Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.
The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.
A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.
Agents inhibiting the effect of narcotics on the central nervous system.
Agents that induce NARCOSIS. Narcotics include agents that cause somnolence or induced sleep (STUPOR); natural or synthetic derivatives of OPIUM or MORPHINE or any substance that has such effects. They are potent inducers of ANALGESIA and OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. M. chamomilla appears similar to Anthemis but this flower disk is conical and hollow and lacks chaffy bract scales and the odor is weaker. The common name of 'manzanilla' is confused with other meanings of the word. 'Matricaria chamomilla sensu' is classified by some as Tripleurospermum perforata. Other plants with similar common names include CHAMAEMELUM; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM and ANTHEMIS.
Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from DRUG RESISTANCE wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE and NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL.
A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Mu opioid receptors bind, in decreasing order of affinity, endorphins, dynorphins, met-enkephalin, and leu-enkephalin. They have also been shown to be molecular receptors for morphine.
Analogs or derivatives of morphine.
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Cell membrane proteins that bind opioids and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The endogenous ligands for opioid receptors in mammals include three families of peptides, the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The receptor classes include mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Sigma receptors bind several psychoactive substances, including certain opioids, but their endogenous ligands are not known.
Central gray matter surrounding the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT in the MESENCEPHALON. Physiologically it is probably involved in RAGE reactions, the LORDOSIS REFLEX; FEEDING responses, bladder tonus, and pain.
A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Delta opioid receptors bind endorphins and enkephalins with approximately equal affinity and have less affinity for dynorphins.
A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Kappa opioid receptors bind dynorphins with a higher affinity than endorphins which are themselves preferred to enkephalins.

Recent progress in the neurotoxicology of natural drugs associated with dependence or addiction, their endogenous agonists and receptors. (1/330)

Nicotine in tobacco, tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) in marijuana and morphine in opium are well known as drugs associated with dependence or addiction. Endogenous active substances that mimic the effects of the natural drugs and their respective receptors have been found in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Such active substances and receptors include acetylcholine (ACh) and the nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) for nicotine, anandamide and CB1 for delta 9-THC, and endomorphins (1 and 2) and the mu (OP3) opioid receptor for morphine, respectively. Considerable progress has been made in studies on neurotoxicity, in terms of the habituation, dependence and withdrawal phenomena associated with these drugs and with respect to correlations with endogenous active substances and their receptors. In this article we shall review recent findings related to the neurotoxicity of tobacco, marijuana and opium, and their toxic ingredients, nicotine, delta 9-THC and morphine in relation to their respective endogenous agents and receptors in the CNS.  (+info)

Modification of the expression of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent mice by diabetes: possible involvement of protein kinase C. (2/330)

The involvement of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) in the modulation of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumping in morphine-dependent mice by diabetes was examined. Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumps were significantly less in morphine-dependent diabetic mice than in morphine-dependent non-diabetic mice. I.c.v. pretreatment with either calphostin C, a PKC inhibitor, or KT-5720, a PKA inhibitor, attenuated naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumps in morphine-dependent non-diabetic mice. However, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumps in morphine-dependent diabetic mice were not attenuated by i.c.v. pretreatment with either calphostin C or KT5720. Moreover, i.c.v. pretreatment with phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), a PKC activator, attenuated naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumps in morphine-dependent non-diabetic mice, but not in morphine-dependent diabetic mice. The noradrenaline (NA) turnover in the frontal cortex in morphine-dependent non-diabetic mice, but not in morphine-dependent diabetic mice, was significantly increased 5 min after administration of naloxone. Naloxone-induced enhancement of NA turnover in morphine-dependent non-diabetic mice, but not in morphine-dependent diabetic mice, was blocked by i.c.v. pretreatment with either calphostin C or KT5720 1 hr before naloxone challenge and blocked by PDBu 1 hr before the last injection of morphine. These results suggest that the co-activation of PKC and PKA is needed to elicit naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumps and enhancement of turnover rate of NA in the frontal cortex in morphine-dependent non-diabetic mice. Furthermore, the attenuation of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumps in morphine-dependent diabetic mice may be due, in part, to the desensitization of mu-opioid receptors by the activation of PKC.  (+info)

Inhibition of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in rat hippocampus attenuates morphine tolerance and dependence. (3/330)

Learning and memory have been suggested to be important in the development of opiate addiction. Based on the recent findings that calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is essential in learning and memory processes, and morphine treatment increases CaMKII activity in hippocampus, the present study was undertaken to examine whether inhibition of hippocampal CaMKII prevents morphine tolerance and dependence. Here, we report that inhibition of CaMKII by intrahippocampal dentate gyrus administration of the specific inhibitors KN-62 and KN-93 to rats significantly attenuated the tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine and the abstinence syndrome precipitated by opiate antagonist naloxone. In contrast, both KN-04 and KN-92, the inactive structural analogs of KN-62 and KN-93, failed to attenuate morphine tolerance and dependence, indicating that the observed effects of KN-62 and KN-93 are mediated through inhibition of CaMKII. Furthermore, administration of CaMKII antisense oligonucleotide into rat hippocampal dentate gyrus, which decreased the expression of CaMKII specifically, also attenuated morphine tolerance and dependence, while the corresponding sense oligonucleotide of CaMKII did not exhibit such inhibitory effect. Moreover, the KN-62 treatment abolished the rewarding properties of morphine as measured by the conditioned place preference. These results suggest that hippocampal CaMKII is critically involved in the development of morphine tolerance and dependence, and inhibition of this kinase may have some therapeutic benefit in the treatment of opiate tolerance and dependence.  (+info)

Total neurochemical lesion of noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus does not alter either naloxone-precipitated or spontaneous opiate withdrawal nor does it influence ability of clonidine to reverse opiate withdrawal. (4/330)

It has been suggested that an increase firing rate of noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus is responsible for the opiate withdrawal syndrome. However, lesion studies have indicated that the noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus are not essential for either the expression or suppression by clonidine of opiate withdrawal. The present study was designed to determine the effect of the almost complete 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of noradrenergic neurons (94%) of the locus ceruleus on various components of the opiate withdrawal syndrome and on its protection by clonidine. Morphine dependence was induced by s.c. implantation of morphine pellets (2 x 75 mg base). The following paradigms were used: 1) naloxone-induced conditioned place aversion, 2) naloxone-precipitated acute opiate withdrawal syndrome, 3) nycthemeral locomotor activity as a measure of spontaneous opiate withdrawal. The results showed that quasi-total lesion of noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus did not modify opiate dependence as revealed by naloxone-induced conditioned place aversion and the expression of an acute morphine withdrawal syndrome. Moreover, clonidine prevented the opiate withdrawal syndrome in both lesioned and sham-operated rats, suggesting that the action of clonidine is certainly mediated through postsynaptic alpha(2)-adrenoceptor stimulation. Finally, the nycthemeral locomotor activity during spontaneous morphine withdrawal did not differ between the lesioned and the sham-operated rats.  (+info)

Levels of immunoreactive dynorphin A1-13 during development of morphine dependence in rats. (5/330)

AIM: To study the relationship between the levels of immunoreactive dynorphin A1-13 (ir-dynorphin A1-13) and the degree of morphine dependence. METHODS: The levels of ir-dynorphin A1-13 in discrete brain regions, spinal cord, and plasma in rats were determined by radioimmunoassay, and the degree of morphine dependence was assessed by scoring withdrawal signs on d 3, d 6, and d 12. RESULTS: Morphine injection s.c. decreased the levels of ir-dynorphin A1-13 in spinal cord, pituitary, and plasma. The levels of ir-dynorphin A1-13 in hippocampus and hypothalamus were increased. No changes in cortex, midbrain, cerebellum, pons, and medulla were observed. With continuous injection of morphine, withdrawal signs scores were increased on d 6, but there was no difference between the scores of d 6 and d 12. CONCLUSION: The changes of the levels of endogenous ir-dynorphin A1-13 in pituitary, spinal cord, and plasma were compatible with the degree of morphine dependence.  (+info)

Agmatine inhibited tolerance to and dependence on morphine in guinea pig ileum in vitro. (6/330)

AIM: To observe effect of agmatine (Agm) on tolerance to and substance dependence on morphine (Mor) in guinea pig ileum longitudinal muscle (GPILM). METHODS: The experiment was performed in electric field stimulation (EFS) test in vitro. RESULTS: Mor inhibited twitch contractions of GPILM induced by EFS [IC50 = 140 (107-182) nmol.L-1]. Incubation of GPILM with Mor 270 nmol.L-1 for 8 h evoked a 37-fold increase in IC50 of Mor (tolerance) and a contractile response to naloxone (Nal, substance dependence). When the preparations were coincubated with Mor + Nal and Mor + Agm, Mor lost the ability to induce tolerance and inhibited the contractile responses of the preparations to Nal by 90% and 75%, respectively. These effects of Agm could be almost completely antagonized by idazoxan. CONCLUSION: Agm prevented the development of tolerance to and substance dependence on Mor in GPILM in vitro by activation of imidazoline receptors.  (+info)

