopards. It's a part of the taxonomic classification system used in biology to categorize and name organisms. Medical terminology typically relates to human health, disease processes, treatments, and anatomy.
Agouti signaling protein (ASP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASIP gene. It is a paracrine signaling molecule that regulates melanin synthesis in the hair follicle and plays a critical role in determining coat color in mammals. ASP binds to and antagonizes the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R), which is a G protein-coupled receptor found on the surface of melanocytes, the cells that produce melanin.
When ASP binds to MC1R, it inhibits the activation of adenylyl cyclase and reduces the intracellular levels of cAMP, which in turn leads to a decrease in eumelanin (black or brown) production and an increase in pheomelanin (yellow or red) production. This switch in melanin synthesis results in a banded coat pattern, as seen in the agouti mouse and some other mammals.
In addition to its role in coat color determination, ASP has been implicated in various physiological processes, including energy homeostasis, appetite regulation, and inflammation. Dysregulation of ASP function has been associated with obesity, metabolic disorders, and certain types of cancer.
Colonic diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the colon, also known as the large intestine or large bowel. The colon is the final segment of the digestive system, responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes, and storing and eliminating waste products.
Some common colonic diseases include:
1. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): This includes conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause inflammation and irritation in the lining of the digestive tract.
2. Diverticular disease: This occurs when small pouches called diverticula form in the walls of the colon, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements.
3. Colorectal cancer: This is a type of cancer that develops in the colon or rectum, often starting as benign polyps that grow and become malignant over time.
4. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): This is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements, but without any underlying structural or inflammatory causes.
5. Constipation: This is a common condition characterized by infrequent bowel movements, difficulty passing stools, or both.
6. Infectious colitis: This occurs when the colon becomes infected with bacteria, viruses, or parasites, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever.
Treatment for colonic diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medications, lifestyle changes, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.
A nevus pigmentosus, also known as a pigmented mole or melanocytic nevus, is a benign proliferation of melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in the skin. These lesions typically appear as well-circumscribed, brown to black macules or papules. They can vary in size and shape and may be flat or raised. Most nevi are harmless and do not require treatment; however, some may undergo malignant transformation into melanoma, a potentially life-threatening skin cancer. Regular self-skin examinations and professional skin checks are recommended to monitor for changes in nevi that may indicate malignancy.
Chronic Idiopathic Jaundice is not a widely accepted medical diagnosis and the term "idiopathic" is used to denote that the cause of the jaundice is unknown. However, it is generally used to describe a condition where a person has persistent jaundice without any identifiable underlying cause.
Jaundice itself refers to the yellowing of the skin, sclera (whites of the eyes), and mucous membranes due to an accumulation of bilirubin in the body. Bilirubin is a yellowish substance that is produced when hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, breaks down. Normally, bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through the bile ducts into the digestive system.
In Chronic Idiopathic Jaundice, the bilirubin level remains elevated over an extended period of time without any apparent explanation. The condition may be asymptomatic or associated with symptoms such as fatigue, itching, and abdominal discomfort. It is important to note that while "idiopathic" implies an unknown cause, further investigation and monitoring are often necessary to rule out any underlying liver disease or other conditions that may contribute to the jaundice.
Conjunctival diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the conjunctiva, which is the thin, clear mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye (known as the sclera). The conjunctiva helps to keep the eye moist and protected from irritants.
Conjunctival diseases can cause a range of symptoms, including redness, itching, burning, discharge, grittiness, and pain. Some common conjunctival diseases include:
1. Conjunctivitis (pink eye): This is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or allergies. Symptoms may include redness, itching, discharge, and watery eyes.
2. Pinguecula: This is a yellowish, raised bump that forms on the conjunctiva, usually near the corner of the eye. It is caused by an overgrowth of connective tissue and may be related to sun exposure or dry eye.
3. Pterygium: This is a fleshy growth that extends from the conjunctiva onto the cornea (the clear front part of the eye). It can cause redness, irritation, and vision problems if it grows large enough to cover the pupil.
4. Allergic conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Symptoms may include redness, itching, watery eyes, and swelling.
5. Chemical conjunctivitis: This is an irritation or inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by exposure to chemicals such as chlorine, smoke, or fumes. Symptoms may include redness, burning, and tearing.
6. Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC): This is a type of allergic reaction that occurs in response to the presence of a foreign body in the eye, such as a contact lens. Symptoms may include itching, mucus discharge, and a gritty feeling in the eye.
Treatment for conjunctival diseases depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, over-the-counter medications or home remedies may be sufficient to relieve symptoms. However, more severe cases may require prescription medication or medical intervention. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider if you experience persistent or worsening symptoms of conjunctival disease.
Hyperpigmentation is a medical term that refers to the darkening of skin areas due to an increase in melanin, the pigment that provides color to our skin. This condition can affect people of all races and ethnicities, but it's more noticeable in those with lighter skin tones.
Hyperpigmentation can be caused by various factors, including excessive sun exposure, hormonal changes (such as during pregnancy), inflammation, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions like Addison's disease or hemochromatosis. It can also result from skin injuries, such as cuts, burns, or acne, which leave dark spots known as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
There are several types of hyperpigmentation, including:
1. Melasma: This is a common form of hyperpigmentation that typically appears as symmetrical, blotchy patches on the face, particularly the forehead, cheeks, and upper lip. It's often triggered by hormonal changes, such as those experienced during pregnancy or while taking birth control pills.
2. Solar lentigos (age spots or liver spots): These are small, darkened areas of skin that appear due to prolonged sun exposure over time. They typically occur on the face, hands, arms, and decolletage.
3. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation: This type of hyperpigmentation occurs when an injury or inflammation heals, leaving behind a darkened area of skin. It's more common in people with darker skin tones.
Treatment for hyperpigmentation depends on the underlying cause and may include topical creams, chemical peels, laser therapy, or microdermabrasion. Preventing further sun damage is crucial to managing hyperpigmentation, so wearing sunscreen with a high SPF and protective clothing is recommended.
"Coyotes" is not a medical term. It refers to a species of canine native to North America, also known as Canis latrans. They are often the subject of study in fields such as zoology and ecology. If you're looking for medical definitions or information, I would be happy to help with that instead!
Hair removal is the deliberate elimination or reduction of body hair. This can be achieved through various methods, both temporary and permanent. Some common temporary methods include shaving, waxing, tweezing, and depilatory creams. Permanent methods may involve laser hair removal or electrolysis, which target the hair follicle to prevent future growth. It's important to note that some methods can have side effects or risks, so it's recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or dermatologist before starting any new hair removal regimen.
Cysteinyldopa is a metabolic byproduct that is formed when the amino acid dopa (dihydroxyphenylalanine) is modified in the body. Specifically, it is created when dopa reacts with cysteine, another amino acid, through a process called protein sulfuration. Cysteinyldopa is primarily known for its role as a marker of the neurodegenerative disorder dopamine responsive dystonia (DRD), which is caused by mutations in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene.
In DRD, there is a deficiency of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which is responsible for converting the amino acid tyrosine to dopa. As a result, dopamine levels are reduced, leading to symptoms such as muscle stiffness, tremors, and difficulty with movement. Cysteinyldopa is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of individuals with DRD due to the accumulation of dopa that cannot be converted to dopamine.
Therefore, measuring cysteinyldopa levels in the CSF can be helpful in diagnosing DRD and differentiating it from other movement disorders. However, it is important to note that elevated cysteinyldopa levels are not specific to DRD and can also be found in other neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease.
A neuroectodermal tumor, melanotic, also known as a melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy or MNTI, is a rare, typically benign but locally aggressive tumor that originates from the neural crest cells, a type of stem cell that gives rise to various tissues in the body, including nerve cells and pigment-producing cells called melanocytes.
MNTIs are usually found in the head and neck region of infants under one year of age, although they can occur in older children and adults as well. These tumors are characterized by the presence of melanin, a dark pigment that gives them a black or brown color.
MNTIs typically grow rapidly and can cause symptoms such as swelling, pain, or difficulty breathing if they are located in the head or neck region. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, and the prognosis is generally good, especially if the tumor is completely removed. However, there is a risk of recurrence, so close follow-up with a healthcare provider is necessary.
