Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)
A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)
A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws.
A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.
Rapid and excessive rise of temperature accompanied by muscular rigidity following general anesthesia.
A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.
A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)
A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)
Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.
The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.
Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
Large, multinucleate single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of SKELETAL MUSCLE. They consist of MYOFIBRILS enclosed within and attached to the SARCOLEMMA. They are derived from the fusion of skeletal myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SKELETAL) into a syncytium, followed by differentiation.
The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.
Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
A family of hexahydropyridines.
Surgical procedure in which the STOMACH is transected high on the body. The resulting small proximal gastric pouch is joined to any parts of the SMALL INTESTINE by an end-to-side SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS, depending on the amounts of intestinal surface being bypasses. This procedure is used frequently in the treatment of MORBID OBESITY by limiting the size of functional STOMACH, food intake, and food absorption.
Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.
Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)
An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.
The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.
A structurally and mechanistically diverse group of drugs that are not tricyclics or monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The most clinically important appear to act selectively on serotonergic systems, especially by inhibiting serotonin reuptake.
Compounds that specifically inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the brain.
A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.
The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.
Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a product or its container or wrapper. It includes purpose, effect, description, directions, hazards, warnings, and other relevant information.
Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a drug container or wrapper. It includes contents, indications, effects, dosages, routes, methods, frequency and duration of administration, warnings, hazards, contraindications, side effects, precautions, and other relevant information.
"In the context of medical records, 'archives' refers to the storage and preservation of inactive patient records that are no longer in regular use but are required to be kept for legal, administrative, or historical purposes."
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.
Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.
The ability to learn and to deal with new situations and to deal effectively with tasks involving abstractions.
Primarily non-verbal tests designed to predict an individual's future learning ability or performance.
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.
An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)

Relationship of lesion location to clinical outcome following microelectrode-guided pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease. (1/173)

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between lesion location and clinical outcome following globus pallidus internus (GPi) pallidotomy for advanced Parkinson's disease. Thirty-three patients were prospectively studied with extensive neurological examinations before and at 6 and 12 months following microelectrode-guided pallidotomy. Lesion location was characterized using volumetric MRI. The position of lesions within the posteroventral region of the GPi was measured, from anteromedial to posterolateral along an axis parallel to the internal capsule. To relate lesion position to clinical outcome, hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used. The variance in outcome measures that was related to preoperative scores and lesion volume was first calculated, and then the remaining variance attributable to lesion location was determined. Lesion location along the anteromedial-to-posterolateral axis within the GPi influenced the variance in total score on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale in the postoperative 'off' period, and in 'on' period dyskinesia scores. Within the posteroventral GPi, anteromedial lesions were associated with greater improvement in 'off' period contralateral rigidity and 'on' period dyskinesia, whereas more centrally located lesions correlated with better postoperative scores of contralateral akinesia and postural instability/gait disturbance. Improvement in contralateral tremor was weakly related to lesion location, being greater with posterolateral lesions. We conclude that improvement in specific motor signs in Parkinson's disease following pallidotomy is related to lesion position within the posteroventral GPi. These findings are consistent with the known segregated but parallel organization of specific motor circuits in the basal ganglia, and may explain the variability in clinical outcome after pallidotomy and therefore have important therapeutic implications.  (+info)

Neuromyotonia: an unusual presentation of intrathoracic malignancy. (2/173)

A 48 year old woman is described who presented with increasing muscular rigidity and who was found to have a mediastinal tumour. Electrophysiological studies revealed that the muscular stiffness resulted from very high frequency motor unit activity which outlasted voluntary effort, and which was abolished by nerve block. The abnormal activity may have arisen at the anterior horn cell level. Marked improvement followed the administration of diphenylhydantoin.  (+info)

Raclopride and chlorpromazine, but not clozapine, increase muscle rigidity in the rat: relationship with D2 dopamine receptor occupancy. (3/173)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between effects on muscle tone and D2 receptor occupancy of two typical antipsychotic drugs, raclopride and chlorpromazine, and the atypical drug, clozapine. Increased muscle tone (i.e., muscle rigidity), was measured as increases in tonic electromyographic (EMG) activity of the antagonistic muscles of the rat hind limb. D2 dopamine receptor occupancy was assessed in the striatum and substantia nigra, areas involved in the regulation of muscle tone. Raclopride and chlorpromazine produced dose-dependent increases in EMG activity associated with D2 occupancy of 68%-80% in the striatum and 67%-76% in the nigra. No significant increases in EMG were observed with clozapine which showed low D2 occupancy. The results are consistent with those from human studies showing extrapyramidal side effects were associated with striatal D2 occupancy of > 70%.  (+info)

Instrumentally detected changes in motor functioning in patients with low levels of antipsychotic dopamine D2 blockade. (4/173)

Extrapyramidal side-effects (EPSE) of antipsychotic medication are related to the occupancy of dopamine D2 receptors and there appears to be a threshold of D2 occupancy below which clinically EPSE are unlikely to occur. It is unclear whether there are motor changes produced by 'subthreshold' levels of D2 occupancy that are not detectable by clinical examination. This study was designed to investigate whether a number of electromechanical instrumental techniques could detect 'subthreshold' motor changes and whether these changes correlate with dopamine D2 occupancy as measured by [11C]-raclopride PET scan. Twenty medication naive patients were studied before and during treatment with low dose haloperidol. Instrumental techniques detected an asymmetrical worsening in motor function with drug treatment despite the failure of the group to experience significant EPSE. These changes did not correlate with D2 occupancy and measurements of rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia did not closely inter-correlate.  (+info)

Contribution of thixotropy, spasticity, and contracture to ankle stiffness after stroke. (5/173)

OBJECTIVES: Increased resistance to stretch of muscles after stroke may be the result of centrally mediated neural factors such as spasticity or local, peripheral factors such as muscle contracture or thixotropy. The aim was to investigate evidence for an abnormal thixotropic response and compare this with two other factors-contracture and spasticity-which could potentially contribute to muscle stiffness after stroke. METHODS: Thirty patients with stroke whose calf muscles were assessed clinically as stiff and 10 neurologically normal subjects were recruited. To measure thixotropy, their calf muscles were stretched through two cycles after two prestretch conditions: one in which the muscles were maintained in a shortened position and one in which they were maintained in a lengthened position. Spasticity was defined as the presence of tonic stretch reflexes in relaxed muscles. Contracture was defined as being present when maximum passive ankle dorsiflexion fell at least 2 SD below the mean value of the control subjects. RESULTS: Both controls and patients with stroke exhibited a thixotropic response but this was no greater in the patients than the controls. About one third of the patients displayed muscle contracture and most exhibited spasticity. Contracture made a significant contribution (p=0.006) to the clinical measure of calf muscle stiffness while spasticity made a significant contribution (p=0.004) to the laboratory measure of calf muscle stiffness. CONCLUSIONS: Measuring thixotropy at the level of joint movement was sufficiently sensitive to determine the thixotropic response in both neurologically normal subjects and patients impaired after stroke. The thixotropic response was not higher than normal after stroke, suggesting that whereas thixotropy may produce enough immediate resistance to impede movement in those who are very weak, it is not a substantial contributor to long term muscle stiffness. Contracture did significantly contribute to muscle stiffness, supporting the importance of prevention of contracture after stroke. Spasticity contributed to muscle stiffness only when the limb was moved quickly.  (+info)

Dissociation of cocaine-antagonist properties and motoric effects of the D1 receptor partial agonists SKF 83959 and SKF 77434. (6/173)

Previous studies suggest that D1 receptor partial agonists may be viable candidates for development as pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction. This study investigated the ability of the D1 receptor partial agonists SKF 83959 and SKF 77434 to modulate the behavioral effects of cocaine and compared these effects with those of the reference D1 receptor antagonist SCH 39166 and D1 receptor agonists SKF 81297 and 6-Br-APB. Squirrel monkeys were trained either to respond under a fixed-interval schedule of stimulus-shock termination or to discriminate cocaine from vehicle (procedures useful for evaluating the behavioral stimulant and subjective effects of cocaine, respectively). Additional monkeys were studied with quantitative observational techniques to evaluate the effects of the drugs on various forms of motor behavior. Like SCH 39166, but unlike SKF 81297 and 6-Br-APB, the D1 receptor partial agonists attenuated the behavioral stimulant and discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in a dose-dependent manner, although maximum antagonism produced by SKF 77434 was not always as great as that produced by SKF 83959 or SCH 39166. In observational studies, SKF 83959 and SKF 77434 produced less severe disruptions in motor behavior than did SCH 39166 and, for SKF 83959, showed a greater separation between the dose required to antagonize the behavioral effects of cocaine and the dose that induced catalepsy (>/=33-fold). These results suggest that D1 receptor partial agonists can act as functional cocaine antagonists with less severe behavioral effects than D1 receptor antagonists. The prominent cocaine-antagonist properties and the low incidence of motoric side effects of SKF 83959 may reflect its unique binding profile at D1 as well as nondopaminergic receptors.  (+info)

