Narcolepsy
Cataplexy
Hypersomnolence, Idiopathic
Neuropeptides
Sleep Paralysis
Sodium Oxybate
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
Sleep, REM
Orexin Receptors
Sleep Stages
Polysomnography
Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Wakefulness
HLA-DQ Antigens
Receptors, Neuropeptide
Benzhydryl Compounds
Adjuvants, Anesthesia
Sleep
Central Nervous System Stimulants
Hypothalamus
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Functional magnetic resonance imaging neuroactivation studies in normal subjects and subjects with the narcoleptic syndrome. Actions of modafinil. (1/330)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can be used to detect regional brain responses to changes in sensory stimuli. We have used fMRI to determine the amount of visual and auditory cortical activation in 12 normal subjects and 12 subjects with the narcoleptic syndrome, using a multiplexed visual and auditory stimulation paradigm. In both normal and narcoleptic subjects, mean cortical activation levels during the presentation of periodic visual and auditory stimulation showed no appreciable differences with either age or sex. Normal subjects showed higher levels of visual activation at 10:00 hours than 15:00 hours, with a reverse pattern in narcoleptic subjects (P = 0.007). The group differences in spatial extent of cortical activation between control and narcoleptic subjects were small and statistically insignificant. The alerting action, and imaging response, to a single oral dose of the sleep-preventing drug modafinil 400 mg were then determined and compared with placebo in both the 12 normal (8 given modafinil, 4 placebo) and 12 narcoleptic subjects (8 modafinil, 4 placebo). Modafinil caused an increase in self-reported levels of alertness in 7 of 8 narcoleptic subjects, but there was no significant difference between mean pretreatment and post-treatment activation levels as determined by fMRI for either normal or narcoleptic syndrome subjects given modafinil. However, in the modafinil-treated group of 8 normal and 8 narcoleptic subjects, there was a clock time independent correlation between the initial level of activation as determined by the pretreatment scan and the post-treatment change in activation (visual, P = 0.002; and auditory, P = 0.001). No correlation was observed in placebo-treated subjects (P = 0.99 and 0.77, respectively). Although limited by the small number of subjects, and the lack of an objective measure of alertness, the findings of this study suggest that low cortical activation levels in both normal and narcoleptic subjects are increased following the administration of modafinil. Functional magnetic resonance imaging may be a valuable addition to established studies of attention. (+info)The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene. (2/330)
Narcolepsy is a disabling sleep disorder affecting humans and animals. It is characterized by daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, and striking transitions from wakefulness into rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In this study, we used positional cloning to identify an autosomal recessive mutation responsible for this sleep disorder in a well-established canine model. We have determined that canine narcolepsy is caused by disruption of the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene (Hcrtr2). This result identifies hypocretins as major sleep-modulating neurotransmitters and opens novel potential therapeutic approaches for narcoleptic patients. (+info)Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: molecular genetics of sleep regulation. (3/330)
Neurons containing the neuropeptide orexin (hypocretin) are located exclusively in the lateral hypothalamus and send axons to numerous regions throughout the central nervous system, including the major nuclei implicated in sleep regulation. Here, we report that, by behavioral and electroencephalographic criteria, orexin knockout mice exhibit a phenotype strikingly similar to human narcolepsy patients, as well as canarc-1 mutant dogs, the only known monogenic model of narcolepsy. Moreover, modafinil, an anti-narcoleptic drug with ill-defined mechanisms of action, activates orexin-containing neurons. We propose that orexin regulates sleep/wakefulness states, and that orexin knockout mice are a model of human narcolepsy, a disorder characterized primarily by rapid eye movement (REM) sleep dysregulation. (+info)Pseudo-narcolepsy: case report. (4/330)
This report describes the case of a 44-year-old woman presenting to a Sleep and Alertness clinic with symptoms of narcolepsy. The patient had clinical and polysomnographic features of narcolepsy, which disappeared after disclosure of severe psychological stress. Following a discussion of the differential diagnosis of narcolepsy, alternative diagnoses are considered. The authors suggest that the patient had a hysterical conversion disorder, or "pseudo-narcolepsy." Careful inquiry into psychological factors in unusual cases of narcolepsy may be warranted. (+info)Chronic oral administration of CG-3703, a thyrotropin releasing hormone analog, increases wake and decreases cataplexy in canine narcolepsy. (5/330)
The effects on cataplexy and daytime sleep of acute and chronic oral administration of CG-3703, a potent TRH analog were assessed in canine narcolepsy. CG-3703 was found to be orally active and to reduce cataplexy (0.25 to 16 mg/kg) and sleep (8 and 16 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner. Two-week oral administration of CG-3703 (16 mg/kg) significantly reduced cataplexy and daytime sleep. The anticataplectic effects of CG-3703 were not associated with changes in general behavior, heart rate, blood pressure, rectal temperature, blood chemistry and thyroid function. Although drug tolerance for the effects on cataplexy and sleep were observed during the second week of chronic drug administration, therapeutic efficacy on cataplexy was improved with individual dose adjustment (final dose range: 16 to 28 mg/kg, p.o.). These results suggest that TRH analogs could be a promising new form of treatment for human narcolepsy. (+info)Night-time sleep and daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy. (6/330)
This report describes night-time sleep and daytime sleepiness in a large (N=530) sample of patients meeting the International Classification of Sleep Disorders criteria for diagnosis of narcolepsy. Sleep data were obtained from polysomnographic recordings on two consecutive nights. Sleepiness was assessed using the Multiple Sleep Latency Test, the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Analysis revealed that sleep was mild to moderately disturbed on both recording nights. A first-night effect was suggested by decreased REM latency and increased percentage REM and slow-wave sleep on the second night. Sleepiness and sleep disturbance varied across patient subgroups created based on patient ethnicity and on the presence/absence of cataplexy, sleep apnoea, and periodic limb movements. Covariation of sleep and sleepiness measures across patients was significant but weak. Strong association was found between subgroup means of sleep and sleep disturbance measures. The findings reported here show that sleepiness and sleep disturbance vary across patient subgroups and that sleep disturbance is related to, although unable to account, for the pathological sleepiness of narcolepsy. (+info)Sulpiride, a D2/D3 blocker, reduces cataplexy but not REM sleep in canine narcolepsy. (7/330)
Cataplexy, an abnormal manifestation of REM sleep atonia, is currently treated with antidepressants. These medications also reduce physiological REM sleep and induce nocturnal sleep disturbances. Because a recent work on canine narcolepsy suggests that the mechanisms for triggering cataplexy are different from those for REM sleep, we hypothesized that compounds which act specifically on cataplexy, but not on REM sleep, could be developed. Canine studies also suggest that the dopamine D2/D3 receptor mechanism is specifically involved in the regulation of cataplexy, but little evidence suggests that this mechanism is important for REM sleep regulation. We therefore assessed the effects of sulpiride, a commonly used D2/D3 antagonist, on cataplexy and sleep in narcoleptic canines to explore the possible clinical application of D2/D3 antagonists for the treatment of human narcolepsy. Both acute and chronic oral administration of sulpiride (300 mg/dog, 600 mg/dog) significantly reduced cataplexy without noticeable side effects. Interestingly, the anticataplectic dose of sulpiride did not significantly reduce the amount of REM sleep. Sulpiride (and other D2/D3 antagonists) may therefore be an attractive new therapeutic indication in human narcolepsy. (+info)Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy. (8/330)
Murine and canine narcolepsy can be caused by mutations of the hypocretin (Hcrt) (orexin) precursor or Hcrt receptor genes. In contrast to these animal models, most human narcolepsy is not familial, is discordant in identical twins, and has not been linked to mutations of the Hcrt system. Thus, the cause of human narcolepsy remains unknown. Here we show that human narcoleptics have an 85%-95% reduction in the number of Hcrt neurons. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons, which are intermixed with Hcrt cells in the normal brain, are not reduced in number, indicating that cell loss is relatively specific for Hcrt neurons. The presence of gliosis in the hypocretin cell region is consistent with a degenerative process being the cause of the Hcrt cell loss in narcolepsy. (+info)Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects the control of sleep and wakefulness. It's characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), where people experience sudden, uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep during the day. These "sleep attacks" can occur at any time - while working, talking, eating, or even driving.
