Neoplasms which arise from nerve sheaths formed by SCHWANN CELLS in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM or by OLIGODENDROCYTES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, NEUROFIBROMA, and NEURILEMMOMA are relatively common tumors in this category.
Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)
A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).
A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A benign myxoma of cutaneous nerve sheath origin. Theke is from the Greek theke, sheath. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Benign and malignant neoplasms that arise from the optic nerve or its sheath. OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA is the most common histologic type. Optic nerve neoplasms tend to cause unilateral visual loss and an afferent pupillary defect and may spread via neural pathways to the brain.
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
A type of neurofibroma manifesting as a diffuse overgrowth of subcutaneous tissue, usually involving the face, scalp, neck, and chest but occasionally occurring in the abdomen or pelvis. The tumors tend to progress, and may extend along nerve roots to eventually involve the spinal roots and spinal cord. This process is almost always a manifestation of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016; J Pediatr 1997 Nov;131(5):678-82)
The lipid-rich sheath surrounding AXONS in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (SCHWANN CELLS in the peripheral and OLIGODENDROGLIA in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in DEMYELINATING DISEASES is a serious clinical problem.
The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.
A group of disorders characterized by an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with high rates of spontaneous mutation and multiple neurofibromas or neurilemmomas. NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1 (generalized neurofibromatosis) accounts for approximately 95% of cases, although multiple additional subtypes (e.g., NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2, neurofibromatosis 3, etc.) have been described. (From Neurochirurgie 1998 Nov;44(4):267-72)
Tumor suppressor genes located on the long arm of human chromosome 17 in the region 17q11.2. Mutation of these genes is thought to cause NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, Watson syndrome, and LEOPARD syndrome.
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.
A family of highly acidic calcium-binding proteins found in large concentration in the brain and believed to be glial in origin. They are also found in other organs in the body. They have in common the EF-hand motif (EF HAND MOTIFS) found on a number of calcium binding proteins. The name of this family derives from the property of being soluble in a 100% saturated ammonium sulfate solution.
Benign and malignant neoplasms that arise from one or more of the twelve cranial nerves.
A protein found most abundantly in the nervous system. Defects or deficiencies in this protein are associated with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, Watson syndrome, and LEOPARD syndrome. Mutations in the gene (GENE, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) affect two known functions: regulation of ras-GTPase and tumor suppression.
A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)
A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Neuroglial cells of the peripheral nervous system which form the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons.
Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)
Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.
Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves.
Thoracic neoplasms are a broad category of abnormal growths or tumors that originate within the thorax, encompassing malignant (cancerous) and benign (non-cancerous) forms, which can affect structures such as the lungs, pleura, mediastinum, and chest wall.
Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.
Characteristic cells of granulomatous hypersensitivity. They appear as large, flattened cells with increased endoplasmic reticulum. They are believed to be activated macrophages that have differentiated as a result of prolonged antigenic stimulation. Further differentiation or fusion of epithelioid cells is thought to produce multinucleated giant cells (GIANT CELLS).
Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.
A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot.
Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.
The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).
The most commonly diagnosed soft tissue sarcoma. It is a neoplasm with a fibrohistiocytic appearance found chiefly in later adult life, with peak incidence in the 7th decade.
Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.
A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand.
Treatment of muscles and nerves under pressure as a result of crush injuries.
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.
An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a high incidence of bilateral acoustic neuromas as well as schwannomas (NEURILEMMOMA) of other cranial and peripheral nerves, and other benign intracranial tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, spinal neurofibromas, and gliomas. The disease has been linked to mutations of the NF2 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2) on chromosome 22 (22q12) and usually presents clinically in the first or second decade of life.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
A mixed mesenchymal tumor composed of two or more mesodermal cellular elements not commonly associated, not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements. Mesenchymomas are widely distributed in the body and about 75% are malignant. (Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)
The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.
The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot.
A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)
Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes arising from or involving components of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, cranial nerves, and meninges. Included in this category are primary and metastatic nervous system neoplasms.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.
A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.
Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.
Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.

Hysteroscopic resection of cervical nerve sheath tumor. (1/284)

Isolated nerve sheath tumors of the uterine cervix are very rare entities. This is especially true for benign nerve sheath tumors. We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first case of a benign nerve sheath tumor resected hysteroscopically. Our patient is a 69 year-old white female with a history of post menopausal bleeding. Initial workup included an endometrial biopsy and an ultrasound. A 4 cm cervical mass was identified on that study. Further characterization of the mass was obtained with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Gynecologic-Oncology consultation was obtained, and the opinion was that this was a cervical myoma. The patient continued to have bleeding and was taken to the operating room for a hysteroscopy and dilatation and curettage. At surgery, a large cervical mass was resected hysteroscopically. Final pathology report showed this to be a benign nerve sheath tumor.  (+info)

Mouse models of tumor development in neurofibromatosis type 1. (2/284)

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a prevalent familial cancer syndrome resulting from germ line mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene. Hallmark features of the disease are the development of benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors (neurofibromas), which can progress to malignancy. Unlike humans, mice that are heterozygous for a mutation in Nf1 do not develop neurofibromas. However, as described here, chimeric mice composed in part of Nf1-/- cells do, which demonstrates that loss of the wild-type Nf1 allele is rate-limiting in tumor formation. In addition, mice that carry linked germ line mutations in Nf1 and p53 develop malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which supports a cooperative and causal role for p53 mutations in MPNST development. These two mouse models provide the means to address fundamental aspects of disease development and to test therapeutic strategies.  (+info)

Deletions of the INK4A gene occur in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors but not in neurofibromas. (3/284)

The INK4A gene, a candidate tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 9p21, encodes two protein products, p16 and p19(ARF). p16 is a negative cell cycle regulator capable of arresting cells in the G1 phase by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases 4 (Cdk4) and 6 (Cdk6), thus preventing pRB phosphorylation. p19(ARF) prevents Mdm2-mediated neutralization of p53. Loss of INK4A is a frequent molecular alteration involved in the genesis of several neoplasms, including tumors of neuroectodermal origin. This study investigated the frequency of INK4A gene alterations in a series of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) and neurofibromas (NFs). INK4A gene and the p19(ARF)-specific exon 1beta were studied in 11 MPNST samples from 8 patients and 7 neurofibromas. Presence of INK4A deletions was assessed by Southern blotting hybridization and by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR). INK4A point mutations were examined by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and sequencing. The p16 promoter methylation status was determined by PCR amplification of bisulfite-treated DNA. Homozygous deletions of exon 2, thus affecting both p16 and p19(ARF), were identified in MPNSTs from 4 of 8 patients. Deletions, mutations, or silencing by methylation were not identified in the neurofibromas analyzed. Based on our results, we conclude that INK4A deletions are frequent events in MPNSTs and may participate in tumor progression. Silencing of p16 by methylation, which occurs often in several tumor types, is uncommon in MPNSTs.  (+info)

Expression of p27(kip) and other cell cycle regulators in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors and neurofibromas: the emerging role of p27(kip) in malignant transformation of neurofibromas. (4/284)

There is little information regarding the status of cell cycle regulators in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) and neurofibromas (NFs). In this study, we investigated patterns of expression of p53 and pRB, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) p21 and p27, as well as cyclins D1 and E, in a cohort of 35 well-characterized MPNSTs and 16 NFs. These phenotypes were correlated with proliferative index, as assessed by Ki-67, as well as clinicopathological parameters of poor outcome. p53 nuclear overexpression was found in 10 of 35 (29%) MPNSTs, and it was lacking in NFs (P = 0.02). There were no differences in the patterns of expression of pRB, cyclin D1, and p21 between MPNSTs and NFs. However, p27 nuclear expression was present in most NFs, but it was absent in the majority of MPNSTs, which displayed cytoplasmic staining (P < 0.001). Nuclear cyclin E expression was more pronounced in MPNSTs than in NFs. We observed inverse patterns of expression for nuclear p27 and nuclear cyclin E expression. The staining profiles of cytoplasmic p27 and nuclear cyclin E expression were found to be statistically associated (P = 0.01). High Ki-67 expression was found in 20 of 34 (59%) MPNSTs but was absent in NFs (P < 0.001). Furthermore, detection of cytoplasmic p27 expression was found to be a prognostic factor for poor survival in MPNSTs (P = 0.03, relative risk = 2.4).  (+info)

A canine peripheral nerve sheath tumor including peripheral nerve fibers. (5/284)

Peripheral nerve sheath tumor was found in a 7-year-old male mongrel dog. The tumors were located in the right cheek subcutis and oral submucosa. Histologically, neoplastic cells were arranged in streaming bundles, occasionally interlacing bundles or whorls of elongated and spindle cells. Cellular atypia was poor and mitotic figures were rarely observed. Ultrastructurally, neoplastic cells had basement membrane, typical of Schwann cells. One bundle of normal peripheral nerve fibers and some myelinated axons were seen within the tumor tissues. Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells reacted to vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100 protein and neuron specific enolase. In addition to the above immunoreactions, the included nerve fibers were positive for myelin basic protein and neurofilament protein. This paper also discusses immunohistochemical findings on differential diagnosis in comparison with those of canine hemangiopericytomas reported hitherto.  (+info)

Evaluation of (18)fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ((18)FDG PET) in the detection of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours arising from within plexiform neurofibromas in neurofibromatosis 1. (6/284)

OBJECTIVES: The ability of (18)fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ((18)FDG PET) to detect malignant change in plexiform neurofibromas from patients with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) was evaluated. METHODS: Eighteen NF1 patients who presented with pain, increase in size, or neurological deficit associated with a plexiform neurofibroma were assessed. Magnetic resonance imaging determined the site and extent of the lesion. Qualitative(18)FDG PET was performed and the standard uptake value (SUV) measured the regional glucose metabolism. Histological confirmation of the diagnosis was obtained in 10 patients. RESULTS: Twenty three plexiform neurofibromas were detected in 18 patients. Seven malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours, four high grade and three low grade tumours, occurred in five patients. In one patient the clinical and radiological characteristics of the tumour suggested malignancy, but histology was inconclusive. Fifteen benign plexiform neurofibromas were identified in 12 patients and these findings were confirmed histologically in five lesions from four patients. Ten plexiform neurofibromas occurring in eight patients were considered benign on(18)FDG PET and the patients did not undergo surgery. They remained stable or their symptoms improved on clinical follow up (median 9 months). The results of qualitative (18)FDG PET were interpreted as indicating that 13 plexiform neurofibromas were benign and 10 were malignant. No malignant tumours were classified as benign, but two benign tumours were reported as malignant. The SUV was calculated for 20 tumours and was significantly higher in five malignant tumours 5.4 (SD 2.4), than in 15 benign tumours 1.54 (SD 0.7), p=0.002. There was an overlap between benign and malignant tumours in the SUV range 2.7-3.3. CONCLUSIONS: (18)FDG PET is helpful in determining malignant change in plexiform neurofibromas in NF1. Increased separation between benign and malignant lesions could be obtained by calculating the SUV at about 200 minutes after injection of (18)FDG, when the peak activity concentration is obtained in malignant tumours.  (+info)

Primary extracranial meningioma of the foot: a case report. (7/284)

