'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term referring to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual, which may be genetic or environmental in origin, and can affect various systems and organs of the body.
Structural abnormalities of the central or peripheral nervous system resulting primarily from defects of embryogenesis.
The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A group of congenital malformations involving the brainstem, cerebellum, upper spinal cord, and surrounding bony structures. Type II is the most common, and features compression of the medulla and cerebellar tonsils into the upper cervical spinal canal and an associated MENINGOMYELOCELE. Type I features similar, but less severe malformations and is without an associated meningomyelocele. Type III has the features of type II with an additional herniation of the entire cerebellum through the bony defect involving the foramen magnum, forming an ENCEPHALOCELE. Type IV is a form a cerebellar hypoplasia. Clinical manifestations of types I-III include TORTICOLLIS; opisthotonus; HEADACHE; VERTIGO; VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS; APNEA; NYSTAGMUS, CONGENITAL; swallowing difficulties; and ATAXIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p261; Davis, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp236-46)
A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.
The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)
Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.
An abnormality in lung development that is characterized by a multicystic mass resulting from an adenomatous overgrowth of the terminal BRONCHIOLES with a consequent reduction of PULMONARY ALVEOLI. This anomaly is classified into three types by the cyst size.
Abnormalities in the development of the CEREBRAL CORTEX. These include malformations arising from abnormal neuronal and glial CELL PROLIFERATION or APOPTOSIS (Group I); abnormal neuronal migration (Group II); and abnormal establishment of cortical organization (Group III). Many INBORN METABOLIC BRAIN DISORDERS affecting CNS formation are often associated with cortical malformations. They are common causes of EPILEPSY and developmental delay.
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.
The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors.
A vascular anomaly composed of a collection of large, thin walled tortuous VEINS that can occur in any part of the central nervous system but lack intervening nervous tissue. Familial occurrence is common and has been associated with a number of genes mapped to 7q, 7p and 3q. Clinical features include SEIZURES; HEADACHE; STROKE; and progressive neurological deficit.
Two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. (From Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p766)
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.
Congenital structural deformities of the upper and lower extremities collectively or unspecified.
Longitudinal cavities in the spinal cord, most often in the cervical region, which may extend for multiple spinal levels. The cavities are lined by dense, gliogenous tissue and may be associated with SPINAL CORD NEOPLASMS; spinal cord traumatic injuries; and vascular malformations. Syringomyelia is marked clinically by pain and PARESTHESIA, muscular atrophy of the hands, and analgesia with thermoanesthesia of the hands and arms, but with the tactile sense preserved (sensory dissociation). Lower extremity spasticity and incontinence may also develop. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1269)
Congenital structural abnormalities of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.
A congenital abnormality characterized by the persistence of the anal membrane, resulting in a thin membrane covering the normal ANAL CANAL. Imperforation is not always complete and is treated by surgery in infancy. This defect is often associated with NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS; MENTAL RETARDATION; and DOWN SYNDROME.
An autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. This disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.
The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.
Characteristic properties and processes of the NERVOUS SYSTEM as a whole or with reference to the peripheral or the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.
A congenital abnormality of the central nervous system marked by failure of the midline structures of the cerebellum to develop, dilation of the fourth ventricle, and upward displacement of the transverse sinuses, tentorium, and torcula. Clinical features include occipital bossing, progressive head enlargement, bulging of anterior fontanelle, papilledema, ataxia, gait disturbances, nystagmus, and intellectual compromise. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp294-5)
Congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities involving ARTERIES; VEINS; or venous sinuses in the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and MENINGES.
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
Congenital structural abnormalities and deformities of the musculoskeletal system.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Veins draining the cerebrum.
Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.
Congenital arteriovenous malformation involving the VEIN OF GALEN, a large deep vein at the base of the brain. The rush of arterial blood directly into the vein of Galen, without passing through the CAPILLARIES, can overwhelm the heart and lead to CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot occurring at or before birth.
Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.
An agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo.
A method of hemostasis utilizing various agents such as Gelfoam, silastic, metal, glass, or plastic pellets, autologous clot, fat, and muscle as emboli. It has been used in the treatment of spinal cord and INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS, renal arteriovenous fistulas, gastrointestinal bleeding, epistaxis, hypersplenism, certain highly vascular tumors, traumatic rupture of blood vessels, and control of operative hemorrhage.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes arising from or involving components of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, cranial nerves, and meninges. Included in this category are primary and metastatic nervous system neoplasms.
Congenital structural abnormalities of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
A characteristic symptom complex.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
Pathophysiological conditions of the FETUS in the UTERUS. Some fetal diseases may be treated with FETAL THERAPIES.

Significance of glutathione-dependent antioxidant system in diabetes-induced embryonic malformations. (1/288)

Hyperglycemia-induced embryonic malformations may be due to an increase in radical formation and depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) in embryonic tissues. In the past, we have investigated the role of the glutathione-dependent antioxidant system and GSH on diabetes-related embryonic malformations. Embryos from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats on gestational day 11 showed a significantly higher frequency of embryonic malformations (neural lesions 21.5 vs. 2.8%, P<0.001; nonneural lesions 47.4 vs. 6.4%, P<0.001) and growth retardation than those of normal mothers. The formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), estimated by flow cytometry, was increased in isolated embryonic cells of diabetic rats on gestational day 11. The concentration of intracellular GSH in embryonic tissues of diabetic pregnant rats on day 11 was significantly lower than that of normal rats. The activity of y-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS), the rate-limiting GSH synthesizing enzyme, in embryos of diabetic rats was significantly low, associated with reduced expression of gamma-GCS mRNA. Administration of buthionine sulfoxamine (BSO), a specific inhibitor of gamma-GCS, to diabetic rats during the period of maximal teratogenic susceptibility (days 6-11 of gestation) reduced GSH by 46.7% and increased the frequency of neural lesions (62.1 vs. 21.5%, P<0.01) and nonneural lesions (79.3 vs. 47.4%, P<0.01). Administration of GSH ester to diabetic rats restored GSH concentration in the embryos and reduced the formation of ROS, leading to normalization of neural lesions (1.9 vs. 21.5%) and improvement in nonneural lesions (26.7 vs. 47.4%) and growth retardation. Administration of insulin in another group of pregnant rats during the same period resulted in complete normalization of neural lesions (4.3 vs. 21.5%), nonneural lesions (4.3 vs. 47.4%), and growth retardation with the restoration of GSH contents. Our results indicate that GSH depletion and impaired responsiveness of GSH-synthesizing enzyme to oxidative stress during organogenesis may have important roles in the development of embryonic malformations in diabetes.  (+info)

Zebrafish narrowminded suggests a genetic link between formation of neural crest and primary sensory neurons. (2/288)

In the developing vertebrate nervous system, both neural crest and sensory neurons form at the boundary between non-neural ectoderm and the neural plate. From an in situ hybridization based expression analysis screen, we have identified a novel zebrafish mutation, narrowminded (nrd), which reduces the number of early neural crest cells and eliminates Rohon-Beard (RB) sensory neurons. Mosaic analysis has shown that the mutation acts cell autonomously suggesting that nrd is involved in either the reception or interpretation of signals at the lateral neural plate boundary. Characterization of the mutant phenotype indicates that nrd is required for a primary wave of neural crest cell formation during which progenitors generate both RB sensory neurons and neural crest cells. Moreover, the early deficit in neural crest cells in nrd homozygotes is compensated later in development. Thus, we propose that a later wave can compensate for the loss of early neural crest cells but, interestingly, not the RB sensory neurons. We discuss the implications of these findings for the possibility that RB sensory neurons and neural crest cells share a common evolutionary origin.  (+info)