Effects of agmatine on tolerance to and substance dependence on morphine in mice. (7/330)

AIM: To study the effects of agmatine on tolerance to and dependence on morphine. METHODS: Inhibitory effects of agmatine on tolerance to and substance dependence on morphine were observed in mouse tolerant models and in mouse jumping test, respectively. RESULTS: Agmatine 0.125-2.5 mg.kg-1 prevented the development of tolerant to morphine in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of mice with morphine induced an over 3-fold increase in analgesic ED50 (20.1, 14.4-28.0 mg.kg-1) than those with normal saline (6.3, 5.1-7.8 mg.kg-1). Pretreatment of mice with both of agmatine and morphine made morphine loss the ability to induce tolerance. Withdrawal jumps and loss in body weight induced by naloxone in morphine-dependent mice were prevented by agmatine (2.5-10 mg.kg-1) in a dose-dependent manner. ED50 of naloxone (21.4, 18.4-24 mg.kg-1) required to precipitate withdrawal jumps in mice pretreated with both agmatine and morphine was 8 times higher than that with morphine alone (2.5, 2.1-2.8 mg.kg-1). These effects of agmatine were blocked by idazoxan. CONCLUSION: Agmatine prevented tolerance to and substance dependence on morphine in mice by activation of imidazoline receptors.  (+info)

Correlation between inhibitions of morphine withdrawal and nitric-oxide synthase by agmatine. (8/330)

AIM: To study correlation between inhibitions of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumps and nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) activity by agmatine. METHODS: NOS activities in mouse brain were measured by determination of concentration of [3H]citrulline, the product of [3H]arginine. RESULTS: Agmatine inhibited NOS activity in naive and morphine-dependent mouse cerebellum, forebrain, and thalamus in substrate-competitive manner in vitro. Naloxone induced withdrawal jumps and an increase in NOS activity in cerebellum, forebrain, and thalamus of abstinent mice. Pretreatment of mice with morphine plus agmatine inhibited the effect of naloxone to precipitate withdrawal jumps and increase in NOS activity. The effect of agmatine was blocked by idazoxan. CONCLUSION: The inhibitory effect of agmatine on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumps is related to its inhibition of NOS activity by substrate competitive manner and activation of imidazoline receptors.  (+info)

Morphine dependence is a medical condition characterized by a physical and psychological dependency on morphine, a potent opioid analgesic. This dependence develops as a result of repeated use or abuse of morphine, leading to changes in the brain's reward and pleasure pathways. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) outlines the following criteria for diagnosing opioid dependence, which includes morphine:

A. A problematic pattern of opioid use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:

1. Opioids are often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended.
2. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control opioid use.
3. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the opioid, use the opioid, or recover from its effects.
4. Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use opioids.
5. Recurrent opioid use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home.
6. Continued opioid use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of opioids.
7. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of opioid use.
8. Recurrent opioid use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.
9. Continued opioid use despite knowing that a physical or psychological problem is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by opioids.
10. Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:
a. A need for markedly increased amounts of opioids to achieve intoxication or desired effect.
b. A markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of an opioid.
11. Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:
a. The characteristic opioid withdrawal syndrome.
b. The same (or a closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.

Additionally, it's important to note that if someone has been using opioids for an extended period and suddenly stops taking them, they may experience withdrawal symptoms. These can include:

- Anxiety
- Muscle aches
- Insomnia
- Runny nose
- Sweating
- Diarrhea
- Nausea or vomiting
- Abdominal cramping
- Dilated pupils

If you or someone you know is struggling with opioid use, it's essential to seek professional help. There are many resources available, including inpatient and outpatient treatment programs, support groups, and medications that can help manage withdrawal symptoms and cravings.

Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic (pain reliever) derived from the opium poppy. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking the transmission of pain signals and reducing the perception of pain. Morphine is used to treat moderate to severe pain, including pain associated with cancer, myocardial infarction, and other conditions. It can also be used as a sedative and cough suppressant.

Morphine has a high potential for abuse and dependence, and its use should be closely monitored by healthcare professionals. Common side effects of morphine include drowsiness, respiratory depression, constipation, nausea, and vomiting. Overdose can result in respiratory failure, coma, and death.

Naloxone is a medication used to reverse the effects of opioids, both illicit and prescription. It works by blocking the action of opioids on the brain and restoring breathing in cases where opioids have caused depressed respirations. Common brand names for naloxone include Narcan and Evzio.

Naloxone is an opioid antagonist, meaning that it binds to opioid receptors in the body without activating them, effectively blocking the effects of opioids already present at these sites. It has no effect in people who have not taken opioids and does not reverse the effects of other sedatives or substances.

Naloxone can be administered via intranasal, intramuscular, intravenous, or subcutaneous routes. The onset of action varies depending on the route of administration but generally ranges from 1 to 5 minutes when given intravenously and up to 10-15 minutes with other methods.

The duration of naloxone's effects is usually shorter than that of most opioids, so multiple doses or a continuous infusion may be necessary in severe cases to maintain reversal of opioid toxicity. Naloxone has been used successfully in emergency situations to treat opioid overdoses and has saved many lives.

It is important to note that naloxone does not reverse the effects of other substances or address the underlying causes of addiction, so it should be used as part of a comprehensive treatment plan for individuals struggling with opioid use disorders.

Substance Withdrawal Syndrome is a medically recognized condition that occurs when an individual who has been using certain substances, such as alcohol, opioids, or benzodiazepines, suddenly stops or significantly reduces their use. The syndrome is characterized by a specific set of symptoms that can be physical, cognitive, and emotional in nature. These symptoms can vary widely depending on the substance that was being used, the length and intensity of the addiction, and individual factors such as genetics, age, and overall health.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association, provides the following diagnostic criteria for Substance Withdrawal Syndrome:

A. The development of objective evidence of withdrawal, referring to the specific physiological changes associated with the particular substance, or subjective evidence of withdrawal, characterized by the individual's report of symptoms that correspond to the typical withdrawal syndrome for the substance.

B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

C. The symptoms are not better explained by co-occurring mental, medical, or other substance use disorders.

D. The withdrawal syndrome is not attributable to another medical condition and is not better accounted for by another mental disorder.

The DSM-5 also specifies that the diagnosis of Substance Withdrawal Syndrome should be substance-specific, meaning that it should specify the particular class of substances (e.g., alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines) responsible for the withdrawal symptoms. This is important because different substances have distinct withdrawal syndromes and require different approaches to management and treatment.

In general, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome can be a challenging and potentially dangerous condition that requires professional medical supervision and support during the detoxification process. The specific symptoms and their severity will vary depending on the substance involved, but they may include:

* For alcohol: tremors, seizures, hallucinations, agitation, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, and insomnia.
* For opioids: muscle aches, restlessness, lacrimation (tearing), rhinorrhea (runny nose), yawning, perspiration, chills, mydriasis (dilated pupils), piloerection (goosebumps), nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps.
* For benzodiazepines: anxiety, irritability, insomnia, restlessness, confusion, hallucinations, seizures, and increased heart rate and blood pressure.

It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of Substance Withdrawal Syndrome. They can provide appropriate medical care, support, and referrals for further treatment as needed.

Narcotic antagonists are a class of medications that block the effects of opioids, a type of narcotic pain reliever, by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and blocking the activation of these receptors by opioids. This results in the prevention or reversal of opioid-induced effects such as respiratory depression, sedation, and euphoria. Narcotic antagonists are used for a variety of medical purposes, including the treatment of opioid overdose, the management of opioid dependence, and the prevention of opioid-induced side effects in certain clinical situations. Examples of narcotic antagonists include naloxone, naltrexone, and methylnaltrexone.

Narcotics, in a medical context, are substances that induce sleep, relieve pain, and suppress cough. They are often used for anesthesia during surgical procedures. Narcotics are derived from opium or its synthetic substitutes and include drugs such as morphine, codeine, fentanyl, oxycodone, and hydrocodone. These drugs bind to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, reducing the perception of pain and producing a sense of well-being. However, narcotics can also produce physical dependence and addiction, and their long-term use can lead to tolerance, meaning that higher doses are required to achieve the same effect. Narcotics are classified as controlled substances due to their potential for abuse and are subject to strict regulations.