Amphetamines in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. (7/173)

Twenty-two patients with Parkinsonism were treated with levoamphetamine and 12 of these with dextroamphetamine. Levoamphetamine resulted in a significant improvement in disability from Parkinsonism, although the reduction in total disability, tremor, akinesia, and rigidity scores was slight (ca 20 percent). Dextroamphetamine in lower dosage also reduced disability by some 17 percent. The most disabled patients, including those also on levodopa, showed the greatest response to amphetamines. Previously, amphetamines have been reported to be a selective treatment for the oculogyric crises of post-encephalitic Parkinsonism. Amphetamines are thought to cause the release of catecholamines from central neurones. Their action in Parkinson's disease may be limited because of pre-existing striatal dopamine deficiency. Side-effects of amphetamines, anorexia, and CNS stimulation are different from those caused by levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease.  (+info)

Prevention of porcine malignant hyperthermia by epidural block. (8/173)

Malignant hyperthermia in susceptible swine was completely blocked by epidural anesthesia with lidocaine. Incomplete epidural anesthesia modified the disease but did not prevent it. These studies indicate the importance of the nervous system in the triggering of malignant hyperthermia. (Key words: Hyperthermia, malignant; Anesthetic technique, peridural.).  (+info)

Muscle rigidity is a term used to describe an increased resistance to passive movement or muscle tone that is present at rest, which cannot be overcome by the person. It is a common finding in various neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease, stiff-person syndrome, and tetanus. In these conditions, muscle rigidity can result from hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex arc or abnormalities in the basal ganglia circuitry.

Muscle rigidity should be distinguished from spasticity, which is a velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone that occurs during voluntary movement or passive stretching. Spasticity is often seen in upper motor neuron lesions such as stroke or spinal cord injury.

It's important to note that the assessment of muscle rigidity requires a careful physical examination and may need to be evaluated in conjunction with other signs and symptoms to determine an underlying cause.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition characterized by a group of symptoms that may occur together in individuals taking antipsychotic medications, or in some cases, after the abrupt discontinuation of dopamine agonists.

The four primary features of NMS are:

1. High fever (temperature greater than 38°C/100.4°F)
2. Muscle rigidity or stiffness
3. Altered mental status, which can range from confusion and agitation to a coma
4. Autonomic instability, which can cause symptoms such as irregular pulse or blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, sweating, and unstable body temperature.

Other possible symptoms of NMS may include:

- Tremors or involuntary movements (dyskinesias)
- Labored breathing (dyspnea)
- Changes in heart rate and rhythm (arrhythmias)
- Elevated white blood cell count (leukocytosis)
- Metabolic abnormalities, such as increased creatine phosphokinase levels, elevated liver enzymes, and myoglobinuria.

NMS is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment, typically involving the discontinuation of the offending medication, supportive care (such as hydration, temperature control, and management of autonomic instability), and sometimes medications to reduce muscle rigidity and lower fever. The exact cause of NMS remains unclear, but it is thought to be related to a dysregulation in dopamine receptors in the brain.

The masseter muscle is a strong chewing muscle in the jaw. It is a broad, thick, quadrilateral muscle that extends from the zygomatic arch (cheekbone) to the lower jaw (mandible). The masseter muscle has two distinct parts: the superficial part and the deep part.

The superficial part of the masseter muscle originates from the lower border of the zygomatic process of the maxilla and the anterior two-thirds of the inferior border of the zygomatic arch. The fibers of this part run almost vertically downward to insert on the lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible and the coronoid process.

The deep part of the masseter muscle originates from the deep surface of the zygomatic arch and inserts on the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible, blending with the temporalis tendon.

The primary function of the masseter muscle is to elevate the mandible, helping to close the mouth and clench the teeth together during mastication (chewing). It also plays a role in stabilizing the jaw during biting and speaking. The masseter muscle is one of the most powerful muscles in the human body relative to its size.

Succinylcholine is a neuromuscular blocking agent, a type of muscle relaxant used in anesthesia during surgical procedures. It works by inhibiting the transmission of nerve impulses at the neuromuscular junction, leading to temporary paralysis of skeletal muscles. This facilitates endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation during surgery. Succinylcholine has a rapid onset of action and is metabolized quickly, making it useful for short surgical procedures. However, its use may be associated with certain adverse effects, such as increased heart rate, muscle fasciculations, and potentially life-threatening hyperkalemia in susceptible individuals.

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare, but potentially life-threatening genetic disorder that can occur in susceptible individuals as a reaction to certain anesthetic drugs or other triggers. The condition is characterized by a rapid and uncontrolled increase in body temperature (hyperthermia), muscle rigidity, and metabolic rate due to abnormal skeletal muscle calcium regulation.

MH can develop quickly during or after surgery, usually within the first hour of exposure to triggering anesthetics such as succinylcholine or volatile inhalational agents (e.g., halothane, sevoflurane, desflurane). The increased metabolic rate and muscle activity lead to excessive production of heat, carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and potassium, which can cause severe complications such as heart rhythm abnormalities, kidney failure, or multi-organ dysfunction if not promptly recognized and treated.

The primary treatment for MH involves discontinuing triggering anesthetics, providing supportive care (e.g., oxygen, fluid replacement), and administering medications to reduce body temperature, muscle rigidity, and metabolic rate. Dantrolene sodium is the specific antidote for MH, which works by inhibiting calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle cells, thereby reducing muscle contractility and metabolism.

Individuals with a family history of MH or who have experienced an episode should undergo genetic testing and counseling to determine their susceptibility and take appropriate precautions when receiving anesthesia.

Alfentanil is a synthetic opioid analgesic drug that is chemically related to fentanyl. It is used for the provision of sedation and pain relief, particularly in critical care settings and during surgical procedures.

The medical definition of Alfentanil is as follows:

Alfentanil is a potent, short-acting opioid analgesic with a rapid onset of action. It is approximately 10 times more potent than morphine and has a rapid clearance rate due to its short elimination half-life of 1-2 hours. Alfentanil is used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia, as well as for sedation and pain relief in critically ill patients. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which inhibits the transmission of pain signals and produces analgesia, sedation, and respiratory depression.

Like all opioids, Alfentanil carries a risk of dependence, tolerance, and respiratory depression, and should be used with caution in patients with respiratory or cardiovascular disease. It is typically administered by healthcare professionals in a controlled setting due to its potency and potential for adverse effects.

Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid analgesic, which is similar to morphine but is 50 to 100 times more potent. It is a schedule II prescription drug, typically used to treat patients with severe pain or to manage pain after surgery. It works by binding to the body's opioid receptors, which are found in the brain, spinal cord, and other areas of the body.

Fentanyl can be administered in several forms, including transdermal patches, lozenges, injectable solutions, and tablets that dissolve in the mouth. Illegally manufactured and distributed fentanyl has also become a major public health concern, as it is often mixed with other drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and counterfeit pills, leading to an increase in overdose deaths.

Like all opioids, fentanyl carries a risk of dependence, addiction, and overdose, especially when used outside of medical supervision or in combination with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol or benzodiazepines. It is important to use fentanyl only as directed by a healthcare provider and to be aware of the potential risks associated with its use.

Halothane is a general anesthetic agent, which is a volatile liquid that evaporates easily and can be inhaled. It is used to produce and maintain general anesthesia (a state of unconsciousness) during surgical procedures. Halothane is known for its rapid onset and offset of action, making it useful for both induction and maintenance of anesthesia.

The medical definition of Halothane is:

Halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) is a volatile liquid general anesthetic agent with a mild, sweet odor. It is primarily used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in surgical procedures due to its rapid onset and offset of action. Halothane is administered via inhalation and acts by depressing the central nervous system, leading to a reversible loss of consciousness and analgesia.

It's important to note that Halothane has been associated with rare cases of severe liver injury (hepatotoxicity) and anaphylaxis (a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction). These risks have led to the development and use of alternative general anesthetic agents with better safety profiles.

A muscle is a soft tissue in our body that contracts to produce force and motion. It is composed mainly of specialized cells called muscle fibers, which are bound together by connective tissue. There are three types of muscles: skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac. Skeletal muscles attach to bones and help in movement, while smooth muscles are found within the walls of organs and blood vessels, helping with functions like digestion and circulation. Cardiac muscle is the specific type that makes up the heart, allowing it to pump blood throughout the body.