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonists modulate homocysteine-induced developmental abnormalities. (3/288)

We showed previously that the induction of neural crest (NC) and neural tube (NT) defects is a general property of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists. Since homocysteine induces NC and NT defects and can also act as an NMDAR antagonist, we hypothesized that the mechanism of homocysteine-induced developmental defects is mediated by competitive inhibition of the NMDAR by homocysteine. If this hypothesis is correct, homocysteine-induced defects will be reduced by NMDAR agonists. To test the hypothesis, we treated chicken embryos during the process of neural tube closure with sufficient homocysteine thiolactone to induce NC and NT defects in approximately 40% of survivors or with homocysteine thiolactone in combination with each of a selected set of NMDAR agonists in 0. 05-5000 nmol doses. Glutamate site agonists selected were L-glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate. Glycine site agonists were glycine, D-cycloserine, and aminocyclopropane-carboxylic acid. Glycine was the most effective overall, reducing defects significantly at two different doses (each P>0.001). These results support the hypothesis that homocysteine may affect NC and NT development by its ability to inhibit the NMDAR. One potentially important consequence of this putative mechanism is that homocysteine may interact synergistically with other NMDAR antagonists to enhance its effect on development.  (+info)

Retinoic acid induces down-regulation of Wnt-3a, apoptosis and diversion of tail bud cells to a neural fate in the mouse embryo. (4/288)

The tail bud comprises the caudal extremity of the vertebrate embryo, containing a pool of pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells that gives rise to almost all the tissues of the sacro-caudal region. Treatment of pregnant mice with 100 mg/kg all-trans retinoic acid at 9.5 days post coitum induces severe truncation of the body axis, providing a model system for studying the mechanisms underlying development of caudal agenesis. In the present study, we find that retinoic acid treatment causes extensive apoptosis of tail bud cells 24 h after treatment. Once the apoptotic cells have been removed, the remaining mesenchymal cells differentiate into an extensive network of ectopic tubules, radially arranged around the notochord. These tubules express Pax-3 and Pax-6 in a regionally-restricted pattern that closely resembles expression in the definitive neural tube. Neurofilament-positive neurons subsequently grow out from the ectopic tubules. Thus, the tail bud cells remaining after retinoic acid-induced apoptosis appear to adopt a neural fate. Wnt-3a, a gene that has been shown to be essential for tail bud formation, is specifically down-regulated in the tail bud of retinoic acid-treated embryos, as early as 2 h after retinoic acid treatment and Wnt-3a transcripts become undetectable by 10 h. In contrast, Wnt-5a and RAR-gamma are still detectable in the tail bud at that time. Extensive cell death also occurs in the tail bud of embryos homozygous for the vestigial tail mutation, in which there is a marked reduction in Wnt-3a expression. These embryos go on to develop multiple neural tubes in their truncated caudal region. These results suggest that retinoic acid induces down-regulation of Wnt-3a which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of axial truncation, involving induction of widespread apoptosis, followed by an alteration of tail bud cell fate to form multiple ectopic neural tubes.  (+info)

Long-term follow-up of children born after inadvertent administration of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist in early pregnancy. (5/288)

Our objective was to evaluate long-term outcome of children born after inadvertent administration of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) in early pregnancy, compared to a control group of children born to matched women undergoing in-vitro fertilization and children born after spontaneous pregnancies. Six children from six pregnancies, exposed to a long-acting gonadotrophin agonist, comprised the study group and 20 children were included in the control groups. Pre-, peri- and postnatal data were collected and the children were followed and examined at a mean age of 7.8 +/- 2.0 years. All children underwent physical and neurological examination, and psychological tests. In the study group, one child was born with a major congenital malformation (cleft palate), and four children subsequently demonstrated neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including epileptic disorder (n = 1), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (n = 3), motor difficulties (n = 3) and speech difficulties (n = 1). In the control groups, one child had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This observation of neurodevelopmental abnormalities in four of six children in the study group justifies the need for long-term follow-up of more children previously exposed to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist.  (+info)

Abnormal neurotransmission in mice lacking synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A). (6/288)

Synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2) is a membrane glycoprotein common to all synaptic and endocrine vesicles. Unlike many proteins involved in synaptic exocytosis, SV2 has no homolog in yeast, indicating that it performs a function unique to secretion in higher eukaryotes. Although the structure and protein interactions of SV2 suggest multiple possible functions, its role in synaptic events remains unknown. To explore the function of SV2 in an in vivo context, we generated mice that do not express the primary SV2 isoform, SV2A, by using targeted gene disruption. Animals homozygous for the SV2A gene disruption appear normal at birth. However, they fail to grow, experience severe seizures, and die within 3 weeks, suggesting multiple neural and endocrine deficits. Electrophysiological studies of spontaneous inhibitory neurotransmission in the CA3 region of the hippocampus revealed that loss of SV2A leads to a reduction in action potential-dependent gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurotransmission. In contrast, action potential-independent neurotransmission was normal. Analyses of synapse ultrastructure suggest that altered neurotransmission is not caused by changes in synapse density or morphology. These findings demonstrate that SV2A is an essential protein and implicate it in the control of exocytosis.  (+info)

Hippocampal abnormalities and enhanced excitability in a murine model of human lissencephaly. (7/288)

Human cortical heterotopia and neuronal migration disorders result in epilepsy; however, the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Here we demonstrate severe neuronal dysplasia and heterotopia throughout the granule cell and pyramidal cell layers of mice containing a heterozygous deletion of Lis1, a mouse model of human 17p13.3-linked lissencephaly. Birth-dating analysis using bromodeoxyuridine revealed that neurons in Lis1+/- murine hippocampus are born at the appropriate time but fail in migration to form a defined cell layer. Heterotopic pyramidal neurons in Lis1+/- mice were stunted and possessed fewer dendritic branches, whereas dentate granule cells were hypertrophic and formed spiny basilar dendrites from which the principal axon emerged. Both somatostatin- and parvalbumin-containing inhibitory neurons were heterotopic and displaced into both stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare. Mechanisms of synaptic transmission were severely disrupted, revealing hyperexcitability at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses and depression of mossy fiber-CA3 transmission. In addition, the dynamic range of frequency-dependent facilitation of Lis1+/- mossy fiber transmission was less than that of wild type. Consequently, Lis1+/- hippocampi are prone to interictal electrographic seizure activity in an elevated [K(+)](o) model of epilepsy. In Lis1+/- hippocampus, intense interictal bursting was observed on elevation of extracellular potassium to 6.5 mM, a condition that resulted in only minimal bursting in wild type. These anatomical and physiological hippocampal defects may provide a neuronal basis for seizures associated with lissencephaly.  (+info)

Involvement of the TRAP220 component of the TRAP/SMCC coactivator complex in embryonic development and thyroid hormone action. (8/288)

The TRAP220 component of the TRAP/SMCC complex, a mammalian homologof the yeast Mediator that shows diverse coactivation functions, interacts directly with nuclear receptors. Ablation of the murine Trap220 gene revealed that null mutants die during an early gestational stage with heart failure and exhibit impaired neuronal development with extensive apoptosis. Primary embryonic fibroblasts derived from null mutants show an impaired cell cycle regulation and a prominent decrease of thyroid hormone receptor function that is restored by ectopic TRAP220 but no defect in activation by Gal4-RARalpha/RXRalpha, p53, or VP16. Moreover, haploinsufficient animals show growth retardation, pituitary hypothyroidism, and widely impaired transcription in certain organs. These results indicate that TRAP220 is essential for a wide range of physiological processes but also that it has gene- and activator-selective functions.  (+info)

'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term that refers to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or can develop later in life (acquired). They can affect various organs and systems of the body and can vary greatly in severity and impact on a person's health and well-being.