"Matricaria" is a genus of plants in the family Asteraceae, also known as the daisy family. The most common species is Matricaria chamomilla, which is commonly known as chamomile. This plant is native to Europe and Western Asia, and it has been used in traditional medicine for centuries due to its anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and calming properties.

The medicinal properties of Matricaria are primarily attributed to its volatile oils, flavonoids, and other chemical constituents found in the flowers and leaves of the plant. Chamomile tea is a popular herbal remedy made from the dried flowers of Matricaria chamomilla, which is often used to promote relaxation, improve sleep quality, and soothe digestive upset.

It's worth noting that while chamomile has been used safely in traditional medicine for many years, it can cause allergic reactions in some people, particularly those with allergies to other members of the Asteraceae family (such as ragweed or daisies). It's always a good idea to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new herbal remedy.

Drug tolerance is a medical concept that refers to the decreased response to a drug following its repeated use, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect. This occurs because the body adapts to the presence of the drug, leading to changes in the function or expression of targets that the drug acts upon, such as receptors or enzymes. Tolerance can develop to various types of drugs, including opioids, benzodiazepines, and alcohol, and it is often associated with physical dependence and addiction. It's important to note that tolerance is different from resistance, which refers to the ability of a pathogen to survive or grow in the presence of a drug, such as antibiotics.

Opioid mu receptors, also known as mu-opioid receptors (MORs), are a type of G protein-coupled receptor that binds to opioids, a class of chemicals that include both natural and synthetic painkillers. These receptors are found in the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract, and play a key role in mediating the effects of opioid drugs such as morphine, heroin, and oxycodone.

MORs are involved in pain modulation, reward processing, respiratory depression, and physical dependence. Activation of MORs can lead to feelings of euphoria, decreased perception of pain, and slowed breathing. Prolonged activation of these receptors can also result in tolerance, where higher doses of the drug are required to achieve the same effect, and dependence, where withdrawal symptoms occur when the drug is discontinued.

MORs have three main subtypes: MOR-1, MOR-2, and MOR-3, with MOR-1 being the most widely studied and clinically relevant. Selective agonists for MOR-1, such as fentanyl and sufentanil, are commonly used in anesthesia and pain management. However, the abuse potential and risk of overdose associated with these drugs make them a significant public health concern.

Morphine derivatives are substances that are synthesized from or structurally similar to morphine, a natural opiate alkaloid found in the opium poppy. These compounds share many of the same pharmacological properties as morphine and are often used for their analgesic (pain-relieving), sedative, and anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) effects.

Examples of morphine derivatives include:

1. Hydrocodone: A semi-synthetic opioid that is often combined with acetaminophen for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.
2. Oxycodone: A synthetic opioid that is used for the management of moderate to severe pain, either alone or in combination with other medications.
3. Hydromorphone: A potent semi-synthetic opioid that is used for the treatment of severe pain, typically in a hospital setting.
4. Oxymorphone: A synthetic opioid that is similar to hydromorphone in its potency and use for managing severe pain.
5. Codeine: A naturally occurring opiate alkaloid that is less potent than morphine but still has analgesic, cough suppressant, and antidiarrheal properties. It is often combined with other medications for various therapeutic purposes.
6. Fentanyl: A synthetic opioid that is significantly more potent than morphine and is used for the management of severe pain, typically in a hospital or clinical setting.

It's important to note that while these derivatives can be beneficial for managing pain and other symptoms, they also carry a risk of dependence, addiction, and potentially life-threatening side effects such as respiratory depression. As a result, their use should be closely monitored by healthcare professionals and prescribed cautiously.

'Animal behavior' refers to the actions or responses of animals to various stimuli, including their interactions with the environment and other individuals. It is the study of the actions of animals, whether they are instinctual, learned, or a combination of both. Animal behavior includes communication, mating, foraging, predator avoidance, and social organization, among other things. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology. This field seeks to understand the evolutionary basis for behaviors as well as their physiological and psychological mechanisms.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

Analgesics, opioid are a class of drugs used for the treatment of pain. They work by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking the transmission of pain signals to the brain. Opioids can be synthetic or natural, and include drugs such as morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, and methadone. They are often used for moderate to severe pain, such as that resulting from injury, surgery, or chronic conditions like cancer. However, opioids can also produce euphoria, physical dependence, and addiction, so they are tightly regulated and carry a risk of misuse.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Opioid receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) found in the cell membranes of certain neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. They bind to opioids, which are chemicals that can block pain signals and produce a sense of well-being. There are four main types of opioid receptors: mu, delta, kappa, and nociceptin. These receptors play a role in the regulation of pain, reward, addiction, and other physiological functions. Activation of opioid receptors can lead to both therapeutic effects (such as pain relief) and adverse effects (such as respiratory depression and constipation).

The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a region in the midbrain, surrounding the cerebral aqueduct (a narrow channel connecting the third and fourth ventricles within the brain). It is a column of neurons that plays a crucial role in the modulation of pain perception, cardiorespiratory regulation, and defensive behaviors. The PAG is involved in the descending pain modulatory system, where it receives input from various emotional and cognitive areas and sends output to the rostral ventromedial medulla, which in turn regulates nociceptive processing at the spinal cord level. Additionally, the PAG is implicated in the regulation of fear, anxiety, and stress responses, as well as sexual behavior and reward processing.

Opioid delta receptors, also known as delta opioid receptors (DORs), are a type of G protein-coupled receptor found in the nervous system and other tissues throughout the body. They belong to the opioid receptor family, which includes mu, delta, and kappa receptors. These receptors play an essential role in pain modulation, reward processing, and addictive behaviors.

Delta opioid receptors are activated by endogenous opioid peptides such as enkephalins and exogenous opioids like synthetic drugs. Once activated, they trigger a series of intracellular signaling events that can lead to inhibition of neuronal excitability, reduced neurotransmitter release, and ultimately, pain relief.

Delta opioid receptors have also been implicated in various physiological processes, including immune function, respiratory regulation, and gastrointestinal motility. However, their clinical use as therapeutic targets has been limited due to the development of tolerance and potential adverse effects such as sedation and respiratory depression.

In summary, delta opioid receptors are a type of opioid receptor that plays an essential role in pain modulation and other physiological processes. They are activated by endogenous and exogenous opioids and trigger intracellular signaling events leading to various effects, including pain relief. However, their clinical use as therapeutic targets is limited due to potential adverse effects.

Dynorphins are a type of opioid peptide that is naturally produced in the body. They bind to specific receptors in the brain, known as kappa-opioid receptors, and play a role in modulating pain perception, emotional response, and reward processing. Dynorphins are derived from a larger precursor protein called prodynorphin and are found throughout the nervous system, including in the spinal cord, brainstem, and limbic system. They have been implicated in various physiological processes, as well as in the development of certain neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as chronic pain, depression, and substance use disorders.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Opioid receptors, also known as opiate receptors, are a type of G protein-coupled receptor found in the nervous system and other tissues. They are activated by endogenous opioid peptides, as well as exogenous opiates and opioids. There are several subtypes of opioid receptors, including mu, delta, and kappa.

Kappa opioid receptors (KORs) are a subtype of opioid receptor that are widely distributed throughout the body, including in the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract. They are activated by endogenous opioid peptides such as dynorphins, as well as by synthetic and semi-synthetic opioids such as salvinorin A and U-69593.

KORs play a role in the modulation of pain, mood, and addictive behaviors. Activation of KORs has been shown to produce analgesic effects, but can also cause dysphoria, sedation, and hallucinations. KOR agonists have potential therapeutic uses for the treatment of pain, addiction, and other disorders, but their use is limited by their side effects.

It's important to note that opioid receptors and their ligands (drugs or endogenous substances that bind to them) are complex systems with many different actions and effects in the body. The specific effects of KOR activation depend on a variety of factors, including the location and density of the receptors, the presence of other receptors and signaling pathways, and the dose and duration of exposure to the ligand.

