A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.
A complex that includes several strains of M. avium. M. intracellulare is not easily distinguished from M. avium and therefore is included in the complex. These organisms are most frequently found in pulmonary secretions from persons with a tuberculous-like mycobacteriosis. Strains of this complex have also been associated with childhood lymphadenitis and AIDS; M. avium alone causes tuberculosis in a variety of birds and other animals, including pigs.
A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M. avium complex, which infects primarily humans.
A subspecies of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. It is the etiologic agent of Johne's disease (PARATUBERCULOSIS), a chronic GASTROENTERITIS in RUMINANTS.
A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts.
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with humans. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.
A chronic GASTROENTERITIS in RUMINANTS caused by MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSPECIES PARATUBERCULOSIS.
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.
So-called atypical species of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM that do not cause tuberculosis. They are also called tuberculoid bacilli, i.e.: M. buruli, M. chelonae, M. duvalii, M. flavescens, M. fortuitum, M. gilvum, M. gordonae, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX;), M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. obuense, M. scrofulaceum, M. szulgai, M. terrae, M. ulcerans, M. xenopi.
A non-tuberculous mycobacterium causing cervical lymphadenitis in children. It very rarely causes pulmonary disease, and is believed to be non-pathogenic in animals.
The bovine variety of the tubercle bacillus. It is called also Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis.
A rapid-growing, nonphotochromogenic species of MYCOBACTERIUM originally isolated from human smegma and found also in soil and water. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (atypical mycobacteria): M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. scrofulaceum, M. flavescens, M. gordonae, M. obuense, M. gilvum, M. duvali, M. szulgai, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX;), M. xenopi (littorale), M. ulcerans, M. buruli, M. terrae, M. fortuitum (minetti, giae), M. chelonae.
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.
An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863)
A rapid-growing, nonphotochromogenic species that is potentially pathogenic, producing lesions of lung, bone, or soft tissue following trauma. It has been found in soil and in injection sites of humans, cattle, and cold-blooded animals. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that causes LEPROSY in man. Its organisms are generally arranged in clumps, rounded masses, or in groups of bacilli side by side.
A slow-growing, photochromogenic species that is the etiologic agent of a tuberculosis-like disease in humans and is frequently isolated from human pulmonary secretions or tubercles. The incidence of infection is sharply increased among immunocompromised individuals. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. They are divided into two main classes: "first-line" agents, those with the greatest efficacy and acceptable degrees of toxicity used successfully in the great majority of cases; and "second-line" drugs used in drug-resistant cases or those in which some other patient-related condition has compromised the effectiveness of primary therapy.
A broad-spectrum antibiotic that is being used as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in HIV-positive patients.
A variety of TUBERCULOSIS affecting various birds, including chickens and ducks. It is caused by MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM and characterized by tubercles consisting principally of epithelioid cells.
A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619)
Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.
A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria commonly found in soil and occasionally isolated from sputum. It causes postoperative wound infections as well as gluteal abscesses.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
A moderate-growing, photochromogenic species found in aquariums, diseased fish, and swimming pools. It is the cause of cutaneous lesions and granulomas (swimming pool granuloma) in humans. (Dorland, 28th ed)
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.
A group of ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS characterized by a chromophoric naphthohydroquinone group spanned by an aliphatic bridge not previously found in other known ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS. They have been isolated from fermentation broths of Streptomyces mediterranei.
A saprophytic bacterium widely distributed in soil and dust and on plants.
Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)

Successful short-term suppression of clarithromycin-resistant Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia in AIDS. California Collaborative Treatment Group. (1/500)

During a randomized study of clarithromycin plus clofazimine with or without ethambutol in patients with AIDS and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) bacteremia, eight participants received additional antimycobacterial drugs following the detection of a clarithromycin-resistant isolate (MIC, > 8 micrograms/mL). A macrolide (seven received clarithromycin, one azithromycin) and clofazimine were continued; additional treatment included various combinations of ethambutol, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, and rifabutin. After the detection of a resistant isolate and before receipt of additional antimycobacterials, the median peak MAC colony count in blood was 105 cfu/mL (range, 8-81,500 cfu/mL). After additional antimycobacterials, the median nadir MAC colony count was 5 cfu/mL (range, 0-110 cfu/mL). Five (63%) of eight patients had a > or = 1 log10 decrease, including two who achieved negative blood cultures; all of these responses occurred in patients originally assigned to clarithromycin plus clofazimine. Treatment of clarithromycin-resistant MAC bacteremia that emerges during clarithromycin-based treatment can decrease levels of bacteremia and transiently sterilize blood cultures.  (+info)

Effects of the Chinese traditional medicine mao-bushi-saishin-to on therapeutic efficacy of a new benzoxazinorifamycin, KRM-1648, against Mycobacterium avium infection in mice. (2/500)

The Chinese traditional medicine mao-bushi-saishin-to (MBST), which has anti-inflammatory effects and has been used to treat the common cold and nasal allergy in Japan, was examined for its effects on the therapeutic activity of a new benzoxazinorifamycin, KRM-1648 (KRM), against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection in mice. In addition, we examined the effects of MBST on the anti-MAC activity of murine peritoneal macrophages (M phi s). First, MBST significantly increased the anti-MAC therapeutic activity of KRM when given to mice in combination with KRM, although MBST alone did not exhibit such effects. Second, MBST treatment of M phi s significantly enhanced the KRM-mediated killing of MAC bacteria residing in M phi s, although MBST alone did not potentiate the M phi anti-MAC activity. MBST-treated M phi s showed decreased levels of reactive nitrogen intermediate (RNI) release, suggesting that RNIs are not decisive in the expression of the anti-MAC activity of such M phi populations. MBST partially blocked the interleukin-10 (IL-10) production of MAC-infected M phi s without affecting their transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-producing activity. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis of the lung tissues of MAC-infected mice at weeks 4 and 8 after infection revealed a marked increase in the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), IL-10, and TGF-beta mRNAs. KRM treatment of infected mice tended to decrease the levels of the test cytokine mRNAs, except that it increased TGF-beta mRNA expression at week 4. MBST treatment did not affect the levels of any cytokine mRNAs at week 8, while it down-regulated cytokine mRNA expression at week 4. At week 8, treatment of mice with a combination of KRM and MBST caused a marked decrease in the levels of the test cytokines mRNAs, especially IL-10 and IFN-gamma mRNAs, although such effects were obscure at week 4. These findings suggest that down-regulation of the expression of IL-10 and TGF-beta is related to the combined therapeutic effects of KRM and MBST against MAC infection.  (+info)

Lysosomal alterations induced in cultured rat fibroblasts by long-term exposure to low concentrations of azithromycin. (3/500)

Computer-aided simulations suggest that the doses and schedules of administration of azithromycin proposed in treatment and prophylaxis of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in AIDS patients will result in drug concentrations in serum and extracellular fluids remaining for sustained periods of time in the 0.03-0.1 mg/L range. We exposed cultured rat embryo fibroblasts to these concentrations (and multiples up to 20 mg/L) for up to 16 days. Electron microscopy showed that after 7 days' incubation in 0.03 mg/L azithromycin, there was conspicuous accumulation of osmiophilic, lamellar structures (myeloid bodies) in lysosomes, suggesting the onset of a phospholipidosis. Assay of total cell phospholipids and cholesterol showed significant increases in cells exposed to > or = 1 to 5 mg/L of azithromycin in association with hyperactivity of the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin B. The data suggest that azithromycin, at extracellular concentrations pertinent to its use for MAC treatment, and perhaps also prophylaxis, causes limited morphological alterations of the lysosomes in cultured cells which are of the same nature as those developing rapidly and extensively at higher concentrations.  (+info)

Susceptibilities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex to lipophilic deazapteridine derivatives, inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase. (4/500)