We present a rare case of primary extracranial meningioma in a 36-year-old man, who had a solitary multinodular mass located in the plantar muscle of the foot. The histology of specimens from simple excision was typical of meningioma, showing bland spindle cell proliferation with a whorl pattern. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the tumor cells showed diffuse and strong positivity for epithelial membrane antigen as well as moderate reactivity for cytokeratin and vimentin. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells were characterized by thin bipolar cytoplasmic processes and joined by multiple small desmosomes. There were frequent pinocytotic vesicles and a distinct external lamina on the cell surface. These findings suggest that this primary ectopic meningioma, arising in the soft tissue, may have been derived from perineurial cells of the peripheral nerve, but was morphologically distinguishable from perineurioma. Primary extracranial meningioma should be included in the differential diagnosis of soft-tissue spindle cell tumors, especially those of peripheral nerve origin.  (+info)

Is anti-h-caldesmon useful for distinguishing smooth muscle and myofibroblastic tumors? An immunohistochemical study. (8/284)

Misinterpretation of positive staining of antibodies to desmin, smooth muscle actin, and muscle actin as representing smooth muscle differentiation in the context of a spindle cell tumor is not uncommon. Anti-h-caldesmon is a promising novel immunohistochemical reagent for more specific smooth muscle differentiation. We studied 72 tumors (11 leiomyosarcomas, 26 malignant fibrous histiocytomas [MFHs], 11 fibromatoses, 11 cellular cutaneous fibrous histiocytomas [CCFHs], 5 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, 4 synovial sarcomas, and 4 cases of nodular fasciitis), the reactive myofibroblastic response in 5 cases of acute cholecystitis, and the desmoplastic response surrounding 5 invasive breast carcinomas. Tissues were examined for expression of h-caldesmon, desmin, smooth muscle actin, and muscle actin. Diffuse staining for h-caldesmon was present only within the leiomyosarcomas. Focal staining for h-caldesmon involving less than 1% of lesional cells was present in 3 of 26 MFHs and 1 of 11 CCFHs. There was overlap in staining for the other "myoid" markers in all of the lesions that contained myofibroblasts. Anti-h-caldesmon seems to be a reliable marker of smooth muscle differentiation, and its inclusion in a panel of myoid immunohistochemical reagents should allow distinction of smooth muscle and myofibroblastic tumors.  (+info)

Nerve sheath neoplasms are a group of tumors that arise from the cells surrounding and supporting the nerves. These tumors can be benign or malignant and include schwannomas, neurofibromas, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). Schwannomas develop from the Schwann cells that produce the myelin sheath of the nerve, while neurofibromas arise from the nerve's supporting cells called fibroblasts. MPNSTs are cancerous tumors that can grow rapidly and invade surrounding tissues. Nerve sheath neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their location and size, including pain, numbness, weakness, or paralysis in the affected area.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) neoplasms refer to tumors that originate in the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These tumors can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors, such as schwannomas and neurofibromas, grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors, such as malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), can invade nearby tissues and may metastasize (spread) to other organs.

PNS neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their location and size. Common symptoms include pain, weakness, numbness, or tingling in the affected area. In some cases, PNS neoplasms may not cause any symptoms until they become quite large. Treatment options for PNS neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

A neurofibroma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that develops from the nerve sheath, which is the protective covering around nerves. These tumors can grow anywhere on the body and can be found under the skin or deep inside the body. Neurofibromas can vary in size, and they may cause symptoms such as pain, numbness, or tingling if they press on nearby nerves.

Neurofibromas are a common feature of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a genetic disorder that affects approximately 1 in every 3,000 people worldwide. NF1 is characterized by the development of multiple neurofibromas and other tumors, as well as skin changes such as café-au-lait spots and freckling.

It's important to note that while most neurofibromas are benign, they can rarely undergo malignant transformation and become cancerous. If you have a neurofibroma or are concerned about your risk of developing one, it's important to seek medical advice from a healthcare professional who is familiar with this condition.

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder that affects the development and growth of nerve tissue. It's also known as von Recklinghausen disease. NF1 is characterized by the growth of non-cancerous tumors on the nerves, as well as skin and bone abnormalities.

The symptoms of Neurofibromatosis 1 can vary widely, even among members of the same family. Some common features include:

* Multiple café au lait spots (flat, light brown patches on the skin)
* Freckles in the underarms and groin area
* Benign growths on or under the skin called neurofibromas
* Larger, more complex tumors called plexiform neurofibromas
* Optic gliomas (tumors that form on the optic nerve)
* Distinctive bone abnormalities, such as a curved spine (scoliosis) or an enlarged head (macrocephaly)
* Learning disabilities and behavioral problems

Neurofibromatosis 1 is caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, which provides instructions for making a protein called neurofibromin. This protein helps regulate cell growth and division. When the NF1 gene is mutated, the production of neurofibromin is reduced or absent, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of tumors.

NF1 is an autosomal dominant disorder, which means that a person has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene from an affected parent. However, about half of all cases are the result of new mutations in the NF1 gene, and occur in people with no family history of the disorder.

There is currently no cure for Neurofibromatosis 1, but treatments are available to manage the symptoms and complications of the disease. These may include medications to control pain or reduce the size of tumors, surgery to remove tumors or correct bone abnormalities, and physical therapy to improve mobility and strength. Regular monitoring by a healthcare team experienced in treating Neurofibromatosis 1 is also important to detect any changes in the condition and provide appropriate care.

A neurilemmoma, also known as schwannoma or peripheral nerve sheath tumor, is a benign, slow-growing tumor that arises from the Schwann cells, which produce the myelin sheath that surrounds and insulates peripheral nerves. These tumors can occur anywhere along the course of a peripheral nerve, but they most commonly affect the acoustic nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve), leading to a type of tumor called vestibular schwannoma or acoustic neuroma. Neurilemmomas are typically encapsulated and do not invade the surrounding tissue, although larger ones may cause pressure-related symptoms due to compression of nearby structures. Rarely, these tumors can undergo malignant transformation, leading to a condition called malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor or neurofibrosarcoma.

The optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, is the nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. It is composed of approximately one million nerve fibers that carry signals related to vision, such as light intensity and color, from the eye's photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) to the visual cortex in the brain. The optic nerve is responsible for carrying this visual information so that it can be processed and interpreted by the brain, allowing us to see and perceive our surroundings. Damage to the optic nerve can result in vision loss or impairment.

Neurothekeoma is a rare, benign cutaneous neoplasm (tumor) that originates from the nerve sheath. It typically presents as a solitary, slow-growing, well-circumscribed nodule or mass in the skin. Neurothekeomas are more commonly found in young adults and children, with a slight female predominance.

Histologically (under the microscope), neurothekeomas are characterized by the presence of epithelioid cells arranged in lobules or nests, separated by fibrous septa. The tumor cells may contain eosinophilic (pink) cytoplasm and may show nuclear atypia, but mitotic figures are usually absent or rare. Immunohistochemical staining may reveal positivity for S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase, and/or smooth muscle actin.

Neurothekeomas have been classified into two types: classic neurothekeoma and cellular neurothekeoma. Classic neurothekeomas are more common and typically show a biphasic pattern with both epithelioid and spindle cells, while cellular neurothekeomas are less common and composed predominantly of epithelioid cells.

The treatment of choice for neurothekeoma is surgical excision with clear margins. Recurrence is uncommon but may occur if the tumor is not completely removed. Malignant transformation is extremely rare, but possible.

Optic nerve neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within or near the optic nerve. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign optic nerve neoplasms include optic nerve meningiomas and schwannomas, which originate from the sheaths surrounding the optic nerve. They usually grow slowly and may not cause significant vision loss, but they can lead to compression of the optic nerve, resulting in visual field defects or optic disc swelling (papilledema).

Malignant optic nerve neoplasms are rare but more aggressive. The most common type is optic nerve glioma, which arises from the glial cells within the optic nerve. These tumors can quickly damage the optic nerve and cause severe vision loss.

It's important to note that any optic nerve neoplasm requires prompt medical evaluation and treatment, as they can potentially lead to significant visual impairment or even blindness if left untreated.

The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, running from the lower back through the buttocks and down the legs to the feet. It is formed by the union of the ventral rami (branches) of the L4 to S3 spinal nerves. The sciatic nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and skin areas in the lower limbs, including the hamstrings, calf muscles, and the sole of the foot. Sciatic nerve disorders or injuries can result in symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the lower back, hips, legs, and feet, known as sciatica.

A plexiform neurofibroma is a type of neurofibroma, which is a benign tumor that develops from the nerve sheath. In a plexiform neurofibroma, the tumor grows along the nerves and can involve multiple fascicles, leading to a large, diffuse mass. These tumors can occur anywhere in the body but are most commonly found in the head, neck, and trunk.

Plexiform neurofibromas can be associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a genetic disorder that affects approximately 1 in every 3,000 people worldwide. In individuals with NF1, plexiform neurofibromas can cause significant morbidity, including disfigurement, pain, and functional impairment. Additionally, there is a small risk of malignant transformation into a type of cancer called malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST).

The diagnosis of plexiform neurofibromas is typically made based on clinical examination, medical history, and imaging studies such as MRI. A biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options for plexiform neurofibromas include surgery, radiation therapy, and medication. The choice of treatment depends on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, the presence of symptoms, and the risk of malignant transformation.

The myelin sheath is a multilayered, fatty substance that surrounds and insulates many nerve fibers in the nervous system. It is essential for the rapid transmission of electrical signals, or nerve impulses, along these nerve fibers, allowing for efficient communication between different parts of the body. The myelin sheath is produced by specialized cells called oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Damage to the myelin sheath, as seen in conditions like multiple sclerosis, can significantly impair nerve function and result in various neurological symptoms.

Peripheral nerves are nerve fibers that transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS, consisting of the brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body. These nerves convey motor, sensory, and autonomic information, enabling us to move, feel, and respond to changes in our environment. They form a complex network that extends from the CNS to muscles, glands, skin, and internal organs, allowing for coordinated responses and functions throughout the body. Damage or injury to peripheral nerves can result in various neurological symptoms, such as numbness, weakness, or pain, depending on the type and severity of the damage.

Neurofibromatoses are a group of genetic disorders that primarily affect the nervous system. The term "neurofibromatosis" is often used to refer to two specific conditions: neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). These conditions are characterized by the growth of tumors on the nerves, called neurofibromas.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1): This is the most common form of neurofibromatosis, affecting about 1 in every 3,000 people worldwide. NF1 is caused by mutations in the NF1 gene and is characterized by the development of benign tumors on the nerves called neurofibromas. These tumors can develop anywhere on the body, including the skin, spinal cord, and brain. Other common features of NF1 include:

* Freckles in the underarms and groin area
* Lisch nodules (small, noncancerous growths) on the iris of the eye
* Bone abnormalities, such as scoliosis or bowing of the legs
* Learning disabilities or cognitive impairment

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2): This form of neurofibromatosis is much rarer than NF1, affecting about 1 in every 30,000 people worldwide. NF2 is caused by mutations in the NF2 gene and is characterized by the development of benign tumors on the nerves that transmit sound from the inner ear to the brain (acoustic neuromas). These tumors can cause hearing loss, ringing in the ears, and balance problems. Other common features of NF2 include:

* Multiple schwannomas (tumors that develop on the protective covering of the nerves)
* Meningiomas (tumors that develop in the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord)
* Skin tumors called neurofibromas, although these are less common than in NF1

It is important to note that while neurofibromatoses can cause a range of symptoms and complications, most people with these conditions have a normal lifespan. With proper medical care and monitoring, it is possible to manage the symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, which is located on chromosome 17 and encodes the protein neurofibromin. Neurofibromin is a tumor suppressor protein that regulates cell growth and differentiation.