Melanosis
Neurocutaneous melanosis
Riehl melanosis
Smoker's melanosis
Melanosis coli
Ocular melanosis
Tar melanosis
Transient neonatal pustular melanosis
Interpeduncular fossa
Gustav Riehl
Oral pigmentation
Gum depigmentation
Neonatal pustular eruption
Melanoma
Nevus
Smokeless tobacco keratosis
Stomatitis nicotina
Senna glycoside
William Dubreuilh
Anthraquinones
Phylloid hypomelanosis
Melanism
Progressive macular hypomelanosis
Food browning
John Hulke
Bernhard Solger
Factitious diarrhea
Indian robin
Lipofuscin
Hyperpigmentation
Melanosis - Wikipedia
Smoker's Melanosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Neonatal Pustular Melanosis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination
Ocular Melanosis » New York Eye Cancer Center
Pathology Outlines - Primary acquired melanosis
Melanosis Archives - American Celiac
Smoker's Melanosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Keywords colon + melanosis | PEIR Digital Library
Lung melanosis
Melanosis - MeSH - NCBI
Smoker's Melanosis Differential Diagnoses
Conjunctival Melanoma: Terminology, Introduction, Etiology
Smoker's Melanosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Melanosis is a Scrabble word?
penile melanosis image Archives - Health News
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Melanoma15
- If iris melanosis develops into malignant cancer, it's then known as feline diffuse iris melanoma or uveal melanoma. (catster.com)
- If you notice these pigmented spots, you'll need to take your cat to the vet to determine if they have melanosis, or melanoma, which is cancerous. (catster.com)
- While iris melanoma can result from iris melanosis, it doesn't always, and researchers still aren't sure why. (catster.com)
- Genetics and environment likely play a role in the development of melanosis and melanoma, but research is still ongoing. (catster.com)
- Conjunctival primary acquired melanosis is the most important precursor of conjunctival malignant melanoma. (bmj.com)
- A recent study on a small number of patients with conjunctival melanoma and melanosis indicated a possible role for topical chemotherapy, but the authors advised further investigation. (bmj.com)
- There are two similar-sounding diagnoses that describe iris pigmentation in cats: iris melanosis and iris melanoma. (eyespecialistsforanimals.com)
- In contrast to iris melanosis, iris melanoma refers to a malignant lesion of the iris. (eyespecialistsforanimals.com)
- However, its exact etiology and progression from melanosis to malignant melanoma have not been elucidated due to its rarity. (amjcaserep.com)
- We report a case of esophageal melanosis that progressed to malignant melanoma and was synchronous with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. (amjcaserep.com)
- The close relationship between esophageal melanosis and primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus has implicated the melanosis as the origin of the malignant melanoma. (amjcaserep.com)
- In many cases, the cause, underlying disease, and transition from melanosis to malignant melanoma have not been clarified. (amjcaserep.com)
- The melanoma was discovered during a 2-year followup after treatment for hypopharyngeal cancer and esophageal melanosis, leading to surgery. (amjcaserep.com)
- An eye condition, known as primary acquired melanosis (PAM), where the melanocytes in the eye grow too much, is a risk factor for conjunctival melanoma. (cancer.org)
- Chalasani R, Giblin M, Conway RM: Role of topical chemotherapy for primary acquired melanosis and malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva and recommendations for treatment. (karger.com)
Ocular melanosis2
- It can also refer to: Melanism Ocular melanosis Smoker's melanosis Oral melanosis Riehl melanosis Look up melanosis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. (wikipedia.org)
- Ocular Melanosis is diagnosed in cases of ocular melanosis there is no eyelid involvement. (eyecancer.com)
Pustular Melanosis3
- An infant with transient neonatal pustular melanosis presenting as pustules. (medscape.com)
- While pustular melanosis is common (particularly in babies with darker skin) and is a harmless newborn rash, it is always important to have all blister-like rashes evaluated by your baby's doctor to rule out infection. (healthychildren.org)
- B) Generalized pustular melanosis rash. (cdc.gov)
Neurocutaneous2
- Children with risk factors for neurocutaneous melanosis should be followed closely and screened regularly. (emra.org)
- Some people with giant congenital melanocytic nevus develop a condition called neurocutaneous melanosis, which is the presence of pigment-producing skin cells (melanocytes) in the tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord. (medlineplus.gov)