In addition to EDS, narcolepsy often includes cataplexy, a condition that causes loss of muscle tone, leading to weakness and sometimes collapse, often triggered by strong emotions like laughter or surprise. Other common symptoms are sleep paralysis (a temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up), vivid hallucinations during the transitions between sleep and wakefulness, and fragmented nighttime sleep.
The exact cause of narcolepsy is not fully understood, but it's believed to involve genetic and environmental factors, as well as problems with certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as hypocretin/orexin, which regulate sleep-wake cycles. Narcolepsy can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making it essential to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and management.
Cataplexy is a medical condition characterized by sudden and temporary loss of muscle tone or strength, typically triggered by strong emotions such as laughter, anger, or surprise. This can result in symptoms ranging from a slight slackening of the muscles to complete collapse. Cataplexy is often associated with narcolepsy, which is a neurological disorder that affects sleep-wake cycles. It's important to note that cataplexy is different from syncope (fainting), as it specifically involves muscle weakness rather than loss of consciousness.
Idiopathic hypersomnolence is a type of central disorder of hypersomnolence, which is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) that isn't caused by another known medical condition or lifestyle factor. "Idiopathic" means that the cause of the condition is unknown.
In idiopathic hypersomnolence, individuals experience prolonged nighttime sleep and recurrent episodes of daytime sleep that can last for several hours, causing significant impairment in their daily functioning. Despite getting adequate or even prolonged periods of sleep, they continue to feel excessive sleepiness during the day.
Other symptoms associated with idiopathic hypersomnolence may include difficulty waking up from sleep, automatic behavior (performing actions without conscious awareness), cognitive impairment, and mood changes. The exact cause of this condition remains unclear, but it is thought to involve dysfunction in the brain's sleep-wake regulation mechanisms.
HLA-DQ beta-chains are a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecule found on the surface of cells in the human body. The HLAs are a group of proteins that play an important role in the immune system by helping the body recognize and respond to foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria.
The HLA-DQ beta-chains are part of the HLA-DQ complex, which is a heterodimer made up of two polypeptide chains: an alpha chain (HLA-DQ alpha) and a beta chain (HLA-DQ beta). These chains are encoded by genes located on chromosome 6 in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region.
The HLA-DQ complex is involved in presenting peptides to CD4+ T cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the immune response. The peptides presented by the HLA-DQ complex are derived from proteins that have been processed within the cell, and they are used to help the CD4+ T cells recognize and respond to infected or abnormal cells.
Variations in the genes that encode the HLA-DQ beta-chains can affect an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases, including autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases.
Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that are used by neurons to communicate with each other and with other cells in the body. They are produced in the cell body of a neuron, processed from larger precursor proteins, and then transported to the nerve terminal where they are stored in secretory vesicles. When the neuron is stimulated, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents into the extracellular space.
Neuropeptides can act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators, depending on their target receptors and the duration of their effects. They play important roles in a variety of physiological processes, including pain perception, appetite regulation, stress response, and social behavior. Some neuropeptides also have hormonal functions, such as oxytocin and vasopressin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream to regulate reproductive and cardiovascular function, respectively.
There are hundreds of different neuropeptides that have been identified in the nervous system, and many of them have multiple functions and interact with other signaling molecules to modulate neural activity. Dysregulation of neuropeptide systems has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as chronic pain, addiction, depression, and anxiety.
Sleep paralysis is a temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up, often accompanied by frightening hallucinations. These episodes typically last a few seconds to several minutes. During sleep paralysis, a person's body is immobile and cannot perform voluntary muscle movements even though they are fully conscious and awake. This condition can be quite alarming, but it is generally harmless and does not pose any serious threat to one's health. Sleep paralysis is often associated with certain sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy, or other medical conditions, as well as stress, lack of sleep, and changes in sleep patterns.
Sodium oxybate is a central nervous system depressant, which is a sodium salt of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). It is also known as gamma-hydroxybutyrate monosodium salt or sodium GHB. Sodium oxybate is used in the medical field for the treatment of narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone). It is sold under the brand name Xyrem.
Sodium oxybate works by affecting the neurotransmitters in the brain, specifically increasing the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness. The medication is available only through a restricted distribution program due to its potential for abuse and dependence. It is usually taken at night in two doses, one at bedtime and the other about 2.5 to 4 hours later.
It's important to note that sodium oxybate has a high potential for misuse and addiction, and it should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.
Disorders of excessive somnolence (DES) are a group of medical conditions characterized by an increased tendency to fall asleep or experience excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), despite having adequate opportunity and circumstances for sleep. These disorders are typically classified as central disorders of hypersomnolence according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3).
The most common DES is narcolepsy, a chronic neurological disorder caused by the brain's inability to regulate sleep-wake cycles normally. Other DES include idiopathic hypersomnia, Kleine-Levin syndrome, and recurrent hypersomnia. These disorders can significantly impact an individual's daily functioning, quality of life, and overall health.
Narcolepsy is further divided into two types: narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and narcolepsy type 2 (NT2). NT1 is characterized by the presence of cataplexy, a sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by strong emotions, while NT2 does not include cataplexy. Both types of narcolepsy involve excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations, and fragmented nighttime sleep.
Idiopathic hypersomnia is a DES without the presence of REM-related symptoms like cataplexy or sleep paralysis. Individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia experience excessive daytime sleepiness and prolonged nighttime sleep, often lasting 10 to 14 hours, but do not feel refreshed upon waking.
Kleine-Levin syndrome is a rare DES characterized by recurrent episodes of excessive sleepiness, often accompanied by cognitive impairment, altered perception, hyperphagia (excessive eating), and hypersexuality during the episodes. These episodes can last days to weeks and typically occur multiple times per year.
Recurrent hypersomnia is another rare DES with recurring episodes of excessive sleepiness lasting for several days, followed by a period of normal or reduced sleepiness. The episodes are not as predictable or consistent as those seen in Kleine-Levin syndrome.
Treatment for DES typically involves pharmacological interventions to manage symptoms and improve daytime alertness. Modafinil, armodafinil, and traditional stimulants like amphetamine salts are commonly used to treat excessive daytime sleepiness. Additionally, antidepressants may be prescribed to manage REM-related symptoms like cataplexy or sleep paralysis. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as scheduled napping and good sleep hygiene practices, can also help improve symptoms.