Multiple abnormalities can occur due to genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, exposure to teratogens (substances that cause birth defects), and maternal infections during pregnancy are some of the common causes of multiple congenital abnormalities.

Examples of multiple congenital abnormalities include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and VATER/VACTERL association. Acquired multiple abnormalities can result from conditions such as trauma, infection, degenerative diseases, or cancer.

The medical evaluation and management of individuals with multiple abnormalities depend on the specific abnormalities present and their impact on the individual's health and functioning. A multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals is often involved in the care of these individuals to address their complex needs.

Nervous system malformations, also known as nervous system dysplasias or developmental anomalies, refer to structural abnormalities or defects in the development of the nervous system. These malformations can occur during fetal development and can affect various parts of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Nervous system malformations can result from genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. They can range from mild to severe and may cause a wide variety of symptoms, depending on the specific type and location of the malformation. Some common examples of nervous system malformations include:

* Spina bifida: a defect in the closure of the spinal cord and surrounding bones, which can lead to neurological problems such as paralysis, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and hydrocephalus.
* Anencephaly: a severe malformation where the brain and skull do not develop properly, resulting in stillbirth or death shortly after birth.
* Chiari malformation: a structural defect in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination, which can cause headaches, neck pain, and difficulty swallowing.
* Microcephaly: a condition where the head is smaller than normal due to abnormal development of the brain, which can lead to intellectual disability and developmental delays.
* Hydrocephalus: a buildup of fluid in the brain that can cause pressure on the brain and lead to cognitive impairment, vision problems, and other neurological symptoms.

Treatment for nervous system malformations depends on the specific type and severity of the condition and may include surgery, medication, physical therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is called the "central" system because it receives information from, and sends information to, the rest of the body through peripheral nerves, which make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

The CNS is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling motor functions, and regulating various autonomic processes like heart rate, respiration, and digestion. The brain, as the command center of the CNS, interprets sensory stimuli, formulates thoughts, and initiates actions. The spinal cord serves as a conduit for nerve impulses traveling to and from the brain and the rest of the body.

The CNS is protected by several structures, including the skull (which houses the brain) and the vertebral column (which surrounds and protects the spinal cord). Despite these protective measures, the CNS remains vulnerable to injury and disease, which can have severe consequences due to its crucial role in controlling essential bodily functions.

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal tangles of blood vessels that directly connect arteries and veins, bypassing the capillary system. This results in a high-flow and high-pressure circulation in the affected area. AVMs can occur anywhere in the body but are most common in the brain and spine. They can vary in size and may cause symptoms such as headaches, seizures, or bleeding in the brain. In some cases, AVMs may not cause any symptoms and may only be discovered during imaging tests for other conditions. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, or embolization to reduce the flow of blood through the malformation and prevent complications.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Arnold-Chiari malformation is a structural abnormality of the brain and skull base, specifically the cerebellum and brainstem. It is characterized by the descent of the cerebellar tonsils and sometimes parts of the brainstem through the foramen magnum (the opening at the base of the skull) into the upper spinal canal. This can cause pressure on the brainstem and cerebellum, potentially leading to a range of symptoms such as headaches, neck pain, unsteady gait, swallowing difficulties, hearing or balance problems, and in severe cases, neurological deficits. There are four types of Arnold-Chiari malformations, with type I being the most common and least severe form. Types II, III, and IV are progressively more severe and involve varying degrees of hindbrain herniation and associated neural tissue damage. Surgical intervention is often required to alleviate symptoms and prevent further neurological deterioration.

Vascular malformations are abnormalities in the development and growth of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that can occur anywhere in the body. They can be present at birth or develop later in life, and they can affect both the form and function of the affected tissues and organs. Vascular malformations can involve arteries, veins, capillaries, and/or lymphatic vessels, and they can range from simple, localized lesions to complex, multifocal disorders.

Vascular malformations are typically classified based on their location, size, flow characteristics, and the type of blood or lymphatic vessels involved. Some common types of vascular malformations include:

1. Capillary malformations (CMs): These are characterized by abnormal dilated capillaries that can cause red or pink discoloration of the skin, typically on the face or neck.
2. Venous malformations (VMs): These involve abnormal veins that can cause swelling, pain, and disfigurement in the affected area.
3. Lymphatic malformations (LMs): These involve abnormal lymphatic vessels that can cause swelling, infection, and other complications.
4. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs): These involve a tangled mass of arteries and veins that can cause high-flow lesions, bleeding, and other serious complications.
5. Combined vascular malformations: These involve a combination of different types of blood or lymphatic vessels, such as capillary-lymphatic-venous malformations (CLVMs) or arteriovenous-lymphatic malformations (AVLMs).

The exact cause of vascular malformations is not fully understood, but they are believed to result from genetic mutations that affect the development and growth of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Treatment options for vascular malformations depend on the type, size, location, and severity of the lesion, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment may include medication, compression garments, sclerotherapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

The nervous system is a complex, highly organized network of specialized cells called neurons and glial cells that communicate with each other via electrical and chemical signals to coordinate various functions and activities in the body. It consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes all the nerves and ganglia outside the CNS.

The primary function of the nervous system is to receive, process, and integrate information from both internal and external environments and then respond by generating appropriate motor outputs or behaviors. This involves sensing various stimuli through specialized receptors, transmitting this information through afferent neurons to the CNS for processing, integrating this information with other inputs and memories, making decisions based on this processed information, and finally executing responses through efferent neurons that control effector organs such as muscles and glands.

The nervous system can be further divided into subsystems based on their functions, including the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movements and reflexes; the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary physiological processes like heart rate, digestion, and respiration; and the enteric nervous system, which is a specialized subset of the autonomic nervous system that controls gut functions. Overall, the nervous system plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis, regulating behavior, and enabling cognition and consciousness.

Congenital abnormalities, also known as birth defects, are structural or functional anomalies that are present at birth. These abnormalities can develop at any point during fetal development, and they can affect any part of the body. They can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both.

Congenital abnormalities can range from mild to severe and may include structural defects such as heart defects, neural tube defects, and cleft lip and palate, as well as functional defects such as intellectual disabilities and sensory impairments. Some congenital abnormalities may be visible at birth, while others may not become apparent until later in life.

In some cases, congenital abnormalities may be detected through prenatal testing, such as ultrasound or amniocentesis. In other cases, they may not be diagnosed until after the baby is born. Treatment for congenital abnormalities varies depending on the type and severity of the defect, and may include surgery, therapy, medication, or a combination of these approaches.

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases refer to medical conditions that primarily affect the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is responsible for controlling various functions in the body, including movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. Therefore, diseases of the CNS can have significant impacts on a person's quality of life and overall health.

There are many different types of CNS diseases, including:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites that infect the brain or spinal cord. Examples include meningitis, encephalitis, and polio.
2. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are characterized by progressive loss of nerve cells in the brain or spinal cord. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
3. Structural diseases: These involve damage to the physical structure of the brain or spinal cord, such as from trauma, tumors, or stroke.
4. Functional diseases: These affect the function of the nervous system without obvious structural damage, such as multiple sclerosis and epilepsy.
5. Genetic disorders: Some CNS diseases are caused by genetic mutations, such as spinal muscular atrophy and Friedreich's ataxia.