Muscle proteins are a type of protein that are found in muscle tissue and are responsible for providing structure, strength, and functionality to muscles. The two major types of muscle proteins are:

1. Contractile proteins: These include actin and myosin, which are responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. They work together to cause muscle movement by sliding along each other and shortening the muscle fibers.
2. Structural proteins: These include titin, nebulin, and desmin, which provide structural support and stability to muscle fibers. Titin is the largest protein in the human body and acts as a molecular spring that helps maintain the integrity of the sarcomere (the basic unit of muscle contraction). Nebulin helps regulate the length of the sarcomere, while desmin forms a network of filaments that connects adjacent muscle fibers together.

Overall, muscle proteins play a critical role in maintaining muscle health and function, and their dysregulation can lead to various muscle-related disorders such as muscular dystrophy, myopathies, and sarcopenia.

Smooth muscle, also known as involuntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and functions without conscious effort. These muscles are found in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and blood vessels, as well as in the eyes, skin, and other areas of the body.

Smooth muscle fibers are shorter and narrower than skeletal muscle fibers and do not have striations or sarcomeres, which give skeletal muscle its striped appearance. Smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system through the release of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine, which bind to receptors on the smooth muscle cells and cause them to contract or relax.

Smooth muscle plays an important role in many physiological processes, including digestion, circulation, respiration, and elimination. It can also contribute to various medical conditions, such as hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, and genitourinary dysfunction, when it becomes overactive or underactive.

Skeletal muscle, also known as striated or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is attached to bones by tendons or aponeuroses and functions to produce movements and support the posture of the body. It is composed of long, multinucleated fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles and are characterized by alternating light and dark bands, giving them a striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated through signals from the nervous system. It is responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting objects.

Skeletal muscle fibers, also known as striated muscle fibers, are the type of muscle cells that make up skeletal muscles, which are responsible for voluntary movements of the body. These muscle fibers are long, cylindrical, and multinucleated, meaning they contain multiple nuclei. They are surrounded by a connective tissue layer called the endomysium, and many fibers are bundled together into fascicles, which are then surrounded by another layer of connective tissue called the perimysium.

Skeletal muscle fibers are composed of myofibrils, which are long, thread-like structures that run the length of the fiber. Myofibrils contain repeating units called sarcomeres, which are responsible for the striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers. Sarcomeres are composed of thick and thin filaments, which slide past each other during muscle contraction to shorten the sarcomere and generate force.

Skeletal muscle fibers can be further classified into two main types based on their contractile properties: slow-twitch (type I) and fast-twitch (type II). Slow-twitch fibers have a high endurance capacity and are used for sustained, low-intensity activities such as maintaining posture. Fast-twitch fibers, on the other hand, have a higher contractile speed and force generation capacity but fatigue more quickly and are used for powerful, explosive movements.

A smooth muscle within the vascular system refers to the involuntary, innervated muscle that is found in the walls of blood vessels. These muscles are responsible for controlling the diameter of the blood vessels, which in turn regulates blood flow and blood pressure. They are called "smooth" muscles because their individual muscle cells do not have the striations, or cross-striped patterns, that are observed in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Smooth muscle in the vascular system is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and by hormones, and can contract or relax slowly over a period of time.

Muscle contraction is the physiological process in which muscle fibers shorten and generate force, leading to movement or stability of a body part. This process involves the sliding filament theory where thick and thin filaments within the sarcomeres (the functional units of muscles) slide past each other, facilitated by the interaction between myosin heads and actin filaments. The energy required for this action is provided by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary, and they play a crucial role in various bodily functions such as locomotion, circulation, respiration, and posture maintenance.

Analgesics, opioid are a class of drugs used for the treatment of pain. They work by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking the transmission of pain signals to the brain. Opioids can be synthetic or natural, and include drugs such as morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, and methadone. They are often used for moderate to severe pain, such as that resulting from injury, surgery, or chronic conditions like cancer. However, opioids can also produce euphoria, physical dependence, and addiction, so they are tightly regulated and carry a risk of misuse.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Piperidines are not a medical term per se, but they are a class of organic compounds that have important applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Medically relevant piperidines include various drugs such as some antihistamines, antidepressants, and muscle relaxants.

A piperidine is a heterocyclic amine with a six-membered ring containing five carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. The structure can be described as a cyclic secondary amine. Piperidines are found in some natural alkaloids, such as those derived from the pepper plant (Piper nigrum), which gives piperidines their name.

In a medical context, it is more common to encounter specific drugs that belong to the class of piperidines rather than the term itself.

Gastric bypass is a surgical procedure that involves creating a small pouch in the stomach and rerouting the small intestine to connect to this pouch, thereby bypassing the majority of the stomach and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). This procedure is typically performed as a treatment for morbid obesity and related health conditions such as type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, and high blood pressure.

The smaller stomach pouch restricts food intake, while the rerouting of the small intestine reduces the amount of calories and nutrients that are absorbed, leading to weight loss. Gastric bypass can also result in hormonal changes that help regulate appetite and metabolism, further contributing to weight loss and improved health outcomes.

There are different types of gastric bypass procedures, including Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic gastric bypass. The choice of procedure depends on various factors such as the patient's overall health, medical history, and personal preferences. Gastric bypass is generally considered a safe and effective treatment for morbid obesity, but like any surgical procedure, it carries risks and requires careful consideration and preparation.

Hypnotics and sedatives are classes of medications that have depressant effects on the central nervous system, leading to sedation (calming or inducing sleep), reduction in anxiety, and in some cases, decreased awareness or memory. These agents work by affecting the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) in the brain, which results in inhibitory effects on neuronal activity.

Hypnotics are primarily used for the treatment of insomnia and other sleep disorders, while sedatives are often prescribed to manage anxiety or to produce a calming effect before medical procedures. Some medications can function as both hypnotics and sedatives, depending on the dosage and specific formulation. Common examples of these medications include benzodiazepines (such as diazepam and lorazepam), non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (such as zolpidem and eszopiclone), barbiturates, and certain antihistamines.

It is essential to use these medications under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have potential side effects, such as drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, and impaired coordination. Additionally, long-term use or high doses may lead to tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation.

Intravenous anesthetics are a type of medication that is administered directly into a vein to cause a loss of consciousness and provide analgesia (pain relief) during medical procedures. They work by depressing the central nervous system, inhibiting nerve impulse transmission and ultimately preventing the patient from feeling pain or discomfort during surgery or other invasive procedures.

There are several different types of intravenous anesthetics, each with its own specific properties and uses. Some common examples include propofol, etomidate, ketamine, and barbiturates. These drugs may be used alone or in combination with other medications to provide a safe and effective level of anesthesia for the patient.

The choice of intravenous anesthetic depends on several factors, including the patient's medical history, the type and duration of the procedure, and the desired depth and duration of anesthesia. Anesthesiologists must carefully consider these factors when selecting an appropriate medication regimen for each individual patient.

While intravenous anesthetics are generally safe and effective, they can have side effects and risks, such as respiratory depression, hypotension, and allergic reactions. Anesthesia providers must closely monitor patients during and after the administration of these medications to ensure their safety and well-being.

Propofol is a short-acting medication that is primarily used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia during procedures such as surgery. It belongs to a class of drugs called hypnotics or sedatives, which work by depressing the central nervous system to produce a calming effect. Propofol can also be used for sedation in mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units and for procedural sedation in various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures outside the operating room.

The medical definition of Propofol is:
A rapid-onset, short-duration intravenous anesthetic agent that produces a hypnotic effect and is used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, sedation in mechanically ventilated patients, and procedural sedation. It acts by enhancing the inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, leading to a decrease in neuronal activity and a reduction in consciousness. Propofol has a rapid clearance and distribution, allowing for quick recovery after discontinuation of its administration.

Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication that is primarily used to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, panic disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. It works by increasing the levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain that helps maintain mental balance.

Fluoxetine is available under the brand name Prozac and is also available as a generic medication. It comes in various forms, including capsules, tablets, delayed-release capsules, and liquid solution. The typical starting dose for adults with depression is 20 mg per day, but the dosage may be adjusted based on individual patient needs and response to treatment.

Fluoxetine has a relatively long half-life, which means it stays in the body for an extended period of time. This can be beneficial for patients who may have difficulty remembering to take their medication daily, as they may only need to take it once or twice a week. However, it also means that it may take several weeks for the full effects of the medication to become apparent.

As with any medication, fluoxetine can cause side effects, including nausea, dry mouth, sleepiness, insomnia, dizziness, and headache. In some cases, it may also increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults, particularly during the initial stages of treatment. It is important for patients to discuss any concerns about side effects with their healthcare provider.