REM sleep, or Rapid Eye Movement sleep, is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, low muscle tone, and active brain activity. It is one of the two main types of sleep along with non-REM sleep and is marked by vivid dreaming, increased brain metabolism, and altered brain wave patterns. REM sleep is often referred to as "paradoxical sleep" because of the seemingly contradictory nature of its characteristics - an active brain in a state of relaxation. It is thought to play a role in memory consolidation, learning, and mood regulation. A typical night's sleep cycle includes several episodes of REM sleep, with each episode becoming longer as the night progresses.
Orexin receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor found in the central nervous system that play a crucial role in regulating various physiological functions, including wakefulness, energy balance, and reward processing. There are two subtypes of orexin receptors: OX1R (orexin-1 receptor) and OX2R (orexin-2 receptor). These receptors bind to the neuropeptides orexin A and orexin B, which are synthesized in a small group of neurons located in the hypothalamus. Activation of these receptors leads to increased wakefulness, appetite stimulation, and reward-seeking behavior, among other effects. Dysregulation of the orexin system has been implicated in several neurological disorders, such as narcolepsy, where a loss of orexin-producing neurons results in excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy.
Sleep stages are distinct patterns of brain activity that occur during sleep, as measured by an electroencephalogram (EEG). They are part of the sleep cycle and are used to describe the different types of sleep that humans go through during a normal night's rest. The sleep cycle includes several repeating stages:
1. Stage 1 (N1): This is the lightest stage of sleep, where you transition from wakefulness to sleep. During this stage, muscle activity and brain waves begin to slow down.
2. Stage 2 (N2): In this stage, your heart rate slows, body temperature decreases, and eye movements stop. Brain wave activity becomes slower, with occasional bursts of electrical activity called sleep spindles.
3. Stage 3 (N3): Also known as deep non-REM sleep, this stage is characterized by slow delta waves. It is during this stage that the body undergoes restorative processes such as tissue repair, growth, and immune function enhancement.
4. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep: This is the stage where dreaming typically occurs. Your eyes move rapidly beneath closed eyelids, heart rate and respiration become irregular, and brain wave activity increases to levels similar to wakefulness. REM sleep is important for memory consolidation and learning.
The sleep cycle progresses through these stages multiple times during the night, with REM sleep periods becoming longer towards morning. Understanding sleep stages is crucial in diagnosing and treating various sleep disorders.
Polysomnography (PSG) is a comprehensive sleep study that monitors various body functions during sleep, including brain activity, eye movement, muscle tone, heart rate, respirations, and oxygen levels. It is typically conducted in a sleep laboratory under the supervision of a trained technologist. The data collected during PSG is used to diagnose and manage various sleep disorders such as sleep-related breathing disorders (e.g., sleep apnea), movement disorders (e.g., periodic limb movement disorder), parasomnias, and narcolepsy.
The study usually involves the attachment of electrodes to different parts of the body, such as the scalp, face, chest, and legs, to record electrical signals from the brain, eye movements, muscle activity, and heartbeats. Additionally, sensors may be placed on or near the nose and mouth to measure airflow, and a belt may be worn around the chest and abdomen to monitor breathing efforts. Oxygen levels are also monitored through a sensor attached to the finger or ear.
Polysomnography is often recommended when a sleep disorder is suspected based on symptoms or medical history, and other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive. The results of the study can help guide treatment decisions and improve overall sleep health.
Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins are molecules that play a crucial role in transmitting signals within cells, which ultimately lead to changes in cell behavior or function. These signals can originate from outside the cell (extracellular) or within the cell itself. Intracellular signaling molecules include various types of peptides and proteins, such as:
1. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs): These are seven-transmembrane domain receptors that bind to extracellular signaling molecules like hormones, neurotransmitters, or chemokines. Upon activation, they initiate a cascade of intracellular signals through G proteins and secondary messengers.
2. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs): These are transmembrane receptors that bind to growth factors, cytokines, or hormones. Activation of RTKs leads to autophosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues, creating binding sites for intracellular signaling proteins such as adapter proteins, phosphatases, and enzymes like Ras, PI3K, and Src family kinases.
3. Second messenger systems: Intracellular second messengers are small molecules that amplify and propagate signals within the cell. Examples include cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol triphosphate (IP3), calcium ions (Ca2+), and nitric oxide (NO). These second messengers activate or inhibit various downstream effectors, leading to changes in cellular responses.
4. Signal transduction cascades: Intracellular signaling proteins often form complex networks of interacting molecules that relay signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. These cascades involve kinases (protein kinases A, B, C, etc.), phosphatases, and adapter proteins, which ultimately regulate gene expression, cell cycle progression, metabolism, and other cellular processes.
5. Ubiquitination and proteasome degradation: Intracellular signaling pathways can also control protein stability by modulating ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. E3 ubiquitin ligases recognize specific substrates and conjugate them with ubiquitin molecules, targeting them for proteasomal degradation. This process regulates the abundance of key signaling proteins and contributes to signal termination or amplification.
In summary, intracellular signaling pathways involve a complex network of interacting proteins that relay signals from the plasma membrane to various cellular compartments, ultimately regulating gene expression, metabolism, and other cellular processes. Dysregulation of these pathways can contribute to disease development and progression, making them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
Wakefulness is a state of consciousness in which an individual is alert and aware of their surroundings. It is characterized by the ability to perceive, process, and respond to stimuli in a purposeful manner. In a medical context, wakefulness is often assessed using measures such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) to evaluate brain activity patterns associated with consciousness.
Wakefulness is regulated by several interconnected neural networks that promote arousal and attention. These networks include the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), which consists of a group of neurons located in the brainstem that project to the thalamus and cerebral cortex, as well as other regions involved in regulating arousal and attention, such as the basal forebrain and hypothalamus.
Disorders of wakefulness can result from various underlying conditions, including neurological disorders, sleep disorders, medication side effects, or other medical conditions that affect brain function. Examples of such disorders include narcolepsy, insomnia, hypersomnia, and various forms of encephalopathy or brain injury.
HLA-DQ antigens are a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) that are found on the surface of cells in our body. They are a part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, which play a crucial role in the immune system by presenting pieces of proteins from outside the cell to CD4+ T cells, also known as helper T cells. This presentation process is essential for initiating an appropriate immune response against potentially harmful pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.
HLA-DQ antigens are encoded by genes located on chromosome 6p21.3 in the HLA region. Each individual inherits a pair of HLA-DQ genes, one from each parent, which can result in various combinations of HLA-DQ alleles. These genetic variations contribute to the diversity of immune responses among different individuals.
HLA-DQ antigens consist of two noncovalently associated polypeptide chains: an alpha (DQA) chain and a beta (DQB) chain. There are several isotypes of HLA-DQ antigens, including DQ1, DQ2, DQ3, DQ4, DQ5, DQ6, DQ7, DQ8, and DQ9, which are determined by the specific combination of DQA and DQB alleles.
Certain HLA-DQ genotypes have been associated with an increased risk of developing certain autoimmune diseases, such as celiac disease (DQ2 and DQ8), type 1 diabetes (DQ2, DQ8), and rheumatoid arthritis (DQ4). Understanding the role of HLA-DQ antigens in these conditions can provide valuable insights into disease pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.