The NF1 gene mutation leads to the development of benign (non-cancerous) tumors on nerves and skin, called neurofibromas, as well as other clinical features such as café-au-lait spots (light brown patches on the skin), freckling in the axillary or inguinal regions, Lisch nodules (harmless growths on the iris of the eye), and skeletal abnormalities.

Neurofibromatosis 1 is an autosomal dominant disorder, which means that a person has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene from an affected parent. However, up to 50% of cases result from new mutations in the NF1 gene and occur in people with no family history of the condition.

The clinical manifestations of Neurofibromatosis 1 can vary widely among individuals, even within the same family. The diagnosis is typically made based on clinical criteria established by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Treatment is generally focused on managing symptoms and addressing complications as they arise, although surgery may be necessary to remove large or symptomatic tumors.

Intracranial hypertension is a medical condition characterized by an increased pressure within the skull (intracranial space) that contains the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood. Normally, the pressure inside the skull is carefully regulated to maintain a balance between the formation and absorption of CSF. However, when the production of CSF exceeds its absorption or when there is an obstruction in the flow of CSF, the pressure inside the skull can rise, leading to intracranial hypertension.

The symptoms of intracranial hypertension may include severe headaches, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances such as blurred vision or double vision, and papilledema (swelling of the optic nerve disc). In some cases, intracranial hypertension can lead to serious complications such as vision loss, brain herniation, and even death if left untreated.

Intracranial hypertension can be idiopathic, meaning that there is no identifiable cause, or secondary to other underlying medical conditions such as brain tumors, meningitis, hydrocephalus, or certain medications. The diagnosis of intracranial hypertension typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and lumbar puncture to measure the pressure inside the skull and assess the CSF composition. Treatment options may include medications to reduce CSF production, surgery to relieve pressure on the brain, or shunting procedures to drain excess CSF from the intracranial space.

S100 proteins are a family of calcium-binding proteins that are involved in the regulation of various cellular processes, including cell growth and differentiation, intracellular signaling, and inflammation. They are found in high concentrations in certain types of cells, such as nerve cells (neurons), glial cells (supporting cells in the nervous system), and skin cells (keratinocytes).

The S100 protein family consists of more than 20 members, which are divided into several subfamilies based on their structural similarities. Some of the well-known members of this family include S100A1, S100B, S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8), and S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9).

Abnormal expression or regulation of S100 proteins has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and inflammatory disorders. For example, increased levels of S100B have been found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, while overexpression of S100A8 and S100A9 has been associated with the development and progression of certain types of cancer.

Therefore, understanding the functions and regulation of S100 proteins is important for developing new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for various diseases.

Cranial nerve neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within or near the cranial nerves. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory and motor information between the brain and various parts of the head, neck, and trunk. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, each with a specific function and location in the skull.

Cranial nerve neoplasms can be benign or malignant and may arise from the nerve itself (schwannoma, neurofibroma) or from surrounding tissues that invade the nerve (meningioma, epidermoid cyst). The growth of these tumors can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include:

* Facial weakness or numbness
* Double vision or other visual disturbances
* Hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Loss of smell or taste
* Uncontrollable eye movements or drooping eyelids

Treatment for cranial nerve neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and extent of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or complications.

Neurofibromin 1 is a protein that is encoded by the NF1 gene in humans. Neurofibromin 1 acts as a tumor suppressor, helping to regulate cell growth and division. It plays an important role in the nervous system, where it helps to control the development and function of nerve cells. Mutations in the NF1 gene can lead to neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of non-cancerous tumors on the nerves (neurofibromas) and other symptoms.

Synovial sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that typically develops in the soft tissues surrounding the joints, such as the synovial membrane, which lines the joint capsules. Despite its name, synovial sarcoma does not necessarily arise from the synovium. It is called so due to its resemblance to this tissue under a microscope.

This form of sarcoma primarily affects young adults and can be found in various parts of the body, but it most commonly occurs in the extremities, particularly near the knees. Synovial sarcoma is characterized by specific genetic changes that result in the formation of fusion proteins, which contribute to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor development.

There are two main subtypes of synovial sarcoma: monophasic and biphasic. Monophasic synovial sarcoma is composed of either spindle-shaped (spaghetti-like) cells or epithelioid (roundish) cells, while biphasic synovial sarcoma contains both types of cells. A third subtype, called poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma, has a more aggressive behavior and is composed of small round cells that do not resemble the typical spindle or epithelioid cells.

Treatment for synovial sarcoma usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, often followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy to reduce the risk of recurrence and metastasis. The prognosis varies depending on factors such as the size and location of the tumor, the patient's age, and the presence of metastases at diagnosis.

Pseudotumor cerebri, also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension, is a condition characterized by increased pressure around the brain without any identifiable cause such as a tumor or other space-occupying lesion. The symptoms mimic those of a brain mass, hence the term "pseudotumor."

The primary manifestation of this condition is headaches, often accompanied by vision changes like blurry vision, double vision, or temporary loss of vision, and pulsatile tinnitus (a rhythmic whooshing sound in the ears). Other symptoms can include neck pain, nausea, vomiting, and papilledema (swelling of the optic nerve disc). If left untreated, pseudotumor cerebri can lead to permanent vision loss.

The exact cause of pseudotumor cerebri remains unknown, but it has been associated with certain factors such as obesity, rapid weight gain, female gender (particularly during reproductive years), sleep apnea, and the use of certain medications like tetracyclines, vitamin A derivatives, and steroid withdrawal. Diagnosis typically involves a series of tests including neurological examination, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scan), and lumbar puncture to measure cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Treatment usually focuses on lowering intracranial pressure through medications, weight loss, and sometimes surgical interventions like optic nerve sheath fenestration or shunting procedures.

Soft tissue neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the soft tissues of the body. Soft tissues include muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascia, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and synovial membranes (the thin layer of cells that line joints and tendons). Neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and their behavior and potential for spread depend on the specific type of neoplasm.

Benign soft tissue neoplasms are typically slow-growing, well-circumscribed, and rarely spread to other parts of the body. They can often be removed surgically with a low risk of recurrence. Examples of benign soft tissue neoplasms include lipomas (fat tumors), schwannomas (nerve sheath tumors), and hemangiomas (blood vessel tumors).

Malignant soft tissue neoplasms, on the other hand, can grow rapidly, invade surrounding tissues, and may metastasize (spread) to distant parts of the body. They are often more difficult to treat than benign neoplasms and require a multidisciplinary approach, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Examples of malignant soft tissue neoplasms include sarcomas, such as rhabdomyosarcoma (arising from skeletal muscle), leiomyosarcoma (arising from smooth muscle), and angiosarcoma (arising from blood vessels).

It is important to note that soft tissue neoplasms can occur in any part of the body, and their diagnosis and treatment require a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional with expertise in this area.

Nerve fibers are specialized structures that constitute the long, slender processes (axons) of neurons (nerve cells). They are responsible for conducting electrical impulses, known as action potentials, away from the cell body and transmitting them to other neurons or effector organs such as muscles and glands. Nerve fibers are often surrounded by supportive cells called glial cells and are grouped together to form nerve bundles or nerves. These fibers can be myelinated (covered with a fatty insulating sheath called myelin) or unmyelinated, which influences the speed of impulse transmission.

Schwann cells, also known as neurolemmocytes, are a type of glial cell that form the myelin sheath around peripheral nervous system (PNS) axons, allowing for the rapid and efficient transmission of nerve impulses. These cells play a crucial role in the maintenance and function of the PNS.

Schwann cells originate from the neural crest during embryonic development and migrate to the developing nerves. They wrap around the axons in a spiral fashion, forming multiple layers of myelin, which insulates the nerve fibers and increases the speed of electrical impulse transmission. Each Schwann cell is responsible for myelinating a single segment of an axon, with the gaps between these segments called nodes of Ranvier.

Schwann cells also provide structural support to the neurons and contribute to the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves by helping to guide the regrowth of axons to their targets. Additionally, Schwann cells can participate in immune responses within the PNS, such as releasing cytokines and chemokines to recruit immune cells during injury or infection.

Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure inside the skull and is typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It's the measurement of the pressure exerted by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, and brain tissue within the confined space of the skull.

Normal ICP ranges from 5 to 15 mmHg in adults when lying down. Intracranial pressure may increase due to various reasons such as bleeding in the brain, swelling of the brain, increased production or decreased absorption of CSF, and brain tumors. Elevated ICP is a serious medical emergency that can lead to brain damage or even death if not promptly treated. Symptoms of high ICP may include severe headache, vomiting, altered consciousness, and visual changes.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

A meningioma is a type of slow-growing tumor that forms on the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It's usually benign, meaning it doesn't spread to other parts of the body, but it can still cause serious problems if it grows and presses on nearby tissues.

Meningiomas most commonly occur in adults, and are more common in women than men. They can cause various symptoms depending on their location and size, including headaches, seizures, vision or hearing problems, memory loss, and changes in personality or behavior. In some cases, they may not cause any symptoms at all and are discovered only during imaging tests for other conditions.

Treatment options for meningiomas include monitoring with regular imaging scans, surgery to remove the tumor, and radiation therapy to shrink or kill the tumor cells. The best treatment approach depends on factors such as the size and location of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and their personal preferences.

Nerve regeneration is the process of regrowth and restoration of functional nerve connections following damage or injury to the nervous system. This complex process involves various cellular and molecular events, such as the activation of support cells called glia, the sprouting of surviving nerve fibers (axons), and the reformation of neural circuits. The goal of nerve regeneration is to enable the restoration of normal sensory, motor, and autonomic functions impaired due to nerve damage or injury.

Neoplasms of nerve tissue are abnormal growths or tumors that originate in the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant (cancerous) and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their location and size.

Benign nerve tissue neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. Examples include schwannomas, neurofibromas, and meningiomas. These tumors arise from the supporting cells of the nervous system, such as Schwann cells, which produce the myelin sheath that insulates nerve fibers.

Malignant nerve tissue neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. These tumors are less common than benign neoplasms and can be difficult to treat. Examples include glioblastoma multiforme, a highly aggressive brain cancer, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, which arise from the cells that surround peripheral nerves.

Symptoms of nerve tissue neoplasms can vary widely depending on their location and size. Some common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the limbs, difficulty with coordination or balance, and changes in vision, hearing, or speech. Treatment options for nerve tissue neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Thoracic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the thorax, which is the area of the body that includes the chest and lungs. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant thoracic neoplasms are often referred to as lung cancer, but they can also include other types of cancer such as mesothelioma, thymoma, and esophageal cancer.