Second-generation antidepressants (SGAs) are a class of medications used primarily for the treatment of depression, although they are also used for other psychiatric and medical conditions. They are called "second-generation" because they were developed after the first generation of antidepressants, which include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).

SGAs are also known as atypical antidepressants or novel antidepressants. They work by affecting the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. However, they have a different chemical structure and mechanism of action than first-generation antidepressants.

Some examples of second-generation antidepressants include:

* Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and citalopram (Celexa)
* Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as venlafaxine (Effexor) and duloxetine (Cymbalta)
* Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) such as bupropion (Wellbutrin)
* Atypical antidepressants such as mirtazapine (Remeron), trazodone, and vortioxetine (Brintellix)

SGAs are generally considered to have a more favorable side effect profile than first-generation antidepressants. They are less likely to cause anticholinergic effects such as dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision, and they are less likely to cause cardiac conduction abnormalities or orthostatic hypotension. However, SGAs may still cause side effects such as nausea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, and weight gain.

It's important to note that the choice of antidepressant medication should be individualized based on the patient's specific symptoms, medical history, and other factors. It may take some trial and error to find the most effective and well-tolerated medication for a given patient.

Serotonin uptake inhibitors (also known as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors or SSRIs) are a class of medications primarily used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. They work by increasing the levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain that helps regulate mood, appetite, and sleep, among other functions.

SSRIs block the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron, allowing more serotonin to be available in the synapse (the space between two neurons) for binding to postsynaptic receptors. This results in increased serotonergic neurotransmission and improved mood regulation.

Examples of SSRIs include fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), citalopram (Celexa), and escitalopram (Lexapro). These medications are generally well-tolerated, with side effects that may include nausea, headache, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, and increased anxiety or agitation. However, they can have serious interactions with other medications, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting an SSRI.

Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter that is found primarily in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood platelets, and the central nervous system (CNS) of humans and other animals. It is produced by the conversion of the amino acid tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and then to serotonin.

In the CNS, serotonin plays a role in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, memory, learning, and behavior, among other functions. It also acts as a vasoconstrictor, helping to regulate blood flow and blood pressure. In the GI tract, it is involved in peristalsis, the contraction and relaxation of muscles that moves food through the digestive system.

Serotonin is synthesized and stored in serotonergic neurons, which are nerve cells that use serotonin as their primary neurotransmitter. These neurons are found throughout the brain and spinal cord, and they communicate with other neurons by releasing serotonin into the synapse, the small gap between two neurons.

Abnormal levels of serotonin have been linked to a variety of disorders, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and migraines. Medications that affect serotonin levels, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are commonly used to treat these conditions.

A drug interaction is the effect of combining two or more drugs, or a drug and another substance (such as food or alcohol), which can alter the effectiveness or side effects of one or both of the substances. These interactions can be categorized as follows:

1. Pharmacodynamic interactions: These occur when two or more drugs act on the same target organ or receptor, leading to an additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effect. For example, taking a sedative and an antihistamine together can result in increased drowsiness due to their combined depressant effects on the central nervous system.
2. Pharmacokinetic interactions: These occur when one drug affects the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of another drug. For example, taking certain antibiotics with grapefruit juice can increase the concentration of the antibiotic in the bloodstream, leading to potential toxicity.
3. Food-drug interactions: Some drugs may interact with specific foods, affecting their absorption, metabolism, or excretion. An example is the interaction between warfarin (a blood thinner) and green leafy vegetables, which can increase the risk of bleeding due to enhanced vitamin K absorption from the vegetables.
4. Drug-herb interactions: Some herbal supplements may interact with medications, leading to altered drug levels or increased side effects. For instance, St. John's Wort can decrease the effectiveness of certain antidepressants and oral contraceptives by inducing their metabolism.
5. Drug-alcohol interactions: Alcohol can interact with various medications, causing additive sedative effects, impaired judgment, or increased risk of liver damage. For example, combining alcohol with benzodiazepines or opioids can lead to dangerous levels of sedation and respiratory depression.

It is essential for healthcare providers and patients to be aware of potential drug interactions to minimize adverse effects and optimize treatment outcomes.

Product labeling, in the context of medicine or healthcare, refers to the information that is required by law to be present on the packaging of a pharmaceutical product or medical device. This information typically includes:

1. The name of the product, often with an active ingredient listed separately.
2. A description of what the product is used for (indications).
3. Dosage instructions and route of administration.
4. Warnings about potential side effects, contraindications, and precautions.
5. The name and address of the manufacturer or distributor.
6. The expiration date or storage conditions, if applicable.
7. Any other relevant information, such as whether the product is subject to additional monitoring.

The purpose of product labeling is to provide accurate and standardized information to healthcare professionals and patients about the safe and effective use of a medical product. It helps to ensure that the product is used appropriately, reducing the risk of adverse events or misuse.

Drug labeling refers to the information that is provided on the packaging or container of a medication, as well as any accompanying promotional materials. This information is intended to provide healthcare professionals and patients with accurate and up-to-date data about the drug's composition, intended use, dosage, side effects, contraindications, and other important details that are necessary for safe and effective use.

The labeling of prescription drugs in the United States is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which requires manufacturers to submit proposed labeling as part of their new drug application. The FDA reviews the labeling to ensure that it is truthful, balanced, and not misleading, and provides accurate information about the drug's risks and benefits.

The labeling of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs is also regulated by the FDA, but in this case, the agency has established a set of monographs that specify the conditions under which certain active ingredients can be used and the labeling requirements for each ingredient. Manufacturers of OTC drugs must ensure that their labeling complies with these monographs.

In addition to the information required by regulatory agencies, drug labeling may also include additional information provided by the manufacturer, such as detailed instructions for use, storage requirements, and any warnings or precautions that are necessary to ensure safe and effective use of the medication. It is important for healthcare professionals and patients to carefully review and understand all of the information provided on a drug's labeling before using the medication.

In the context of medicine, "archives" typically refers to the collection and preservation of medical records or documents that are no longer in active use but still need to be retained for legal, historical, or research purposes. These archived materials may include patient records, clinical trial data, hospital reports, correspondence, images, and other forms of documentation. The purpose of maintaining medical archives is to ensure the availability and integrity of this information for future reference, as well as to comply with regulatory requirements related to record-keeping and privacy.

Dementia is a broad term that describes a decline in cognitive functioning, including memory, language, problem-solving, and judgment, severe enough to interfere with daily life. It is not a specific disease but rather a group of symptoms that may be caused by various underlying diseases or conditions. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of cases. Other causes include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and Huntington's disease.

The symptoms of dementia can vary widely depending on the cause and the specific areas of the brain that are affected. However, common early signs of dementia may include:

* Memory loss that affects daily life
* Difficulty with familiar tasks
* Problems with language or communication
* Difficulty with visual and spatial abilities
* Misplacing things and unable to retrace steps
* Decreased or poor judgment
* Withdrawal from work or social activities
* Changes in mood or behavior

Dementia is a progressive condition, meaning that symptoms will gradually worsen over time. While there is currently no cure for dementia, early diagnosis and treatment can help slow the progression of the disease and improve quality of life for those affected.

In the context of medical and clinical neuroscience, memory is defined as the brain's ability to encode, store, retain, and recall information or experiences. Memory is a complex cognitive process that involves several interconnected regions of the brain and can be categorized into different types based on various factors such as duration and the nature of the information being remembered.

The major types of memory include:

1. Sensory memory: The shortest form of memory, responsible for holding incoming sensory information for a brief period (less than a second to several seconds) before it is either transferred to short-term memory or discarded.
2. Short-term memory (also called working memory): A temporary storage system that allows the brain to hold and manipulate information for approximately 20-30 seconds, although this duration can be extended through rehearsal strategies. Short-term memory has a limited capacity, typically thought to be around 7±2 items.
3. Long-term memory: The memory system responsible for storing large amounts of information over extended periods, ranging from minutes to a lifetime. Long-term memory has a much larger capacity compared to short-term memory and is divided into two main categories: explicit (declarative) memory and implicit (non-declarative) memory.

Explicit (declarative) memory can be further divided into episodic memory, which involves the recollection of specific events or episodes, including their temporal and spatial contexts, and semantic memory, which refers to the storage and retrieval of general knowledge, facts, concepts, and vocabulary, independent of personal experience or context.

Implicit (non-declarative) memory encompasses various forms of learning that do not require conscious awareness or intention, such as procedural memory (skills and habits), priming (facilitated processing of related stimuli), classical conditioning (associative learning), and habituation (reduced responsiveness to repeated stimuli).