Neuropeptide receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind to neuropeptides, which are small signaling molecules made up of short chains of amino acids. These receptors play an important role in the nervous system by mediating the effects of neuropeptides on various physiological processes, including neurotransmission, pain perception, and hormone release.
Neuropeptide receptors are typically composed of seven transmembrane domains and are classified into several families based on their structure and function. Some examples of neuropeptide receptor families include the opioid receptors, somatostatin receptors, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors.
When a neuropeptide binds to its specific receptor, it activates a signaling pathway within the cell that leads to various cellular responses. These responses can include changes in gene expression, ion channel activity, and enzyme function. Overall, the activation of neuropeptide receptors helps to regulate many important functions in the body, including mood, appetite, and pain sensation.
Benzhydryl compounds are organic chemical compounds that contain the benzhydryl group, which is a functional group consisting of a diphenylmethane moiety. The benzhydryl group can be represented by the formula Ph2CH, where Ph represents the phenyl group (C6H5).
Benzhydryl compounds are characterized by their unique structure, which consists of two aromatic rings attached to a central carbon atom. This structure gives benzhydryl compounds unique chemical and physical properties, such as stability, rigidity, and high lipophilicity.
Benzhydryl compounds have various applications in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, and materials science. For example, they are used as building blocks in the synthesis of complex natural products, drugs, and functional materials. They also serve as useful intermediates in the preparation of other chemical compounds.
Some examples of benzhydryl compounds include diphenylmethane, benzphetamine, and diphenhydramine. These compounds have been widely used in medicine as stimulants, appetite suppressants, and antihistamines. However, some benzhydryl compounds have also been associated with potential health risks, such as liver toxicity and carcinogenicity, and their use should be carefully monitored and regulated.
An adjuvant in anesthesia refers to a substance or drug that is added to an anesthetic medication to enhance its effects, make it last longer, or improve the overall quality of anesthesia. Adjuvants do not produce analgesia or anesthesia on their own but work synergistically with other anesthetics to achieve better clinical outcomes.
There are several types of adjuvants used in anesthesia, including:
1. Opioids: These are commonly used adjuvants that enhance the analgesic effect of anesthetic drugs. Examples include fentanyl, sufentanil, and remifentanil.
2. Alpha-2 agonists: Drugs like clonidine and dexmedetomidine are used as adjuvants to provide sedation, analgesia, and anxiolysis. They also help reduce the requirement for other anesthetic drugs, thus minimizing side effects.
3. Ketamine: This NMDA receptor antagonist is used as an adjuvant to provide analgesia and amnesia. It can be used in subanesthetic doses to improve the quality of analgesia during general anesthesia or as a sole anesthetic for procedural sedation.
4. Local anesthetics: When used as an adjuvant, local anesthetics can prolong the duration of postoperative analgesia and reduce the requirement for opioids. Examples include bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and lidocaine.
5. Neostigmine: This cholinesterase inhibitor is used as an adjuvant to reverse the neuromuscular blockade produced by non-depolarizing muscle relaxants at the end of surgery.
6. Dexamethasone: A corticosteroid used as an adjuvant to reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting, inflammation, and pain.
7. Magnesium sulfate: This non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist is used as an adjuvant to provide analgesia, reduce opioid consumption, and provide neuroprotection in certain surgical settings.
The choice of adjuvants depends on the type of surgery, patient factors, and the desired clinical effects.
Sleep is a complex physiological process characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced voluntary muscle activity, and decreased interaction with the environment. It's typically associated with specific stages that can be identified through electroencephalography (EEG) patterns. These stages include rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, associated with dreaming, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which is further divided into three stages.
Sleep serves a variety of functions, including restoration and strengthening of the immune system, support for growth and development in children and adolescents, consolidation of memory, learning, and emotional regulation. The lack of sufficient sleep or poor quality sleep can lead to significant health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even cognitive decline.
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) defines sleep as "a period of daily recurring natural rest during which consciousness is suspended and metabolic processes are reduced." However, it's important to note that the exact mechanisms and purposes of sleep are still being researched and debated among scientists.
Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants are a class of drugs that increase alertness, attention, energy, and/or mood by directly acting on the brain. They can be prescribed to treat medical conditions such as narcolepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depression that has not responded to other treatments.
Examples of CNS stimulants include amphetamine (Adderall), methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), and modafinil (Provigil). These medications work by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain.
In addition to their therapeutic uses, CNS stimulants are also sometimes misused for non-medical reasons, such as to enhance cognitive performance or to get high. However, it's important to note that misusing these drugs can lead to serious health consequences, including addiction, cardiovascular problems, and mental health issues.
The hypothalamus is a small, vital region of the brain that lies just below the thalamus and forms part of the limbic system. It plays a crucial role in many important functions including:
1. Regulation of body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.
2. Production and regulation of hormones through its connection with the pituitary gland (the hypophysis). It controls the release of various hormones by producing releasing and inhibiting factors that regulate the anterior pituitary's function.
3. Emotional responses, behavior, and memory formation through its connections with the limbic system structures like the amygdala and hippocampus.
4. Autonomic nervous system regulation, which controls involuntary physiological functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.
5. Regulation of the immune system by interacting with the autonomic nervous system.
Damage to the hypothalamus can lead to various disorders like diabetes insipidus, growth hormone deficiency, altered temperature regulation, sleep disturbances, and emotional or behavioral changes.
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia, which is a disorder that involves undesirable experiences or abnormal behaviors during sleep. Specifically, RBD is a type of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep parasomnia where the muscle atonia (lack of muscle tone) that normally occurs during REM sleep is absent or incomplete, allowing for the emergence of motor behaviors and vivid dreaming. These dreams can be quite intense and may result in the individual physically acting out their dreams, leading to potential harm for themselves or their bed partner. RBD can occur in isolation or as a symptom of another neurological condition.
A Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder (CRSD) is a condition in which a person's sleep-wake cycle is out of sync with the typical 24-hour day. This means that their internal "body clock" that regulates sleep and wakefulness does not align with the external environment, leading to difficulties sleeping, staying awake, or functioning at appropriate times.
CRSDs can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and medical conditions. Some common types of CRSDs include Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS), Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome (ASPS), Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder, and Shift Work Disorder.
Symptoms of CRSDs may include difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep at the desired time, excessive sleepiness during the day, difficulty concentrating or functioning at work or school, and mood disturbances. Treatment for CRSDs may involve lifestyle changes, such as adjusting sleep schedules or exposure to light at certain times of day, as well as medications or other therapies.
Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy Network
Narcolepsy (disambiguation)
List of people with narcolepsy
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness, and narcolepsy
Pemoline
Clonazepam
Viloxazine
Hypnopompia
H3 receptor antagonist
Sodium oxybate
Max Pam
CHKB (gene)
Sleep disorder
Idiopathic hypersomnia
List of OMIM disorder codes
List of Stuff You Should Know episodes (2020)
List of Stuff You Should Know episodes
Antidepressant
Amphetamine type stimulant
HLA-DQB1
Phenobarbital
Clinophilia
Hypersomnia
Christian Guilleminault
G.O (singer)
Mental disorder
Sleep epigenetics
Methylphenidate
Nap
Symptoms28
- The classic symptoms of the disorder, often referred to as the "tetrad of narcolepsy", are cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, and excessive daytime sleepiness. (wikipedia.org)
- These symptoms may not occur in all people with narcolepsy. (wikipedia.org)
- A narcolepsy screener helps a person self-assess their symptoms, which can help a doctor make a diagnosis or refer them to a specialist. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Narcolepsy symptom screeners provide doctors with information to help them make a diagnosis of narcolepsy in people who present with possible symptoms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The Epworth Sleepiness Scale does not screen for narcolepsy symptoms other than sleepiness. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- One of the most commonly used screeners is the Ullannlinna Narcolepsy Scale - an 11-question survey evaluating several symptoms a person may experience. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Narcolepsy symptom screeners are typically self-assessments that measure a person's daytime sleepiness levels and other key symptoms of narcolepsy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Having one of these symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has narcolepsy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Hormonal changes may also lead to symptoms of narcolepsy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Narcolepsy is a long-term neurological condition that causes fragmented sleep, daytime sleepiness, brain fog, and other symptoms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- This article outlines the symptoms, causes, and treatment options associated with narcolepsy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- When a doctor listened to my symptoms and suggested, "Maybe it's narcolepsy," it was the first time outside of the movies that I'd heard that term. (webmd.com)
- Solriamfetol ― a medication approved for excessive daytime sleepiness caused by narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea ― significantly improved symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and clinical impression of ADHD severity in a pilot study of adults with ADHD. (medscape.com)
- There is no cure for narcolepsy, but lifestyle changes and medications can help treat symptoms. (childrenshospital.org)
- What are the symptoms of narcolepsy? (childrenshospital.org)
- Generally, people with type 1 narcolepsy (narcolepsy and cataplexy) have more severe symptoms. (childrenshospital.org)
- The symptoms of narcolepsy most often start between ages 10 and 19. (childrenshospital.org)
- Although people may begin experiencing symptoms at any age, narcolepsy most often begins between 7 and 25 years old. (sleepfoundation.org)
- Many symptoms of narcolepsy are common to other medical conditions and, because of this, narcolepsy can remain undiagnosed for many years. (sleepfoundation.org)
- Understanding the symptoms of narcolepsy is an important step towards accurately diagnosing and treating this chronic and potentially debilitating sleep disorder. (sleepfoundation.org)
- What Causes Narcolepsy Symptoms? (sleepfoundation.org)
- Symptoms of narcolepsy are usually related to the loss of brain cells that produce neurotransmitters called orexins . (sleepfoundation.org)
- Narcolepsy can be terribly challenging, and it's critical that both the public and professionals become better informed about its signs and symptoms. (huffpost.com)
- There is no cure for narcolepsy, but the symptoms can be managed with medication and lifestyle modifications. (kkh.com.sg)
- The main symptoms are Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) and cataplexy, which affects approximately 75% of those with narcolepsy [ 4 ] and is characterised by a sudden decrease of muscular tone, caused by emotion, typically laughter. (omicsonline.org)
- As a result, 84% indicated that their narcolepsy symptoms worsened next day. (consultantlive.com)
- Shortly after my 21st birthday, though, I began to experience symptoms of narcolepsy, a rare disorder thought to affect about one in every 2,500 people. (davidhealy.org)
- Extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden daytime sleep attacks are usually the first and most noticeable symptoms of narcolepsy. (medprep.info)
Cure for narcolepsy3
- There is currently no cure for narcolepsy, but medical treatment and lifestyle tips may help. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Six months in Chechnya: A cure for narcolepsy? (foreignpolicy.com)
- There's no cure for narcolepsy, but treatment helps many people live normally. (msdmanuals.com)
20231
- Cite this: Narcolepsy Med Shows Early Promise for Adult ADHD - Medscape - Oct 11, 2023. (medscape.com)
Risk of developing2
- Researchers have identified changes in several genes that influence the risk of developing narcolepsy. (medlineplus.gov)
- The study found an increased risk of developing narcolepsy in the 5-19 years age group who had received the Pandemrix® vaccine compared with those who had not received that vaccine. (hpsc.ie)
Sleepiness25
- There are two main characteristics of narcolepsy: excessive daytime sleepiness and abnormal REM sleep. (wikipedia.org)
- Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness. (medlineplus.gov)
- Narcolepsy symptom screeners can help doctors diagnose narcolepsy in people who present with daytime sleepiness. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- There are several different types of screeners, such as the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Swiss Narcolepsy Scale. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- By contrast, the Swiss Narcolepsy Scale is a five-question, self-reported survey that a 2018 study showed is more accurate than the Epworth sleepiness scale. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- It can provide reliable distinctions between people with narcolepsy and sleep apnea , the latter being the most common cause of sleepiness noted in sleep clinics. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that features excessive daytime sleepiness. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- People with narcolepsy will usually have a persistent feeling of sleepiness with a tendency to doze off at intervals throughout the day, often at inappropriate times. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Having narcolepsy means that I never know when sleepiness will hit me like a tidal wave. (healthline.com)
- Narcolepsy is characterized by the classic tetrad of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. (medscape.com)
- Narcolepsy is a chronic condition that causes episodes of overwhelming daytime sleepiness and attacks of sudden sleep. (healthline.com)
- Narcolepsy is a central nervous system disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and abnormal manifestations of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. (cdc.gov)
- Narcoleptics suffer from bouts of sleepiness and sleep attacks, which impair their ability to function in daily life, but the precise cause of narcolepsy has long eluded scientists. (sciencedaily.com)
- Narcolepsy is a chronic brain disorder that causes severe daytime sleepiness. (childrenshospital.org)
- The most common symptom of narcolepsy is excessive daytime sleepiness, especially when the person isn't active. (childrenshospital.org)
- Treatment for narcolepsy usually involves a combination of lifestyle changes and medication to reduce sleepiness and treat cataplexy. (childrenshospital.org)
- Sleep disorders such as narcolepsy can cause excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). (psychiatrist.com)
- γ-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is an approved therapeutic for the excessive sleepiness and sudden loss of muscle tone (cataplexy) characteristic of narcolepsy. (sri.com)
- Excessive daytime sleepiness is also a core symptom of narcolepsy and essential hypersomnia (EHS), which are also heritable conditions. (nature.com)