... "drug dependence". Substance dependence is the preferred term today when describing drug-related disorders, whereas the use of ... Retrieved September 21, 2011.[dead link] Baker, Timothy B.; Tiffany, Stephen T. (1985). "Morphine tolerance as habituation". ... "some degree of psychic dependence on the effect of the drug, but absence of physical dependence and hence of an abstinence ... "DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR: Substance Dependence". BehaveNet. ...
The psychological dependence associated with morphine addiction is complex and protracted. Long after the physical need for ... also known as morphine diacetate, diamorphine, or diacetyl morphine) is an ester of morphine and a morphine prodrug, ... Morphine and its major metabolites, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide, can be detected in blood, plasma, hair, ... Morphine is metabolized primarily into morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) via glucuronidation by ...
Ueda H, Ueda M (June 2009). "Mechanisms underlying morphine analgesic tolerance and dependence". Frontiers in Bioscience. 14 ( ... "The role of mu opioid receptor desensitization and endocytosis in morphine tolerance and dependence". Current Opinion in ... Shanazari AA, Aslani Z, Ramshini E, Alaei H (2011). "Acute and chronic effects of morphine on cardiovascular system and the ... Houmes RJ, Voets MA, Verkaaik A, Erdmann W, Lachmann B (April 1992). "Efficacy and safety of tramadol versus morphine for ...
"Slow-release oral morphine as maintenance therapy for opioid dependence". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (6): CD009879 ... morphine. Morphine sulfate pentahydrade (trade names including Dolcontin) has a higher molecular mass than morphine base, and ... Extended-release morphine can be administered together with "rescue doses" of immediate-release morphine pro re nata in case of ... "Morphine, slow release (By mouth)". University of Maryland Medical Center. UK, Cancer Research. "Morphine (Morphgesic SR, MXL, ...
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Morphine's solubility in water is around 60mgs/ml. Additionally, frequent use results in high tolerance and dependence. ... Other species of poppies, numbering in the hundreds, do not contain morphine or codeine in useful amounts, but may contain non- ... The walls of the dried pods contain opiate alkaloids, primarily consisting of morphine. The tea is consumed for its narcotic ... Unwashed poppy seeds used to make poppy tea may contain lethal concentrations of morphine and codeine. The Opium Poppy ...
Like the morphine metabolite morphine-6-glucuronide, 6-position branches (esters or ethers) of morphine bind to the otherwise ... XXIV" (PDF). Drug evaluation committee of the college on problems of drug dependence. Brown GP, Yang K, King MA, Rossi GC, ... The 6,7,8,14 tetradehydro 3,6 methyl di-ether of morphine is thebaine. Heterocodeine is 6 times more potent than morphine due ... It can be made from morphine by selective methylation. Codeine is the natural mono-methyl ether, but must be metabolized for ...
On a dose-by-dose basis, tramadol has about one-tenth the potency of morphine (thus 100 mg is commensurate with 10 mg morphine ... April 2003). "Physical dependence on Ultram (tramadol hydrochloride): both opioid-like and atypical withdrawal symptoms occur ... For severe pain it is less effective than morphine. Pain reducing effects last approximately six hours. The potency of ... Tramadol has the same dose-dependent adverse effects as morphine including respiratory depression. Long-term use of high doses ...
... which is nine times more effective than morphine and an oral ED50 9.08 mg/kg which is four times less effective than morphine. ... Preclinical study in mice showed potent analgesic effects with no tolerance or dependence. The mice also showed no adverse ... This molecule is loosely derived from the classical opioid morphine. This experimental drug candidate is under development as a ...
... can be habit forming, causing physical and psychological dependence. Its abuse liability is similar to morphine and ... However, because of morphine's low oral bioavailability, there is a 1:1 correspondence between orally administered morphine and ... Studies have shown hydrocodone is stronger than codeine but only one-tenth as potent as morphine at binding to receptors and ... Hydrocodone 10 mg is equivalent to about 10 mg of morphine by mouth. Hydrocodone was patented in 1923, while the long-acting ...
... enrichment on physical and psychological dependence signs and voluntary morphine consumption in morphine-dependent and morphine ... "Swimming reduces the severity of physical and psychological dependence and voluntary morphine consumption in morphine dependent ... Psychological dependence is not to be confused with physical dependence, which induces physical withdrawal symptoms upon ... Symptoms of psychological dependence include: Anxiety Panic attack Dysphoria Anhedonia Craving Stress Psychological dependence ...
in morphine dependence. In: Khan SS, editor. Vistas in Ethnobotany, Ind J Applied Pure Biol. Vol. 1. 2000: 111-125 Rahman, S. Z ... A Study of Delphinium denudatum in moderately induced morphine dependence, Proceedings, 6th Internet World Congress for ... in morphine de-addiction". Journal of Neurochemistry. 102 (Suppl. 1): 142-143. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3042.2007.04727.x. ISI: ... in morphine de-addiction. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods September-October 2007, Volume 56 (2): e4 Rahman ...
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He specifically screened Delphinium denudatum for its protective activity in morphine induced physical dependence. His other ... While working on morphine de-addiction properties of medicinal plants, he proposed a modified method for moderately and ... Evaluation the effects of Erythrosylum cuneatum Forma Cuneatum (Miq.) Kurz (Chinta Mula) in Morphine Addicted rats [2][ ... "Effects of morphine withdrawal on the indices of free radical homeostasis and nitric oxide system in rat liver and thymus". ...
... "μ-Opioid receptor desensitization by β-arrestin-2 determines morphine tolerance but not dependence". Nature. 408 (6813): 720- ... NMDA receptor antagonists combined with morphine in OIH conditions have been shown to reduce Arr2b in the entirety of the ... Studies on mice have shown silencing of the 6TM MOR variant decreased morphine-induced hyperalgesia which suggested G-protein ... Wilson, George R.; Reisfield, Gary M. (2003). "Morphine hyperalgesia: A case report". American Journal of Hospice and ...
It has been studied for its potential use in the treatment of morphine dependence. 5 different patients were admitted to ER ... But this research is full of bias because it's also written there that they showed morphine-like intoxication with marked CNS ... "Effects of Papaver rhoeas Extract on the Tolerance Development to Analgesic Effects of Morphine in Mice". Iranian Journal of ...
"Non-peptidergic OP4 receptor agonist inhibits morphine antinociception but does not influence morphine dependence". NeuroReport ... It also has antitussive effects, and reduces the rewarding and analgesic effects of morphine, although it did not prevent the ... comparison to morphine". European Journal of Pharmacology. 579 (1-3): 141-148. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.031. PMID 18031727 ... and reinstatement of morphine conditioned place preference". Neuropharmacology. 49 (4): 439-446. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm. ...
It is produced in the same fashion as other esters of morphine-treating morphine with an acid anhydride (or some acids or other ... Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 161: 110-8. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.024. hdl:20.500.11937/21004. PMID 26880592. v t e ( ... Dibenzoylmorphine is an opiate analogue that is a derivative of morphine. It was developed in the early 1900s after first ... Specifically, the original 1875 synthesis was effected by boiling morphine for 2 hours in benzoic anhydride at 130 °C, as was ...
Later the rats were exposed to the same environmental stimuli that had been associated with morphine but did not receive the ... This is one of several ways classical conditioning might be a factor in drug addiction and dependence. In a classic experiment ... The CR was opposite to the effects of morphine, and the rats apparently experienced hyperalgesia. Siegel suggested that ... Therefore, conditioning may lead either to a placebo analgesic response to morphine or to a compensatory response. Substance ...
Systemic agmatine can potentiate opioid analgesia and prevent tolerance to chronic morphine in laboratory rodents. Since then, ... cumulative evidence amply shows that agmatine inhibits opioid dependence and relapse in several animal species. Agmatine ...
"Fruitful Adrenergic α2C-Agonism/α2A-Antagonism Combination to Prevent and Contrast Morphine Tolerance and Dependence". Journal ... treatment of opiate dependence and alcohol withdrawal symptoms). Selected examples are: Clonidine (mixed alpha2-adrenergic and ...
Dependence liability is similar to morphine, but with a less severe withdrawal syndrome. The only European countries that now ... Oral morphine in advanced cancer (2nd ed.). Beaconsfield. ISBN 978-0-906584-27-9. López-Muñoz F, Alamo C (April 2009). "The ... is a powerful opioid analgesic approximately three times more potent than morphine but shorter acting. It is subject to drug ...
"Fruitful Adrenergic α2C-Agonism/α2A-Antagonism Combination to Prevent and Contrast Morphine Tolerance and Dependence". Journal ...
Heroin was also found to be twice as potent as morphine in surgical anesthesia. Morphine is converted into heroin by a simple ... Regular use can lead to drug tolerance or physical dependence. Chronic opium addicts in 1906 China consumed an average of eight ... and morphine and codeine pharmaceuticals by measuring the morphine:codeine ratio and looking for the presence of noscapine and ... Morphine sales began in 1827, by Heinrich Emanuel Merck of Darmstadt, and helped him expand his family pharmacy into the Merck ...