Thoracic neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their location and size. Common symptoms include coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, hoarseness, and difficulty swallowing. Treatment options for thoracic neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Spinal nerve roots are the initial parts of spinal nerves that emerge from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramen, which are small openings between each vertebra in the spine. These nerve roots carry motor, sensory, and autonomic fibers to and from specific regions of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerve roots in total, with 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal pair. Each root has a dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) ramus that branch off to form the peripheral nervous system. Irritation or compression of these nerve roots can result in pain, numbness, weakness, or loss of reflexes in the affected area.

Epithelioid cells are a type of cell that can be found in certain types of tissue in the body, including connective tissue and some organs. These cells have a characteristic appearance under a microscope, with an enlarged, oval or round shape and a pale, abundant cytoplasm. They may also have a nucleus that is centrally located and has a uniform, rounded shape.

Epithelioid cells are often seen in the context of inflammation or disease, particularly in relation to granulomatous disorders such as sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. In these conditions, epithelioid cells can form clusters known as granulomas, which are a hallmark of the diseases. The exact function of epithelioid cells is not fully understood, but they are thought to play a role in the immune response and may help to contain and eliminate foreign substances or pathogens from the body.

A nerve block is a medical procedure in which an anesthetic or neurolytic agent is injected near a specific nerve or bundle of nerves to block the transmission of pain signals from that area to the brain. This technique can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, such as identifying the source of pain, providing temporary or prolonged relief, or facilitating surgical procedures in the affected region.

The injection typically contains a local anesthetic like lidocaine or bupivacaine, which numbs the nerve, preventing it from transmitting pain signals. In some cases, steroids may also be added to reduce inflammation and provide longer-lasting relief. Depending on the type of nerve block and its intended use, the injection might be administered close to the spine (neuraxial blocks), at peripheral nerves (peripheral nerve blocks), or around the sympathetic nervous system (sympathetic nerve blocks).

While nerve blocks are generally safe, they can have side effects such as infection, bleeding, nerve damage, or in rare cases, systemic toxicity from the anesthetic agent. It is essential to consult with a qualified medical professional before undergoing this procedure to ensure proper evaluation, technique, and post-procedure care.

Sarcoma is a type of cancer that develops from certain types of connective tissue (such as muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or nerves) found throughout the body. It can occur in any part of the body, but it most commonly occurs in the arms, legs, chest, and abdomen.

Sarcomas are classified into two main groups: bone sarcomas and soft tissue sarcomas. Bone sarcomas develop in the bones, while soft tissue sarcomas develop in the soft tissues of the body, such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood vessels, and nerves.

Sarcomas can be further classified into many subtypes based on their specific characteristics, such as the type of tissue they originate from, their genetic makeup, and their appearance under a microscope. The different subtypes of sarcoma have varying symptoms, prognoses, and treatment options.

Overall, sarcomas are relatively rare cancers, accounting for less than 1% of all cancer diagnoses in the United States each year. However, they can be aggressive and may require intensive treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

The sural nerve is a purely sensory peripheral nerve in the lower leg and foot. It provides sensation to the outer ( lateral) aspect of the little toe and the adjacent side of the fourth toe, as well as a small portion of the skin on the back of the leg between the ankle and knee joints.

The sural nerve is formed by the union of branches from the tibial and common fibular nerves (branches of the sciatic nerve) in the lower leg. It runs down the calf, behind the lateral malleolus (the bony prominence on the outside of the ankle), and into the foot.

The sural nerve is often used as a donor nerve during nerve grafting procedures due to its consistent anatomy and relatively low risk for morbidity at the donor site.

Nerve endings, also known as terminal branches or sensory receptors, are the specialized structures present at the termination point of nerve fibers (axons) that transmit electrical signals to and from the central nervous system (CNS). They primarily function in detecting changes in the external environment or internal body conditions and converting them into electrical impulses.

There are several types of nerve endings, including:

1. Free Nerve Endings: These are unencapsulated nerve endings that respond to various stimuli like temperature, pain, and touch. They are widely distributed throughout the body, especially in the skin, mucous membranes, and visceral organs.

2. Encapsulated Nerve Endings: These are wrapped by specialized connective tissue sheaths, which can modify their sensitivity to specific stimuli. Examples include Pacinian corpuscles (responsible for detecting deep pressure and vibration), Meissner's corpuscles (for light touch), Ruffini endings (for stretch and pressure), and Merkel cells (for sustained touch).

3. Specialised Nerve Endings: These are nerve endings that respond to specific stimuli, such as auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, and vestibular information. They include hair cells in the inner ear, photoreceptors in the retina, taste buds in the tongue, and olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity.

Nerve endings play a crucial role in relaying sensory information to the CNS for processing and initiating appropriate responses, such as reflex actions or conscious perception of the environment.

The scalp is the anatomical region located at the upper part of the human head, covering the skull except for the face and the ears. It is made up of several layers: the skin, the connective tissue, the galea aponeurotica (a strong, flat, tendinous sheet), loose areolar tissue, and the periosteum (the highly vascularized innermost layer that attaches directly to the skull bones). The scalp has a rich blood supply and is home to numerous sensory receptors, including those for touch, pain, and temperature. It also contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) is not a specific type of histiocytoma; rather, it is a type of soft tissue sarcoma. Histiocytomas are benign tumors that arise from cells called histiocytes, which are part of the immune system. MFH, on the other hand, is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that can arise in various types of soft tissues, such as muscle, fat, tendons, and ligaments.

MFH was once thought to originate from histiocytes, but more recent research suggests that it may actually arise from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, which are capable of developing into a variety of different cell types. MFH is the most common type of soft tissue sarcoma in adults over the age of 50 and typically presents as a painless mass in the extremities or retroperitoneum (the area in the back of the abdomen).

The tumor is characterized by the presence of fibroblastic and histiocytic-like cells, which can be quite pleomorphic (varied in shape and size) and may contain numerous mitotic figures (indicating rapid cell division). Treatment typically involves surgical excision, often followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. The prognosis for MFH depends on several factors, including the tumor's location, size, grade (degree of differentiation), and the patient's age and overall health.

Optic nerve diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as vision loss, decreased visual acuity, changes in color vision, and visual field defects. Examples of optic nerve diseases include optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve), glaucoma (damage to the optic nerve due to high eye pressure), optic nerve damage from trauma or injury, ischemic optic neuropathy (lack of blood flow to the optic nerve), and optic nerve tumors. Treatment for optic nerve diseases varies depending on the specific condition and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

The median nerve is one of the major nerves in the human body, providing sensation and motor function to parts of the arm and hand. It originates from the brachial plexus, a network of nerves that arise from the spinal cord in the neck. The median nerve travels down the arm, passing through the cubital tunnel at the elbow, and continues into the forearm and hand.

In the hand, the median nerve supplies sensation to the palm side of the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and half of the ring finger. It also provides motor function to some of the muscles that control finger movements, allowing for flexion of the fingers and opposition of the thumb.

Damage to the median nerve can result in a condition called carpal tunnel syndrome, which is characterized by numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers.

A nerve crush injury is a type of peripheral nerve injury that occurs when there is excessive pressure or compression applied to a nerve, causing it to become damaged or dysfunctional. This can happen due to various reasons such as trauma from accidents, surgical errors, or prolonged pressure on the nerve from tight casts, clothing, or positions.

The compression disrupts the normal functioning of the nerve, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or pain in the affected area. In severe cases, a nerve crush injury can cause permanent damage to the nerve, leading to long-term disability or loss of function. Treatment for nerve crush injuries typically involves relieving the pressure on the nerve, providing supportive care, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair the damaged nerve.

Peripheral nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves transmit information between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, including sensory, motor, and autonomic functions. Peripheral nerve injuries can result in various symptoms, depending on the type and severity of the injury, such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or paralysis in the affected area.

Peripheral nerve injuries are classified into three main categories based on the degree of damage:

1. Neuropraxia: This is the mildest form of nerve injury, where the nerve remains intact but its function is disrupted due to a local conduction block. The nerve fiber is damaged, but the supporting structures remain intact. Recovery usually occurs within 6-12 weeks without any residual deficits.
2. Axonotmesis: In this type of injury, there is damage to both the axons and the supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium). The nerve fibers are disrupted, but the connective tissue sheaths remain intact. Recovery can take several months or even up to a year, and it may be incomplete, with some residual deficits possible.
3. Neurotmesis: This is the most severe form of nerve injury, where there is complete disruption of the nerve fibers and supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium). Recovery is unlikely without surgical intervention, which may involve nerve grafting or repair.

Peripheral nerve injuries can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, stretching, lacerations, or chemical exposure. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the injury and may include conservative management, such as physical therapy and pain management, or surgical intervention for more severe cases.

Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) is a genetic disorder characterized by the development of non-cancerous tumors in the nervous system, particularly on the nerves related to hearing and balance. It's also known as central neurofibromatosis or bilateral acoustic neuroma syndrome.

The primary feature of NF2 is the growth of schwannomas, which are tumors that develop from the cells surrounding nerve fibers. These typically grow on the vestibular nerve, leading to hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and balance problems. Bilateral acoustic neuromas (schwannomas affecting both vestibular nerves) are a hallmark of this condition.

Other common features include:

1. Meningiomas: These are tumors that grow in the meninges, the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
2. Ependymomas: These are tumors that develop from the ependymal cells lining the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) in the brain or the spinal cord canal.
3. Neurofibromas: Unlike in Neurofibromatosis type 1, these are less common and typically don't become cancerous.
4. Skin changes: While not as prevalent as in NF1, some people with NF2 may have skin freckles, café-au-lait spots, or skin tumors.
5. Eye problems: Some individuals may experience cataracts, retinal abnormalities, or optic nerve tumors (optic gliomas).
6. Other potential symptoms: Headaches, facial weakness or numbness, and difficulty swallowing or speaking.

NF2 is an autosomal dominant disorder, meaning that a person has a 50% chance of inheriting the condition if one of their parents has it. However, about half of all NF2 cases result from spontaneous genetic mutations with no family history of the disorder.

Pancreatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the pancreas that can be benign or malignant. The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach that produces hormones and digestive enzymes. Pancreatic neoplasms can interfere with the normal functioning of the pancreas, leading to various health complications.

Benign pancreatic neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body. They are usually removed through surgery to prevent any potential complications, such as blocking the bile duct or causing pain.

Malignant pancreatic neoplasms, also known as pancreatic cancer, are cancerous growths that can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and organs. They can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs, or bones. Pancreatic cancer is often aggressive and difficult to treat, with a poor prognosis.

There are several types of pancreatic neoplasms, including adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, and cystic neoplasms. The specific type of neoplasm is determined through various diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies, biopsies, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

Mesenchymoma is a very rare type of tumor that contains a mixture of different types of mesenchymal tissues, such as muscle, fat, bone, cartilage, or fibrous tissue. It typically occurs in children and young adults, and can be found in various parts of the body, including the head, neck, retroperitoneum (the area behind the abdominal cavity), and the limbs.

Mesenchymomas are usually slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms until they reach a large size. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, but radiation therapy or chemotherapy may also be used in some cases. The prognosis for mesenchymoma depends on several factors, including the location and size of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and the specific types of tissue that are present in the tumor.