Twelve lipophilic 2,4-diamino-5-methyl-5-deazapteridine derivatives and trimethoprim were evaluated for activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium in vitro. Six of the compounds had MICs of < or =12.8 mg/L and < or =1.28 mg/L against M. tuberculosis and M. avium, respectively; trimethoprim MICs were >128 mg/L and >12.8 but < or =128 mg/L, respectively. Two compounds, with either a 2-methyl-5-methoxy phenyl or 2-methoxy-5-trifluoromethyl phenyl linked at the 6-position of the deazapteridine moiety by a CH2NH bridge, had MICs of < or =0.13 mg/L against M. avium; the two compounds also had apparent I50 values for dihydrofolate reductase of 2 and 8 nM, respectively, compared with an I50 of 400 nM with trimethoprim. Four of the compounds were selectively toxic to mycobacteria as compared with Vero cells. These results demonstrated that lipophilic antifolates can be synthesized which are more active against mycobacteria than trimethoprim and which possess selective toxicity.  (+info)

Comparison of large restriction fragments of Mycobacterium avium isolates recovered from AIDS and non-AIDS patients with those of isolates from potable water. (5/500)

We examined potable water in Los Angeles, California, as a possible source of infection in AIDS and non-AIDS patients. Nontuberculous mycobacteria were recovered from 12 (92%) of 13 reservoirs, 45 (82%) of 55 homes, 31 (100%) of 31 commercial buildings, and 15 (100%) of 15 hospitals. Large-restriction-fragment (LRF) pattern analyses were done with AseI. The LRF patterns of Mycobacterium avium isolates recovered from potable water in three homes, two commercial buildings, one reservoir, and eight hospitals had varying degrees of relatedness to 19 clinical isolates recovered from 17 patients. The high number of M. avium isolates recovered from hospital water and their close relationship with clinical isolates suggests the potential threat of nosocomial spread. This study supports the possibility that potable water is a source for the acquisition of M. avium infections.  (+info)

Altered expression profile of the surface glycopeptidolipids in drug-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium avium complex. (6/500)

Members of the Mycobacterium avium complex are the most frequently encountered opportunistic bacterial pathogens among patients in the advanced stage of AIDS. Two clinical isolates of the same strain, numbers 397 and 417, were obtained from an AIDS patient with disseminated M. avium complex infection before and after treatment with a regimen of clarithromycin and ethambutol. To identify the biochemical consequence of drug treatment, the expression and chemical composition of their major cell wall constituents, the arabinogalactan, lipoarabinomannan, and the surface glycopeptidolipids (GPL), were critically examined. Through thin layer chromatography, mass spectrometry, and chemical analysis, it was found that the GPL expression profiles differ significantly in that several apolar GPLs were overexpressed in the clinically resistant 417 isolate at the expense of the serotype 1 polar GPL, which was the single predominant band in the ethambutol-susceptible 397 isolate. Thus, instead of additional rhamnosylation on the 6-deoxytalose (6-dTal) appendage to give the serotype 1-specific disaccharide hapten, the accumulation of this nonextended apolar GPL probably provided more precursor substrate available for further nonsaccharide substitutions including a higher degree of O-methylation to give 3-O-Me-6-dTal and the unusual 4-O-sulfation on 6-dTal. Further data showed that this alteration effectively neutralized ethambutol, which is known to inhibit arabinan synthesis. Thus, in contrast with derived Emb-resistant mutants of Mycobacterium smegmatis or Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which are devoid of a surface GPL layer, the lipoarabinomannan from resistant 417 isolate grown in the presence of this drug was not apparently truncated.  (+info)

The pathophysiology of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex disease in AIDS. (7/500)

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) organisms cause disseminated disease in patients with AIDS. The organisms penetrate the gastrointestinal mucosa by unknown mechanisms and are phagocytosed by macrophages in the lamina propria. These cells cannot kill the organisms, and MAC spreads through the submucosal tissue. Lymphatic drainage transports mycobacteria to abdominal lymph nodes, from which the organisms enter the bloodstream. Hematogenous spread can occur to many sites, but spleen, bone marrow, and liver are the most common. Tissue destruction is rare, and most signs and symptoms of MAC disease are due to elaboration of cytokines. MAC is rarely the direct cause of death but increases the risk for superinfection; death may result from malnutrition or other infections.  (+info)

IL-10 in HIV infection: increasing serum IL-10 levels with disease progression--down-regulatory effect of potent anti-retroviral therapy. (8/500)

To examine the potential pathogenic role of IL-10 in HIV infection, we measured serum IL-10 levels in 51 HIV-infected patients and 23 healthy controls both on cross-sectional and longitudinal testing. All clinical groups (Centers for Disease Control (CDC) categories) of HIV-infected patients had significantly higher circulating IL-10 levels than controls, with the highest levels among the AIDS patients, particularly in patients with ongoing Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection. Among 32 HIV-infected patients followed with longitudinal testing (median observation time 39 months), patients with disease progression had increasing IL-10 levels in serum, in contrast to non-progressing patients where levels were stable. While both IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) increased in patients with disease progression, the IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio decreased in these patients, suggesting imbalance between these two cytokines. Finally, we found that highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) induced a significant, gradual decrease in IL-10 levels but without normalization. These findings suggest a pathogenic role for IL-10 in HIV infection, and may suggest a possible role for immunomodulating therapy which down-regulates IL-10 activity in addition to concomitant potent anti-retroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients.  (+info)

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (M. avium-intracellulare) infection is a type of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung disease caused by the environmental pathogens Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare, which are commonly found in water, soil, and dust. These bacteria can cause pulmonary infection, especially in individuals with underlying lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis, or prior tuberculosis infection.

M. avium-intracellulare infection typically presents with symptoms like cough, fatigue, weight loss, fever, night sweats, and sputum production. Diagnosis is established through a combination of clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and microbiological culture of respiratory samples. Treatment usually involves a multidrug regimen consisting of macrolides (such as clarithromycin or azithromycin), ethambutol, and rifamycins (such as rifampin or rifabutin) for an extended period, often 12-24 months. Eradication of the infection can be challenging due to the bacteria's inherent resistance to many antibiotics and its ability to survive within host cells.

Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) is a group of slow-growing mycobacteria that includes Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. These bacteria are commonly found in water, soil, and dust, and can cause pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis, and disseminated infection, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. The infection caused by MAC is often chronic and difficult to eradicate, requiring long-term antibiotic therapy.

"Mycobacterium avium is a species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that belongs to the family Mycobacteriaceae. It is a slow-growing mycobacterium that is widely distributed in the environment, particularly in soil and water. M. avium is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis, and disseminated infection in individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. It is also known to cause pulmonary disease in elderly people with structural lung damage. The bacteria are resistant to many common disinfectants and can survive in hostile environments for extended periods."

Medical Definition:

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis) is a type of mycobacteria that causes a chronic infectious disease known as paratuberculosis or Johne's disease in domestic and wild animals, particularly ruminants such as cattle, sheep, goats, and deer. The infection primarily affects the intestines, leading to chronic diarrhea, weight loss, and decreased milk production in affected animals.

M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is a slow-growing mycobacteria, which makes it difficult to culture and identify. It is resistant to many common disinfectants and can survive in the environment for long periods, facilitating its transmission between animals through contaminated feces, water, food, or milk.

Human infection with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is rare, but it has been implicated as a possible cause of Crohn's disease, a chronic inflammatory bowel condition in humans. However, the evidence for this association is still controversial and requires further research.

"Mycobacterium" is a genus of gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are characterized by their complex cell walls containing large amounts of lipids. This genus includes several species that are significant in human and animal health, most notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, and Mycobacterium leprae, which causes leprosy. Other species of Mycobacterium can cause various diseases in humans, including skin and soft tissue infections, lung infections, and disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals. These bacteria are often resistant to common disinfectants and antibiotics, making them difficult to treat.