The same general procedure is also used with opium, morphine base paste, and black-tar heroin. Handbook of Pharmacy Education, ... Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 39 (1): 29-32. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(95)01132-I. PMID 7587971. "Understanding street drugs: a ...
... antagonism combination to prevent and contrast morphine tolerance and dependence". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 53 (21): ... Schmidt WK, Tam SW, Shotzberger GS, Smith DH, Clark R, Vernier VG (February 1985). "Nalbuphine". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. ... Lasagna L (December 1987). "Benefit-risk ratio of agonist-antagonist analgesics". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 20 (4): 385-93. ...
A and CCK-B receptors in relapse to morphine dependence in rats". Behavioural Brain Research. 120 (1): 105-10. doi:10.1016/ ... "The selective CCK-B receptor antagonist L-365,260 enhances morphine analgesia and prevents morphine tolerance in the rat". ... and prevents the long-term maintenance and reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP. Blockade of CCK-B potentiates cocaine-induced ...
... antagonism combination to prevent and contrast morphine tolerance and dependence". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 53 (21): ...
They found that intravenous methadone had similar subjective effects as morphine and heroin, and induced physical dependence ... However, the withdrawal symptoms were significantly milder than with morphine. Administration of methadone during morphine ... a compound with the pain-relieving capabilities of morphine, but without the opioid dependence issues). Many opiate derivatives ... Isbell H, Vogel VH (1949). "The addiction liability of methadone and its use in the treatment of the morphine abstinence ...
9 DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE. 9.1 Controlled Substance. Morphine sulfate extended-release tablets contain morphine, a Schedule ... Morphine sulfate extended-release tablets will continue to release morphine and add to the morphine load for 24 to 48 hours or ... Morphine sulfate extended-release tablets contain morphine, a Schedule II controlled substance. As an opioid, morphine sulfate ... Morphine sulfate extended-release tablets are an extended-release tablet containing morphine sulfate. Morphine is released from ...
Following naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal, NE release and uptake dynamics were not changed in Lewis rats but were ... we hypothesized NE dynamics would vary in these strains after the induction of a physical dependence on morphine. ... Acute Morphine Dependence. The morphine-dependence protocol was modified from Schulteis et al, 1999 (Supplementary Methods). ... NE Dynamics were Altered in Morphine-Dependent SD Rats but not L Rats. After establishing morphine dependence, animals were ...
Candidate genes or compounds for therapeutic tools against methamphetamine and/or morphine-induced dependence. In: Folia ... Candidate genes or compounds for therapeutic tools against methamphetamine and/or morphine-induced dependence. / Nitta, Atsumi ... title = "Candidate genes or compounds for therapeutic tools against methamphetamine and/or morphine-induced dependence", ... Candidate genes or compounds for therapeutic tools against methamphetamine and/or morphine-induced dependence. ...
Morphine. *Oxycodone (Percocet or Oxycontin). These drugs can cause physical dependence. This means that a person needs to take ... Drug abuse and dependence. In: Ritter JM, Flower R, Henderson G, Loke YK, MacEwan D, Rang HP, eds. Rang and Dales Pharmacology ... It is also used as a long-term maintenance medicine for opioid dependence. After a period of maintenance, the dose may be ... Buprenorphine is often combined with Naloxone (Bunavail, Suboxone, Zubsolv), which helps prevent dependence and misuse. ...
Coming of morphine is challenging because users often experience painful withdrawal symptoms. Medical detox can significantly ... From Dependence to Morphine Addiction There are a variety of drug treatment approaches that focus on the addiction itself. The ... Understandably, euphoria and feelings of relaxation keep many people using morphine. However, the repeated use of morphine can ... Morphine is a potent opioid drug derived from the opium poppy plant. It is a prescription pain reliever and considered one of ...
These metabolites were characterized as morphine 3-glucuronide, morphine 6-glucuronide, mo … ... on a resin and neutral aluminum oxide and TLC from the urine of morphine-dependent subjects maintained on morphine sulfate at a ... These metabolites were characterized as morphine 3-glucuronide, morphine 6-glucuronide, morphine 3,6-diglucuronide, morphine 3- ... Isolation and identification of morphine 3- and 6-glucuronides, morphine 3,6-diglucuronide, morphine 3-ethereal sulfate, ...
Ueda H, Ueda M (June 2009). "Mechanisms underlying morphine analgesic tolerance and dependence". Frontiers in Bioscience. 14 ( ... "The role of mu opioid receptor desensitization and endocytosis in morphine tolerance and dependence". Current Opinion in ... Shanazari AA, Aslani Z, Ramshini E, Alaei H (2011). "Acute and chronic effects of morphine on cardiovascular system and the ... Houmes RJ, Voets MA, Verkaaik A, Erdmann W, Lachmann B (April 1992). "Efficacy and safety of tramadol versus morphine for ...
Research Talk: FGF21 Reduces Morphine Preference and Dependence in Mice Without Affecting Morphine-Induced Analgesia. Louben ...
... morphine physical dependence was verified by the naloxone-evoked abstinence syndrome. Morphine produced significant increases ... morphine physical dependence was verified by the naloxone-evoked abstinence syndrome. Morphine produced significant increases ... morphine physical dependence was verified by the naloxone-evoked abstinence syndrome. Morphine produced significant increases ... morphine physical dependence was verified by the naloxone-evoked abstinence syndrome. Morphine produced significant increases ...
Opioid dependence was then established by administering escalating doses of morphine (10-40 mg/kg) twice-daily for four days ... Opioid dependence was then established by administering escalating doses of morphine (10-40 mg/kg) twice-daily for four days ... Opioid dependence was then established by administering escalating doses of morphine (10-40 mg/kg) twice-daily for four days ... Opioid dependence was then established by administering escalating doses of morphine (10-40 mg/kg) twice-daily for four days ...
Salvia officinalis has antinociceptive effects and may decrease tolerance and dependence induced by repeated morphine ...
Spinal matrix metalloproteinase-9 contributes to physical dependence on morphine in mice. J. Neurosci. 30, 7613-7623 (2010). ...
The use of morphine leads to a metabolic dependence on morphine. Morphine becomes a biologic need just as water and the user ... The morphine addict can not tolerate alcohol when he is using morphine or suffering from morphine withdrawal. The ability to ... Morphine addiction is a metabolic illness brought about by the use of morphine. In my opinion psychological treatment is not ... The patient must have some morphine. If there is one rule that applies to all cases of addiction this is it. But the morphine ...
Morphine may become habit forming causing mental and physical dependence. If abused it may become less able to reduce pain. ... DBL Morphine Sulfate Injection contains the active ingredient morphine sulfate pentahydrate. DBL Morphine Sulfate Injection is ... You must not drink alcohol while using morphine.. DBLâ„¢ Morphine Sulfate Injection. Active ingredient(s): morphine sulfate ... Morphine acts in the brain and spinal cord.. DBL Morphine Sulfate Injection is used most commonly for short-term relief of ...
Categories: Morphine Dependence Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted ...
Learn more about Morphine and its pharmacology with Caron Treatment Centers including, side effects, history, uses, and opioid ... Why Can Morphine Dependency Form?. Morphine use can lead to physical dependence, even when taken as prescribed by a doctor ... The Pharmacology of Morphine. Morphine is an opioid medication used for moderate to severe pain relief. Morphine works by ... History of Morphine. Morphine was discovered in 1804 by German chemist Friedrich Sertürner, who named it after the Greek god of ...
Chronic morphine treatment. Morphine dependence was induced using the chronic morphine treatment regimen described previously ( ... but not during morphine dependence (morphine-free bath, control vs withdrawal, t(9) = 2.96, p = 0.02; morphine-bath, control vs ... To induce morphine dependence, Sprague Dawley rats were chronically treated with a slow-release morphine emulsion (Bagley et al ... from these rats were incubated in either a bath containing 5 µm morphine or a morphine-free bath to study morphine dependence ...
Morphine can produce drug dependence and has the potential to be abused. Tolerance may develop with repeat exposure. Abrupt ... Morphine sulfate is available in immediate (3-4 h duration) and extended-release preparation (12 h). Switch over to long-acting ...
Naltrexone was approved to treat alcohol dependence in 2006.. Vivitrol, which is administered by a physician, is injected with ... The drug functions as a block to opioid receptors in the brain, blocking the effects of morphine, heroin, and other opioids. ... Heroine and Morphine addiction treatment drug approved. Oct 14, 2010 12:10 AM. By ...
Physical and psychological dependence may develop. Smokeless tobacco use leads to cancer of the head and neck areas. Passive ... Opioid derivatives/narcotics (heroin, morphine, codeine, hydrocodone [Lortab or Vicodin combinations], oxycodone [Oxycotin], ... Tolerance and psychological dependence develop. Severe effects may occur in mother or baby if taken during pregnancy. ... Tolerance and physical dependence develop. Effects are unpredictable; convulsions, coma, cardiac arrest, and death are possible ...