Memory is a crucial aspect of human cognition and plays a significant role in various aspects of daily life, including learning, problem-solving, decision-making, social interactions, and personal identity. Memory dysfunction can result from various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and depression.

I must clarify that I cannot provide a "medical definition" of intelligence, as intelligence is not a concept that is typically defined within the field of medicine. Intelligence is a term used to describe the ability to learn, understand, and make judgments or decisions based on reason, experience, and information. It is often measured through various cognitive abilities such as problem-solving, critical thinking, creativity, and knowledge acquisition.

The concept of intelligence is studied in many fields, including psychology, neuroscience, and education. In medicine, healthcare professionals may assess a person's cognitive abilities to better understand their health status or develop treatment plans. However, there is no specific "medical definition" for intelligence. Instead, it is a multifaceted concept that can be influenced by various genetic, environmental, and experiential factors.

Aptitude tests are standardized assessments designed to measure a person's potential to perform certain tasks or learn new skills. These tests typically evaluate various cognitive abilities, such as logical reasoning, spatial awareness, numerical comprehension, and verbal aptitude. They are often used in educational and occupational settings to help identify individuals who may be well-suited for specific courses of study or careers.

In the context of medical education and training, aptitude tests can be utilized to predict a candidate's likelihood of success in various healthcare professions. For example, the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) is an aptitude test that measures a student's problem-solving abilities, critical thinking skills, and knowledge of scientific concepts relevant to medicine. This test helps medical schools determine whether applicants have the necessary foundational skills to succeed in their programs.

Other healthcare fields may also use aptitude tests during the selection process. For instance, nursing schools might administer tests to evaluate candidates' abilities in areas like math, communication, and critical thinking. Similarly, allied health programs may use specialized aptitude assessments to ensure that students possess the cognitive skills required for their chosen profession.

It is important to note that while aptitude tests can provide valuable insights into a person's potential, they should not be the sole determinant of suitability for a particular course of study or career. Other factors, such as motivation, interpersonal skills, and life experiences, also play crucial roles in an individual's success in any given field.

Memory disorders are a category of cognitive impairments that affect an individual's ability to acquire, store, retain, and retrieve memories. These disorders can be caused by various underlying medical conditions, including neurological disorders, psychiatric illnesses, substance abuse, or even normal aging processes. Some common memory disorders include:

1. Alzheimer's disease: A progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects older adults and is characterized by a decline in cognitive abilities, including memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making skills.
2. Dementia: A broader term used to describe a group of symptoms associated with a decline in cognitive function severe enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, but other causes include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia.
3. Amnesia: A memory disorder characterized by difficulties in forming new memories or recalling previously learned information due to brain damage or disease. Amnesia can be temporary or permanent and may result from head trauma, stroke, infection, or substance abuse.
4. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI): A condition where an individual experiences mild but noticeable memory or cognitive difficulties that are greater than expected for their age and education level. While some individuals with MCI may progress to dementia, others may remain stable or even improve over time.
5. Korsakoff's syndrome: A memory disorder often caused by alcohol abuse and thiamine deficiency, characterized by severe short-term memory loss, confabulation (making up stories to fill in memory gaps), and disorientation.

It is essential to consult a healthcare professional if you or someone you know experiences persistent memory difficulties, as early diagnosis and intervention can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Vascular dementia is a type of dementia that is caused by damage to the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain. This damage can result from conditions such as stroke, chronic high blood pressure, diabetes, or other diseases that affect the circulatory system. The interruption in blood flow to the brain can lead to damaged or dead brain cells, which can impair cognitive function and cause symptoms similar to those seen in other types of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease.

The symptoms of vascular dementia can vary depending on the severity and location of the damage to the blood vessels. However, common symptoms include difficulties with memory, attention, and decision-making; problems with language and speech; changes in mood or behavior; and difficulty walking or performing other physical tasks. Vascular dementia is typically a progressive condition, meaning that the symptoms tend to worsen over time.

It's important to note that vascular dementia can coexist with other types of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease, and this is known as mixed dementia. Proper diagnosis and management of underlying medical conditions that contribute to vascular dementia can help slow down the progression of cognitive decline and improve quality of life for individuals living with this condition.