The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. Its functions include controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and secretomotor function to the lacrimal and salivary glands.

The facial nerve originates from the brainstem and exits the skull through the internal acoustic meatus. It then passes through the facial canal in the temporal bone before branching out to innervate various structures of the face. The main branches of the facial nerve include:

1. Temporal branch: Innervates the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi muscles responsible for eyebrow movements and eyelid closure.
2. Zygomatic branch: Supplies the muscles that elevate the upper lip and wrinkle the nose.
3. Buccal branch: Innervates the muscles of the cheek and lips, allowing for facial expressions such as smiling and puckering.
4. Mandibular branch: Controls the muscles responsible for lower lip movement and depressing the angle of the mouth.
5. Cervical branch: Innervates the platysma muscle in the neck, which helps to depress the lower jaw and wrinkle the skin of the neck.

Damage to the facial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as facial weakness or paralysis, loss of taste sensation, and dry eyes or mouth due to impaired secretion.

The Tibial nerve is a major branch of the sciatic nerve that originates in the lower back and runs through the buttock and leg. It provides motor (nerve impulses that control muscle movement) and sensory (nerve impulses that convey information about touch, temperature, and pain) innervation to several muscles and skin regions in the lower limb.

More specifically, the Tibial nerve supplies the following structures:

1. Motor Innervation: The Tibial nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles in the back of the leg (posterior compartment), including the calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) and the small muscles in the foot (intrinsic muscles). These muscles are responsible for plantarflexion (pointing the foot downward) and inversion (turning the foot inward) of the foot.
2. Sensory Innervation: The Tibial nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin on the sole of the foot, as well as the heel and some parts of the lower leg.

The Tibial nerve travels down the leg, passing behind the knee and through the calf, where it eventually joins with the common fibular (peroneal) nerve to form the tibial-fibular trunk. This trunk then divides into several smaller nerves that innervate the foot's intrinsic muscles and skin.

Damage or injury to the Tibial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as weakness or paralysis of the calf and foot muscles, numbness or tingling sensations in the sole of the foot, and difficulty walking or standing on tiptoes.

The Ulnar nerve is one of the major nerves in the forearm and hand, which provides motor function to the majority of the intrinsic muscles of the hand (except for those innervated by the median nerve) and sensory innervation to the little finger and half of the ring finger. It originates from the brachial plexus, passes through the cubital tunnel at the elbow, and continues down the forearm, where it runs close to the ulna bone. The ulnar nerve then passes through the Guyon's canal in the wrist before branching out to innervate the hand muscles and provide sensation to the skin on the little finger and half of the ring finger.

Meningeal neoplasms, also known as malignant meningitis or leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, refer to cancerous tumors that originate in the meninges, which are the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. These tumors can arise primarily from the meningeal cells themselves, although they more commonly result from the spread (metastasis) of cancer cells from other parts of the body, such as breast, lung, or melanoma.

Meningeal neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including headaches, nausea and vomiting, mental status changes, seizures, and focal neurological deficits. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies (such as MRI) and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid obtained through a spinal tap. Treatment options may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or surgery, depending on the type and extent of the tumor. The prognosis for patients with meningeal neoplasms is generally poor, with a median survival time of several months to a year.

Papilledema is a medical term that refers to swelling of the optic nerve head, also known as the disc, which is the point where the optic nerve enters the back of the eye (the retina). This swelling can be caused by increased pressure within the skull, such as from brain tumors, meningitis, or idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Papilledema is usually detected through a routine eye examination and may be accompanied by symptoms such as headaches, visual disturbances, and nausea. If left untreated, papilledema can lead to permanent vision loss.

Multiple primary neoplasms refer to the occurrence of more than one primary malignant tumor in an individual, where each tumor is unrelated to the other and originates from separate cells or organs. This differs from metastatic cancer, where a single malignancy spreads to multiple sites in the body. Multiple primary neoplasms can be synchronous (occurring at the same time) or metachronous (occurring at different times). The risk of developing multiple primary neoplasms increases with age and is associated with certain genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption.

Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the skin that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They result from uncontrolled multiplication of skin cells, which can form various types of lesions. These growths may appear as lumps, bumps, sores, patches, or discolored areas on the skin.

Benign skin neoplasms include conditions such as moles, warts, and seborrheic keratoses, while malignant skin neoplasms are primarily classified into melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. These three types of cancerous skin growths are collectively known as non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer, while NMSCs tend to be less invasive but more common.

It's essential to monitor any changes in existing skin lesions or the appearance of new growths and consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment if needed.

Nervous system neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that occur within the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and their growth can compress or infiltrate surrounding tissues, leading to various neurological symptoms. The causes of nervous system neoplasms are not fully understood but may involve genetic factors, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, and certain viral infections. Treatment options depend on the type, location, and size of the tumor and can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells or tissues in the body that serve no physiological function. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slow growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms are aggressive, invasive, and can metastasize to distant sites.

Neoplasms occur when there is a dysregulation in the normal process of cell division and differentiation, leading to uncontrolled growth and accumulation of cells. This can result from genetic mutations or other factors such as viral infections, environmental exposures, or hormonal imbalances.

Neoplasms can develop in any organ or tissue of the body and can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and type. Treatment options for neoplasms include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, among others.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Spinal nerves are the bundles of nerve fibers that transmit signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the human body, which can be divided into five regions: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each spinal nerve carries both sensory information (such as touch, temperature, and pain) from the periphery to the spinal cord, and motor information (such as muscle control) from the spinal cord to the muscles and other structures in the body. Spinal nerves also contain autonomic fibers that regulate involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure.

The femoral nerve is a major nerve in the thigh region of the human body. It originates from the lumbar plexus, specifically from the ventral rami (anterior divisions) of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves (L2-L4). The femoral nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and areas in the lower limb.

Motor Innervation:
The femoral nerve is responsible for providing motor innervation to several muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh, including:

1. Iliacus muscle
2. Psoas major muscle
3. Quadriceps femoris muscle (consisting of four heads: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius)

These muscles are involved in hip flexion, knee extension, and stabilization of the hip joint.

Sensory Innervation:
The sensory distribution of the femoral nerve includes:

1. Anterior and medial aspects of the thigh
2. Skin over the anterior aspect of the knee and lower leg (via the saphenous nerve, a branch of the femoral nerve)

The saphenous nerve provides sensation to the skin on the inner side of the leg and foot, as well as the medial malleolus (the bony bump on the inside of the ankle).

In summary, the femoral nerve is a crucial component of the lumbar plexus that controls motor functions in the anterior thigh muscles and provides sensory innervation to the anterior and medial aspects of the thigh and lower leg.

Orbital neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the orbit, which is the bony cavity that contains the eyeball, muscles, nerves, fat, and blood vessels. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from various types of cells within the orbit.

Orbital neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include protrusion or displacement of the eyeball, double vision, limited eye movement, pain, swelling, and numbness in the face. In some cases, orbital neoplasms may not cause any noticeable symptoms, especially if they are small and slow-growing.

There are many different types of orbital neoplasms, including:

1. Optic nerve glioma: a rare tumor that arises from the optic nerve's supportive tissue.
2. Orbital meningioma: a tumor that originates from the membranes covering the brain and extends into the orbit.
3. Lacrimal gland tumors: benign or malignant growths that develop in the lacrimal gland, which produces tears.
4. Orbital lymphangioma: a non-cancerous tumor that arises from the lymphatic vessels in the orbit.
5. Rhabdomyosarcoma: a malignant tumor that develops from the skeletal muscle cells in the orbit.
6. Metastatic tumors: cancerous growths that spread to the orbit from other parts of the body, such as the breast, lung, or prostate.

The diagnosis and treatment of orbital neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type, size, location, and extent of the tumor. Imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRI, are often used to visualize the tumor and determine its extent. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the tumor's type and grade. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Tumor markers are substances that can be found in the body and their presence can indicate the presence of certain types of cancer or other conditions. Biological tumor markers refer to those substances that are produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to cancer or certain benign (non-cancerous) conditions. These markers can be found in various bodily fluids such as blood, urine, or tissue samples.

Examples of biological tumor markers include:

1. Proteins: Some tumor markers are proteins that are produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to the presence of cancer. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by normal prostate cells and in higher amounts by prostate cancer cells.
2. Genetic material: Tumor markers can also include genetic material such as DNA, RNA, or microRNA that are shed by cancer cells into bodily fluids. For example, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is genetic material from cancer cells that can be found in the bloodstream.
3. Metabolites: Tumor markers can also include metabolic products produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to cancer. For example, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme that is released into the bloodstream when cancer cells break down glucose for energy.

It's important to note that tumor markers are not specific to cancer and can be elevated in non-cancerous conditions as well. Therefore, they should not be used alone to diagnose cancer but rather as a tool in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluations.