A MED is also sometimes referred to as a morphine-milligram equivalent or MME.) had been given a diagnosis of opioid dependence ... Guidelines for the psychosocially assisted pharmacological treatment of opioid dependence. 2009. Both state organizations and ... a standard approach is to convert an opioid dose into what is called a morphine-equivalent dose (MED). ...
Drug Abuse and Dependence. In doses used for the treatment of diarrhea, whether acute or chronic, diphenoxylate has not ... Diphenoxylate hydrochloride is devoid of morphine-like subjective effects at therapeutic doses. At high doses it exhibits ...
He describes his own account of a patient developing a dependence on the drug after he had treated him. By the mid-18th century ... Gibbons discusses opiate addiction resulting from the medical injection of morphine. ...
The results probably can be explained by residual heroin from before the patients admission; any morphine the patient was ... "You cant expect to cure the dependence during this hospital stay." Methadone is the best treatment choice for opioid-addicted ... Pearls aid treatment of opioid dependence. Agonist treatments over "cold-turkey," foiling abuse of oral medications and "the ...
Results: Male rats and male and female rats displayed manifestations of morphine withdrawal at the end of 14-h and 24-h dosing ... Materials and methods: Male and female rats and mice were administered with increasing doses of morphine twice daily at ... Grooming did not reflect a stress-like state in morphine-treated animals. Conclusion: These findings indicate intermittent ... morphine treatment-induced spontaneous withdrawal in rats and mice and sex-related differences in spontaneous and naloxone- ...
Opioids such as oxycodone, morphine, hydrocodone, and fentanyl may be required for individuals with the most severe pain. ... However, opioids can convey heightened pain sensitivity and run the risk of dependence. ...
Dependence*. combination of drugs (excluding morphine or opioid type drug) NEC 304.8. *. morphine or opioid type drug with any ... combination (excluding morphine or opioid type drug) NEC 304.8. *. morphine or opioid type drug with any other drug 304.7 ... Combinations of opioid type drug with any other drug dependence. *There are 4 ICD-9-CM codes below 304.7 that define this ... morphine or opioid type drug (drugs classifiable to 965.00. -965.09. ) with any other drug 304.7 ...
57] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, "Role of drug dependence treatment and rehabilitation on HIV/AIDS prevention and ... These best practices include access to substitution therapy (such as buprenorphine and morphine) for those dependent on opiates ... "Analysis of 272 cases of swallowing foreign body in compulsory detoxification", China Journal of Drug Dependence. vol. 13, , ... As in detox centers, former detainees report that there is no drug dependence therapy in RTL centers. Former detainees describe ...
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) prevents the development of morphine analgesic tolerance and physical dependence in rats. J ... A small animal study suggests that ginger may help ease withdrawal symptoms from drugs like morphine. However, clinical data ... anti-drug-dependence (9), and hypoglycemic effects (7). It may also protect against Alzheimers disease (10) (11) (12). ...
Morphine. M, morf. Physical dependence, constipation, loss of. appetite, lethargy. PCP. Crystal, tea, angel dust. Psychotic ... seizures, psychological dependence, physical. dependence. Cocaine & Cocaine Freebase. coke, crack. Loss of appetite, depression ... Alcoholism or alcohol dependence is a diagnosable disease characterized by a strong craving for alcohol, and/or continued use ... Psychological dependence, psychotic reactions,. confusion, frozen airway, sudden death. LSD. acid. May intensify existing ...
  • The preponderance of scientific research indicates that the medically supervised dispensing of methadone is not an effective method of reducing the extent of dependence on heroin and other morphine-like drugs. (cornell.edu)
  • To proceed, the minimum acceptable dose is 30 mg of baclofen in patients receiving ≤ 60 mg/day methadone based on the clinical experience of baclofen's use in alcoholism and guidelines for the management of opiate dependence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some opioid products, such as methadone and buprenorphine-naloxone, are also used in the management of opioid dependence. (cadth.ca)
  • Long-acting medications, such as methadone and sustained-release morphine, tend to have slower onset of action, and the rush or high experienced with more rapid-onset medications is not as prominent. (medscape.com)
  • Morphine sulfate extended-release tablets expose users to risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death. (nih.gov)
  • Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse with opioids, even at recommended doses, and because of the greater risks of overdose and death with extended-release opioid formulations, reserve morphine sulfate extended-release tablets for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options (e.g., non-opioid analgesics or immediate-release opioids) are ineffective, not tolerated, or would be otherwise inadequate to provide sufficient management of pain. (nih.gov)
  • Because addiction is a multifaceted disease influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, we hypothesized NE dynamics would vary in these strains after the induction of a physical dependence on morphine. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, reports by the National Institute of Drug Addiction (NIDA) show that morphine acts by attaching to the opioid receptors located in the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract. (opiates.com)
  • The habit forming molecule, and the pain killing molecule of morphine are probably identical, and the process by which morphine relieves pain is the same process that leads to tolerance and addiction. (erowid.org)
  • The phenomena of morphine addiction are well known and there is no reason to go over them here. (erowid.org)
  • Morphine injection poses risks of abuse, misuse and addiction which can lead to overdose and death. (mydr.com.au)
  • Gibbons discusses opiate addiction resulting from the medical injection of morphine. (nih.gov)
  • There's also psychological dependence, also known as addiction. (healthline.com)
  • Addiction occurs when a patient develops a psychological dependence on a drug. (marijuanadoctors.com)
  • Addiction must be defined by the observation of maladaptive behaviors, such as adverse consequences due to drug use, loss of control over drug use, and preoccupation with obtaining opioids, rather than pharmacological phenomenon of physiologic dependence, tolerance, and dose escalation. (medscape.com)
  • In Michigan, Kemal spent his days studying opioids - drugs such as morphine, codeine and other prescription painkillers. (css.edu)
  • Prescription opioids can be addictive, and people can develop tolerance and dependence when taking them. (lacounty.gov)
  • Drug Dependence: As with other opioids, tolerance and physical dependence tend to develop upon repeated administration of morphine and there is potential for abuse of the drug and for development of strong psychological dependence. (rxmed.com)
  • Prescription opioids offer a therapeutic option for the management of pain, but they can also lead to physical and psychological dependence, and may be misused and abused. (cadth.ca)
  • At the moment, prescription opioids like morphine are the most common solution for chronic pain conditions. (marijuanadoctors.com)
  • Over time, the repeated use of opioids like morphine will result in a phenomenon called tolerance, when the brain senses the increased binding rates of opioid receptors and reacts by deactivating and removing them. (marijuanadoctors.com)
  • Moreover, pain medications can have side-effects such as dependence and tolerance, especially in the case of morphine and other opioids. (phys.org)
  • Continuous administration of opioids leads to physical dependence, the emergence of withdrawal symptoms during abstinence. (medscape.com)
  • Patients considered opioid-tolerant are those taking, for one week or longer, at least 60 mg of morphine per day, 25 mcg transdermal fentanyl per hour, 30 mg of oral oxycodone per day, 8 mg of oral hydromorphone per day, 25 mg oral oxymorphone per day, 60 mg oral hydrocodone per day, or an equianalgesic dose of another opioid. (nih.gov)
  • About 70% of the opioid-analgesic poisoning deaths in 2011 involved natural and semisynthetic opioid analgesics such as hydrocodone, morphine, and oxycodone. (cdc.gov)
  • At higher doses, oxycodone has most of the disadvantages of morphine including respiratory depression. (globalrph.com)
  • Oxycodone can produce drug dependence and has the potential for being abused. (globalrph.com)
  • Psychic dependence, physical dependence and tolerance may develop upon repeated administration of TYLOX (oxycodone and acetaminophen capsules) (oxycodone and acetaminophen capsules), and it should be prescribed and administered with the same degree of caution appropriate to the use of other oral narcotic-containing medications. (globalrph.com)
  • Even though it is less potent than other narcotics like Dilaudid , heroin and oxycodone , morphine is still a powerful drug. (marijuanadoctors.com)
  • Opioid pharmacotherapy is one of the main treatment options for dependence on opioid drugs, such as heroin and morphine. (aihw.gov.au)
  • These drugs can cause physical dependence . (medlineplus.gov)
  • However, the repeated use of morphine can cause a person to develop a physical tolerance. (opiates.com)
  • Following recovery from anesthesia, morphine physical dependence was verified by the naloxone-evoked abstinence syndrome. (umn.edu)
  • These in vivo data suggest that morphine-induced changes in the regulation of striatal dopaminergic function may be an important component of the development of physical dependence. (umn.edu)