Symptoms of CNS diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and the area of the brain or spinal cord that is affected. They may include muscle weakness, paralysis, seizures, loss of sensation, difficulty with coordination and balance, confusion, memory loss, changes in behavior or mood, and pain. Treatment for CNS diseases depends on the specific condition and may involve medications, surgery, rehabilitation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM) of the lung is a rare developmental anomaly of the lungs that affects the terminal ends of the bronchus. It is characterized by the presence of abnormal masses or nodules filled with mucus or air-filled cysts in the lung tissue. These malformations are typically present at birth but may not cause any symptoms until later in life, if at all.

CCAMs are classified into three types based on their size, location, and the number of cysts present. Type I CCAMs have one or more large cysts (greater than 2 cm in diameter), type II CCAMs have multiple small cysts (less than 1 cm in diameter), and type III CCAMs are solid masses without any visible cysts.

CCAMs can cause a range of symptoms, including respiratory distress, coughing, wheezing, recurrent lung infections, and difficulty gaining weight. In severe cases, they may lead to heart failure or fetal hydrops (a condition characterized by fluid accumulation in the fetus).

The diagnosis of CCAMs is typically made through prenatal ultrasound or imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs after birth. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the affected lung tissue, which can be done safely with minimal risk to the child's health and development.

Malformations of Cortical Development (MCDs) are a group of congenital brain abnormalities that occur during the development and organization of the cerebral cortex, which is the brain region responsible for higher cognitive functions. These malformations result from disruptions in neuronal migration, proliferation, or organization, leading to varying degrees of cortical thickness, folding, and structural integrity.

MCDs can be classified into several subtypes based on their distinct neuroimaging and histopathological features. Some common MCD subtypes include:

1. Lissencephaly (smooth brain): A severe malformation characterized by the absence of normal gyral and sulcal patterns, resulting in a smooth cortical surface. This is caused by defects in neuronal migration during early development.
2. Polymicrogyria (many small folds): A condition where the cortex has an excessive number of small, irregular gyri, leading to thickened and disorganized cortical layers. This can be focal or diffuse and is caused by abnormal neuronal migration or organization during mid to late development.
3. Schizencephaly (cleft brain): A malformation characterized by a linear cleft or gap in the cerebral cortex, extending from the pial surface to the ventricular system. This can be unilateral or bilateral and is caused by disruptions in neuronal migration and/or cortical organization during early development.
4. Heterotopias (misplaced cells): A condition where groups of neurons are abnormally located within the white matter or at the gray-white matter junction, instead of their normal position in the cerebral cortex. This can be focal or diffuse and is caused by defects in neuronal migration during early development.
5. Focal cortical dysplasia (abnormal localized tissue): A condition characterized by abnormal cortical architecture, including disorganized lamination, enlarged neurons, and heterotopic neurons. This can be focal or multifocal and is caused by defects in cortical organization during late development.

MCDs are often associated with neurological symptoms such as epilepsy, intellectual disability, motor deficits, and behavioral abnormalities. The severity of these symptoms depends on the type, location, and extent of the malformation.

"Drug-induced abnormalities" refer to physical or physiological changes that occur as a result of taking medication or drugs. These abnormalities can affect various organs and systems in the body and can range from minor symptoms, such as nausea or dizziness, to more serious conditions, such as liver damage or heart rhythm disturbances.

Drug-induced abnormalities can occur for several reasons, including:

1. Direct toxicity: Some drugs can directly damage cells and tissues in the body, leading to abnormalities.
2. Altered metabolism: Drugs can interfere with normal metabolic processes in the body, leading to the accumulation of harmful substances or the depletion of essential nutrients.
3. Hormonal imbalances: Some drugs can affect hormone levels in the body, leading to abnormalities.
4. Allergic reactions: Some people may have allergic reactions to certain drugs, which can cause a range of symptoms, including rashes, swelling, and difficulty breathing.
5. Interactions with other drugs: Taking multiple medications or drugs at the same time can increase the risk of drug-induced abnormalities.

It is important for healthcare providers to monitor patients closely for signs of drug-induced abnormalities and to adjust medication dosages or switch to alternative treatments as necessary. Patients should also inform their healthcare providers of any symptoms they experience while taking medication, as these may be related to drug-induced abnormalities.

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is that part of the nervous system which lies outside of the brain and spinal cord. It includes all the nerves and ganglia ( clusters of neurons) outside of the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS is divided into two components: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

The somatic nervous system is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the skin, muscles, and joints to the CNS, and for controlling voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles.

The autonomic nervous system, on the other hand, controls involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration, pupillary dilation, and sexual arousal. It is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, which generally have opposing effects and maintain homeostasis in the body.

Damage to the peripheral nervous system can result in various medical conditions such as neuropathies, neuritis, plexopathies, and radiculopathies, leading to symptoms like numbness, tingling, pain, weakness, or loss of reflexes in the affected area.

A cavernous hemangioma in the central nervous system (CNS) refers to a type of benign vascular tumor that is made up of dilated and thin-walled blood vessels. These tumors are called "cavernous" because they are filled with blood-filled sacs or "caverns."

When these hemangiomas occur in the CNS, which includes the brain and spinal cord, they can cause various neurological symptoms depending on their size and location. Small hemangiomas may not cause any symptoms at all, while larger ones can cause seizures, headaches, weakness, or sensory changes.

Cavernous hemangiomas in the CNS are typically congenital, meaning that they are present at birth. However, they may not become symptomatic until later in life. Treatment options for cavernous hemangiomas in the CNS include observation, surgery, or radiation therapy, depending on the size, location, and symptoms caused by the tumor.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a part of the autonomic nervous system that directly controls the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, small intestine, colon, and rectum. It is sometimes referred to as the "second brain" because it can operate independently of the central nervous system (CNS).

The ENS contains around 500 million neurons that are organized into two main plexuses: the myenteric plexus, which lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut, and the submucosal plexus, which is located in the submucosa. These plexuses contain various types of neurons that are responsible for regulating gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and blood flow.

The ENS can communicate with the CNS through afferent nerve fibers that transmit information about the state of the gut to the brain, and efferent nerve fibers that carry signals from the brain back to the ENS. However, the ENS is also capable of functioning independently of the CNS, allowing it to regulate gastrointestinal functions in response to local stimuli such as food intake, inflammation, or infection.

Central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms refer to a group of abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the brain or spinal cord. These tumors can be benign or malignant, and their growth can compress or disrupt the normal functioning of surrounding brain or spinal cord tissue.

Benign CNS neoplasms are slow-growing and rarely spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause significant problems if they grow large enough to put pressure on vital structures within the brain or spinal cord. Malignant CNS neoplasms, on the other hand, are aggressive tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissue. They may also spread to other parts of the CNS or, rarely, to other organs in the body.

CNS neoplasms can arise from various types of cells within the brain or spinal cord, including nerve cells, glial cells (which provide support and insulation for nerve cells), and supportive tissues such as blood vessels. The specific type of CNS neoplasm is often used to help guide treatment decisions and determine prognosis.

Symptoms of CNS neoplasms can vary widely depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or paralysis, vision or hearing changes, balance problems, memory loss, and changes in behavior or personality. Treatment options for CNS neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a part of the peripheral nervous system that operates largely below the level of consciousness and controls visceral functions. It is divided into two main subdivisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which generally have opposing effects and maintain homeostasis in the body.