'Mycobacterium tuberculosis' is a species of slow-growing, aerobic, gram-positive bacteria that demonstrates acid-fastness. It is the primary causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) in humans. This bacterium has a complex cell wall rich in lipids, including mycolic acids, which provides a hydrophobic barrier and makes it resistant to many conventional antibiotics. The ability of M. tuberculosis to survive within host macrophages and resist the immune response contributes to its pathogenicity and the difficulty in treating TB infections.

M. tuberculosis is typically transmitted through inhalation of infectious droplets containing the bacteria, which primarily targets the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body (extrapulmonary TB). The infection may result in a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from latent TB infection (LTBI) to active disease. LTBI represents a dormant state where individuals are infected with M. tuberculosis but do not show symptoms and cannot transmit the bacteria. However, they remain at risk of developing active TB throughout their lifetime, especially if their immune system becomes compromised.

Effective prevention and control strategies for TB rely on early detection, treatment, and public health interventions to limit transmission. The current first-line treatments for drug-susceptible TB include a combination of isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for at least six months. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of M. tuberculosis present significant challenges in TB control and require more complex treatment regimens.

Paratuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). It primarily affects ruminants, such as cattle, sheep, and goats, although other animal species, including humans, can also be infected. The disease is characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestines, leading to diarrhea, weight loss, and decreased milk production in affected animals.

Infection typically occurs through ingestion of contaminated feed or water, and the incubation period can range from several months to years. The bacteria are resistant to environmental degradation and can survive in soil, water, and feces for long periods, making control and eradication challenging.

While paratuberculosis is not considered a significant zoonotic disease, there is ongoing research into the potential link between MAP infection and Crohn's disease in humans, although this association remains controversial and unproven.

Mycobacterium infections are a group of infectious diseases caused by various species of the Mycobacterium genus, including but not limited to M. tuberculosis (which causes tuberculosis), M. avium complex (which causes pulmonary and disseminated disease, particularly in immunocompromised individuals), M. leprae (which causes leprosy), and M. ulcerans (which causes Buruli ulcer). These bacteria are known for their ability to resist destruction by normal immune responses and many disinfectants due to the presence of a waxy mycolic acid layer in their cell walls.

Infection typically occurs through inhalation, ingestion, or direct contact with contaminated materials. The severity and manifestations of the disease can vary widely depending on the specific Mycobacterium species involved, the route of infection, and the host's immune status. Symptoms may include cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, skin lesions, or lymphadenitis. Diagnosis often requires specialized laboratory tests, such as culture or PCR-based methods, to identify the specific Mycobacterium species involved. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and may require long-term therapy.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a group of environmental mycobacteria that do not cause tuberculosis or leprosy. They can be found in water, soil, and other natural environments. Some people may become infected with NTM, leading to various diseases depending on the site of infection, such as lung disease (most common), skin and soft tissue infections, lymphadenitis, and disseminated disease.

The clinical significance of NTM isolation is not always clear, as colonization without active infection can occur. Diagnosis typically requires a combination of clinical, radiological, microbiological, and sometimes molecular evidence to confirm the presence of active infection. Treatment usually involves multiple antibiotics for an extended period, depending on the species involved and the severity of disease.

Mycobacterium scrofulaceum is a species of mycobacteria that was previously known to cause a type of infection called scrofula, which is a form of tuberculosis affecting the lymph nodes in the neck. However, it's important to note that this organism has rarely been implicated in human disease in recent years, and its clinical significance is currently unclear.

Mycobacterium scrofulaceum is an environmental mycobacteria, which means it can be found in soil and water, and it is not typically transmitted from person to person. Infections caused by this organism are usually acquired through the ingestion of contaminated food or water or through inhalation of aerosolized particles.

The symptoms of infection with Mycobacterium scrofulaceum depend on the site of infection and can include swollen lymph nodes, cough, fever, and weight loss. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics, but the optimal treatment regimen has not been well-studied due to the rarity of infections caused by this organism.

"Mycobacterium bovis" is a species of slow-growing, aerobic, gram-positive bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae. It is the causative agent of tuberculosis in cattle and other animals, and can also cause tuberculosis in humans, particularly in those who come into contact with infected animals or consume unpasteurized dairy products from infected cows. The bacteria are resistant to many common disinfectants and survive for long periods in a dormant state, making them difficult to eradicate from the environment. "Mycobacterium bovis" is closely related to "Mycobacterium tuberculosis," the bacterium that causes tuberculosis in humans, and both species share many genetic and biochemical characteristics.

"Mycobacterium smegmatis" is a species of fast-growing, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). It is commonly found in the environment, including soil and water. This bacterium is known for its ability to form resistant colonies called biofilms. While it does not typically cause disease in humans, it can contaminate medical equipment and samples, potentially leading to misdiagnosis or infection. In rare cases, it has been associated with skin and soft tissue infections. It is often used in research as a model organism for studying mycobacterial biology and drug resistance due to its relatively harmless nature and rapid growth rate.

Nontuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) infections refer to illnesses caused by a group of bacteria called mycobacteria that do not cause tuberculosis or leprosy. These bacteria are commonly found in the environment, such as in water, soil, and dust. They can be spread through inhalation, ingestion, or contact with contaminated materials.

NTM infections can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, skin, and soft tissues. Lung infections are the most common form of NTM infection and often occur in people with underlying lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or bronchiectasis. Symptoms of NTM lung infection may include cough, fatigue, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.

Skin and soft tissue infections caused by NTM can occur through direct contact with contaminated water or soil, or through medical procedures such as contaminated injections or catheters. Symptoms of NTM skin and soft tissue infections may include redness, swelling, pain, and drainage.

Diagnosis of NTM infections typically involves a combination of clinical symptoms, imaging studies, and laboratory tests to identify the specific type of mycobacteria causing the infection. Treatment may involve multiple antibiotics for an extended period of time, depending on the severity and location of the infection.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also involve other organs and tissues in the body. The infection is usually spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.

The symptoms of pulmonary TB include persistent cough, chest pain, coughing up blood, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, chest X-ray, and microbiological tests such as sputum smear microscopy and culture. In some cases, molecular tests like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be used for rapid diagnosis.

Treatment usually consists of a standard six-month course of multiple antibiotics, including isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. In some cases, longer treatment durations or different drug regimens might be necessary due to drug resistance or other factors. Preventive measures include vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine and early detection and treatment of infected individuals to prevent transmission.

Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial medication used for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). It works by inhibiting the synthesis of mycobacterial cell walls, which leads to the death of the bacteria. Ethambutol is often used in combination with other TB drugs, such as isoniazid and rifampin, to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains of the bacteria.

The most common side effect of ethambutol is optic neuritis, which can cause visual disturbances such as decreased vision, color blindness, or blurred vision. This side effect is usually reversible if the medication is stopped promptly. Other potential side effects include skin rashes, joint pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.

Ethambutol is available in oral tablet and solution forms, and is typically taken once or twice daily. The dosage of ethambutol is based on the patient's weight, and it is important to follow the healthcare provider's instructions carefully to avoid toxicity. Regular monitoring of visual acuity and liver function is recommended during treatment with ethambutol.

"Mycobacterium fortuitum" is a rapidly growing mycobacterium (RGM) species that is commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil and water. It is a gram-positive, aerobic, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that can cause a variety of infections in humans, including skin and soft tissue infections, lung infections, and disseminated disease.

M. fortuitum is known for its ability to form colonies on solid media within one week, which distinguishes it from other slow-growing mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is also resistant to many common antibiotics, making treatment challenging. Infections caused by M. fortuitum are often associated with exposure to contaminated medical devices or procedures, such as contaminated tattoos, wound care, or invasive medical procedures.