Muscle rigidity is sometimes noted. The most common side effects reported by patients receiving this medication are a sense of ...
Tonic seizures: muscle stiffening or rigidity. This seizure is rare in this syndrome. The onset of seizures is between the ages ... Myoclonic seizures: seizures with rapid, brief contractions of muscles. Atonic seizures: seizures with a sudden loss of muscle ...
... muscle rigidity, parkinsonism. It appears to produce similar EPSE to risperidone, asenapine and ziprasidone and more EPSE than ... Less commonly there may be a feeling of the world spinning, numbness, or muscle pains. Symptoms generally resolve after a short ...
... dysarthria due to muscle groups involved in speech being involved rigidity/stiffness of limbs tremor writhing movements ... A neurological examination would show evidence of muscle rigidity; weakness; and abnormal postures, movements, and tremors. If ... repetitive uncontrollable muscle contractions that may cause jerking or twisting of certain muscle groups) dysphagia & ...
Symptoms include muscle rigidity, fever, and a fast heart rate. Complications can include muscle breakdown and high blood ... and muscle rigidity. Despite the name, elevation of body temperature is often a late sign, but may appear early in severe cases ... A muscle biopsy is carried out at an approved research center, under local anesthesia. The fresh biopsy is bathed in solutions ... The muscle cell is damaged by the depletion of ATP and possibly the high temperatures, and cellular constituents "leak" into ...
Some of these symptoms include muscle rigidity, perspiration, and nausea. Treatments include painkillers and antivenom if the ...
... muscle rigidity, vomiting, and sweating are the symptoms of latrodectism. There are several spider species all named black ... Latrotoxin may act on muscles directly preventing relaxation, promoting tetany-constant, strong, and painful muscle ... Rhabdomyolysis (rapid skeletal muscle tissue breakdown) is an uncommon complication. Spider venoms are a complex collection of ... Rarely, some people who do not receive antivenom may have muscle weakness that lasts for weeks. Intense local pain develops 5- ...
Symptoms may include bradykinesia (slow physical movement), muscle rigidity, and tremors. Behavior, thinking, sensation ... It also conducts motor information to the body's skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands. There are 31 ... Symptoms of MS include visual and sensation problems, muscle weakness, numbness and tingling all over, muscle spasms, poor ... However, if there is a large cyst, symptoms may include headache, seizures, ataxia (lack of muscle control), hemiparesis, and ...
The seizures commonly involve muscle rigidity, convulsions and loss of consciousness. Generally, the recurrence is one to two ...
Shelly R Peyton; Andrew J. Putnam (1 July 2005). "Extracellular matrix rigidity governs smooth muscle cell motility in a ... hydrogels to investigate the impact of ECM chemistry and mechanics on smooth muscle cells". Biomaterials. 27 (28): 4881-4893. ... mechanically tunable biomaterials to direct smooth muscle cell phenotype (Thesis). OCLC 212928781. "ALUMNI". The Putnam Lab. ...
NMS is characterized by fever, muscle rigidity, autonomic dysfunction, and altered mental status. Treatment includes ... Adverse effects vary among the various agents in this class of medications, but common effects include: dry mouth, muscle ... stiffness, muscle cramping, tremors, EPS and weight gain. EPS refers to a cluster of symptoms consisting of akathisia, ...
In contrast, in rigidity, the resting muscle shows firing. Dystonic hypertonia refers to muscle resistance to passive ... rigidity, or dystonia. Spastic hypertonia involves uncontrollable muscle spasms, stiffening or straightening out of muscles, ... Rigidity is a severe state of hypertonia where muscle resistance occurs throughout the entire range of motion of the affected ... During the passive stretch, a brief "free interval" is appreciated in spasticity but not in rigidity because the resting muscle ...
The symptoms were weakness of muscles, rigidity of movements and insomnia or sleep inversion. Von Economo published his ... The hyperkinetic form manifested itself with restlessness, motor disturbances as twitching of muscle groups, involuntary ... extremities and eye muscles and expressionless faces. ...
Muscle spasms, atrophy, and rigidity associated with movement disorders often restrict balance and range of motion. Research ... Among the physical symptoms are rigidity, involuntary muscle contractions, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), dyskinesia ( ... Other medical ailments can also restrict movement and affect muscle strength, flexibility and balance. Though not ...
The most common symptoms include: tremors, slowness, stiffness, impaired balance, rigidity of the muscles, and fatigue. As the ... Specific parkinsonian symptoms, bradykinesia and rigidity, have been shown to be associated with decline of cognitive function ...
When muscle control is affected such as rigidity or muscle contracture this is known as dystonia. Dystonia is a neurological ... Hypokinesia and rigidity, especially in juvenile cases, can be treated with antiparkinsonian drugs, and myoclonic hyperkinesia ... These abnormalities include muscle atrophy, cardiac failure, impaired glucose tolerance, weight loss, osteoporosis, and ... Juvenile HD is typically of the Westphal variant that is characterized by slowness of movement, rigidity, and tremors. This ...
Rigidity (involuntary contraction of the abdominal muscles) is the most specific exam finding for diagnosing peritonitis. If ... Diffuse abdominal rigidity (abdominal guarding) is often present, especially in generalized peritonitis Fever Sinus tachycardia ... The main manifestations of peritonitis are acute abdominal pain, abdominal tenderness, abdominal guarding, rigidity, which are ... Rigidity is highly specific for diagnosing peritonitis (specificity: 76-100%). The presence of these signs in a person is ...
Nuchal rigidity is the inability to flex the neck forward due to rigidity of the neck muscles; if flexion of the neck is ... None of the signs are particularly sensitive; in adults with meningitis, nuchal rigidity was present in 30% and Kernig's or ... Meningism involves the triad (3-symptom syndrome) of nuchal rigidity (neck stiffness), photophobia (intolerance of bright light ... The main clinical signs that indicate meningism are nuchal rigidity, Kernig's sign and Brudzinski's signs. ...
Less common side effects include: delayed gastric emptying, hyperalgesia, immunologic and hormonal dysfunction, muscle rigidity ...
Individuals with Unverricht-Lundborg disease also often experience seizures involving muscle rigidity, convulsions, and loss of ... The myoclonic jerks occur in the muscles of the arms and legs closest to the torso, and are triggered due to a variety of ...
Differences in muscle tone, such as transient floppiness or rigidity can also be characterized as a BRUE. Changes in level of ... An event can be suggestive of a seizure if the infant was noted to have muscle rigidity or abnormal eye movements without ... abnormal breathing muscle weakness decreased responsiveness Most infants who have a BRUE are never diagnosed with a definitive ...
Phelps developed surgical techniques for operating on the muscles to address issues such as spasticity and muscle rigidity. ... Although most people with CP have problems with increased muscle tone, some have normal or low muscle tone. High muscle tone ... Signs and symptoms vary among people and over time, but include poor coordination, stiff muscles, weak muscles, and tremors. ... or relax muscle spasms (e.g. benzodiazepines); surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities or release tight muscles; braces and ...
If untreated, neuroleptic malignant syndrome can result in fever, muscle rigidity, confusion, unstable vital signs, or even ...
This can result in increased muscle contractility, which can play a role in the breakdown of muscle, muscle rigidity, and ... They cause an increased calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells which can result in rigidity and ... Dantrolene has been used when needed to reduce muscle rigidity, and more recently dopamine pathway medications such as ... Features which distinguish NMS from serotonin syndrome include bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, and a high white blood cell count ...
Also because of the rigidity of the tunic, the radial muscles in squid can contract more forcefully. The mantle is not the only ... All three muscle types work in unison to produce a jet as a propulsion mechanism. Squids do not have the longitudinal muscles ... The radial muscles run perpendicular to the longitudinal muscles and are used to thicken and thin the wall of the mantle. ... Finally, the circular muscles are used as the main activators in jetting. They are muscle bands that surround the mantle and ...
... is a symptom of Parkinson's disease shown as muscle rigidity and an inability to produce movement. It is also ... Tremor and rigidity, however, seem to be only partially due to dopamine deficits in the substantia nigra, suggesting other ... Tremor and rigidity have not had observable connections to cognitive impairments, supporting the idea that they are not as ... Hypokinesia is characterized by a partial or complete loss of muscle movement due to a disruption in the basal ganglia.[ ...
... but may include tremors and muscle rigidity. Aripiprazole, asenapine, clozapine, quetiapine and olanzapine, in comparison to ... It is taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle. Common side effects include weight gain, movement disorders, dizziness, ... Less commonly, vertigo, numbness, or muscle pains may occur. Symptoms generally resolve after a short time. Tentative evidence ... as opposed to slowly distributing out from muscle tissue. Using the proper, intramuscular-injection technique for olanzapine ...
... is characterized by specific symptoms, including decreased motor function, muscle rigidity, and eventual ... as well as some tell-tale physical signs including muscle rigidity and a backwards-bent head. Botox therapy is often used to ...
Also, muscle relaxants were used to minimize muscular rigidity and bone fractures caused by electric shock in the 1970s. Amir ...
The disease then progresses with neurological symptoms including weakness, ataxia, muscle tremors, abnormal posture, and ... rigidity of the hind legs. Some other symptoms associated with this disease are conjunctivitis, blindness, nystagmus, ...
The Pneumotox website uses cookies. By accessing or using our website, you consent to the collection, use and disclosure of the garnered information in accordance with our privacy policy. ...
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Cogwheel Rigidity; Extrapyramidal Rigidity; Gegenhalten; Nuchal Rigidity; Rigidity, Muscular. On-line free medical diagnosis ... Muscle rigidity (Cogwheel Rigidity; Extrapyramidal Rigidity; Gegenhalten; Nuchal Rigidity; Rigidity, Muscular). Continuous ... Ranked list of diseases related to "muscle rigidity"Drugs, active principles and "muscle rigidity"Medicinal plantsQuestions and ... This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from muscle spasticity. (From Adams et al., Principles of neurology, 6th ed, p73) ...
Muscle rigidity. *Muscle tenderness. *Skin rash. *Sore throat. Exams and Tests. The blood is tested for antibodies to the ...