Diagnosis6
- 50 patients with clinical diagnosis of frictional melanosis participated in this study. (jebmh.com)
- Thus, these findings confirm that frictional melanosis is a variant of macular amyloidosis and histopathological examination will help in confirming the diagnosis. (jebmh.com)
- The coexistence of esophageal melanosis and esophageal cancer warrants improved patient followup, including biopsy and multiple endoscopic examinations after esophageal melanosis diagnosis. (amjcaserep.com)
- A biopsy should be performed when endoscopic diagnosis reveals findings regarding esophageal melanosis. (amjcaserep.com)
- A 66-year-old woman presented to a tertiary referral centre with a diagnosis of limbal stem cell deficiency secondary to multiple treatments for primary acquired melanosis (PAM) by her referring ophthalmologists. (eyehospital.nl)
- Differential diagnosis includes blue nevus (no pigmented and epithelioid cells) and nodular melanosis (pigmented cells are actually pigment laden macrophages). (pathologyoutlines.com)
Hyperpigmentation2
- Melanosis is a form of hyperpigmentation associated with increased melanin. (wikipedia.org)
- The dirty neck sign , associated with chronic AD, is a brown, macular ring that develops around the neck and is caused by post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and frictional melanosis. (medscape.com)
Smoker's melanosis13
- [ 1 ] coined the term smoker's melanosis to describe this clinical condition. (medscape.com)
- Smoker's melanosis may be due to the effects of tobacco smoke on melanocytes located in the lining epithelium of the oral mucosa. (medscape.com)
- Smoker's melanosis is likely due to direct effects of tobacco smoke on the oral mucosa. (medscape.com)
- No prevalence studies on smoker's melanosis are available in the United States. (medscape.com)
- In a Swedish study of 30,118 whites, 21.5% of tobacco smokers exhibited smoker's melanosis, whereas only 3% of nonsmokers had the lesion. (medscape.com)
- [ 5 ] The anterior facial gingivae was the most common site for smoker's melanosis in that study. (medscape.com)
- The buccal mucosa was the most common site for smoker's melanosis in that African study. (medscape.com)
- It appears that smoker's melanosis may also occur in nonsmokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, as multiple studies have shown an increase in gingival pigmentation of children and young adults whose parents smoke. (medscape.com)
- Although smoker's melanosis may be most evident in whites because of a lack of physiologic pigmentation in the oral mucosa in this population, the condition can affect both light- and dark-skinned individuals. (medscape.com)
- Females appear to be affected by smoker's melanosis more than males. (medscape.com)
- Pipe smokers may find themselves suffering from smoker's melanosis, which can leave brown spots on your gums. (beaumontfamilydentistry.com)
- Smoker's melanosis is the darkening of the gums, lips, and soft palate of the mouth due to smoking. (newmouth.com)
- Smoker's melanosis has no treatment. (newmouth.com)
Frictional melanosis6
- The aim of the present study was to analyse different clinical patterns of frictional melanosis and to evaluate whether sun exposure is a causative or contributing factor for frictional melanosis. (jebmh.com)
- Patients of all ages and both sexes with classical clinical features suggestive of frictional melanosis are included. (jebmh.com)
- Patients having pigmentation over areas where the frictional melanosis presents classically but have been using chemicals, hair dyes and other agents which can cause photocontact dermatitis have been excluded from the study. (jebmh.com)
- RESULTS Out of 50 cases, 39 (78%) were confirmed with histopathology as frictional melanosis and 11(22%) as macular amyloidosis. (jebmh.com)
- Among patients of frictional melanosis, 56.41% had only skin lesions. (jebmh.com)
- In this study a total number of 50 patients with clinical presentation of frictional melanosis were analysed with female preponderance. (jebmh.com)
Biopsy revealed1
- A biopsy revealed intraepithelial conjunctival melanosis with atypia. (bmj.com)
Humans2
Freckles4
- Iris melanosis is a condition of the iris when the pigment changes, resulting in dark "freckles" across the iris. (catster.com)
- A cat with iris melanosis develops flat brown pigmented "freckles" on the colored portion of the eye, the iris. (catster.com)
- The pigmented "freckles" across a cat's eyes are the first signs of iris melanosis, they can be single or multiple. (catster.com)
- By diagnosing your cat with iris melanosis, your vet is saying that the dark freckles across your cat's eyes aren't dangerous…yet. (catster.com)
Riehl3
- Some observations on the melanosis of Riehl. (medscape.com)