It's important to note that while M. fortuitum can cause infections, it is not considered a highly virulent pathogen and most people who are exposed to it do not develop symptoms. However, individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or receiving immunosuppressive therapy, may be at higher risk for severe disease.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

"Mycobacterium leprae" is a slow-growing, rod-shaped, gram-positive bacterium that is the causative agent of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract. The bacterium was discovered in 1873 by Gerhard Armauer Hansen, a Norwegian physician, and is named after him as "Hansen's bacillus."

"Mycobacterium leprae" has a unique cell wall that contains high amounts of lipids, which makes it resistant to many common disinfectants and antibiotics. It can survive and multiply within host macrophages, allowing it to evade the immune system and establish a chronic infection.

Leprosy is a treatable disease with multidrug therapy (MDT), which combines several antibiotics such as dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent the progression of the disease and reduce its transmission to others.

"Mycobacterium kansasii" is a slow-growing, gram-positive bacterium that belongs to the group of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). It is named after the state of Kansas where it was first isolated. This bacterium can cause pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections in humans, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems or underlying lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchiectasis.

The symptoms of M. kansasii infection are similar to those of tuberculosis and can include cough, fever, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss, and chest pain. The diagnosis of M. kansasii infection is usually made by culturing the bacterium from clinical specimens such as sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics such as rifampin, ethambutol, and isoniazid for an extended period of time, often up to 12-24 months.

Antitubercular agents, also known as anti-tuberculosis drugs or simply TB drugs, are a category of medications specifically used for the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis (TB), a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These drugs target various stages of the bacteria's growth and replication process to eradicate it from the body or prevent its spread.

There are several first-line antitubercular agents, including:

1. Isoniazid (INH): This is a bactericidal drug that inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids, essential components of the mycobacterial cell wall. It is primarily active against actively growing bacilli.
2. Rifampin (RIF) or Rifampicin: A bactericidal drug that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, preventing the transcription of genetic information into mRNA. This results in the interruption of protein synthesis and ultimately leads to the death of the bacteria.
3. Ethambutol (EMB): A bacteriostatic drug that inhibits the arabinosyl transferase enzyme, which is responsible for the synthesis of arabinan, a crucial component of the mycobacterial cell wall. It is primarily active against actively growing bacilli.
4. Pyrazinamide (PZA): A bactericidal drug that inhibits the synthesis of fatty acids and mycolic acids in the mycobacterial cell wall, particularly under acidic conditions. PZA is most effective during the initial phase of treatment when the bacteria are in a dormant or slow-growing state.

These first-line antitubercular agents are often used together in a combination therapy to ensure complete eradication of the bacteria and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains. Treatment duration typically lasts for at least six months, with the initial phase consisting of daily doses of INH, RIF, EMB, and PZA for two months, followed by a continuation phase of INH and RIF for four months.

Second-line antitubercular agents are used when patients have drug-resistant TB or cannot tolerate first-line drugs. These include drugs like aminoglycosides (e.g., streptomycin, amikacin), fluoroquinolones (e.g., ofloxacin, moxifloxacin), and injectable bacteriostatic agents (e.g., capreomycin, ethionamide).

It is essential to closely monitor patients undergoing antitubercular therapy for potential side effects and ensure adherence to the treatment regimen to achieve optimal outcomes and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

Rifabutin is an antibiotic drug that belongs to the class of rifamycins. According to the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) database of the National Library of Medicine, Rifabutin is defined as: "A semi-synthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei and related to rifamycin B. It has iron-binding properties and is used, usually in combination with other antibiotics, to treat tuberculosis. Its antibacterial action is due to inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity."

Rifabutin is primarily used to prevent and treat Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It may also be used off-label for other bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis, atypical mycobacteria, and Legionella pneumophila.

Rifabutin has a unique chemical structure compared to other rifamycin antibiotics like rifampin and rifapentine. This structural difference results in a longer half-life and better tissue distribution, allowing for once-daily dosing and improved penetration into the central nervous system (CNS).

As with any medication, Rifabutin can have side effects, including gastrointestinal disturbances, rashes, and elevated liver enzymes. Additionally, it is known to interact with several other medications, such as oral contraceptives, anticoagulants, and some anti-seizure drugs, which may require dose adjustments or monitoring for potential interactions.

Avian tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), specifically Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. It primarily affects birds, particularly poultry such as chickens and turkeys, but can also rarely infect mammals including humans.

In humans, avian tuberculosis is usually acquired through the inhalation of contaminated aerosols or ingestion of contaminated food or water. The infection typically involves the lungs (pulmonary TB) and less commonly other organs (extrapulmonary TB).

Symptoms of avian tuberculosis in humans may include cough, fever, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss, and chest pain. Diagnosis is confirmed through microbiological culture, PCR, or histopathological examination of tissue samples. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics such as clarithromycin, rifabutin, and ethambutol for an extended period of time.

It's worth noting that avian tuberculosis is not the same as human tuberculosis, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is much more common in humans.

Clofazimine is an antimycobacterial medication used mainly in the treatment of leprosy (Hansen's disease) and also has some activity against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections. It is an oral riminophenazine dye that accumulates in macrophages and bacterial cells, where it inhibits mycobacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Its side effects include skin discoloration, gastrointestinal symptoms, and potential eye toxicity.

Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:

1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.

Clarithromycin is a antibiotic medication used to treat various types of bacterial infections, including respiratory, skin, and soft tissue infections. It is a member of the macrolide antibiotic family, which works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Clarithromycin is available by prescription and is often used in combination with other medications to treat conditions such as Helicobacter pylori infection and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection.

The medical definition of clarithromycin is:

"A antibiotic medication used to treat various types of bacterial infections, belonging to the macrolide antibiotic family. It works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and is available by prescription."

Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.

When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.

Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.

The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.

Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.

Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.

Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:

1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

AIDS-related opportunistic infections (AROIs) are infections that occur more frequently or are more severe in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with advanced HIV infection or AIDS. These infections take advantage of a weakened immune system and can affect various organs and systems in the body.

Common examples of AROIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii
2. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection, caused by a type of bacteria called mycobacteria
3. Candidiasis, a fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth, esophagus, and genitals
4. Toxoplasmosis, caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii
5. Cryptococcosis, a fungal infection that affects the lungs and central nervous system
6. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, caused by a type of herpes virus
7. Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
8. Cryptosporidiosis, a parasitic infection that affects the intestines
9. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a viral infection that affects the brain

Preventing and treating AROIs is an important part of managing HIV/AIDS, as they can cause significant illness and even death in people with weakened immune systems. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is used to treat HIV infection and prevent the progression of HIV to AIDS, which can help reduce the risk of opportunistic infections. In addition, medications to prevent specific opportunistic infections may be prescribed for people with advanced HIV or AIDS.

"Mycobacterium chelonae" is a rapidly growing, gram-positive bacterium that belongs to the group of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). It is widely distributed in the environment, particularly in water and soil. This organism can cause various types of infections in humans, ranging from localized skin and soft tissue infections to disseminated disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Infections are typically acquired through contaminated wounds, medical procedures, or inhalation of aerosolized particles. Common clinical manifestations include cutaneous abscesses, lung infections, catheter-related bloodstream infections, and ocular infections. Proper identification and targeted antimicrobial therapy are essential for the management of "Mycobacterium chelonae" infections.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

"Mycobacterium marinum" is a slow-growing, gram-positive bacterium that belongs to the group of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). It is commonly found in fresh and saltwater environments, including aquariums and swimming pools. This pathogen can cause skin infections, known as swimmer's granuloma or fish tank granuloma, in individuals who have exposure to contaminated water. The infection typically occurs through minor cuts or abrasions on the skin, leading to a localized, chronic, and slowly progressive lesion. In some cases, disseminated infection can occur in people with weakened immune systems.