The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations, often referred to as the "fight or flight" response. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and metabolic rate, while also decreasing digestive activity. This response helps the body respond quickly to perceived threats.

The Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS), on the other hand, promotes the "rest and digest" state, allowing the body to conserve energy and restore itself after the stress response has subsided. It decreases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate, while increasing digestive activity and promoting relaxation.

These two systems work together to maintain balance in the body by adjusting various functions based on internal and external demands. Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System can lead to a variety of symptoms, such as orthostatic hypotension, gastroparesis, and cardiac arrhythmias, among others.

Congenital limb deformities refer to abnormalities in the structure, position, or function of the arms or legs that are present at birth. These deformities can vary greatly in severity and may affect any part of the limb, including the bones, muscles, joints, and nerves.

Congenital limb deformities can be caused by genetic factors, exposure to certain medications or chemicals during pregnancy, or other environmental factors. Some common types of congenital limb deformities include:

1. Clubfoot: A condition in which the foot is twisted out of shape, making it difficult to walk normally.
2. Polydactyly: A condition in which a person is born with extra fingers or toes.
3. Radial clubhand: A rare condition in which the radius bone in the forearm is missing or underdeveloped, causing the hand to turn inward and the wrist to bend.
4. Amniotic band syndrome: A condition in which strands of the amniotic sac wrap around a developing limb, restricting its growth and leading to deformities.
5. Agenesis: A condition in which a limb or part of a limb is missing at birth.

Treatment for congenital limb deformities may include surgery, bracing, physical therapy, or other interventions depending on the severity and nature of the deformity. In some cases, early intervention and treatment can help to improve function and reduce the impact of the deformity on a person's daily life.

Syringomyelia is a medical condition characterized by the formation of a fluid-filled cavity or cavities (syrinx) within the spinal cord. This syrinx can lead to various symptoms depending on its size and location, which may include pain, muscle weakness, numbness, and stiffness in the neck, back, shoulders, arms, or legs. In some cases, it may also affect bladder and bowel function, sexual performance, and the ability to maintain normal body temperature. Syringomyelia is often associated with Chiari malformation, a condition where the lower part of the brain extends into the spinal canal. However, other conditions such as spinal cord injuries, tumors, or infections may also cause syringomyelia.

Urogenital abnormalities refer to structural or functional anomalies that affect the urinary and genital systems. These two systems are closely linked during embryonic development, and sometimes they may not develop properly, leading to various types of congenital defects. Urogenital abnormalities can range from minor issues like a bifid scrotum (a condition where the scrotum is split into two parts) to more severe problems such as bladder exstrophy (where the bladder develops outside the body).

These conditions may affect urination, reproduction, and sexual function. They can also increase the risk of infections and other complications. Urogenital abnormalities can be diagnosed through physical examination, imaging tests, or genetic testing. Treatment options depend on the specific condition but may include surgery, medication, or lifestyle changes.

Imperforate anus is a congenital condition in which the opening of the anus is absent or abnormally closed or narrowed, preventing the normal passage of stool. This results in a blockage in the digestive tract and can lead to serious health complications if not treated promptly.

The anus is the external opening of the rectum, which is the lower end of the digestive tract. During fetal development, the rectum and anus normally connect through a canal called the anal canal or the recto-anal canal. In imperforate anus, this canal may be completely closed or narrowed, or it may not form properly.

Imperforate anus can occur as an isolated condition or as part of a genetic syndrome or other congenital abnormalities. The exact cause is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Treatment for imperforate anus typically involves surgery to create an opening in the anus and restore normal bowel function. In some cases, additional procedures may be necessary to correct related abnormalities or complications. The prognosis for individuals with imperforate anus depends on the severity of the condition and any associated abnormalities. With prompt and appropriate treatment, most people with imperforate anus can lead normal lives.

Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the blood vessels. It is also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome. This condition is characterized by the formation of abnormal blood vessels called telangiectases, which are small red spots or tiny bulges that can be found in the skin, mucous membranes (like those inside the nose, mouth, and GI tract), and sometimes in vital organs like the lungs and brain.

These telangiectases have a tendency to bleed easily, leading to potentially serious complications such as anemia due to chronic blood loss, and in some cases, strokes or brain abscesses if the telangiectases in the brain rupture. HHT is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene from an affected parent. There are several genes associated with HHT, the most common being ACVRL1, ENG, and SMAD4.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a part of the autonomic nervous system that operates largely below the level of consciousness, and it functions to produce appropriate physiological responses to perceived danger. It's often associated with the "fight or flight" response. The SNS uses nerve impulses to stimulate target organs, causing them to speed up (e.g., increased heart rate), prepare for action, or otherwise respond to stressful situations.

The sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stressful emotional or physical situations and it prepares the body for immediate actions. It dilates the pupils, increases heart rate and blood pressure, accelerates breathing, and slows down digestion. The primary neurotransmitter involved in this system is norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline).

'Nervous system physiological phenomena' refer to the functions, activities, and processes that occur within the nervous system in a healthy or normal state. This includes:

1. Neuronal Activity: The transmission of electrical signals (action potentials) along neurons, which allows for communication between different cells and parts of the nervous system.

2. Neurotransmission: The release and binding of neurotransmitters to receptors on neighboring cells, enabling the transfer of information across the synapse or junction between two neurons.

3. Sensory Processing: The conversion of external stimuli into electrical signals by sensory receptors, followed by the transmission and interpretation of these signals within the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).

4. Motor Function: The generation and execution of motor commands, allowing for voluntary movement and control of muscles and glands.

5. Autonomic Function: The regulation of internal organs and glands through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, maintaining homeostasis within the body.

6. Cognitive Processes: Higher brain functions such as perception, attention, memory, language, learning, and emotion, which are supported by complex neural networks and interactions.

7. Sleep-Wake Cycle: The regulation of sleep and wakefulness through interactions between the brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain, ensuring proper rest and recovery.

8. Development and Plasticity: The growth, maturation, and adaptation of the nervous system throughout life, including processes such as neuronal migration, synaptogenesis, and neural plasticity.

9. Endocrine Regulation: The interaction between the nervous system and endocrine system, with the hypothalamus playing a key role in controlling hormone release and maintaining homeostasis.

10. Immune Function: The communication between the nervous system and immune system, allowing for the coordination of responses to infection, injury, or stress.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities in the heart that are present at birth. They can affect any part of the heart's structure, including the walls of the heart, the valves inside the heart, and the major blood vessels that lead to and from the heart.

Congenital heart defects can range from mild to severe and can cause various symptoms depending on the type and severity of the defect. Some common symptoms of CHDs include cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails), shortness of breath, fatigue, poor feeding, and slow growth in infants and children.

There are many different types of congenital heart defects, including:

1. Septal defects: These are holes in the walls that separate the four chambers of the heart. The two most common septal defects are atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD).
2. Valve abnormalities: These include narrowed or leaky valves, which can affect blood flow through the heart.
3. Obstruction defects: These occur when blood flow is blocked or restricted due to narrowing or absence of a part of the heart's structure. Examples include pulmonary stenosis and coarctation of the aorta.
4. Cyanotic heart defects: These cause a lack of oxygen in the blood, leading to cyanosis. Examples include tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries.

The causes of congenital heart defects are not fully understood, but genetic factors and environmental influences during pregnancy may play a role. Some CHDs can be detected before birth through prenatal testing, while others may not be diagnosed until after birth or later in childhood. Treatment for CHDs may include medication, surgery, or other interventions to improve blood flow and oxygenation of the body's tissues.