Muscle rigidity is sometimes noted. The most common side effects reported by patients receiving this medication are a sense of ...
muscle rigidity. *nausea. *vomiting. *diarrhea. Heart rhythm problems. QT prolongation is a serious condition affecting the ... Benzodiazepines are drugs that reduce anxiety and relax the muscles. People use them to treat anxiety and insomnia. ...
Muscle rigidity. Some patients with PD have muscles that are so stiff they cause pain. ... One option is surgery that destroys specific parts of the brain that contribute to tremor or muscle rigidity. This type of ... The first drugs that are prescribed are drugs that give the person greater control over muscle rigidity and other movement ... Two or more of the following primary symptoms: tremor, muscle rigidity, and slowed motion. ...
Muscle rigidity. *A mask-like facial appearance. *Shuffling gait. *A "pill-rolling" motion of the fingers ...
Muscle rigidity. Autonomic instability has also been found to present as takotsubo stress-induced cardiomyopathy, with ...
Significant toxicity on muscle tissue, neurobehavior, reproductive organs, and bone development has been observed following ... rigidity, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, incoordination), seizures, and/or gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, ... The reversibility of fluoxetine-induced muscle damage was not assessed.. These fluoxetine toxicities in juvenile rats have not ... severe nervous system reaction with very stiff (rigid) muscles, high fever, sweating, confusion, fast or uneven heartbeats, ...
But too much serotonin causes signs and symptoms that can range from mild (shivering and diarrhea) to severe (muscle rigidity, ...
LSD and shrooms are the two most well-known psychedelics. While they certainly have their similarities, they can produce very different experiences.
... muscle stiffness, tightness, and rigidity; bone and cartilage disorders; sleep disorders; compressed nerve syndromes; viral ... Muscle cramps and spasms. 3. 3. 1. 1. In the two 1-year trials, Advair Diskus 250/50 was compared with salmeterol in 1,579 ... muscle injuries; fractures; wounds and lacerations; contusions and hematomas; ear signs and symptoms; nasal signs and symptoms ...
muscle rigidity 4. Severe allergic reactions: *trouble breathing. *swelling of the face, tongue, eyes or mouth ... Musculoskeletal System Disorders - Infrequent: arthritis, muscle weakness, skeletal pain. Rare: bursitis, osteoporosis. ... Infrequent: hyperkinesia, vertigo, hypertonia, extrapyramidal disorder, leg cramps, involuntary muscle contractions, ... rigidity, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, incoordination), seizures and/or gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, ...
... muscle rigidity; and the subject claiming "he cant breathe". Im gonna have to read more tomorrow or sometime but felt that ... muscle rigidity; and the subject claiming "he cant breathe". In other words, pretty much anyone who is an agitated state, ...
muscle rigidity 3. Changes in blood pressure. Venlafaxine Tablets, USP may: • increase your blood pressure. Control high blood ... uncontrolled muscle spasms • stiff muscles • rapid changes in heart rate or blood pressure • confusion • loss of consciousness ... coordination problems or muscle twitching (overactive reflexes) • racing heartbeat, high or low blood pressure • sweating or ... neck rigidity, pelvic pain, photosensitivity reaction, suicide attempt, withdrawal syndrome; Rare: appendicitis, bacteremia, ...
Parkinsons is a degenerative neurological condition that can cause tremors, muscle rigidity, and difficulty with balance and ... Finally, doctors can provide medication to help manage symptoms such as rigidity, tremors and problems with balance. By taking ... a chemical messenger that helps to control muscle movement. ...
Muscle rigidity. Trismus. General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions Injection site pain ... Spontaneous movements may occur in one or more groups of muscles, particularly when no premedication has been administered. ... Hypnomidate is pharmacologically compatible with the muscle relaxants, premedicant drugs and inhalation anaesthetics in current ...
It is characterized by generalized rigidity and convulsive spasms of skeletal muscles. The muscle stiffness usually begins in ... Generalized tetanus: Trismus (lockjaw), stiffness of the neck, difficulty swallowing, rigidity of abdominal muscles *Spasms ... and rigidity of abdominal muscles. Other symptoms include elevated temperature, sweating, elevated blood pressure, and episodic ... Localized tetanus is an uncommon form of the disease in which patients have persistent contraction of muscles in the same ...
Tonic seizures cause sudden muscle stiffness and rigidity. Learn more about the signs of a tonic seizure and the differences ... This may lead to dehydration and flu-like symptoms, such as fatigue, dizziness, irritability, nausea, and muscle soreness." ...
Risks of muscle rigidity and skeletal muscle movement. *Intravenous administration or unintentional intravascular injection ... particularly involving muscles of respiration; the incidence and severity of muscle rigidity is dose-related; these effects are ... The incidence of skeletal muscle rigidity can be reduced by administration of up to 1/4 of full paralyzing dose of a non- ... skeletal muscle rigidity also has been reported to occur or recur infrequently in extended postoperative period usually ...
An herb that releases tightness, constriction, and rigidity in a muscle. SEE ALL RELIEVES-TENSION FOODS / HERBS ... Muscle Relaxant. MUSCLE-RELAXANT. Herbs that relax muscles. Helpful for chronic pain or tension as well as healing from ... Muscle Relaxant. MUSCLE-RELAXANT. Herbs that relax muscles. Helpful for chronic pain or tension as well as healing from ... An herb that releases tightness, constriction, and rigidity in a muscle. SEE ALL RELIEVES-TENSION FOODS / HERBS ...
Muscle rigidity. *Tremors or shaking. *Changes in walking pattern and posture. *Changes in speech and handwriting ...
Muscle spasm and rigidity are also common. Constitutional symptoms such as fever and weight loss are relatively uncommon. ... 41 Some patients present with septic facet joints and paraspinous muscle abscesses in the multifidus and longissimus muscles. ... FIGURE 1-3. Axial T1-weighted MRI of spine with psoas muscles lateral to the vertebral body. Lumbar epidural abscesses ... Neurologic changes such as radicular numbness and muscle weakness may be present in up to one third of patients. ...
... muscle rigidity, or mental disturbances) develop.. *Talk to your doctor immediately if you develop a rash or seek urgent ... muscle tremor or rigidity, and stomach symptoms [such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea]). Another serious syndrome, called ... muscle rigidity, and mental disturbances. Discontinue fluoxetine immediately and seek urgent medical advice if this syndrome ...
Muscle rigidity/tetany. *An abnormal posture where the back is arched and head is thrown backwards with the limbs straight and ... rigidly outstretched (Opisthotonos). This is caused by severely strong muscle spasms.. *Some cats may present with a decreased ...
Progressive muscle rigidity. 2.1.1.3. Akinesia. 2.1.2. Small handwriting. 2.1.3. Loss of smell ... 6.3.2. Muscle massage. 7. Incidence/Prevalence. 7.1. In adults. 7.1.1. Higher incidence in Hispanic/Latino and White/European ...
Rigidity and tension in the muscles. *Feeling very tired and worn out ...
Muscle weakness or rigidity. *Poor coordination. *Loss of sensation or numbness and tingling ... Electromyography (EMG): Uses nerve stimulation to measure muscle response and/or electrical activity ...
Rigidity: stiffness of muscles. *Bradykinesis: slowness of movements. Not all symptoms are present at the outset, but develop ...
  • Parkinson's is a degenerative neurological condition that can cause tremors, muscle rigidity, and difficulty with balance and coordination. (maacg.com.au)
  • The most common signs are muscle tremors, seizures and fever. (lortsmith.com)
  • Parkinson's Disease is a neurodegenerative disorder where the dopamine producing neurons in the ventral mesencephalon (VM) progressively die and result in symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, slowness and difficulties in initiating movements. (lu.se)
  • What is known is that the tremor and other muscle-related symptoms of Parkinson disease are caused by damage to a part of the brain called the substantia nigra. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Dopamine D2-receptor activation elicits akinesia, rigidity, catalepsy, and tremor in mice expressing hypersensitive {alpha}4 nicotinic receptors via a cholinergic-dependent mechanism. (umassmed.edu)
  • But the 3 main symptoms of Parkinson's are a tremor (shaking), slowness of movement and rigidity (muscle stiffness). (parkinsons.org.uk)
  • tremor, fast heartbeat, rigidity, loss of muscle coordination, agitation, confusion, fever or abnormal sweating, or seizures (fits) when taking this medicine and antidepressants or medicines for migraine (see section 4. (who.int)
  • Parkinsonism is a movement disorder characterized by resting tremor, slow and decreased movements (hypokinesia and akinesia), rigidity, postural instability, problems with gait, and coordination. (bvs.br)
  • It is characterized by generalized rigidity and convulsive spasms of skeletal muscles. (cdc.gov)
  • This is caused by severely strong muscle spasms. (lortsmith.com)
  • This helps decrease muscle stiffness, sweating , and the production of saliva , and helps improve walking ability in people with Parkinson's disease .Anticholinergics can stop severe muscle spasms of the back, neck, and eyes that are sometimes caused by psychiatric drugs. (webmd.com)
  • signs included muscle spasms, rigidity of the neck and limbs, difficulty standing, and hind-limb paralysis. (cdc.gov)
  • Stiff person syndrome is a rare disease characterized by muscle rigidity that waxes and wanes with concurrent spasms. (medscape.com)
  • Clinically, stiff person syndrome is characterized by muscle rigidity that waxes and wanes with concurrent spasms. (medscape.com)
  • Movement abnormalities include involuntary muscle spasms, rigidity, and trouble with walking that worsens over time. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Dystonias Dystonias are sustained involuntary muscle contractions of antagonistic muscle groups in the same body part, leading to sustained abnormal posturing or jerky, twisting, intermittent spasms that. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The muscle stiffness usually begins in the jaw (lockjaw) and neck and then becomes generalized. (cdc.gov)
  • It can also decrease other side effects such as muscle stiffness/rigidity (extrapyramidal signs- EPS ). (webmd.com)
  • But too much serotonin causes signs and symptoms that can range from mild (shivering and diarrhea) to severe (muscle rigidity, fever and seizures). (mayoclinic.org)
  • Rigidity and muscle weakness are also common. (mentalhealth.com)
  • Signs and symptoms reflect frontal and temporal lobe dysfunction with lower motor neuron-type weakness, muscle atrophy, and fasciculations. (medscape.com)
  • Bruxism: Bruxism, or teeth grinding, is a habit that can result in muscle spasm and an inflammatory reaction that can cause the initial pain. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • symptoms include high body temperature, muscle rigidity, and mental disturbances. (drugs.com)