  • Morphine use can lead to physical dependence, even when taken as prescribed by a doctor because of the way it works in the brain. (caron.org)
  • This leads to physical dependence if left unchecked. (caron.org)
  • Physical dependence is not of paramount importance in terminally ill patients. (medscape.com)
  • These drugs can cause severe psychological and/or physical dependence. (ct.gov)
  • Tolerance and physical dependence are thought to develop more rapidly with shorter acting drugs and after continuous infusions rather than with intermittent administration. (medscape.com)
  • Although cannabis has been described as producing neither tolerance nor physical dependence the Author cites evidence to suggest that certainly in Indian some ganja and charas smokers consume very large amounts of cannabis and it is difficult to accept this consumption unless some degree of tolerance develops. (erowid.org)
  • Dependence on cannabis has been shown in chronic experi - ments with rhesus monkeys, with psychological and physical dep - endence being clearly indicated. (erowid.org)
  • Development of physical dependence in monkeys might not seem applicable to man since it is known that marihuana smokers can easily give up without showing abstinence signs. (erowid.org)
  • Physical dependence is expected after 2-10 days of continuous use when the drug is stopped abruptly. (medscape.com)
  • The goal of the current study was to determine how opioid dependence and withdrawal affect the reinforcing effects of fentanyl, cocaine, and methamphetamine. (uthscsa.edu)
  • To evaluate the impact of opioid dependence and withdrawal on the self-administration of fentanyl, cocaine, and methamphetamine, sessions occurred either 12 or 20 h after the morphine, respectively. (uthscsa.edu)
  • Seaman, RW & Collins, GT 2021, ' Impact of Morphine Dependence and Withdrawal on the Reinforcing Effectiveness of Fentanyl, Cocaine, and Methamphetamine in Rats ', Frontiers in Pharmacology , vol. 12, 691700. (uthscsa.edu)
  • Two major types of NAS are recognized: NAS due to prenatal or maternal use of substances that result in withdrawal symptoms in the newborn and postnatal NAS secondary to discontinuation of medications such as fentanyl or morphine used for pain therapy in the newborn. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical studies have found that continuous infusions of fentanyl and morphine produce a high rate of opioid withdrawal when administered to critically ill infants. (medscape.com)
  • This occurs more often with fentanyl than morphine. (medscape.com)
  • Instruct patients to swallow morphine sulfate extended-release tablets whole to avoid exposure to a potentially fatal dose of morphine. (nih.gov)
  • Morphine sulfate extended-release tablets 100 mg and 200 mg tablets, a single dose greater than 60 mg, or a total daily dose greater than 120 mg, are only for use in patients in whom tolerance to an opioid of comparable potency has been established. (nih.gov)
  • Morphine metabolites were isolated with column chromatography on a resin and neutral aluminum oxide and TLC from the urine of morphine-dependent subjects maintained on morphine sulfate at a dose of 240 mg/day. (nih.gov)
  • These problems can occur at any time during use, but the risk is higher when first starting morphine and after a dose increase, if you are older, or have an existing problem with your lungs. (mydr.com.au)
  • A missed dose of morphine can also cause adverse effects. (caron.org)
  • To compare dosing levels among them in an apples-to-apples way, a standard approach is to convert an opioid dose into what is called a morphine-equivalent dose (MED). (mckinsey.com)
  • The treatment is initiated by titration with an immediate-release morphine formulation (tablets or solution) to a morphine dose which gives adequate pain control. (who.int)
  • In patients with severe pain the usual initial dose is 10-30 mg morphine hydrochloride at 12- hour intervals. (who.int)
  • Increased intensity of pain requires an increased dose of morphine. (who.int)
  • Usual y, Vendal retard 200 mg prolonged-release tablets are intended for the relief of particularly cancer pain in patients who tolerate morphine and require a daily morphine dose of more than 200 mg. (who.int)
  • About 7 to 10% of a dose of morphine is excreted in the feces via the bile. (rxmed.com)
  • The sustained-release suppositories given 12-hourly provide equivalent pain control to the sustained-release tablets given orally at the same dose and frequency, or to morphine administered s.c. at a dose approximately 40% of the daily rectal dose. (rxmed.com)
  • At steady-state, the sustained-release tablets produce peak morphine levels approximately 4 to 5 hours post-dose and therapeutic levels persist for a 12-hourly period. (rxmed.com)
  • The highest prescribed morphine equivalent dose for opioid medications was also calculated for each claim. (cdc.gov)
  • Morphine is a highly potent opiate (narcotic) analgesic because it treats moderate to moderately severe chronic pain. (opiates.com)
  • Morphine is a fast-acting opiate analgesic and the primary agent in opium. (opiates.com)
  • These highlights do not include all the information needed to use morphine sulfate extended-release tablets safely and effectively. (nih.gov)
  • See full prescribing information for morphine sulfate extended-release tablets. (nih.gov)
  • Accidental ingestion of morphine sulfate extended-release tablets, especially by children, can result in fatal overdose of morphine. (nih.gov)
  • Prolonged use of morphine sulfate extended-release tablets during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated. (nih.gov)
  • Morphine sulfate extended-release tablets are an opioid agonist indicated for the management of pain severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long-term opioid treatment and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate. (nih.gov)
  • Morphine sulfate extended-release tablets are not indicated as an as-needed (prn) analgesic. (nih.gov)
  • Discuss availability of naloxone with the patient and caregiver and assess each patient's need for access to naloxone, both when initiating and renewing treatment with morphine sulfate extended-release tablets. (nih.gov)
  • Activation of the μ-opioid receptor by an agonist such as morphine causes analgesia, sedation, slightly reduced blood pressure, itching, nausea, euphoria, decreased respiration, miosis (constricted pupils), and decreased bowel motility often leading to constipation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The canonical MOR1 isoform is responsible for morphine-induced analgesia, whereas the alternatively spliced MOR1D isoform (through heterodimerization with the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor) is required for morphine-induced itching. (wikipedia.org)
  • In man, morphine produces a variety of effects including analgesia, constipation from decreased gastrointestinal motility, suppression of the cough reflex, respiratory depression from reduced responsiveness of the respiratory centre to CO2, nausea and vomiting via stimulation of the CTZ, changes in mood including euphoria and dysphoria, sedation, mental clouding, and alterations of the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems. (rxmed.com)
  • When administered every 12 hours, the sustained-release tablets provide equivalent analgesia to morphine oral solution given 4-hourly. (rxmed.com)
  • Morphine can produce drug dependence and has the potential to be abused. (medscape.com)
  • Hydrocodone can produce drug dependence. (rxlist.com)
  • DBL Morphine Sulfate Injection is a pain reliever that belongs to a group of medicines called opioid analgesics. (mydr.com.au)
  • CNS Depression: Morphine should be used only with caution and in reduced dosage during concomitant administration of other opioid analgesics, general anesthetics, phenothiazines and other tranquilizers, sedative-hypnotics, tricyclic antidepressants and other CNS depressants (including alcohol). (rxmed.com)
  • The seed pod contains opium , a source of opiates such as morphine . (webmd.com)
  • When poppy seed is soaked in water, the morphine and other opiates on the outer surface of the poppy seed can seep into the water. (webmd.com)
  • The prototypical μ-opioid receptor agonist is morphine, the primary psychoactive alkaloid in opium and for which the receptor was named, with mu being the first letter of Morpheus, the compound's namesake in the original Greek. (wikipedia.org)
  • Morphine is an opioid analgesic which exerts an agonist effect at specific, saturable opioid receptors in the CNS and other tissues. (rxmed.com)
  • Participants will be medically healthy with no severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or type 2 respiratory failure, no current dependence on other substances (excluding nicotine), no current severe DSM-5 psychiatric disorders, and no contraindications for baclofen or 4800 IU vitamin D (placebo). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Opioid painkillers such as morphine are highly effective at reducing pain, but long-term use can lead to dependence and tolerance. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Withdrawal symptoms may occur following abrupt discontinuation of morphine therapy or upon administration of an opioid antagonist. (rxmed.com)
  • Extended-release Morphine tablets are only used by patients who require around the clock pain relief, while the short-acting formulation is taken as needed. (opiates.com)
  • Using morphine with other medicines that can make you feel drowsy such as sleeping tablets (e.g. benzodiazepines), other pain relievers, antihistamines, antidepressants, antipsychotics, gabapentinoids (e.g. gabapentin and pregabalin), cannabis and alcohol may result in severe drowsiness, decreased awareness, breathing problems, coma and death. (mydr.com.au)
  • snort morphine tablets or capsules in an effort to enhance its effects). (drugabuse.com)