Macarenco RS, Ellinger F, Oliveira AM (2007). "Perineurioma: a distinctive and underrecognized peripheral nerve sheath neoplasm ... An intraneural perineurioma is a rare benign tumor within the sheath of a single nerve that grows but typically does not recur ... A clonal neoplasm associated with abnormalities of chromosome 22". Am J Clin Pathol. 103 (6): 696-704. doi:10.1093/ajcp/103.6. ... Kum YS, Kim JK, Cho CH, Kim HK (2009). "Intraneural reticular perineurioma of the hypoglossal nerve". Head & Neck. 31 (6): 833- ...
... nerve sheath neoplasms MeSH C04.557.580.600.290 - neurilemmoma MeSH C04.557.580.600.580 - neurofibroma MeSH C04.557.580.600. ... cranial nerve neoplasms MeSH C04.588.614.300.600 - optic nerve neoplasms MeSH C04.588.614.300.600.600 - optic nerve glioma MeSH ... cranial nerve neoplasms MeSH C04.588.614.596.240.015 - neuroma, acoustic MeSH C04.588.614.596.240.240 - optic nerve neoplasms ... skull base neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.828 - spinal neoplasms MeSH C04.588.180.260 - breast neoplasms, male MeSH C04.588.180.390 ...
... steroid-resistant Nerve sheath neoplasm Nesidioblastosis of pancreas Netherton syndrome ichthyosis Neu Laxova syndrome ...
A nerve sheath tumor is a type of tumor of the nervous system (nervous system neoplasm) which is made up primarily of the ... A peripheral nerve sheath tumor (PNST) is a nerve sheath tumor in the peripheral nervous system. Benign peripheral nerve sheath ... A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a cancerous peripheral nerve sheath tumor, which are frequently resistant ... From benign tumors like schwannoma to high grade malignant neoplasms known as malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, ...
Types include: Nerve sheath tumor Brain tumor Arachnoid cyst Optic nerve glioma "neoplasm of the central nervous system ( ... A nervous system neoplasm is a tumor affecting the nervous system. ...
Benign soft tissue neoplasms 1. Peripheral nerve sheath tumours most commonly are traumatic neuromas, a reactive response to ... However, they are not true benign neoplasms (denoted by suffix ~oma), which are similar in appearance but very rare in the ... Usually solitary, they can occur as part of syndromes such as Sturge-weber Syndrome affecting the trigeminal nerve. They are at ... If viral reactivation occurs in the facial nerve, it can cause Ramsay-Hunt Syndrome in which patients can develop facial ...
... neoplasms including sarcomas such as hemangiopericytoma and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in ...
... including the nerve fibers and their myelin sheath, as in the case of genuine neoplasms (growths) like ganglioneuromas and ... They occur at the end of injured nerve fibres as a form of ineffective, unregulated nerve regeneration; it occurs most commonly ... The term is also used to refer to any swelling of a nerve, even in the absence of abnormal cell growth. In particular, ... A neuroma (/njʊəˈroʊmə/; plural: neuromata or neuromas) is a growth or tumor of nerve tissue. Neuromas tend to be benign (i.e. ...
The neurofibroma is a benign nerve-sheath tumor in the peripheral nervous system. It appears in the sex cord-stromal tumour ... group of ovarian neoplasms. Ovary fibromas are most frequent during middle age, and rare in children. Upon gross pathological ... fibroma of tendon sheath, perifollicular fibroma, pleomorphic fibroma, uterine fibroma, Gardner fibroma, etc. ...
... optic nerve glioma MeSH C10.551.525.500 - neurofibromatosis 2 MeSH C10.551.775.500 - nerve sheath neoplasms MeSH C10.551. ... peripheral nervous system neoplasms MeSH C10.668.829.725.500 - nerve sheath neoplasms MeSH C10.668.829.725.500.500 - ... optic nerve neoplasms MeSH C10.292.225.800.500 - optic nerve glioma MeSH C10.292.262.200 - abducens nerve injury MeSH C10.292. ... optic nerve injuries MeSH C10.292.700.500 - optic nerve neoplasms MeSH C10.292.700.500.500 - optic nerve glioma MeSH C10.292. ...
Murray and collaborators reported in1940 that peripheral nerve sheath tumors originate from Schwann cells. In 1947, Drs. Murray ... The first 15 years of years of her career were devoted to the determination of the cellular origins of neoplasms. She ... "Schwann cell versus fibroblast as the origin of the specific nerve sheath tumor". American Journal of Pathology. 16: 41-60. ... Her in vitro studies in cellular neurobiology shed light on both nerve- muscle relationships and axon myelination. Margaret R. ...
... malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumora, low-grade myxofibrosarcoma, myxoid dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, or in rare cases ... These findings can differentiate LGFMS from various spindle-shaped cell and myxoid neoplasms including benign soft tissue ... A report of two metastasizing neoplasms having a deceptively benign appearance". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 88 (5 ... Connective and soft tissue neoplasms, Cancer, Sarcoma). ...
... optic nerve gliomas, life-threatening malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST), attention deficits, learning deficits ... which develops myeloproliferative neoplasms similar to those found in NF1 juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia/JMML) were used to ... optic nerve gliomas, life-threatening malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST), pheochromocytoma, attention deficits, ... OMG is a membrane glycoprotein that is expressed in the human central nervous system during myelination of nerve cells. Early ...
The nerve tissue, containing myelinated axons bundles, carry action potential nerve impulses. Neoplasms (tumours) in nervous ... Each nerve axon, or fiber is surrounded by the endoneurium, which is also called the endoneurial tube, channel or sheath. This ... Esthesioneuroblastoma Nerve sheath tumors Neurofibroma (Neurofibrosarcoma, Neurofibromatosis), Schwannoma, Neurinoma, Acoustic ... comprising the branching peripheral nerves. It is composed of neurons, also known as nerve cells, which receive and transmit ...
The most common primary brain tumors are: Gliomas (50.4%) Meningiomas (20.8%) Pituitary adenomas (15%) Nerve sheath tumors (10 ... Neoplasms will often show as differently colored masses (also referred to as processes) in CT or MRI results.[citation needed] ... Optic nerve sheath meningioma, Pediatric ependymoma, Pilocytic astrocytoma, Pinealoblastoma, Pineocytoma, Pleomorphic ... More generally a neoplasm may cause release of metabolic end products (e.g., free radicals, altered electrolytes, ...
... peripheral nerve sheath and gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 35% Adenocarcinoma, 16% Desmoplastic small round cell tumor A ... Abscess formation in the abdominal wall Fibrous cord increases the risk of volvulus formation and internal herniation Neoplasms ...
It is also known as Abrikossoff's tumor, granular cell myoblastoma, granular cell nerve sheath tumor, and granular cell ... These tumors, on occasion, may appear similar to neoplasms of renal (relating to the kidneys) origin or other soft tissue ... neoplasms. The primary method for treatment is surgical, not medical. Radiation and chemotherapy are not needed for benign ... arise from intralobular breast stroma and occurs within the distribution of the cutaneous branches of the supraclavicular nerve ...
The most common type of intradural-extramedullary tumors are meningiomas and nerve-sheath tumors. The most common type of ... Spinal tumors are neoplasms located in either the vertebral column or the spinal cord. There are three main types of spinal ... with the most common being meningiomas and nerve sheath tumors (e.g. schwannomas, neurofibromas). Extradural tumors are located ... Spinal nerve compression and weakening of the vertebral structure cause the symptoms. Pain is the most common symptom at ...
In standard MS, they are a result of inflammation of the optic nerve, known as optic neuritis. The effects of optic neuritis ... This is done through the formation of high-resistance, low-conductance myelin sheaths around the axons by specific cells called ... Symptoms also can mimic a neoplasm with symptoms such as headaches, aphasia, and/ or seizures.[13] There are some differences ... They often mimic a variety of other diseases including ischemic stroke, peroneal nerve palsy and intracranial neurologic ...
Perineurioma 5.4 Hybrid nerve sheath tumour 5.5 Malignant melanotic nerve sheath tumour 5.6 Malignant peripheral nerve sheath ... neoplasms 8.1.1 Meningeal melanocytosis and meningeal melanomatosis 8.2 Circumscribed meningeal melanocytic neoplasms 8.2.1 ...
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are aggressive soft tissue sarcomas occurring on the exterior lining of nerves. These ... Neoplasia, the formation of a neoplasm, can result in the expression of tumors and ultimately progress into cancers. The ... Farid M, Demicco EG, Garcia R, Ahn L, Merola PR, Cioffi A, Maki RG (February 2014). "Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors ... The detection of benign nerve sheath tumors, a dense Schwannian cell background, negative test results for desmin, myogenin and ...
... myxoma Myxoid hamartoma Aggressive angiomyxoma Myxoid leiomyoma Chondromyxoid fibroma Myxoid neurofibroma Nerve sheath myxoma ( ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Tumoral phenotype, All stub articles, Neoplasm ...
The tumor infiltrates into infrahyoid muscles, trachea, oesophagus, recurrent laryngeal nerve, carotid sheath, etc. The tumor ... Newly reclassified variant: noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features is considered an ... present are pain in the anterior region of the neck and changes in voice due to an involvement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve ...
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, such as triton tumor, has distinctive alternating light and dark cellular areas, an ... Definitions: A low-grade spindle-cell neoplasm of the sinonasal tract associated with overlying respiratory epithelium and ... The cells show medium to long fascicles (nerve fibers), with a herringbone pattern. The cells are remarkably uniform with ... Infiltrative, highly cellular spindled cell neoplasm is poorly circumscribed and unencapsulated. Bone destruction or invasion ...
There may also be demyelination (loss of the nerve's myelin sheath) and degeneration of the nerve in the affected area but it ... parotid gland neoplasms, or metastases of other tumors. Other causes like viral, bacterial or fungal infections like chicken ... Facial nerve decompression is a type of nerve decompression surgery where abnormal compression on the facial nerve is relieved ... Pressure and compression of any cause on a peripheral nerve can cause nerve impulse block. That is, the nerve is no longer able ...
... myxoma of the nerve sheath, myxomatous perineurioma, nerve sheath myxoma) Nevus flammeus (capillary malformation, port-wine ... neoplasms, and cysts are skin lesions that develop from the epidermal layer of the skin. Aberrant basal cell carcinoma ... solitary nerve sheath tumor, sporadic neurofibroma) Spider angioma (nevus araneus, spider telangiectasia, spider nevus, ... granular cell nerve sheath tumor, granular cell schwannoma) Hamartoma Hemangiopericytoma Hemangiosarcoma Hibernoma (fetal ...
... neoplasm - nephrotomogram - nephrotoxic - nephroureterectomy - nerve block - nerve grafting - nerve-sparing radical ... malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor - malondialdehyde - MALT lymphoma - mammary - mammogram - mammography - Mammotome - ... axillary nerve - axillary vein - azacitidine - azoxymethane - AZQ - AZT B cell - B lymphocyte - B3 antigen - B43-PAP ... fifth cranial nerve - filgrastim - filgrastim-SD/01 - finasteride - fine-needle aspiration - first-line therapy - FK463 - ...
They included pleomorphic adenoma, myoepithelioma, myxoid neurofibroma, neurothekeoma (nerve sheath myxoma), chondroid ... Oct 2018). "Ectomesenchymal Chondromyxoid Tumor: A Neoplasm Characterized by Recurrent RREB1-MKL2 Fusions". Am J Surg Pathol. ... The cells may extend into and entrap soft tissue structures including skeletal muscle and nerve bundles. The tumor is made up ...
... and the orbit/optic nerve sheath. Meningiomata also may occur as a spinal tumor, more often in women than in men. This occurs ... The neoplasms currently referred to as meningiomata were referred to with a wide range of names in older medical literature, ... Diplopia (Double vision) or uneven pupil size may be symptoms if related pressure causes a third and/or sixth nerve palsy. The ... Even if, by general rule, neoplasms of the nervous system (brain tumors) cannot metastasize into the body because of the blood- ...
... and Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors: State of the Art and Perspectives". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 36 (2): 160-167 ... Connective and soft tissue neoplasms, Sarcoma). ...
Nerve Sheath Neoplasms / genetics * Nerve Sheath Neoplasms / metabolism * Nerve Sheath Neoplasms / pathology* ... There are two different groups of neoplasms derived from perineurial cells: extraneural or soft tissue perineuriomas, and ...