- The study is for people with narcolepsy who are experiencing excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and cataplexy (sudden muscle weakness). (clinicalconnection.com)
- People suffering from narcolepsy often experience excessive daytime sleepiness and/or intermittent and uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep during the day. (hypnoticworld.com)
- Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness. (differencebetween.net)
- Currently, marketing application for FT218 for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) or cataplexy in adults with narcolepsy is under review by the Food and Drug Administration. (consultantlive.com)
- If people know one thing about narcolepsy, it's that it involves frequent bouts of uncontrollable sleepiness. (davidhealy.org)
- Narcolepsy is a complex disease of the immune and central nervous system characterized by sudden, complex sleep disturbances that manifests as pronounced daytime sleepiness with sudden attacks of sudden falling asleep and weakness, also with possible hallucinations when falling asleep and waking up. (medprep.info)
Patients with narcolepsy2
- Experts in psychiatry review best practices to accurately diagnose and manage patients with narcolepsy. (psychiatrictimes.com)
- Williamson added that by eliminating the need for a second dose, FT218 has the potential to unburden patients with narcolepsy. (consultantlive.com)
Diagnosis11
- There are two main purposes for a narcolepsy symptom screener: referral to a specialist and help with diagnosis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A doctor may also use a narcolepsy symptom screener to help support a diagnosis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Narcolepsy diagnosis involves a combination of clinical assessment, detailed medical history, and testing in a sleep laboratory. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- I got my diagnosis in 1996, and back then, treatments for narcolepsy were not great. (webmd.com)
- Two years into my diagnosis, I've learned that treating narcolepsy is like a dance. (webmd.com)
- Sometimes, cataplexy episodes are the first symptom of narcolepsy and can help lead to a diagnosis. (healthline.com)
- Our hope is to change the perception and diagnosis of narcolepsy, to define it as the 81st known autoimmune disease, because a better understanding of the mechanism causing this disease, which debilitates and humiliates so many people, will lead to better treatment and, maybe one day, a cure," Prof. Shoenfeld says. (sciencedaily.com)
- However, the diagnosis of narcolepsy is often delayed by years in both children and adults, reducing their quality of life. (psychiatrist.com)
- By following up with patients who present with EDS and continuing to assess until a cause is found, clinicians can lessen the time to diagnosis and the negative impact of narcolepsy by initiating appropriate treatment. (psychiatrist.com)
- This article focuses on the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management of narcolepsy type 1 and narcolepsy type 2, idiopathic hypersomnia, Kleine-Levin syndrome, and other central disorders of hypersomnolence, as defined in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Third Edition (ICSD-3). (flutrackers.com)
- The diagnosis of narcolepsy is based on the characteristic clinical picture and some studies. (differencebetween.net)
Adults with narcolepsy1
- Sodium oxybate was licensed in the UK in 2005 for the treatment of cataplexy in adults with narcolepsy. (omicsonline.org)
Person with narcolepsy3
- A person with narcolepsy is likely to become drowsy or fall asleep, often at inappropriate or undesired times and places, or just be very tired throughout the day. (wikipedia.org)
- A person with narcolepsy may fall asleep at any time, such as while talking or driving. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Overall, however, a person with narcolepsy usually spends the same amount of time asleep as a person without the condition. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Individuals with narcolepsy1
- The prevalence of ADHD in individuals with narcolepsy is (~35%) 9 higher than in the general population (~5%) 10 . (nature.com)
Symptom4
- A second prominent symptom of narcolepsy is abnormal REM sleep. (wikipedia.org)
- This article reviews narcolepsy symptom screeners, their uses, and how they work. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- What are narcolepsy symptom screeners? (medicalnewstoday.com)
- About 60 percent of people with narcolepsy have a symptom called cataplexy - a sudden episode of muscle weakness while awake. (childrenshospital.org)
Pandemrix8
- An increased risk of narcolepsy was found following vaccination with Pandemrix, a monovalent 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine that was used in several European countries during the H1N1 influenza pandemic. (cdc.gov)
- Incidence rate study data did not show a rise in the rate of narcolepsy following vaccination except in the one signaling country included (Sweden, which used Pandemrix). (cdc.gov)
- Case-coverage analysis for Pandemrix-ASO3 in children in the Netherlands did not show evidence of an increased risk of narcolepsy, but the number of exposed cases was small (N=7). (cdc.gov)
- Testing the blood of 20 patients who received Pandemrix and went on to develop narcolepsy, Steinman's team found 17 had antibodies that bound to hypocretin receptor 2. (cosmosmagazine.com)
- Pandemrix alone did not kick-start narcolepsy. (cosmosmagazine.com)
- Ninety-three people in Sweden, most of them children, have been diagnosed with narcolepsy since taking the swine flu vaccine Pandemrix last winter, according to figures from the Swedish Medical Products Agency (Läkemedelsverket). (sanevax.org)
- Long-awaited compensation is now being paid to those who developed narcolepsy as a result of the swine flu vaccine Pandemrix. (yle.fi)
- Editorial Note: In Pandemonium and Pandemrix the question was when and what basis is it possible to agree with an obviously smart women, as AM is, that there must be a link between the Pandemrix she was given and the narcolepsy she ended up with. (davidhealy.org)
Cause of narcolepsy is unknown2
- Narcolepsy is a clinical syndrome of hypothalamic disorder, but the exact cause of narcolepsy is unknown, with potentially several causes. (wikipedia.org)
- The cause of narcolepsy is unknown. (differencebetween.net)
Disorders6
- Narcolepsy and sleep disorders are commonly misrepresented for comedic effect in media, which severely limits the common understanding of these conditions. (healthline.com)
- I don't have to explain my narcolepsy or sleep disorders to any of these new friends. (healthline.com)
- There may be a lot of stigma associated with sleep disorders and narcolepsy, but you can help reduce that by consuming material made from first person experiences. (healthline.com)
- The combination of an overnight polysomnogram (PSG) followed by a multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) showing sleep latency ≤8 minutes and 2 or more sleep-onset random eye movement periods (SOREMPs) strongly suggests narcolepsy while excluding other sleep disorders. (medscape.com)
- A multidisciplinary panel of experts outline the difficulties of distinguishing narcolepsy frfom other sleep disorders and psychiatric comorbid conditions. (psychiatrictimes.com)
- In ICSD-3, the names of some central disorders of hypersomnolence have been changed: narcolepsy with cataplexy and narcolepsy without cataplexy have been renamed narcolepsy type 1 and narcolepsy type 2, respectively. (flutrackers.com)
Orexin5
- In patients and animals that develop narcolepsy, we have seen an evident depletion of orexin in the brain, and therefore a lack of balance, and later attacks of narcolepsy," said Prof. Shoenfeld. (sciencedaily.com)
- Richard K. Bogan, MD, FCCP, FAASM, and Asim Roy, MD, provide an overview of the pathophysiology of narcolepsy and the role of orexin in regulating the sleep/wakefulness cycle. (psychiatrictimes.com)
- A low level of hypocretin-1/orexin-A in the CSF is now theoretically sufficient to diagnose narcolepsy type 1, as it is a highly specific and sensitive biomarker. (flutrackers.com)
- Several Nobel watchers have suggested this year's prize could go to research into narcolepsy and the discovery of orexin, a neuropeptide that helps regulate sleep. (medicalxpress.com)
- Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is caused by a loss of hypothalamic orexin -producing cells , and autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have been suggested to play a role in the autoimmune mechanism. (bvsalud.org)
Stimulants3
- Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness of sodium oxybate plus antidepressants and stimulants compared with the current standard treatment for narcolepsy with cataplexy in the UK. (omicsonline.org)
- Treatment of narcolepsy remains largely symptomatic, usually initially with modafinil or armodafinil or with higher-potency stimulants such as methylphenidate or amphetamines. (flutrackers.com)
- Use of concurrent medications prescribed to treat narcolepsy as specified including stimulants, antidepressants and sodium oxybate. (mayo.edu)
Apnea1
- The specialist ruled out sleep apnea, and said it must be narcolepsy. (woolcock.org.au)
Paralysis3
- Many people with narcolepsy also experience sleep paralysis, which is an inability to move or speak for a short period while falling asleep or awakening. (medlineplus.gov)
- Cienna has about 20 chronic conditions including hypokalemic periodic paralysis, mast cell activation syndrome, central hypoventilation syndrome, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, narcolepsy with cataplexy, and others. (healthline.com)
- Narcolepsy is characterized by EDS with or without cataplexy (sudden and uncontrollable muscle weakness or paralysis triggered by a strong emotion), hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis (vivid and dream-like hallucinations and muscle paralysis while falling asleep), and disturbed nocturnal sleep. (nature.com)
Wake Up Narcolepsy2
- I'm also a board member for Wake Up Narcolepsy. (webmd.com)
- Wake Up Narcolepsy is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization dedicated to supporting narcolepsy awareness and research to find a cure. (feedspot.com)
Case of narcolepsy3
- So many strange things about this Moscow Times story on Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov's latest outlandish boast: Kadyrov was touched by the plight of Sasha Pisarenko, a 9-year-old who doctors said suffered from the only case of narcolepsy in Russia, the Chechen government said in a statement on its web site. (foreignpolicy.com)
- Kadyrov was touched by the plight of Sasha Pisarenko, a 9-year-old who doctors said suffered from the only case of narcolepsy in Russia, the Chechen government said in a statement on its web site. (foreignpolicy.com)
- When vets at the University of Saskatchewan observed Monique, they suspected these were bouts of cataplexy, and hence figured this might be a case of narcolepsy with accompanying cataplexy. (davidhealy.org)
Test for narcolepsy1
- They may even be able to find a way to test for narcolepsy using a blood test, which would be really valuable because as you were saying, we haven't known up until now what the cause is. (thenakedscientists.com)
Cases of narcolepsy1
- The narcoleptic effect was rare, though - in Finland, for example, fewer than 70 new cases of narcolepsy in children were diagnosed. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Voices of Narcolepsy2
- Or, check out Project Sleep's Story Sharing Series Rising Voices of Narcolepsy . (healthline.com)
- She is also a competitive weightlifter, and a speaker for Project Sleep's Rising Voices of Narcolepsy program. (webmd.com)
Vaccine and narcolepsy2
- In response to the events in Europe, CDC reviewed data from the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) and the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) and found no indication of any association between U.S.-licensed H1N1 or seasonal influenza vaccine and narcolepsy. (cdc.gov)
- That is why it is the seasonal flu vaccine and narcolepsy. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
Increase in narcolepsy3
- Kat - I thought it was really interesting that they highlighted that in 2010, there was a study in China that showed there was an increase in narcolepsy in a certain group of children living in areas where there was this big H1N1 flu pandemic. (thenakedscientists.com)
- There's also some evidence from Scandinavia that when an H1N1 vaccine was used there, it actually led to a small increase in narcolepsy. (thenakedscientists.com)
- Newly developed vaccines were quickly rolled out, but in 2010, doctors noticed an unusual increase in narcolepsy diagnoses. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Persons with narcolepsy1
- First, many if not most persons with narcolepsy (PWN) remain undiagnosed and, therefore, are not receiving the treatment and support they need. (huffpost.com)
Cataplexy and narcolepsy2
- However, some do not, which has led researchers to distinguish two major forms of the condition: narcolepsy with cataplexy and narcolepsy without cataplexy. (medlineplus.gov)
- How are cataplexy and narcolepsy related? (healthline.com)
Management of Narcolepsy1
- Experts in sleep medicine share the practical considerations and clinical management of narcolepsy by reviewing the current treatment landscape and discussing patient cases. (psychiatrictimes.com)
2,0003
- Narcolepsy affects about 1 in 2,000 people in the United States and Western Europe. (medlineplus.gov)
- Experts believe that around 1 in 2,000 people have narcolepsy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that affects one in 2,000 Americans Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. (sleepfoundation.org)
Asleep4
- Though it might seem like people with narcolepsy are constantly falling asleep like you see in the movies, it's really that our bodies can't regulate the sleep-wake cycle. (webmd.com)
- So, an interesting connection between randomly falling asleep, which is the disease narcolepsy, and the flu virus. (thenakedscientists.com)
- People with narcolepsy fall asleep quickly and enter REM sleep much faster than those without this disorder. (sleepfoundation.org)
- Narcolepsy is a disorder in which you fall asleep over and over, or are very sleepy, during the day. (msdmanuals.com)
Treatments3
- You may have the opportunity to help advance potential new treatments for people with narcolepsy. (clinicalconnection.com)
- These particular data focused on patient preferences for narcolepsy treatments, with the current standard of care being twice-nightly oxybates. (consultantlive.com)
- Other areas where the technique can be expected to be useful in the future are, for instance, treatments of narcolepsy and depression. (lu.se)
Treat narcolepsy1
- How do doctors treat narcolepsy? (msdmanuals.com)
Develop narcolepsy1
- In other words, susceptible individuals would be more likely to develop narcolepsy after contracting the swine flu, than by receiving the little bit of flu protein used in the vaccine. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Disorder narcolepsy2
- From RTE News Ireland, 13 January 2012 Families who believe their children developed the sleeping disorder narcolepsy after vaccination are disappointed with how little progress has been made. (sanevax.org)
- The group representing families who believe their children developed the sleeping disorder narcolepsy after vaccination are disappointed with how little progress has been made. (sanevax.org)
Hypocretin-produci1
- It is unclear what triggers the death of hypocretin-producing neurons in people with narcolepsy, although evidence increasingly points to an abnormality of the immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
Autoimmune7
- Narcolepsy paired with cataplexy is evidenced to be an autoimmune disorder. (wikipedia.org)
- They've actually discovered that narcolepsy seems to be an autoimmune disease. (thenakedscientists.com)
- Now a new study finds that narcolepsy bears the hallmarks of a classic autoimmune disorder and should be treated accordingly. (sciencedaily.com)
- A new study published in Pharmacological Research by the world's leading autoimmune disease expert, Tel Aviv University's Prof. Yehuda Shoenfeld, finds that narcolepsy bears the trademarks of a classic autoimmune disorder and should be treated accordingly. (sciencedaily.com)
- This has led experts to believe that narcolepsy may be caused by an autoimmune process. (childrenshospital.org)
- The epidemiologic observation that influenza A (H1N1) infection and vaccination are potential triggering factors of narcolepsy type 1 (discovered during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic) has increased interest in this rare disease, and progress is being made to better understand the process (highly suspected to be autoimmune) responsible for the destruction of hypocretin neurons. (flutrackers.com)
- There is now overwhelming evidence that by far the most common cause of narcolepsy is an autoimmune attack, where the body's immune system mishandles an upper respiratory infection and mistakenly wipes out the estimated 30,000 neurons in the centre of the brain. (davidhealy.org)