Dandy-Walker Syndrome is a congenital brain malformation characterized by the absence or underdevelopment of the cerebellar vermis (the part of the brain that helps coordinate movement) and an enlarged fluid-filled space (fourth ventricle) surrounding it. This condition can also be associated with an upward bulging of the back of the skull (occipital bone), and in some cases, hydrocephalus (excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain). The syndrome can vary in severity, and symptoms may include problems with balance, coordination, developmental delays, and increased intracranial pressure. It is usually diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and addressing complications, which may include surgical procedures to relieve hydrocephalus if present.

Central nervous system (CNS) vascular malformations are abnormal tangles or masses of blood vessels in the brain or spinal cord. These malformations can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life). They can vary in size, location, and symptoms, which may include headaches, seizures, weakness, numbness, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, and vision problems.

There are several types of CNS vascular malformations, including:

1. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs): These are tangles of arteries and veins with a direct connection between them, bypassing the capillary network. AVMs can cause bleeding in the brain or spinal cord, leading to stroke or neurological deficits.
2. Cavernous malformations: These are clusters of dilated, thin-walled blood vessels that form a sac-like structure. They can rupture and bleed, causing symptoms such as seizures, headaches, or neurological deficits.
3. Developmental venous anomalies (DVAs): These are benign vascular malformations characterized by an abnormal pattern of veins that drain blood from the brain. DVAs are usually asymptomatic but can be associated with other vascular malformations.
4. Capillary telangiectasias: These are small clusters of dilated capillaries in the brain or spinal cord. They are usually asymptomatic and found incidentally during imaging studies.
5. Moyamoya disease: This is a rare, progressive cerebrovascular disorder characterized by the narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid arteries and their branches. This can lead to decreased blood flow to the brain, causing symptoms such as headaches, seizures, and strokes.

The diagnosis of CNS vascular malformations typically involves imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and sometimes angiography. Treatment options may include observation, medication, surgery, or endovascular procedures, depending on the type, location, and severity of the malformation.

Nervous system diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a group of conditions that affect the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. These diseases can affect various functions of the body, such as movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. They can be caused by genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or tumors. Examples of nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine, stroke, and neuroinfections like meningitis and encephalitis. The symptoms and severity of these disorders can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe and debilitating.

Musculoskeletal abnormalities refer to structural and functional disorders that affect the musculoskeletal system, which includes the bones, muscles, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other related tissues. These abnormalities can result from genetic factors, trauma, overuse, degenerative processes, infections, or tumors. They may cause pain, stiffness, limited mobility, deformity, weakness, and susceptibility to injuries. Examples of musculoskeletal abnormalities include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, fractures, dislocations, tendinitis, bursitis, myopathies, and various congenital conditions.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Cerebral veins are the blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the brain to the dural venous sinuses, which are located between the layers of tissue covering the brain. The largest cerebral vein is the superior sagittal sinus, which runs along the top of the brain. Other major cerebral veins include the straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, and cavernous sinus. These veins receive blood from smaller veins called venules that drain the surface and deep structures of the brain. The cerebral veins play an important role in maintaining normal circulation and pressure within the brain.

Central nervous system (CNS) infections refer to infectious processes that affect the brain, spinal cord, and their surrounding membranes, known as meninges. These infections can be caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Examples of CNS infections are:

1. Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by bacterial or viral infections. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.
2. Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain parenchyma, often caused by viral infections. Some viruses associated with encephalitis include herpes simplex virus, enteroviruses, and arboviruses.
3. Meningoencephalitis: A combined inflammation of both the brain and meninges, commonly seen in certain viral infections or when bacterial pathogens directly invade the brain.
4. Brain abscess: A localized collection of pus within the brain caused by a bacterial or fungal infection.
5. Spinal epidural abscess: An infection in the space surrounding the spinal cord, usually caused by bacteria.
6. Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord, which can result from viral, bacterial, or fungal infections.
7. Rarely, parasitic infections like toxoplasmosis and cysticercosis can also affect the CNS.

Symptoms of CNS infections may include fever, headache, stiff neck, altered mental status, seizures, focal neurological deficits, or meningeal signs (e.g., Brudzinski's and Kernig's signs). The specific symptoms depend on the location and extent of the infection, as well as the causative organism. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term neurological complications or death.

A Vein of Galen Malformation (VOGM) is a rare type of congenital vascular anomaly, specifically an arteriovenous malformation (AVM), which affects the cerebral circulation. This complex tangle of abnormal blood vessels develops around or near the Vein of Galen, a fetal vessel that normally closes and transforms into a small venous structure in the brain after birth.

In VOGM, the Vein of Galen remains dilated due to the direct feeding from arteries, usually from the choroidal or cerebral arterial systems. This results in an abnormal connection (shunt) between the arterial and venous circulations, causing high-flow, high-pressure blood flow through the Vein of Galen and into the heart.

VOGMs can be classified as either "mascular" or "extracardiac," depending on whether they involve only the Vein of Galen (mascular) or if they also include other structures like the straight sinus, torcular Herophili, or other venous sinuses (extracardiac).

VOGMs can lead to various clinical presentations, including congestive heart failure, hydrocephalus, developmental delays, seizures, and neurological deficits. Symptoms may appear early in infancy or even prenatally, as the increased blood flow through the Vein of Galen puts a strain on the heart and can lead to high output cardiac failure.

Diagnosis is often made using imaging techniques such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or angiography. Treatment options include endovascular embolization, surgical intervention, or a combination of both, depending on the severity and location of the malformation.

Congenital foot deformities refer to abnormal structural changes in the foot that are present at birth. These deformities can vary from mild to severe and may affect the shape, position, or function of one or both feet. Common examples include clubfoot (talipes equinovarus), congenital vertical talus, and cavus foot. Congenital foot deformities can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences during fetal development, or a combination of both. Treatment options may include stretching, casting, surgery, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the severity and type of the deformity.

Cardiovascular abnormalities refer to structural or functional anomalies in the heart or blood vessels. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life. They can affect the heart's chambers, valves, walls, or blood vessels, leading to various complications such as heart failure, stroke, or even death if left untreated.

Examples of congenital cardiovascular abnormalities include:

1. Septal defects - holes in the walls separating the heart's chambers (atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect)
2. Valvular stenosis or insufficiency - narrowing or leakage of the heart valves
3. Patent ductus arteriosus - a persistent opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery
4. Coarctation of the aorta - narrowing of the aorta
5. Tetralogy of Fallot - a combination of four heart defects, including ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy

Examples of acquired cardiovascular abnormalities include:

1. Atherosclerosis - the buildup of plaque in the arteries, leading to narrowing or blockage
2. Cardiomyopathy - disease of the heart muscle, causing it to become enlarged, thickened, or stiffened
3. Hypertension - high blood pressure, which can damage the heart and blood vessels over time
4. Myocardial infarction (heart attack) - damage to the heart muscle due to blocked blood supply
5. Infective endocarditis - infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves

These abnormalities can be diagnosed through various tests, such as echocardiography, electrocardiogram (ECG), stress testing, cardiac catheterization, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the abnormality and may include medications, medical procedures, or surgery.

Teratogens are substances, such as certain medications, chemicals, or infectious agents, that can cause birth defects or abnormalities in the developing fetus when a woman is exposed to them during pregnancy. They can interfere with the normal development of the fetus and lead to a range of problems, including physical deformities, intellectual disabilities, and sensory impairments. Examples of teratogens include alcohol, tobacco smoke, some prescription medications, and infections like rubella (German measles). It is important for women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant to avoid exposure to known teratogens as much as possible.