Macarenco RS, Ellinger F, Oliveira AM (2007). "Perineurioma: a distinctive and underrecognized peripheral nerve sheath neoplasm ... An intraneural perineurioma is a rare benign tumor within the sheath of a single nerve that grows but typically does not recur ... A clonal neoplasm associated with abnormalities of chromosome 22". Am J Clin Pathol. 103 (6): 696-704. doi:10.1093/ajcp/103.6. ... Kum YS, Kim JK, Cho CH, Kim HK (2009). "Intraneural reticular perineurioma of the hypoglossal nerve". Head & Neck. 31 (6): 833- ...
Nerve sheath tumors are the most common intradural neoplasms. Schwannomas usually arise from the dorsal sensory root. They are ... and extent of nerve sheath tumors. For detection of malignant transformation of nerve sheath tumors, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) ... The diagnosis of nerve sheath tumors with sonography depends on depiction of a mass along the presumed course of a nerve in ... Intracranial nerve sheath tumors are not depicted as well on CT scans as they are on MRI, but associated bone erosions are seen ...
Benign neoplasm of cranial nerves [optic nerve sheath or parasellar meningiomas]. H47.011 - H47.019. Ischemic optic neuropathy ... Injury of optic nerve. Background. Optic nerve decompression surgery (also known as optic nerve sheath decompression surgery) ... Endoscopic Optic Nerve Decompression for Optic Nerve Sheath Meningiomas. Maza and colleagues (2019) stated that the management ... Optic nerve disorders: Role of canal and nerve sheath decompression surgery. Eye. 2004;18(11):1169-1174. ...
Schwannomas are extra-axial neoplasms derived from the nerve sheath of peripheral or cranial nerves. They represent ... Schwannoma or neurilemmoma (NL) is a well-defined, usually benign, tumour arising from the nerve sheath (Schwann cell). It may ... Radial Nerve Injury after Intravenous Cannulation at the Wrist-A Case Report. E So, G M Sanders, T K Au, C T Hung ... Pelvic Spleen Masquerading as an Ovarian Neoplasm. A Khalid, F Lawton A 53-year-old Caucasian woman, a receptionist in a ...
Cranial nerve sheath tumors constitute 5% to 10% of all intracranial neoplasms. They most commonly arise from the vestibular ... BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Tumors of the cranial nerve sheath constitute 5% to 10% of all intracranial neoplasms, yet few articles ... In one patient the site of origin was either the glossopharyngeal or the vagal nerve, with both nerves surrounded by tumor. In ... Except for the absence of 11th cranial nerve injury and the relative scarcity of 10th cranial nerve symptoms, our series ...
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are rare Schwann cell-derived neoplasms that can occur in individuals with ... Carroll, S.L. The Challenge of Cancer Genomics in Rare Nervous System Neoplasms: Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors as a ... Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. x. x. x. a PGV, possible genetic variants. b The symbol "x" in table cell indicates ... malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors; MS, multiple sclerosis; PD, Parkinsons disease. ...
... a rare neoplasm that poses a diagnostic dilemma in the differential diagnosis of neck masses and portends poor prognosis. We ... Rhabdomyoblastic differentiation in a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is termed malignant triton tumor (MTT), ... Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a rare soft tissue neoplasm with a poor prognosis. It can occur in ... T. R. Loree, J. H. North Jr., B. A. Werness, R. Nangia, A. P. Mullins, and W. L. Hicks Jr., "Malignant peripheral nerve sheath ...
They are slow growing neoplasms and their clinical signs appear insidiously. They constitute diagnostic pitfalls and are often ... Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumours (PNST) are challenging problems for clinicians for three main problems:. ... Most of tumours occur in the brachial plexus nerves (C6T2), but all other nerves are potentially affected. Secondary extension ... Cranial nerve locations are described in the trijeminal, vestibulo-cochlear or occulomotor nerves. ...
Endometrial Neoplasms. Carcinoma, Squamous Cell. Peripheral Nerves. Fibroma. Epithelioid Cells. Nerve Sheath Neoplasms. Vulvar ... Lung Neoplasms. Endosonography. Dermatology. Gynecology. Inflammation. Skin Diseases. To see the data from this visualization ...
Nerve sheath neoplasms * Peripheral odontogenic tumors (peripheral granular cell odontogenic tumor, peripheral odontogenic ...
Nerve Sheath Tumors. Nerve Sheath Neoplasms. C05 - Musculoskeletal Diseases. Cretinism. Congenital Hypothyroidism. ...
Nerve Sheath Tumors. Nerve Sheath Neoplasms. C05 - Musculoskeletal Diseases. Cretinism. Congenital Hypothyroidism. ...
Nerve Sheath Tumors. Nerve Sheath Neoplasms. C05 - Musculoskeletal Diseases. Cretinism. Congenital Hypothyroidism. ...
Nerve Sheath Tumors. Nerve Sheath Neoplasms. C05 - Musculoskeletal Diseases. Cretinism. Congenital Hypothyroidism. ...
Nerve Sheath Tumors. Nerve Sheath Neoplasms. C05 - Musculoskeletal Diseases. Cretinism. Congenital Hypothyroidism. ...
Nerve Sheath Tumors. Nerve Sheath Neoplasms. C05 - Musculoskeletal Diseases. Cretinism. Congenital Hypothyroidism. ...
Nerve Sheath Tumors. Nerve Sheath Neoplasms. C05 - Musculoskeletal Diseases. Cretinism. Congenital Hypothyroidism. ...
Nerve Sheath Tumors. Nerve Sheath Neoplasms. C05 - Musculoskeletal Diseases. Cretinism. Congenital Hypothyroidism. ...
Nerve Sheath Tumors. Nerve Sheath Neoplasms. C05 - Musculoskeletal Diseases. Cretinism. Congenital Hypothyroidism. ...
Nerve Sheath Tumors. Nerve Sheath Neoplasms. C05 - Musculoskeletal Diseases. Cretinism. Congenital Hypothyroidism. ...
Nerve Sheath Tumors. Nerve Sheath Neoplasms. C05 - Musculoskeletal Diseases. Cretinism. Congenital Hypothyroidism. ...
Nerve Sheath Neoplasms Intervention(s) Primary Outcome(s) Assess feasibility of the study algorithm in identifying atypical ... Surveillance for Malignant Transformation of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) Related Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors (PNST) ... Surveillance for Malignant Transformation of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) Related Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors (PNST). ... increased risk of malignant peripheral nervous sheath tumor (MPNST) - Family history of MPNST / atypical neurofibromatous ...
Median Nerve Diseases. On-line free medical diagnosis assistant. Ranked list of possible diseases from either several symptoms ... Nerve Sheath Neoplasms. 1. + + 53. Wrist Injuries. 1. + + 54. Neuralgia. 1. + + 55. Coma, Post-Head Injury. 1. + + ...
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors Without Muscle Weakness at Presentation: An Analysis of an Underappreciated ... Multimodality imaging features of USP6-associated neoplasms. Broski, S. M. & Wenger, D. E., Mar 2023, In: Skeletal Radiology. ... Concurrent Schwannoma and Intraneural Ganglion Cyst Involving Branches of the Common Peroneal Nerve. Pendleton, C., Broski, S. ... Novel imaging techniques using 18F-florbetapir PET/MRI can guide fascicular nerve biopsy in amyloid multiple mononeuropathy. ...
No article was found for Nerve Sheath Neoplasms and APEX1[original query]. ...
An association of peripheral nerve sheath tumors and lipomas. Elsherif, M. A., Babovic-Vuksanovic, D. & Spinner, R. J., Jan 1 ... Oncolytic measles virus as a novel therapy for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Deyle, D. R., Escobar, D. Z., Peng, K ...
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with small cell change. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy. Ewing sarcoma. ... GERM CELL NEOPLASMS. Germ cell neoplasms are common in pediatric and young adults. They may arise from the gonads, but could ... DSRCT = desmoplastic small round cell tumor, MPNST = malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, RMS = rhabdomyosarcoma, SRBCT = ... Neoplasm. Keratin. S100. LCA. CD99. Desmin. Myogenin. WT1. Other stains. Small cell carcinoma. +. -. -. -. -. -. -. ...
Nerve Sheath Neoplasms Medicine & Life Sciences 6% * Vimentin Medicine & Life Sciences 4% ... N2 - Classic neurothekeoma (nerve sheath myxoma) is regarded as being a true benign cutaneous tumor of nerve sheath origin. ... AB - Classic neurothekeoma (nerve sheath myxoma) is regarded as being a true benign cutaneous tumor of nerve sheath origin. ... Classic neurothekeoma (nerve sheath myxoma) is regarded as being a true benign cutaneous tumor of nerve sheath origin. Cellular ...
  • Patients with NF1 are at increased risk for several malignancies, including gastrointestinal stromal tumors and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs). (medscape.com)
  • Tumors of the cranial nerve sheath constitute 5% to 10% of all intracranial neoplasms, yet few articles have described their CT and MR characteristics. (ajnr.org)
  • Cranial nerve sheath tumors constitute 5% to 10% of all intracranial neoplasms. (ajnr.org)
  • When the origin could be identified, almost all these tumors were histologically proved to be schwannomas of the glossopharyngeal nerve. (ajnr.org)
  • In the majority of reported cases, triton tumors are located across peripheral nerves, usually close to the spine, in the head and neck region, or in the upper and lower extremities [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Secondary tumours may invade peripheral nerve from its vicinity, they are muscle tumours (leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas), rhabdomyomas and rhabdomyosarcoma) or bone tumors such as osteosarcomas and chondrosarcomas, and others. (ivis.org)
  • Assess feasibility of the study algorithm in identifying atypical neurofibromas (ANs), atypical neurofibromatous neoplasms of unknown biologic potential (ANNUBPs), CDKN2A/B mutated lesions, and/or malignant peripheral nervous sheath tumors (MPNS. (who.int)
  • While most tumors metastatic to the serous membranes are of epithelial origin, cytologists should be aware that non-epithelial neoplasms can also cause malignant effusions including sarcomas, melanomas, germ cell tumors, and, more rarely, brain tumors. (cytojournal.com)
  • Common non-epithelial neoplasms that may cause malignant effusions include malignant melanoma, sarcomas, and other neoplasms including germ cell tumors [ Figure 1 ]. (cytojournal.com)
  • SOX10 immunohistochemistry is a useful marker in distinguishing BSNS from peripheral nerve sheath tumors. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are neoplasms involving the peripheral nerve. (mayocliniclabs.com)
  • Microscopically malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors demonstrate uniform spindle cells with areas of hyper and hypocellularity. (mayocliniclabs.com)
  • PURPOSE: We aimed to describe the association between trigeminal nerve (TN) dose and toxicity and determine a threshold value that leads to TN toxicity in patients with parotid tumors treated with adjuvant conventional fractionated radiation therapy. (bvsalud.org)
  • SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA:Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are neoplasms that most often arise in peripheral nerves or in neurofibromas. (shengsci.com)
  • Mackel CE, Medeiros I, Moore BE, Zhao Q, Jha R. Intracranial Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors Not Associated with a Cranial Nerve: Systematic Review and Illustrative Case. (bu.edu)
  • There are many lesions like rhabdomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, multiple peripheral nerve sheath tumour, angiosarcomas, melanomas, kaposi sarcoma, solitary fibrous tumors, etc., which mimic leiomyosarcoma clinically and histopathologically and therefore immunohistochemical staining with specific markers plays a vital role in arriving at a conclusive diagnosis. (oldcitypublishing.com)
  • Schwannomas are rare benign tumors of the nerve sheath that originate from the Schwann cells of the peripheral nerve and have a broad anatomic distribution that includes superficial tissues, deep tissues, including the central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal system. (jocr.co.in)
  • Malignant peripheral nerve sheet tumors (MPNST) are uncommon and rare condition. (4science.ge)
  • Morphologic and immunohistochemical features of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors and cellular schwannomas. (4science.ge)
  • Histopathologic evaluation of atypical neurofibromatous tumors and their transformation into malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in patients with neurofibromatosis 1-a consensus overview. (4science.ge)
  • Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST): a SEER analysis of incidence across the age spectrum and therapeutic interventions in the pediatric population. (4science.ge)
  • These tumors include plexiform neurofibroma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, optic track glioma, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, and subsequent malignant neoplasms caused by prior exposure to mutagenic chemotherapy and/or radiation. (jhu.edu)