References:
1. Chan, R. C., & Cohen, S. M. (2017). Nontuberculous mycobacterial skin infections. Clinics in dermatology, 35(4), 416-423.
2. Kohler, P., Bloch, A., & Pfyffer, G. E. (2002). Nontuberculous mycobacteria: an overview. Swiss medical weekly, 132(35-36), 548-557.
3. Sanguinetti, M., & Bloch, S. A. (2019). Mycobacterium marinum skin infection. American journal of clinical dermatology, 20(2), 219-226.

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The infection typically enters the body when a person inhales droplets containing the bacteria, which are released into the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.

The symptoms of pulmonary TB can vary but often include:

* Persistent cough that lasts for more than three weeks and may produce phlegm or blood-tinged sputum
* Chest pain or discomfort, particularly when breathing deeply or coughing
* Fatigue and weakness
* Unexplained weight loss
* Fever and night sweats
* Loss of appetite

Pulmonary TB can cause serious complications if left untreated, including damage to the lungs, respiratory failure, and spread of the infection to other parts of the body. Treatment typically involves a course of antibiotics that can last several months, and it is essential for patients to complete the full treatment regimen to ensure that the infection is fully eradicated.

Preventive measures include vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which can provide some protection against severe forms of TB in children, and measures to prevent the spread of the disease, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, wearing a mask in public places, and avoiding close contact with people who have active TB.

Rifamycins are a class of antibiotics derived from the bacterium Amycolatopsis rifamycinica. They have a unique chemical structure and mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This leads to the prevention of bacterial transcription and ultimately results in bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity, depending on the drug concentration and the susceptibility of the bacteria.

Rifamycins are primarily used in the treatment of various types of infections caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as mycobacteria. Some examples of rifamycin antibiotics include rifampin (also known as rifampicin), rifabutin, and rifapentine. These drugs are often used to treat tuberculosis, meningitis, and other serious infections. It is important to note that resistance to rifamycins can develop rapidly if the drugs are not used appropriately or if they are used to treat infections caused by bacteria that are already resistant to these antibiotics.

"Mycobacterium phlei" is not a recognized medical condition or disease. Mycobacterium phlei is actually a species of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that is commonly found in the environment, such as in soil and water. It is often used in laboratory settings as a reference strain for mycobacterial identification and research. This bacterium is not known to cause disease in humans and is generally considered to be non-pathogenic.

Glycolipids are a type of lipid (fat) molecule that contain one or more sugar molecules attached to them. They are important components of cell membranes, where they play a role in cell recognition and signaling. Glycolipids are also found on the surface of some viruses and bacteria, where they can be recognized by the immune system as foreign invaders.

There are several different types of glycolipids, including cerebrosides, gangliosides, and globosides. These molecules differ in the number and type of sugar molecules they contain, as well as the structure of their lipid tails. Glycolipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of cells, and they are transported to the cell membrane through vesicles.

Abnormalities in glycolipid metabolism or structure have been implicated in a number of diseases, including certain types of cancer, neurological disorders, and autoimmune diseases. For example, mutations in genes involved in the synthesis of glycolipids can lead to conditions such as Tay-Sachs disease and Gaucher's disease, which are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal glycolipids in cells.