Clinical1
- Further clinical data permitted a change in the licence to "the treatment of narcolepsy with cataplexy in adult patients" in 2008 [ 6 ]. (omicsonline.org)
Chronic4
- Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that involves a decreased ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles. (wikipedia.org)
- Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder that disrupts the normal sleep-wake cycle. (medlineplus.gov)
- Narcolepsy is a chronic nervous system disorder that causes abnormal sleep. (healthline.com)
- Most people who experience episodes of cataplexy also have narcolepsy, a chronic condition that causes uncontrollable episodes of sleep. (healthline.com)
Vaccination4
- In 2014, CDC published a study to assess the occurrence of narcolepsy following vaccination with 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine or 2010-2011 seasonal influenza vaccine, both of which contained the 2009 H1N1 virus strain (more about types of influenza viruses ). (cdc.gov)
- The study found that vaccination with influenza vaccines containing the 2009 H1N1 virus strain used in the United States was not associated with an increased risk for narcolepsy. (cdc.gov)
- Narcolepsy and influenza A (H1N1) pandemic 2009 vaccination in the United States [Neurology. (cdc.gov)
- Meeting report narcolepsy and pandemic influenza vaccination: What we know and what we need to know before the next pandemic? (cdc.gov)
Daytime1
- Narcolepsy causes significant daytime drowsiness and sleep attacks. (healthline.com)
People33
- People with narcolepsy tend to sleep about the same number of hours per day as people without, but the quality of sleep tends to be lessened. (wikipedia.org)
- Most people diagnosed with narcolepsy also have cataplexy. (medlineplus.gov)
- Some people with narcolepsy have all of the major features of the disorder, while others have only one or two. (medlineplus.gov)
- Worldwide, narcolepsy appears to be most common in Japan, where it affects an estimated 1 in 600 people. (medlineplus.gov)
- A variation of the HLA-DQB1 gene called HLA-DQB1*06:02 has been strongly associated with narcolepsy, particularly in people who also have cataplexy and a loss of hypocretins. (medlineplus.gov)
- Most people with narcolepsy have the HLA-DQB1*06:02 variation, and many also have specific versions of other, closely related HLA genes. (medlineplus.gov)
- People may have different triggers for narcolepsy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Better medications were beginning to hit the market, and talking to other people with narcolepsy has been really useful. (webmd.com)
- It and Narcolepsy Network are nonprofit organizations that work to raise awareness about narcolepsy and support people who have it. (webmd.com)
- For people with narcolepsy, however, REM sleep occurs within 15 minutes in the sleep cycle and intermittently during the waking hours. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- When I tell people I have narcolepsy, I always expect to get a comment that will hurt my feelings because it's happened so many times. (webmd.com)
- In fact, people with narcolepsy have trouble sleeping at night. (webmd.com)
- Probably the hardest thing for me is that when you have an invisible illness like narcolepsy, people don't believe it's a real condition. (webmd.com)
- I think once we start to destigmatize the idea of narcolepsy and tell people what it is, then maybe they won't be so scared of the word. (webmd.com)
- Some people believe narcolepsy is a really rare disease. (webmd.com)
- When I talk to people, they say, "Wow, I've never met anyone with narcolepsy. (webmd.com)
- People who have narcolepsy have trouble staying awake no matter what's happening around them. (healthline.com)
- Some people with narcolepsy also have a condition called cataplexy. (healthline.com)
- Most people who experience episodes of cataplexy have narcolepsy. (healthline.com)
- Nell - Well, it seems that what the immune system is doing in people with narcolepsy is it's actually latching on to a molecule that's found in some types of brain cells, some types of neuron. (thenakedscientists.com)
- Risk of narcolepsy in children and young people receiving AS03 adjuvanted pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza vaccine: retrospective analysis. (cdc.gov)
- But the precise cause of narcolepsy has long eluded scientists, and the cure for the devastating neurological disorder afflicting an estimated three million people worldwide -- and one in 3,000 Americans -- remains at bay. (sciencedaily.com)
- Narcolepsy first strikes people aged 10 to 25, plaguing them for life. (sciencedaily.com)
- People with narcolepsy easily go into rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, a sleep stage in which the eyes may appear to be moving and dreams typically occur. (childrenshospital.org)
- Some people with narcolepsy may also have sleep attacks that last about 15 to 30 minutes, and that can happen at any time. (childrenshospital.org)
- Cataplexy usually only occurs in people with type 1 narcolepsy. (childrenshospital.org)
- It's common for people with narcolepsy to experience an intense need for sleep at inopportune times. (sleepfoundation.org)
- People don't know much about narcolepsy. (woolcock.org.au)
- Pretty much in any representation I've ever seen of narcolepsy in the media, people with narcolepsy are the butt of a joke. (woolcock.org.au)
- People don't have the knowledge to approach narcolepsy in a way they can empathise. (woolcock.org.au)
- Narcolepsy Network recognizes that some people feel more comfortable with non-traditional approaches to the treatment of medical problems. (narcolepsynetwork.org)
- Narcolepsy usually develops in young people, more often in men. (medprep.info)
- People with narcolepsy don't have a normal sleep pattern. (msdmanuals.com)
Onset2
- Cataplectic facies is an unusual facial feature only recently described in children with narcolepsy with cataplexy, usually at disease onset. (medscape.com)
- How this protein contributes to narcolepsy onset is still unknown. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Sudden loss of muscle tone1
- Another common feature of narcolepsy is cataplexy, which is a sudden loss of muscle tone in response to strong emotion (such as laughing, surprise, or anger). (medlineplus.gov)
Treatment3
- What are the treatment options for narcolepsy? (childrenshospital.org)
- Drug treatment is only one component of treating narcolepsy. (kkh.com.sg)
- There is no definitive treatment for narcolepsy. (differencebetween.net)
Children and adolescents1
- At Boston Children's Hospital, our team of specialists is experienced in diagnosing and treating narcolepsy in children and adolescents. (childrenshospital.org)
Incidence1
- Following the H1N1 vaccine, 16 times the average incidence of narcolepsy was reported," said Prof. Shoenfeld. (sciencedaily.com)
Neurons2
- Type 1 narcolepsy is caused by a severe loss of a certain cluster of neurons (brain cells) that produce a neurochemical in the brain that helps maintain wakefulness. (childrenshospital.org)
- Less is known about the cause of narcolepsy type 2 (narcolepsy without cataplexy), but it may be caused by a less severe loss of these same neurons. (childrenshospital.org)
H1N12
- Narcolepsy and adjuvanted pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccines - Multi-country assessment [Vaccine. (cdc.gov)
- Prof. Shoenfeld first became interested in the subject after an avalanche of narcolepsy diagnoses swept Finland in 2009 following the administering of the H1N1 flu vaccine. (sciencedaily.com)
Neurological disorder1
- Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder affecting the control of sleep and wakefulness. (hypnoticworld.com)
Diagnose1
- To diagnose narcolepsy, your clinician will ask for your child's detailed medical history and perform a neurological exam. (childrenshospital.org)
Type of sleep disorder2
- Narcolepsy is a type of sleep disorder where a person feels very sleepy during the day or waking hours. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- If the clinician suspects that your child may have narcolepsy or another type of sleep disorder, he or she may suggest a sleep study. (childrenshospital.org)
Swine flu vaccine1
- By YLE News Minister of Health and Social Services Maria Guzenina-Richardson says that the state will, if necessary, supply additional funds to compensate those who became ill with narcolepsy after receiving the swine flu vaccine. (sanevax.org)
Occur1
- Narcolepsy, which can occur in children and adults, ranges from mild to severe and is sometimes associated with traumatic brain injury. (huffpost.com)