  • Furthermore, transgenic mice harboring the viral-encoded large T-antigen (LT-Ag) alone develop tumors of neuroectodermal origin, including malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) and glioblastomas. (cdc.gov)
  • Giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath are benign lesions. (aafp.org)
  • Giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath are most common in women 30 to 50 years of age. (aafp.org)
  • Schwannomas are rare, benign nerve tumors of the hand that present as painless, encapsulated, slow-growing nodules. (aafp.org)
  • According to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third edition (ICD-O-3), PCNSTs involve more than 100 subtypes of tumors, including not only those located in the brain and spine, but also those found in the meninges, pituitary gland, pineal gland, and nerves [ 1 ]. (e-crt.org)
  • Therefore, the TNM (Tumor size, Nodal involvement, Metastases) system used for most non-CNS tumors is not commonly employed in the evaluation of CNS neoplasms. (medscape.com)
  • Because neoplasms in the CNS have widely varying features, clinical courses, and prognoses, a robust and reliable grading system is essential for the proper evaluation of CNS tumors. (medscape.com)
  • An intraneural perineurioma is a rare benign tumor within the sheath of a single nerve that grows but typically does not recur or metastasize. (wikipedia.org)
  • Surgical findings showed schwannomas of the glossopharyngeal nerve in seven patients and tumor involvement of both the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves in one patient. (ajnr.org)
  • Schwannomas of the jugular foramen, usually with origin from the ninth nerve, are rare, but the presenting symptoms may be similar to those of a vestibular schwannoma owing to mass effect by tumor growth in the posterior cranial fossa (2-4) . (ajnr.org)
  • Rhabdomyoblastic differentiation in a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is termed malignant triton tumor (MTT), a rare neoplasm that poses a diagnostic dilemma in the differential diagnosis of neck masses and portends poor prognosis. (hindawi.com)
  • Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a rare soft tissue neoplasm with a poor prognosis. (hindawi.com)
  • The first was that Schwann cells in neurogenic tumor could be stimulated by motor nerve to differentiate into rhabdomyoblastic component. (hindawi.com)
  • Diagnosing non-epithelial malignancies in effusion specimens based entirely upon their cytomorphologic features is difficult because these neoplasms often exhibit considerable morphological overlap and their cytomorphology can differ from the original tumor. (cytojournal.com)
  • Classic neurothekeoma (nerve sheath myxoma) is regarded as being a true benign cutaneous tumor of nerve sheath origin. (iucc.ac.il)
  • A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor occurring during adulthood. (nih.gov)
  • abstract: STUDY DESIGN:A case report of surgically treated malignant triton tumor of the L2 nerve root. (shengsci.com)
  • A nerve sheath tumor arising from neural crest-derived Schwann cells within the breast is rarer still. (breast-cancer.ca)
  • If this is the case, specialists call it a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the breast. (breast-cancer.ca)
  • We present a patient with a history of Marfan syndrome requiring radiation for a diagnosis of a right brachial plexus malignant nerve sheath tumor. (e-roj.org)
  • At age 31, an African-American male with MFS was diagnosed with a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the right brachial plexus. (e-roj.org)
  • Palisading encapsulated neuroma is a rare, benign, cutaneous nerve sheath tumor. (e-jyms.org)
  • This article presents a rare case report discussing the detailed diagnostic approach along with an extensive review of the literature for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor arising in the left gluteus. (4science.ge)
  • Biopsy of the left gluteus showed malignant neoplasm and malignant nerve sheet tumor components were predominant. (4science.ge)
  • Studies reliant on molecular detection of tumor-associated virus in isolation, however extensive, are inconclusive because association between PyVs and naturally occurring neoplasms varies and because PyV infections are highly prevalent, yet tumor formation is rare ( 3 , 4 , 12 - 14 ). (cdc.gov)
  • C. Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath. (aafp.org)
  • Due to this change, tumor grades more accurately reflect the cellular behavior and subsequent clinical course of each neoplasm. (medscape.com)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Fig. 2) showed a fusiform-shaped mass with tapered ends of the sciatic nerve just above the popliteal fossa area, with multiple small ring-like structures hypodensity in T2WI and T1C+GD, normal popliteal vessels, and no intra-articular pathology. (jocr.co.in)
  • Detailed Pathology section describes common neoplasms in horses, cites research literature, and describes what is generally known about each condition. (vet-ebooks.com)
  • Due to the involvement of one or more nerve fascicles, intraneural perineuriomas are distinguished by a localized, solitary expansion of peripheral nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • NF-2 can cause multiple neoplasms to the head, spine, and other areas including the breast. (breast-cancer.ca)
  • 15.1%), and 7.2% developed multiple neoplasms. (ons.org)
  • SFTs of the pleura are localized mesenchymal neoplasms composed of fibroblastlike cells believed to arise from the subpleural connective tissue. (medscape.com)
  • Neurofibromatosis 1 is an autosomally dominated inherited genetic condition that predisposes those involved to the development of intracranial neoplasms. (medlink.com)
  • Schwannomas arise from the Schwann cells surrounding the nerve and commonly present in individuals between 30 and 50 years of age. (aafp.org)
  • As malignant cells have a tendency to round up in body fluids these non-epithelial neoplasms can therefore mimic reactive mesothelial cells and metastatic adenocarcinoma. (cytojournal.com)
  • 4 Malignant effusions caused by non-epithelial neoplasms are more frequently encountered in children than in adults. (cytojournal.com)
  • By definition, pseudomesotheliomatous carcinoma refers to an epithelial neoplasm that secondarily involves the pleura and encases the lung, thereby simulating the radiologic and macroscopic appearance of malignant mesothelioma. (medscape.com)
  • Schwannoma is one of the most common manifestations of these neoplasms (glioma and meningioma are also common). (breast-cancer.ca)
  • In distinction, an individual is diagnosed to have neurofibromatosis 2 if the person has bilateral eighth nerve masses seen with appropriate imaging techniques or a first degree relative with neurofibromatosis 2 and either: (1) a unilateral eighth nerve mass, (2) Two or more of the following: neurofibroma, meningioma, glioma, schwannoma, or juvenile posterior subcapsular lenticular opacity. (medlink.com)
  • A very large vestibular schwannoma may cause ninth cranial nerve palsy. (ajnr.org)
  • Schwannoma is a rare and benign neoplasm which develops out of 'Schwann' cells or nerve sheath cells. (breast-cancer.ca)
  • The concern with a breast schwannoma is that medics make a correct differential diagnosis because they can resemble a malignant neoplasm (breast cancer) mammographically. (breast-cancer.ca)
  • Analysis of a breast schwannoma will typically show several clusters of elongated 'spindle cells', indicative of a neoplasm of mesenchymal origin, in a palisading pattern. (breast-cancer.ca)
  • Noureldine MHA, Jha RT, Peto I, Malafronte PJ, Allen K, Agazzi S. Facial Nerve Schwannoma Complicated by Acute Hemorrhage After Treatment with Stereotactic Radiosurgery. (bu.edu)
  • The diagnosis of knee pain is delayed in cases with no soft-tissue mass, magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard for diagnosis, and surgeons should not discharge patients with sciatic nerve schwannoma from routine follow-up to avoid the risk of missed recurrence. (jocr.co.in)
  • Nonmesotheliomatous cancers of the pleura include an assortment of malignant neoplasms that primarily or secondarily involve pleura. (medscape.com)
  • There are two different groups of neoplasms derived from perineurial cells: extraneural or soft tissue perineuriomas, and intraneural perineuriomas. (nih.gov)
  • Synovial sarcoma is a malignant soft-tissue neoplasm that most commonly affects the extremities near to, but not in continuity with, large joints. (medscape.com)
  • These neoplasms are often associated with neurofibromatosis type I (NF-I) but can also occur sporadically. (4science.ge)
  • 18F]2- fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positronemission tomography (FDG PET) as a diagnostic tool for neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNSTs): A long-term clinical study-Department of Neurology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Kings College London, London, UK. (4science.ge)
  • Most of tumours occur in the brachial plexus nerves (C6T2), but all other nerves are potentially affected. (ivis.org)
  • Optic nerve decompression surgery (also known as optic nerve sheath decompression surgery) involves cutting slits or a window in the optic nerve sheath to allow cerebrospinal fluid to escape, thereby reducing the pressure around the optic nerve. (aetna.com)
  • Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system. (lookformedical.com)
  • The white pulp, consisting of periarterial lymphatic sheaths and germinal centers, acts as an immune organ. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To resolve the controversy over the effectiveness of optic nerve decompression for NAION, the National Eye Institute sponsored the Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial, a multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial of optic nerve decompression surgery for patients with NAION. (aetna.com)
  • They are slow growing neoplasms and their clinical signs appear insidiously. (ivis.org)
  • To further elucidate the natural history and prognosis of this rare neoplasm in the head and neck, we present a case of sporadic MTT arising in the neck with an unusual prognosis. (hindawi.com)
  • On histopathological analysis, all the classic features were noted and diagnosis of a spindle cell neoplasm was made without any obscurity. (oldcitypublishing.com)
  • Abnormal growths of tissue that follow a previous neoplasm but are not metastases of the latter. (lookformedical.com)
  • The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites. (lookformedical.com)
  • Malignant neoplasms can occur in patients with NF1 at any age. (medscape.com)
  • Leiomyosarcomas are malignant neoplasms of smooth-muscle cells that typically occur from middle age to older individuals. (mayocliniclabs.com)
  • The second neoplasm may have the same or different histological type and can occur in the same or different organs as the previous neoplasm but in all cases arises from an independent oncogenic event. (lookformedical.com)
  • They most commonly arise from the vestibular portion of the eighth cranial nerve (1) . (ajnr.org)
  • Normal mature bone tissue was noted surrounded by a sheath of dura mater. (bvsalud.org)
  • Primary Myelofibrosis Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by bone marrow fibrosis, splenomegaly, and anemia with nucleated and teardrop-shaped red blood cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves. (harvard.edu)
  • Visual loss secondary to optic nerve drusen. (aetna.com)
  • Diamox, Lasix, corticosteroids), and disc swelling with visual field loss progresses, direct fenestration of the optic nerve sheaths via medial or lateral orbitotomy has been shown to be an effective and relatively simple procedure for relief of papilledema. (aetna.com)
  • It is caused by infarction of the short posterior ciliary arteries supplying the anterior optic nerve. (aetna.com)
  • There is no direct treatment for NAION, although corticosteroids are sometimes used to reduce optic nerve edema. (aetna.com)
  • Initial results of uncontrolled studies suggested that optic nerve sheath decompression was a promising treatment of progressive visual loss in patients with NAION. (aetna.com)
  • The investigators concluded that optic nerve decompression surgery is not an effective treatment for NAION, and in fact, may increase the risk of progressive visual loss in NAION patients. (aetna.com)
  • A structured evidence review (Dickersin and Manheimer, 2002) concluded that "[r]esults from the Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial indicate that optic nerve decompression surgery for nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy is not effective. (aetna.com)
  • A Cochrane review (Dickersin et al, 2012) concluded that results from the single trial indicate no evidence of a beneficial effect of optic nerve decompression surgery for NAION. (aetna.com)