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... mycobacterium infections, atypical MeSH C01.252.410.040.552.475.495 - mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection MeSH C01.252 ... bacteroides infections MeSH C01.252.400.126 - bartonellaceae infections MeSH C01.252.400.126.100 - bartonella infections MeSH ... moraxellaceae infections MeSH C01.252.400.560.022 - acinetobacter infections MeSH C01.252.400.610 - mycoplasmatales infections ... mycobacterium infections MeSH C01.252.410.040.552.386 - leprosy MeSH C01.252.410.040.552.386.110 - leprosy, borderline MeSH ...
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An Association between Pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-Intracellulare Complex Infections and Biomarkers of Th2-Type Inflammation ... Four cases of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) were diagnosed including one Mycobacterium avium complex strain (MAC). HIV- ... Mycobacterial pulmonary diseases are due to infection with bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), and ... Mycobacterium Avium Complex Pulmonary Disease in Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis-Suspected Patients in Mali. The Egyptian ...
... disseminated Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (one), disseminated cytomegalovirus infection (two), disseminated candidiasis ( ... Physicians diagnosing opportunistic infections or unusual neoplasms in hemophilia patients who have not received antecedent ... Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has been the most common opportunistic infection, occurring in 44 (85%) of the 52 patients. ... Other opportunistic infections have included toxoplasmic encephalitis (two cases), ...
... and characterized by a range of opportunistic diseases and infections. Such opportunistic infection proliferate in the absence ... is a deficiency of cellular immunity brought on by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) ... Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection and immunoblastic sarcoma in a fatal case of AIDS. 8) ... CD38 expression in HIV-1-infected individuals: As in most viral infections, HIV-1 infection causes activation of B and T cells ...
These microphages also can be detected in infection due to Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, cryptococcosis, or other ... Mycobacterium avium duodenal infection mimicking Whipples disease in a patient with AIDS. Endoscopy. 2007 Feb. 39 Suppl 1:E296 ... T whipplei infection is recognized to be a major cause of culture-negative endocarditis. [3] Because fewer than 1000 reported ... Tropheryma whipplei infection (Whipples disease) in a patient after liver transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2016 Aug. 18(4 ...
These mycobacteria or atypical mycobacteria exist in almost all habitats. ... Investigators have defined 30 facultative saprophytes and entities that are acid-fast mycobacteria but do not cause ... 8] and that Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare (known together as M avium complex [MAC]) infections are the ... M intracellulare, Mycobacterium ulcerans, Mycobacterium haemophilum, Mycobacterium genavense, Mycobacterium malmoense, ...
Conclusion: Although rare, skin and joint infections caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare should be considered in any ... Cellulitis caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare has rarely been described. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is a rare ... Cellulitis caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare has rarely been described. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is a rare ... Cellulitis caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare has rarely been described. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is a rare ...
Infection of immunocompromised individuals is generally caused by bacilli of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, ... Mycobacterium avium complex species, and other commonly isolated mycobacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol., 39(10): 3768-3771. ... Inderlied, C.B.; Kemper, C.A.; Bermudez, L.E. (1993). The Mycobacterium avium complex. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 6(3): 266-310. ... Considering that the treatment of infections caused by these atypical mycobacteria is different from that used for M. ...
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection. * M chelonae infection. * M fortuitum infection. * M gordonae infection ... Comparison of mycobacteria growth indicator tube with BACTEC 460 for detection and recovery of mycobacteria from clinical ... Guidelines for using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold test for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, United States. MMWR ... Updated guidelines for using Interferon Gamma Release Assays to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection - United States, ...
... and mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) are two distinct types of bacteria that can cause infections in the lungs and other parts ... including Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) and Mycobacterium intracellulare (M.intracellulare), which are widespread in the ... including Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. Typically, infections occur when people with compromised immune ... Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) are bacteria that cause different infections. Both belong to ...
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Vascular Malformations; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Melanoma; Carcinoma, ... Mycobacterium Infections; Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia; Carcinoid Tumor; Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid; Stomatitis, Aphthous ... Head and Neck Neoplasms; Anus Neoplasms; Papillomavirus Infections; Vulvar Neoplasms; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms; Carcinoma, ...
Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection. Granular cell tumor. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Storage disease. Loading... ...
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... infections have been steadily increasing worldwide. Most NTM infections are caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare ... Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare , Humanos , Metaloproteinases da Matriz , Complexo Mycobacterium avium , ... Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and M. avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) enter host phagocytes, such as neutrophils through ... Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex promote release of pro-inflammatory enzymes matrix metalloproteinases by inducing ...
"Mycobacterium Avium-intracellulare Infection (MAI)", "StructureGroupName": "Mycobacterium Avium-intracellulare Infection (MAI ... ": "Respiratory tract infections", "StructureGroupName": "Respiratory tract infections", "StructureNodeStatus": "valid" }, { " ... ": "Respiratory tract infections", "StructureGroupName": "Respiratory tract infections", "StructureNodeStatus": "valid" }, { " ... ": "Respiratory tract infections", "StructureGroupName": "Respiratory tract infections", "StructureNodeStatus": "valid" }, { " ...
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... local or widespread mycobacterial infections caused by Mycobacterium intracellulare or Mycobacterium avium; in a complex of ... especially suitable for the treatment of urinary tract infections and prevention of infections after urologic surgery or ... medicine oppressing acidity of a gastric acid for eradication of Helicobacter infection. ...
Learn more about Aids-related Opportunistic Infections from related diseases, pathways, genes and PTMs with the Novus ... Mycobacterium Avium-intracellulare Infection. *Sarcoma. *Diarrhea. *Toxoplasmosis. Related PTMs. Aids-related Opportunistic ... Aids-related Opportunistic Infections is also known as Hiv-related Opportunistic Infections, Opportunistic Infection, Aids- ... related, Opportunistic Infections In Aids, Opportunistic Infections, Aids-related, Opportunistic Infections, Hiv-related. ...
... bacterial infections caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, M. tuberculosis, M. kansasii, Nocardia sp., Listeria ... Cytomegalovirus Infections Histoplasmosis Humans Lung Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Mycobacterium Infections Nocardia Infections ... Containing the spread of HIV infection: a world health priority. Cite CITE. Title : Containing the spread of HIV infection: a ... Progress In Drug Therapies For HIV Infection Cite CITE. Title : Progress In Drug Therapies For HIV Infection Personal Author(s ...
... or unusual infections such as those caused by the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex ... Acute Infection. About 10%-60% of people with early HIV infection will not experience any symptoms. In those that do, the usual ... Because hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) infections are transmitted in the same manner as HIV, people with HIV infection ... Managing Coexisting Infections. Patients should be regularly screened for infections, including:. *Tuberculosis testing (TST or ...
  • Understanding the differences between these two mycobacterial infections is crucial for accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and prevention strategies. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Topics A-Z These atypical mycobacterial infections are a frequent complication in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or AIDS. (vint.cz)
  • A rapid microbroth dilution method has been developed to assess drug susceptibility profile of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare isolated from drug failure cases of pulmonary mycobacterial infections and compared with the conventional plate proportion method. (practo.com)
  • M. avium intracellulare, M. kansasii and M. fortuitum strains were tested with both agar dilution method and broth microdilution method. (practo.com)
  • In this report, we describe the application of MALDI-TOF MS, as well as statistical analysis including linear discriminant and random forest analysis, to 16 medically relevant strains from four species of mycobacteria, M. tuberculosis, M. avium, M. intracellulare, and M. kansasii. (cdc.gov)
  • [ 6 ] Person-to-person spread is extremely uncommon, although in 2012 the first known outbreak of respiratory Mycobacterium abscessus subsp massiliense disease occurring in a population of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) was reported. (medscape.com)
  • The prevalence of Mycobacterium abscessus infections in non-cystic fibrosis (CF) patients has increased in recent years. (ersjournals.com)
  • Mycobacterium abscessus is a nontuberculous mycobacterium notorious for causing difficult-to-treat pulmonary infections. (ersjournals.com)
  • In the last decade, an increasing prevalence of M. abscessus infections has been reported in many countries [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Mycobacterium abscessus Infection most common in Central and West Africa around areas of lush vegetation and swamps but may also occur in Australia. (vint.cz)
  • Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection (MAI) is an atypical mycobacterial infection, i.e. one with nontuberculous mycobacteria or NTM, caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), which is made of two Mycobacterium species, M. avium and M. intracellulare. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), also called Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, is a microbial complex of three Mycobacterium species (i.e. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mycobacterial species other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae are classified as atypical mycobacteria, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), or environmental mycobacteria. (medscape.com)
  • The type of disease depends on the species of mycobacteria, the route and degree of exposure, and the immune status of the host. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast, the MAC consists of several related bacterial species, including Mycobacterium avium ( M. avium ) and Mycobacterium intracellulare ( M.intracellulare ), which are widespread in the environment. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In contrast, the MAC consists of several nontuberculous mycobacterial species, known as nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The most prevalent species are M. avium and M. intracellulare . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The MAC is a group of closely related mycobacterial species that share similar characteristics and cause similar infections. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Mycobacterial species isolated from sputum and grown in culture were examined to distinguish between NTM and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). (who.int)