Therapeutic embolization is a medical procedure that involves intentionally blocking or obstructing blood vessels to stop excessive bleeding or block the flow of blood to a tumor or abnormal tissue. This is typically accomplished by injecting small particles, such as microspheres or coils, into the targeted blood vessel through a catheter, which is inserted into a larger blood vessel and guided to the desired location using imaging techniques like X-ray or CT scanning. The goal of therapeutic embolization is to reduce the size of a tumor, control bleeding, or block off abnormal blood vessels that are causing problems.

Nervous system neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that occur within the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and their growth can compress or infiltrate surrounding tissues, leading to various neurological symptoms. The causes of nervous system neoplasms are not fully understood but may involve genetic factors, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, and certain viral infections. Treatment options depend on the type, location, and size of the tumor and can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

The digestive system is a complex series of organs and glands that process food. Abnormalities in the digestive system can refer to a wide range of conditions that affect any part of the system, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life due to various factors such as infection, inflammation, injury, or disease.

Some examples of digestive system abnormalities include:

1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A condition where the stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and damage to the esophageal lining.
2. Peptic Ulcers: Open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infections or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
5. Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.
6. Diverticulosis: The presence of small pouches or sacs that form on the lining of the intestine, which can become inflamed or infected (diverticulitis).
7. Hiatal Hernia: A condition where a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity.
8. Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections or toxins.
9. Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease characterized by scarring and loss of liver function, often due to long-term alcohol abuse or hepatitis.
10. Gallstones: Small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder and can cause pain and inflammation.

These are just a few examples of gastrointestinal disorders, and there are many others. If you are experiencing symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, or difficulty swallowing, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider to determine the cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.

For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Eye abnormalities refer to any structural or functional anomalies that affect the eye or its surrounding tissues. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life due to various factors such as injury, disease, or aging. Some examples of eye abnormalities include:

1. Strabismus: Also known as crossed eyes, strabismus is a condition where the eyes are misaligned and point in different directions.
2. Nystagmus: This is an involuntary movement of the eyes that can be horizontal, vertical, or rotatory.
3. Cataracts: A cataract is a clouding of the lens inside the eye that can cause vision loss.
4. Glaucoma: This is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve and can lead to vision loss.
5. Retinal disorders: These include conditions such as retinal detachment, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.
6. Corneal abnormalities: These include conditions such as keratoconus, corneal ulcers, and Fuchs' dystrophy.
7. Orbital abnormalities: These include conditions such as orbital tumors, thyroid eye disease, and Graves' ophthalmopathy.
8. Ptosis: This is a condition where the upper eyelid droops over the eye.
9. Color blindness: A condition where a person has difficulty distinguishing between certain colors.
10. Microphthalmia: A condition where one or both eyes are abnormally small.

These are just a few examples of eye abnormalities, and there are many others that can affect the eye and its functioning. If you suspect that you have an eye abnormality, it is important to consult with an ophthalmologist for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Developmental gene expression regulation refers to the processes that control the activation or repression of specific genes during embryonic and fetal development. These regulatory mechanisms ensure that genes are expressed at the right time, in the right cells, and at appropriate levels to guide proper growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis of an organism.

Developmental gene expression regulation is a complex and dynamic process involving various molecular players, such as transcription factors, chromatin modifiers, non-coding RNAs, and signaling molecules. These regulators can interact with cis-regulatory elements, like enhancers and promoters, to fine-tune the spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development.

Dysregulation of developmental gene expression can lead to various congenital disorders and developmental abnormalities. Therefore, understanding the principles and mechanisms governing developmental gene expression regulation is crucial for uncovering the etiology of developmental diseases and devising potential therapeutic strategies.

The spinal cord is a major part of the nervous system, extending from the brainstem and continuing down to the lower back. It is a slender, tubular bundle of nerve fibers (axons) and support cells (glial cells) that carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord primarily serves as a conduit for motor information, which travels from the brain to the muscles, and sensory information, which travels from the body to the brain. It also contains neurons that can independently process and respond to information within the spinal cord without direct input from the brain.

The spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column (spine) and is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a specific region of the body and gives rise to pairs of spinal nerves that exit through the intervertebral foramina at each level.

The spinal cord is responsible for several vital functions, including:

1. Reflexes: Simple reflex actions, such as the withdrawal reflex when touching a hot surface, are mediated by the spinal cord without involving the brain.
2. Muscle control: The spinal cord carries motor signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement and muscle tone regulation.
3. Sensory perception: The spinal cord transmits sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, and vibration, from the body to the brain for processing and awareness.
4. Autonomic functions: The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system originate in the thoracolumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord, respectively, controlling involuntary physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.

Damage to the spinal cord can result in various degrees of paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury, depending on the severity and location of the damage.

Fetal diseases are medical conditions or abnormalities that affect a fetus during pregnancy. These diseases can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. They can range from mild to severe and may impact various organ systems in the developing fetus. Examples of fetal diseases include congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, and infectious diseases such as toxoplasmosis or rubella. Fetal diseases can be diagnosed through prenatal testing, including ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or delivery of the fetus, depending on the nature and severity of the disease.