  • As the victim becomes colder, they may experience muscle rigidity, reduced blood pressure, cardiovascular effects (rhythm disturbances) and a decrease in respiratory rate. (cdc.gov)
  • SKELETAL MUSCLE pain and tenderness along the posteromedial TIBIA resulting from exercise such as running and other physical activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Muscle involvement causes inflammation of the membranes surrounding the joint. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Teeth grinding and clenching are habits that may be diagnosed in people who complain of pain in the temporomandibular joint or have facial pain that includes the muscles involved in chewing (myofascial pain). (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Changes in the normal stimuli or height of the teeth, misalignment of teeth, and repetitive use of chewing muscles may cause temporomandibular joint changes. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • This is characterized by the application of excessive forces in the masticatory muscles, may cause temporomandibular joint dysfunction, headaches and tooth wear. (bvsalud.org)
  • Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of basal ganglia diseases . (lookfordiagnosis.com)
  • Physical activity (PA) can benefit the health of individuals diagnosed with respiratory problems, since regular practice allows for the maintenance of respiratory volumes and capacities, reducing movement restriction due to the rigidity of the rib cage and spine, in addition to maintain functional capacity and promote general well-being. (bvsalud.org)
  • Common signs and symptoms of rigidly, followed by the muscles alternating between relaxation and rigidity, with or epilepsy without a loss of bowel or bladder control. (who.int)
  • Relieve stress, anxiety, and muscle tension with this simple relaxation exercise. (helpguide.org)
  • Some patients with PD have muscles that are so stiff they cause pain. (encyclopedia.com)
  • 3, 4] Usually, it begins in the axial muscles and extends to the proximal limb muscles, but the severity of the limb muscle involvement may overwhelm the axial muscle involvement (stiff limb syndrome). (medscape.com)
  • Stiff person syndrome usually begins insidiously in the axial muscles. (medscape.com)
  • Certain facial muscles that control chewing are also attached to the lower jaw. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • He or she may decide to refer you to a neurologist for further examination and tests (such as checking how well your nerves and muscles are working). (bayshore.ca)
  • When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. (lookfordiagnosis.com)
  • In the end stages of the disease, few muscles in the body are spared. (medscape.com)
  • Electromyography (EMG) can be used to show characteristic continuous motor unit activity with normal morphology, which is especially prominent in the paraspinal muscles. (medscape.com)
  • Simultaneous continuous motor activity is noted in opposing muscles. (medscape.com)
  • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome was characterized by hyperpyrexia, muscle rigidity, altered consciousness and autonomic instability. (drugs.com)
  • A 12-yr-old unimmunized Amish boy weighing 32 kg was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit at a regional tertiary care center with a history of progressive generalized, painful muscle rigidity, trismus, dysphagia, difficulty chewing, nuchal rigidity, and intermittent muscle spasms. (medscape.com)
  • The initial vital signs were remarkable for a blood pressure of 118/67 mm Hg, a pulse of 90 beats/min, a respiratory rate of 27 breaths/min, and a temperature of 37.8°C. The physical exam demonstrated generalized and painful muscle rigidity with intermittent muscle spasms, trismus, risus sardonicus, nuchal rigidity, mild opisthotonus, abdominal rigidity, and an inability to walk or sit up without assistance. (medscape.com)
  • Under public health surveillance guidelines, the Centers for Disease Control defines a clinical diagnosis of tetanus as the acute onset of hypertonia or painful muscular contractions and generalized muscle spasms without other apparent medical causes. (medscape.com)
  • 10 days, severe spasms, and intense generalized muscle rigidity. (medscape.com)
  • Utilizing standard therapy for muscle spasms and severe rigidity due to tetanus, the patient's spasticity was initially treated with lorazepam and morphine. (medscape.com)
  • However, the severe pain associated with the muscle rigidity and intermittent spasms continued, despite high enough doses of sedatives and analgesics that respiratory depression became a serious concern. (medscape.com)
  • Within 24 hrs of the addition of continuous magnesium infusion, both the severity of spasms and degree of muscular rigidity decreased. (medscape.com)
  • This uncommon form of tetanus results in muscles spasms near the site of a wound. (mayoclinic.org)
  • It results in weakened muscles in the face and spasms of the jaw muscles. (mayoclinic.org)
  • This helps decrease muscle stiffness, sweating , and the production of saliva , and helps improve walking ability in people with Parkinson's disease .Anticholinergics can stop severe muscle spasms of the back, neck, and eyes that are sometimes caused by psychiatric drugs. (webmd.com)
  • signs included muscle spasms, rigidity of the neck and limbs, difficulty standing, and hind-limb paralysis. (cdc.gov)
  • As a result, muscles contract involuntarily, causing stiffness and painful muscle spasms. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Muscle spasms are the characteristic feature of tetanus. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Tetanus is often called "lockjaw" because the spasms cause the jaw and neck muscles to tighten and lock, making it hard to open the mouth or swallow. (merckmanuals.com)
  • from the foal at necropsy and col- and goats are the most important natu- signs included muscle spasms, rigidity lected blood from all 3 adult horses, ral reservoirs of OvHV-2 ( 6 ), these re- of the neck and limbs, diffi culty stand- including the dam, and 10 randomly sults support the notion that infected ing, and hind-limb paralysis. (cdc.gov)
  • The most common symptoms of Parkinson's disease are rigidity in the muscles. (pdtrials.org)
  • Some sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease may be due to symptoms of the disease, such as muscle rigidity, urinary frequency at night, anxiety, and depression. (healthnews.com)
  • A prior study, published in 2021 showed that 81% of those who were experiencing intense dreams or nightmares - and were already diagnosed with Parkinson's disease - reported that their dreams had begun several years to decades prior to the onset of muscle rigidity, gait disturbances, or other motor symptoms. (healthnews.com)
  • Characteristics of Parkinson's disease are progressive loss of muscle control, which leads to trembling of the limbs and head while at rest, stiffness, slowness, and impaired balance. (medicinenet.com)
  • Neurologic exams included an evaluation of the degree of muscular spasticity, rigidity, and patellar reflexes. (medscape.com)
  • To obtain an objective measure of the degree of muscle spasticity, serum creatine phosphokinase was followed every 8 hrs. (medscape.com)
  • This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY . (bvsalud.org)
  • Most common adverse reactions were apnea, rigidity, and bradycardia. (nih.gov)
  • Early signs include trouble with coordination, reflexes, stiff or tight muscles, floppy muscle tone and walking on tiptoes. (millerandzois.com)
  • Children with cerebral palsy manifest abnormalities of their muscle tone, coordination, reflexes, and motor development. (millerandzois.com)
  • Muscles become stiff, movements become slow and uncoordinated, and balance is easily lost. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The basal ganglia help initiate and smooth out muscle movements, suppress involuntary movements, and coordinate changes in posture. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Similarly, children with severe muscle rigidity, poor muscle tone or dystonia do not benefit from SDR. (uhbristol.nhs.uk)
  • Pain due to muscle rigidity and urinary frequency during the night can cause insomnia and sleep disturbances. (healthnews.com)
  • Torelieve his rigidity and agitation, 4 mg of intravenouslorazepam is quickly administered. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES . (bvsalud.org)
  • The disease causes muscle contractions, particularly of your jaw and neck muscles. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Babies have weak neck muscles and often struggle to support their heavy heads. (onteenstoday.com)
  • Overview of Movement Disorders Every body movement, from raising a hand to smiling, involves a complex interaction between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), nerves, and muscles. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Motor deficits that occur as a result of cerebral palsy impair gross and fine motor skills required for balance, coordination, and general muscle control necessary for ambulation and most independent living skills. (millerandzois.com)
  • poor muscle tone in a baby's limbs, resulting in heavy or floppy arms and legs. (onteenstoday.com)
  • Shiatsu, a Japanese massage technique, reduces muscle rigidity and tension. (sciletter.com)
  • Adrenaline and cortisol are responsible for muscle tension. (sciletter.com)
  • We assessed scans from 83 patients with muscle disorders characterized by rigidity of the spine secondary to mutations in 4 different genes. (nih.gov)
  • The incidence of masseter muscle rigidity after succinylcholine in infants and children. (smw.ch)
  • If you are seeing a notable lack of selective control of muscle activity or anticipatory regulation there is some cause for concern. (millerandzois.com)
  • Cerebral palsy involves a non-progressive motor dysfunction affecting muscle tone, posture and movement. (wikidoc.org)
  • In general, overgrowth syndromes are characterized by a faster rate of growth before or after birth and can occur in any part of the body including bone, skin, muscles and organs. (rarediseases.org)
  • The circulation of blood promotes muscle recovery and reduces inflammation. (sciletter.com)
  • Baclofen is a skeletal muscle relaxant. (hdkino.org)
  • Molecular genetic investigations have confirmed the skeletal muscle type ryanodine receptor to be the major MH locus with more than 70% of MH families carrying a mutation in this gene. (smw.ch)
  • Iaizzo PA, Klein W, Lehmann-Horn F. Fura-2 detected myoplasmic calcium and its correlation with contracture force in skeletal muscle from normal and malignant hyperthermia susceptible pigs. (smw.ch)
  • Variations in muscle tone, such as being either too stiff or too floppy. (onteenstoday.com)
  • Baclofen (Lioresol, Gablofen) and clonazepam ( Klonopin ) are both used as muscle relaxants. (hdkino.org)
  • Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a subclinical myopathy, usually triggered by volatile anaesthetics and depolarising muscle relaxants. (smw.ch)
  • Muscle cramps are when a muscle gets tight (contracts) without you trying to tighten it, and it does not relax. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • Muscle rigidity in the neck and abdomen may cause breathing difficulties. (mayoclinic.org)