  • Apart from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), the genus Mycobacterium includes over 120 species of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). (who.int)
  • Atypical mycobacteria (MAC) diseases are caused by species of mycobacteria that do not cause tuberculosis or leprosy. (vint.cz)
  • A 2019 retrospective study in Taiwan concluded that surgical resection of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) solitary pulmonary nodules is curative in asymptomatic patients without positive culture of the same NTM species from respiratory specimens and a history of NTM pulmonary disease. (vint.cz)
  • Because many laboratories use tests that do not routinely distinguish Mycobacterium tuberculosis from closely related species, these laboratories report culture results as being positive or negative for " Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. (cdc.gov)
  • Other species in the M. tuberculosis complex include Mycobacterium bovis , Mycobacterium africanum , Mycobacterium microti , Mycobacterium canettii , Mycobacterium caprae , Mycobacterium pinnipedii , and Mycobacterium mungi . (cdc.gov)
  • There are 32 species of mycobacteria that are pathogenic to humans, including M. tuberculosis. (wcponline.com)
  • The most commonly encountered mycobacterium pathogens, however, are species of MAC. (wcponline.com)
  • The introduction of new techniques, such as MALDI-ToF spectrometry, can identify a greater number of species of nontuberculous mycobacteria, as well as other types of slow-growing microorganisms having similarities with mycobacteria on cultural and morphological properties, which significantly increases the diagnostic capabilities of laboratories. (iimmun.ru)
  • [ 2 ] Mycobacterium fortuitum has been reported as a commensal on human skin. (medscape.com)
  • M. fortuitum , M. intracellulare , M. terrae and M. avium . (who.int)
  • M. fortuitum has been associated with pulmonary infection but more often affects the skin, soft tissue or bones. (who.int)
  • Results from SNPs typing of gyrB and ITS, as well as from MIRU-VNTR analysis suggested the isolation of a single strain of M. avium subsp. (frontiersin.org)
  • M. avium subsp. (frontiersin.org)
  • Genetic diversity of clinical Mycobacterium avium subsp. (cdc.gov)
  • Mycobacterium avium subsp. (edu.au)
  • citation needed] MAC bacteria are common in the environment and cause infection when inhaled or swallowed. (wikipedia.org)
  • MAC bacteria should always be considered in a person with HIV infection presenting with diarrhea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mycobacterial pulmonary diseases are due to infection with bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), and Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) strains [1]. (scirp.org)
  • Mycobacteria are a large group of aerobic bacteria that produce filamentous pellicles similar to molds when grown in liquid media. (medscape.com)
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) are two distinct types of bacteria that can cause infections in the lungs and other parts of the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • These droplets contain the bacteria, allowing the infection to spread when individuals breathe them in. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Similarly, doctors often find MAC infections challenging to treat due to the inherent resistance of the bacteria to many commonly used antibiotics. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections are caused by two types of bacteria : Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. (jacanswers.com)
  • Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a group of bacteria related to tuberculosis. (jacanswers.com)
  • Pulmonary infection occurs via inhalation of aerosolized material containing the bacteria, whereas lymphadenitis is often caused by ingestion or penetration through the soft tissues, and skin and soft tissue infection by access through skin breakdown or by indwelling medical equipment. (statpearls.com)
  • Some sources also include Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). (wikipedia.org)
  • MAC comprises several bacterial agents and over 20 recognized serotypes including, M. avium, M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis and salvaticum, and M. intracellulare. (wcponline.com)
  • M. avium subspecies salvaticum causes infections in birds and mammals, especially deer while subspecies paratuberculosis causes a chronic enteritis in cattle and is suspected of causing inflammatory disease in humans. (wcponline.com)
  • Data on skin and soft-tissue infection caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria in Taiwan (1997-2008) suggest that MAI is an important pathogen. (medscape.com)
  • Multifocal osteomyelitis caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients with a genetic defect of the interferon-gamma receptor. (vint.cz)
  • Several molecular typing methods have been developed to differentiate between M. avium subspecies and strains, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing and mini-satellite sequence analysis-mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit variable-number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, a typical course may require additional medications and a longer duration if drug-resistant strains are causing infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • 17 (21.8%) of microbial strains which have been identified using the method of DNA hybridization, identified by spectrometry, including slow-growing microorganisms, non-mycobacteria strains seven (9.0%): Gordonia rubriperticta, Nocardia forcinica, Tsukumurella spp. (iimmun.ru)
  • M. avium and M. haemophilum infections in children form a distinct clinical entity, not associated with abnormalities of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • One case report described primary MAI infection resulting in a clinical picture resembling lupus vulgaris. (medscape.com)
  • 2) The patients with depressed levels of 1,25-D were characterized by advanced clinical HIV infection, low CD4+ lymphocyte counts, and high serum levels of tumor TNF-alpha - all indication of more severe forms of the disease. (mpkb.org)
  • This course covers transmission of HIV and infection control, Washington laws concerning confidentiality and testing, clinical manifestations and treatment, psychosocial issues, and legal and ethical issues. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
  • Tsukamura M, Mizuno S, Tsukamura S. PMID: 5301575 For many years, the Runyon classification of Mycobacterium was utilized in clinical laboratories to provide a convenient way to differentiate among … What are the factors which induce heart failure? (vint.cz)
  • Our population-based study provides evidence of a changing epidemiology of PNTM infections and highlights emerging clinical implications. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Molecular analysis of clinical isolates previously diagnosed as Mycobacterium intracellulare reveals incidental findings of 'Mycobacterium indicus pranii' genotypes in human lung infection. (cdc.gov)
  • hominissuis and Mycobacterium intracellulare isolates causing pulmonary diseases recovered from different geographical regions. (cdc.gov)
  • Antibiotic susceptibility testing, hsp65 and rpoB sequencing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), mycobacteria interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MIRU-VNTR), and VNTR assay targeting 44 M. intracellulare isolates obtained from patients with pulmonary infections were performed. (ophrp.org)
  • We assessed the performance of MTBDRsl for detection of resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides/cyclic peptides, and ethambutol compared to BACTEC MGIT 960 by subjecting simultaneously to both tests 385 phenotypically multidrug-resistant-Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Sao Paulo, Brazil. (bvsalud.org)
  • The mechanisms whereby Mtb disseminates from the initial Ghon focus are not well understood, but studies in the zebrafish model of M. marinum infection suggest that Mtb is transported within infected monocytes [ 4 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • This infection causes respiratory illness in birds, pigs, and humans, especially in immunocompromised people. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1 NTM can be found in the environment, including water and soil, which is the suspected source of occasional infection of humans. (who.int)
  • Only M. avium and M. intracellulare are confirmed pathogens in humans. (wcponline.com)
  • Other opportunistic infections have included toxoplasmic encephalitis (two cases), disseminated Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (one), disseminated cytomegalovirus infection (two), disseminated candidiasis (one), and cryptococcal meningitis (one). (hemophiliafed.org)
  • For example, congenital TB can mimic congenital syphilis or cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. (medscape.com)
  • Infection by organisms other than H. pylori: Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, enterococcal infection, Herpes simplex, and cytomegalovirus. (capsulehealth.one)
  • In this study, we investigate whether immune defects explain the apparent susceptibility to this opportunistic infection in non-CF patients. (ersjournals.com)
  • The type of disease caused by these organisms is dependent on the mode of inoculation and the susceptibility of the host to infection. (statpearls.com)
  • Representative population-based data on the epidemiology of pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial (PNTM) infections in Europe are limited. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Epidemiology and Genomics of Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections in Kenya. (cdc.gov)
  • and Mycobacterium leprae, the cause of leprosy. (vint.cz)
  • Azithromycin is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. (ndclist.com)
  • A wide variety of factors can cause acute gastritis including some bacterial infections, consumption of certain beverages and some medications. (capsulehealth.one)
  • https://gobodepot.com/2021/09/winstrol-2-week-cycle-steroids-2-week-cycle/ For relief from seasonal (and food) allergies, histamine intolerance and frequent bacterial infections, look no further than the allergy stack. (sk-antares.ru)
  • Approximately one-third of the world's population is thought to be infected with the causative organism, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) [ 3 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Sanofi Receives FDA Approval of Priftin® (Rifapentine) Tablets for the Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection. (medscape.com)
  • Three months of rifapentine and isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection. (medscape.com)
  • Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. (medscape.com)
  • Recommendations for use of an isoniazid-rifapentine regimen with direct observation to treat latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. (medscape.com)
  • There is a large inter-individual variability in the response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. (worldcarecouncil.org)
  • Four cases of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) were diagnosed including one Mycobacterium avium complex strain (MAC). (scirp.org)
  • The strain typing of M. intracellulare is important for the treatment and control of its infections. (ophrp.org)
  • Discrimination of intact mycobacteria at the strain level: a combined MALDI-TOF MS and biostatistical analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, the ability to discriminate mycobacteria at the strain level may be important to contact or source case investigations. (cdc.gov)
  • This article reviews the dermatologic manifestations of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI, or MAC) infection. (medscape.com)
  • Some patients develop active primary TB, resulting in disseminated miliary infection or TB meningitis, but these disease manifestations cause death of the host without transmission of Mtb. (ersjournals.com)