- Daadaa N, Ben Tanfous A. Riehl Melanosis. (medscape.com)
- Riehl melanosis treated successfully with Q-switch Nd:YAG laser. (medscape.com)
Coexistence1
- Seike M, Hirose Y, Ikeda M, Kodama H. Coexistence of Riehl's melanosis and lichen planus. (medscape.com)
Conjunctival3
- 1, 2 Primary acquired melanosis appears as flat, patchy, non-cystic pigmentation in the conjunctival epithelium and can remain dormant for years or show slow progression. (bmj.com)
- An important observation in our case was the effectiveness of topical chemotherapy for corneal melanosis where other methods of treatment could have led to scarring, conjunctival overgrowth, and ultimate visual loss. (bmj.com)
- Primary acquired melanosis (PAM)/conjunctival melanocytic intraepithelial neoplasia (C‑MIN). (aao.org)
Primary4
- 1, 2, 5, 6 We illustrate a dramatic case where topical chemotherapy provided complete regression of advanced, aggressive primary acquired melanosis. (bmj.com)
- Three months after therapy, the primary acquired melanosis was 80% resolved and at 10 months' follow up, the melanosis had nearly completely disappeared with minor granular pigment near the limbus (Fig 2) During the weeks of topical chemotherapy, the patient had occasional symptoms of ocular irritation and periocular cutaneous erythema and minor oedema. (bmj.com)
- 6 In this regard, we prefer to reserve mitomycin C therapy for patients with biopsy proved primary acquired melanosis with atypia. (bmj.com)
- She was known with primary acquired melanosis with severe atypia of the right eye which had been treated with several excisions, cryotherapy and topical chemotherapy. (eyehospital.nl)
Coli1
- The appearance of melanosis coli during colonoscopy is largely due to pigment granule deposition in macrophages located in the colonic mucosa. (nih.gov)
Macular1
- A global consensus statement on ashy dermatosis, erythema dyschromicum perstans, lichen planus pigmentosus, idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation, and Riehl's melanosis. (medscape.com)
Discoloration1
- Iris melanosis is a general term meaning "discoloration of the iris. (eyespecialistsforanimals.com)
Benign4
- Iris melanosis may be a benign (harmless) condition, or it may cause secondary glaucoma if the pigmented area spreads and blocks intraocular fluid drainage. (eyespecialistsforanimals.com)
- Vulvar melanosis often sparks concern due to its appearance but is typically a benign pigmented lesion. (dralpana.com)
- Vulvar melanosis is a benign condition marked by hyperpigmented patches on the vulvar skin. (dralpana.com)
- Vulvar melanosis, though typically benign, can be a source of concern due to its appearance. (dralpana.com)
Lesions1
- This 13-year-old boy has a Becker nevus--also called Becker melanosis, because the lesions do not contain nevus cells. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
Precursor1
- Limited evidence exists showing that esophageal melanosis is a precursor to PMME, because it is difficult to make a reliable distinction based on endoscopic findings. (amjcaserep.com)
Gastrointestinal1
- Esophageal melanosis was discovered using gastrointestinal endoscopy during a pre-treatment screening 2 years later and revealed a 0-Ia tumor in the middle thoracic esophagus, coinciding with the esophageal melanosis site. (amjcaserep.com)
Darker1
- As is the case with other parts of the body, people with darker skin tones will experience vulvar melanosis more than others. (dralpana.com)
Iris6
- What Is Iris Melanosis? (catster.com)
- What Are the Signs of Iris Melanosis? (catster.com)
- If your cat has developed iris melanosis there is no specific treatment that needs to be undertaken. (catster.com)
- My cat has been diagnosed with iris melanosis. (catster.com)
- What's the life expectancy for a cat with iris melanosis? (catster.com)
- Iris melanosis usually occurs in only one eye, but may occur in both eyes. (eyespecialistsforanimals.com)
Clinical1
- Clinical as well as Dermoscopic Top features of Vulvar Melanosis Throughout the last Twenty years. (ondashboard.win)
Observations1
- A case of melanosis, with general observations on the pathology of this interesting disease. (nih.gov)
Skin2
- Melanosis is not an infection but an increase in the melanin in the skin. (mo.gov)
- As with many skin changes, age can determine the development of vulvar melanosis. (dralpana.com)
Condition1
- Melanosis is a genetic condition seen in mature fish following several years of sun exposure. (mo.gov)
Methods1
- Although labeled as melanosis, electron microscopy and X-ray analytical methods have provided evidence that this pigment is not melanin at all, but lipofuscin. (nih.gov)
Disease1
- Vulvar melanosis is not a disease. (dralpana.com)