  • Patients receiving Vendal retard prolonged-release tablets in place of parenteral morphine should be treated cautiously, based on individually different sensitivity. (who.int)
  • Dissolving or dividing of the tablets wil damage the prolonged-release system, leading to a rapid release of morphine which may cause substantial side effects. (who.int)
  • The extent of absorption of sustained-release suppositories at steady-state is equivalent to that of the sustained-release tablets and approximately 40% of that of s.c. morphine. (rxmed.com)
  • Morphine is considered one of the most effective drugs for managing severe and chronic pain, but its potential for an overuse disorder must also be taken into consideration when deciding on an appropriate treatment plan. (caron.org)
  • And while these drugs are useful, they carry heavy side effects, with tolerance and dependence being the most alarming. (css.edu)
  • Morphine is a narcotic, belonging to a family of drugs that work on the brain to depress certain functions. (marijuanadoctors.com)
  • In accordance with paragraph 33 of the Guidelines, the Expert Committee first decides whether the substance has "morphine-like, cocaine-like or cannabis-like effects" (i.e. drugs in Schedules I and II of the 1961 Convention). (who.int)
  • If you suffer from chronic pain and are considering morphine or marijuana as a solution, it's important that you understand each option. (marijuanadoctors.com)
  • Drug dependence is one of most severe problems in all over the world, however, the mechanisms and related-genes have not been completely revealed. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
  • TNF-α plays a neuroprotective role in methamphetamine drug dependence. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
  • These results suggest that a stimulator of TNF-α synthesis may be one of therapeutic tools against drug dependence. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
  • Morphine is a potent opioid drug derived from the opium poppy plant . (opiates.com)
  • Therefore, the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) classifies morphine as a Schedule II controlled substance. (opiates.com)
  • In short demerol seems to me a more dangerous drug than morphine. (erowid.org)
  • When morphine binds to opioid receptors, the body quickly adjusts to this artificial stimulus and begins to crave more of the drug. (caron.org)
  • He describes his own account of a patient developing a dependence on the drug after he had treated him. (nih.gov)
  • Treatment involves replacing the opioid drug of dependence with a legally obtained, longer-lasting opioid. (aihw.gov.au)
  • Drug abuse is not a problem in patients with severe pain in which morphine is appropriately indicated. (rxmed.com)
  • Because of the direct linkage with the international drug control system, the WHO review of dependence-producing psychoactive substances has to be undertaken in such a way as to ensure maximum consistency and transparency, following defined procedures acceptable to all concerned parties. (who.int)
  • In addition, the potential for opioid drug usage places these workers at risk for future dependence, overdose, and prolonged disability. (cdc.gov)
  • DBL Morphine Sulfate Injection is used most commonly for short-term relief of severe pain. (mydr.com.au)
  • Morphine is an opioid medication used for moderate to severe pain relief . (caron.org)
  • A MED is also sometimes referred to as a morphine-milligram equivalent or MME. (mckinsey.com)
  • 10 mg: 1 tablet contains 10 mg morphine hydrochloride trihydrate equivalent to 7.59 mg morphine. (who.int)
  • The present study examined the effect of prolonged morphine treatment on striatal dopamine (DA) release and metabolism, during the initial phase of the development of morphine dependence. (umn.edu)
  • Morphine produced significant increases in the dialysate level of DA and its metabolites (DOPAC and HVA) above baseline compared to placebo treatment. (umn.edu)
  • Morphine injection should only be used when your doctor decides that other treatment options are not able to effectively manage your pain or you cannot tolerate them. (mydr.com.au)
  • 2. What should I know before treatment with DBL Morphine Sulfate Injection? (mydr.com.au)
  • At Caron Treatment Centers, we specialize in treating individuals struggling with substance use disorders including morphine dependency. (caron.org)
  • Conclusion: These findings indicate intermittent morphine treatment-induced spontaneous withdrawal in rats and mice and sex-related differences in spontaneous and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs in mice. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • The American Psychiatric Association (APA) guidelines identify the following treatment modalities as effective strategies for managing opioid dependence and withdrawal. (medscape.com)
  • Buprenorphine is often combined with Naloxone (Bunavail, Suboxone, Zubsolv), which helps prevent dependence and misuse. (medlineplus.gov)
  • had been given a diagnosis of opioid dependence or misuse (Exhibit 1). (mckinsey.com)
  • A determination that a substance has morphine-like, cocaine-like or cannabis-like effects must include a qualitative analysis of its pharmacological profile and profiles of its liability to abuse and dependence. (who.int)
  • These properties do not have to be quantitatively similar to those of morphine, cocaine or cannabis. (who.int)
  • Morphine is primarily excreted in the urine as morphine-3-glucuronide. (rxmed.com)
  • Opioid dependence was then established by administering escalating doses of morphine (10-40 mg/kg) twice-daily for four days and subsequently maintained by once-daily injections of 40 mg/kg morphine. (uthscsa.edu)
  • Background/aim: Treating animals repeatedly with intermittent and increasing morphine doses has been suggested to allow some withdrawal during each dosing interval, which causes repeated stress. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Materials and methods: Male and female rats and mice were administered with increasing doses of morphine twice daily at different dosing intervals. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • The Executive Board, having considered the report on dependence-producing psychoactive substances: supplementary guidelines,1 approves the supplementary guidelines for the WHO review of dependence-producing psychoactive substances for international control. (who.int)
  • The same abbreviations and definitions as those listed in Section VII of the Guidelines for the WHO review of dependence-producing psychoactive substances for international control1 are used throughout this document. (who.int)
  • You must not drink alcohol while using morphine. (mydr.com.au)
  • Tolerance which develops in THC is not specific for cannabinoids and THC tolerant rats are also tolerant to morphine and alcohol. (erowid.org)
  • Following naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal, NE release and uptake dynamics were not changed in Lewis rats but were significantly altered in Sprague-Dawley rats. (nature.com)
  • Spontaneous withdrawal in intermittent morphine administration in rats" by ORUC ALLAHVERDÄ°YEV, ASLI ZENGÄ°N TÃœRKMEN et al. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Results: Male rats and male and female rats displayed manifestations of morphine withdrawal at the end of 14-h and 24-h dosing intervals, respectively. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • To test reward-response, we used the morphine and the nicotine induced conditioned place-preference and place-aversion model in rats with non-painful inflammation. (scirp.org)
  • Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 2838 : Tolerance to and dependence on cannabis. (erowid.org)
  • Tolerance to and dependence on cannabis. (erowid.org)
  • Demerol is probably less addicting than morphine. (erowid.org)
  • While a demerol habit is easier to break than a morphine habit, demerol is certainly more injurious to the health and specifically to the nervous system. (erowid.org)
  • I once used demerol for three months and developed a number of distressing symptoms: trembling hands (with morphine my hands are always steady), progressive loss of coordination, muscular contractions, paranoid obsessions, fear of insanity. (erowid.org)
  • I may add that demerol is quite as constipating as morphine, that it exerts an even more depressing effect on the appetite and the sexual functions, does not, however, contract the pupils. (erowid.org)
  • Angelo, H. R. and Kaa, E. [Detection of morphine after ingestion of poppy seeds]. (webmd.com)
  • With repeated regular dosing, oral morphine is about 1/3 as potent as when given by i.m. injection and rectal sustained-release suppositories have approximately 40% the potency of s.c. morphine. (rxmed.com)
  • Methodone is completely satisfying to the addict, an excellent pain killer, at least as addicting as morphine. (erowid.org)
  • I have taken morphine for acute pain. (erowid.org)
  • Morphine has been used medically since the early 19th century and is still one of the most commonly prescribed pain medications today. (caron.org)
  • The use of morphine as an opioid analgesic can provide relief and pain management that may otherwise be unbearable. (caron.org)
  • Breakthrough pain should be treated with immediate-release morphine. (who.int)
  • A pharmacist first isolated morphine in Germany in 1804 and named it "morphium" after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams. (opiates.com)
  • Morphine was discovered in 1804 by German chemist Friedrich Sertürner , who named it after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus. (caron.org)
  • Morphine dependency can be effectively treated with a combination of medications, counseling, and other supportive therapies. (caron.org)
  • Morphine sulfate is available in immediate (3-4 h duration) and extended-release preparation (12 h). (medscape.com)
  • Morphine and other narcotics work on the brain and are typically introduced through the bloodstream. (marijuanadoctors.com)