  • Additionally, Isoniazid (apart from Rifampicin the most potent first-line anti-TB drug) has only a limited effect on M. avium , 9 and relapses are common. (who.int)
  • For M. avium intracellulare, the agreement between both methods figured around 70% for isoniazid (INH), streptomycin (STR) and ethambutol (EMB). (practo.com)
  • Bronchiectasis, the bronchial condition which causes pathological enlargement of the bronchial tubes, is commonly found with MAI infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Whether the bronchiectasis leads to the MAC infection or is the result of it is not always known. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cystic fibrosis (CF), non-CF bronchiectasis, COPD and low body mass index (BMI) are the best-known predisposing conditions for nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) [ 2 , 5 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • The following is a review of an opportunistic pathogen of primary concern-Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). (wcponline.com)
  • Primary cutaneous MAI infection generally occurs in hosts who are immunocompetent after traumatic introduction into the soft tissue. (medscape.com)
  • One case series revealed cutaneous involvement in 6 of 30 cases of DMAI infection. (medscape.com)
  • Primary cutaneous MAI infection is rare, with 12 cases reported in the literature prior to 1997. (medscape.com)
  • although most case reports of primary cutaneous MAI infection have been in individuals aged 2-10 years, adult cases have also been described. (medscape.com)
  • A review of 8 cases of cutaneous MAI infection occurring secondary to disseminated disease found a median patient age of 22.2 years, with a range of 2-28 years. (medscape.com)
  • It is important to consider cutaneous infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI, or MAC) in patients with antibiotic-resistant cellulitis, nonhealing nodules, and ulcers, as well as in patients who are immunosuppressed with evidence of disseminated MAI (DMAI) infection. (medscape.com)
  • One can define the breadth of AIDS-related complications by the extent and number of co-infections such as pneumonia, herpes, Candida , etc. (mpkb.org)
  • Viral co-infections (including Epstein-Barr virus, Human Herpes Virus 6, etc.) are found in all the diseases the Marshall Protocol treats, but the viruses are not believed to bethe proximate cause of disease. (mpkb.org)
  • With the exception of one 31-year-old factor V-deficient individual with Kaposi's sarcoma (and without risk factors for AIDS other than his hemophilia), each patient had at least one opportunistic infection suggestive of an underlying cellular immune deficiency. (hemophiliafed.org)
  • Such opportunistic infection proliferate in the absence of a robust immune response. (mpkb.org)
  • CD38 plays a role in effective containment of mycobacteria within granulomata and polarization of Th1 immune responses against Mycobacterium avium. (mpkb.org)
  • MAC infections typically occur when individuals with compromised immune systems or preexisting lung conditions come into contact with contaminated water, soil, or food. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The infections often target individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying lung conditions. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Infections usually occur because of compromised immune systems, such as those with AIDS , chronic lung diseases, or other factors. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In HIV positive patients, MAC is the most common bacterial infection, occurring in as many as 43 percent of people within two years of being diagnosed with auto immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). (wcponline.com)
  • MAC infections may cause granulomatous diseases, which range from localized granulomas to disseminated diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mycobacteria pulmonary diseases are chronic illnesses with various impacts on patients' health status, and wellbeing. (scirp.org)
  • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) is a deficiency of cellular immunity brought on by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and characterized by a range of opportunistic diseases and infections. (mpkb.org)
  • Murdoch, DM & McDonald, JR 2007, ' Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare cellulitis occurring with septic arthritis after joint injection: A case report ', BMC Infectious Diseases , vol. 7, 9. (wustl.edu)
  • MTB and MAC are diseases caused by mycobacteria but differ in several ways. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Infections from MAC aren't reportable diseases, thus little is known about its true incidence in the United States. (wcponline.com)
  • International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) discharge diagnosis codes were extracted from the official nationwide diagnosis-related groups (DRG) hospital statistics in order to identify PNTM infection-associated hospitalisations (ICD-10 code A31.0) between 2005 and 2011. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Atypical mycobacteria or nontuberculous mycobacteria are organisms that cause various diseases such as skin and soft tissue infection, lymphadenitis, pulmonary infection, disseminated infection, and a wide range of more rarely encountered infections. (statpearls.com)
  • The family Mycobacteriaceae consists of a single genus, Mycobacterium , which are thin, slightly curved-to-straight, non-spore-forming, nonmotile acid-fast bacilli. (medscape.com)
  • Belonging to the same genus, Mycobacteria, they also share some features. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • [ 1 ] Although the prevalence of MAI infection has increased following the epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), MAI infection remains a rare cause of skin disease. (medscape.com)
  • Little data are available on the prevalence of NTM infections in TB high-burden countries, but the incidence can nevertheless be substantial. (who.int)
  • The prevalence of PNTM infection-associated hospitalisations is steadily increasing in Germany. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Similarly, NTM can cause chronic pulmonary infection in HIV individuals and those having underlying pulmonary conditions [1] [2]. (scirp.org)
  • The M. avium complex (including M. avium and M. intracellulare ) is most often associated with pulmonary infection. (who.int)
  • To determine the proportion of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in samples of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases from Papua New Guinea who were diagnosed using acid-fast microscopy. (who.int)
  • Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infections are becoming an increasing concern in veterinary medicine because they affect livestock, wildlife, and companion animals. (frontiersin.org)
  • 11 While the regimen includes Rifampicin and Ethambutol, two of the standard first-line anti-TB drugs, the length of the TB regimen is not sufficient to address M. avium complex infections. (who.int)
  • Absence of CD38 rendered mice more susceptible to mycobacterial infection. (mpkb.org)
  • Immunocompromised cases (e.g. human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] positive cases) are susceptible to NTM infection, particularly disseminated M. avium disease. (who.int)
  • Sputum culture grew Mycobacterium avium complex. (medscape.com)
  • Skin biopsy showed non-caseating granulomas, and culture grew Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. (wustl.edu)
  • Cultures from 80 out of 1667 patients (4.8%) admitted consecutively to a tuberculosis hospital grew atypical mycobacteria. (vint.cz)
  • Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) causes disseminated disease in up to 40% of patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • in a complex of medicine oppressing acidity of a gastric acid for eradication of Helicobacter infection. (happyfamilymedstore.com)
  • Milk, particularly unpasteurized milk, water and poultry are the most commonly reported vehicles of infection [5]. (who.int)
  • Atypical mycobacteria most commonly infect young children, immunocompromised individuals, individuals with indwelling medical equipment, and those who have recently undergone surgical or non-surgical procedures. (statpearls.com)
  • To date, Koch's postulates have not been fulfilled completely (infection of an animal model and isolation of the organism from the animal). (medscape.com)
  • Analysis of the Molecular Evolution of the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Drug-Resistant Gene rpoB in Asia Using a Bayesian Evolutionary Method. (cdc.gov)
  • M. tuberculosis causes TB and is a highly contagious respiratory infection, primarily affecting the lungs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • These microphages also can be detected in infection due to Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, cryptococcosis, or other parasitic organisms (usually observed in patients who are immunosuppressed with HIV disease). (medscape.com)
  • However, Jerome Reich and Richard Johnson describe a series of six patients with MAC infection of the right middle lobe or lingula who did not have any predisposing lung disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Since the six patients in their retrospective case series were older females, Reich and Johnson proposed that patients without a vigorous cough may develop right middle lobe or left lingular infection with MAC. (wikipedia.org)
  • The patients include a 40-year-old man with an 8-year history of fever of unknown origin, a 30-year-old man with a chronic nonproductive cough, and a 6-year-old boy diagnosed at 5 months of age with osteopetrosis and hypogammaglobulinemia who subsequently developed a disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection. (nih.gov)
  • A U.S. Public Health Service Task Force convened to address the prophylaxis and therapy of MAC recommends that patients with HIV infection and less than 100 CD4+ T-lymphocytes/uL be administered prophylaxis against MAC. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients with HIV infection and less than 100 CD4+ T-lymphocytes/uL should be administered prophylaxis against MAC. (cdc.gov)
  • Blood cultures should be performed in patients with symptoms, signs, or laboratory abnormalities compatible with mycobacterium infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Intestinal lamina propria of AIDS patients with concomitant Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) infection may be packed with PAS-positive granules containing macrophages, but the intracellular bacilli are acid fast. (medscape.com)
  • Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has been the most common opportunistic infection, occurring in 44 (85%) of the 52 patients. (hemophiliafed.org)
  • As a result, en end-stage AIDS patients levels of 1,25-D approach zero. (mpkb.org)
  • [ 15 ] Of note, patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection do not acquire the disease. (medscape.com)
  • Azithromycin, a semisynthetic antibiotic belonging to the macrolide subgroup of azalides, is used to treat STDs due to chlamydia and gonorrhea, community-acquired pneumonia, pelvic inflammatory disease, pediatric otitis media and pharyngitis, and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in patients with advanced HIV disease. (illumina.com)
  • Atypical mycobacteria might play a role in the etiology in a minority of our patients, but more cases and other potential etiologic agents need to be studied. (vint.cz)
  • The most highly infectious patients are those who develop cavitatory lung disease [ 1 ], since each cavity may contain up to 10 9 mycobacteria [ 5 ], and these patients can be regarded as the aerosol supershedders that drive the global pandemic. (ersjournals.com)
  • Background: Cellulitis caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare has rarely been described. (wustl.edu)
  • One chart review series of 47 children with cervical adenitis revealed a median age of 3 years at the time of MAI infection diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • In the present work, the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was standardized, and the laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was evaluated comparing baciloscopy, culture and PCR tests. (scielo.br)
  • Mixed infections as well as false-positive TB diagnosis cannot be ruled out. (who.int)
  • Overall, 5,959 records with PNTM infection as any hospital discharge diagnosis were extracted from more than 125 million hospitalisations. (biomedcentral.com)