Child's Nervous System. 26 (10): 1417-33. doi:10.1007/s00381-010-1202-2. PMID 20697721. S2CID 12359248. Rozas-Muñoz, E; Frieden ... Low-flow vascular malformations include capillary malformations, venous malformations, and lymphatic malformations. Capillary ... Capillary malformations in the brain are known as cerebral cavernous malformations or capillary cavernous malformations. Those ... A severe venous malformation can involve the lymph vessels as a lymphaticovenous malformation. Lymphatic malformations are ...
Schijman E (May 2004). "History, anatomic forms, and pathogenesis of Chiari I malformations". Child's Nervous System. 20 (5): ... Udayakumaran S (March 2012). "Chiari V or Chiari II plus?". Child's Nervous System. 28 (3): 337-8, author reply 339. doi: ... Chiari malformation or Arnold-Chiari malformation should not be confused with Budd-Chiari syndrome, a hepatic condition also ... Arnold-Chiari+Malformation at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "Chiari Malformations - ...
"Dandy-Walker malformation: analysis of 38 cases". Child's Nervous System. 7 (2): 88-97. doi:10.1007/BF00247863. ISSN 1433-0350 ... "Hydrocephalus in Dandy-Walker malformation". Child's Nervous System. 27 (10): 1665-1681. doi:10.1007/s00381-011-1544-4. ISSN ... Congenital disorders of nervous system, Rare syndromes, Syndromes affecting the cerebellum, Syndromes affecting the nervous ... Those without any other central nervous system abnormalities tend to have normal or close-to-normal intellectual development. A ...
Other congenital anomalies of the nervous system include the Arnold-Chiari malformation, the Dandy-Walker malformation, ... If exposed to rubella in the second trimester, the fetus can develop central nervous system malformations. However, because ... Gaitanis, John; Tarui, Tomo (2018). "Nervous System Malformations". CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology. 24 (1): 72-95. ... Folic acid, or vitamin B9, aids the development of the foetal nervous system. Studies with mice have found that food ...
Harvey B. Sarnat; Paolo Curatolo (26 September 2007). Malformations of the Nervous System. Newnes. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-08-055984 ... Congenital disorders of nervous system, Neurological disorders, Rare diseases, Syndromes affecting the nervous system). ... "Somatic Activation of AKT3 Causes Hemispheric Developmental Brain Malformations". Neuron. 74 (1): 41-48. doi:10.1016/j.neuron. ... the body Progressive blindness of half the body Somatic activation of AKT3 causes hemispheric developmental brain malformations ...
Harvey B. Sarnat; Paolo Curatolo (26 September 2007). Malformations of the Nervous System. Newnes. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-08-055984 ... Systemic atrophies primarily affecting the central nervous system, Congenital disorders of nervous system). ...
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a cavernous hemangioma that arises in the central nervous system. It can be considered ... Clinical symptoms of central nervous system origin include recurrent headaches, focal neurological deficits, hemorrhagic stroke ... Since CCMs are low flow lesions (they are hooked into the venous side of the circulatory system), they will be angiographically ... Mutations in these genes account for 70 to 80 percent of all cases of cerebral cavernous malformations. The remaining 20 to 30 ...
Gleason, CA; Devascar, S (5 October 2011). "Congenital malformations of the Central Nervous System". Avery's Diseases of the ... Congenital disorders of nervous system, Eye diseases, Vision, Syndromes). ... Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD), known also as de Morsier syndrome, is a rare congenital malformation syndrome that features a ... Agenesis of the septum palludicum with malformation of the optic tract. Septo-optic dysplasia.]. Schweizer Archiv für ...
Pediatric Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations". Stroke in Children and Young Adults (2nd ed.). Saunders. pp. 315-326 ... pineal gland Arteriovenous malformations of the great cerebral vein can create an enlarged pouch of vein in the superior ...
Pang, D; Thompson, DN (2011). "Embryology and bony malformations of the craniovertebral junction". Child's Nervous System. 27 ( ...
Child's Nervous System. 24 (3): 407-9. doi:10.1007/s00381-007-0535-y. PMID 18066558. S2CID 28160855. Arnett, Bridgette (June ... Arnold-Chiari malformation @ Who Named It Julius Arnold @ Who Named It Budd-Chiari syndrome @ Who Named It Bendadi, F; van Tijn ... The phenomenon was later to become known as the "Arnold-Chiari malformation", named after Chiari and German pathologist, Julius ... Wilkins, R H; Brady I A (October 1971). "The Arnold-Chiari malformations". Arch. Neurol. 25 (4): 376-9. doi:10.1001/archneur. ...
... malformations of the limbs and skeleton; and/or abnormalities of the central nervous system, heart, and/or genitourinary tract ... renal malformations, craniofacial anormalies, male genital anomalies, skeleton defects, borderline to moderately severe mental ... qter identified with SNP microarray in a patient with multiple anomalies including complex cardiovascular malformation". ...
... adrenal or central nervous system malformations. This is explained by the fact that in rodents, maternal cholesterol can cross ... One particular hedgehog signaling protein, sonic hedgehog (SHH), is important in the pattern of the central nervous system, ... cholesterol is a very important part of the nervous system. One particularly relevant pathway in which cholesterol takes place ... Syndromes affecting the nervous system, Syndromes with short stature). ...
Most common types were congenital malformations of the nervous system and facial malformations. Leukemia: frequency of leukemia ... This is proven to be due to the effects of nuclear testing radiation as following 1985, the rates of malformation in children ... Congenital malformations: understood to be more frequent in groups that were exposed. ... Women who were exposed to radiation in childhood also experienced malformations among their children upon birth. ...
Nóra (9 May 2012). Epidemiology of central nervous system malformations in South-Eastern Hungary (PhD thesis). University of ... Microlissencephaly is a malformation of cortical development (MCD) that occurs due to failure of neuronal migration between the ... "Malformations of Cortical Development". Clinical Gate. 2015-04-12. Retrieved 2017-11-12. Kroon, A.; Smit, B.; Barth, P.; ... Chang, Bernard S. (2015). "Tubulinopathies and Their Brain Malformation Syndromes: Every TUB on Its Own Bottom". Epilepsy ...
Morris, Andrew; Low, Donald E. (1999). "Nosocomial bacterial meningitis, including central nervous system shunt infections". ... Recent studies have shown that over drainage of CSF due to shunting can lead to acquired Chiari I malformation. It was ... Child's Nervous System. 21 (10): 902-12. doi:10.1007/s00381-004-1116-y. PMID 15864600. S2CID 9767488. Tal, Y; Freigang, B; Dunn ... Child's Nervous System. 16 (10-11): 800-4. doi:10.1007/s003810000351. PMID 11151733. S2CID 25864131. Khan F, Rehman A, Shamim ...
2009). "Zoonotic Ljungan virus associated with central nervous system malformations in terminated pregnancy". Birth Defects Res ... 2006). "Intrauterine death, fetal malformation, and delayed pregnancy in Ljungan virus-infected mice". Birth Defects Research ... Several scientific articles have recently reported findings indicating that Parechovirus B is associated with malformations, ...
"Disruption of the mouse L1 gene leads to malformations of the nervous system". Nature Genetics. 17 (3): 346-349. doi:10.1038/ ... Departments/Institutes Medical Systems Biology (Stefan Bonn) Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (Manuel A. Friese) ... Systems Immunology (Immo Prinz) Independent Research Groups Molecular Neurooncology (Julia Neumann) Neuronal Development ( ...
Sarnat, Harvey B., and Paolo Curatolo (2007). Malformations of the Nervous System: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, p. 68 ... The Nervous system-The Brain or Encephalon. Human anatomy; a complete systematic treatise. (11th ed., pp. 920-921, 964-965). ... A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior. 44 (8): 1023-9. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2008.03.007. PMID ... A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior. 6 (1): 1-18. doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(70)80033-8. PMID 4913253 ...
However, central nervous system, skeletal, kidney, lung, and other visceral defects also contribute significantly.[citation ... The most common causes of early death in people with the syndrome are cardiovascular malformations. ...
Malformation of dendrites is also tightly correlated to impaired nervous system function. Branching morphologies may assume an ... Some of the first intracellular recordings in a nervous system were made in the late 1930s by Kenneth S. Cole and Howard J. ... Yau KW (December 1976). "Receptive fields, geometry and conduction block of sensory neurones in the central nervous system of ... theory describes how voltage changes at a particular location on a dendrite transmit this electrical signal through a system of ...
"Homozygous nonsense mutations in KIAA1279 are associated with malformations of the central and enteric nervous systems". ... The changes in the KIAA1279 gene are expected to cause problems in nervous system development due to a loss of functioning ... It is characterized by a combination of any of the following symptoms: Central nervous system: mental retardation, microcephaly ...
"Homozygous nonsense mutations in KIAA1279 are associated with malformations of the central and enteric nervous systems". ... 2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Molecular Systems Biology. 3 (1): 89. ...
... autonomic nervous system dysfunctions such as anhidrosis, hypohidrosis, and/or episodic spells of hyperventilation interspersed ... the imaging evidences diaphragmatic hernias and/or various other major PKS structural malformations. In most cases, however, ... with breath-holding; symptoms of spinal cord malformations; profound or less commonly mild to severe intellectual disability; ...
... rarely patients have died during infancy as a result of severe central nervous system involvement or respiratory complications ... Simosa V, Penchaszadeh VB, Bustos T (February 1989). "A new syndrome with distinct facial and auricular malformations and ... Freeman, EA; Sheldon JH (1938). "Cranio-carpo-tarsal dystrophy: undescribed congenital malformation". Arch Dis Child. 13 (75): ... the syndrome's primary involvement is limited to the musculoskeletal systems, and satisfactory quality and length of life can ...
... central nervous system abnormalities in Schimmelpenning syndrome are hemimegalencephaly and ipselateral gyral malformations. ... associated with anomalies of the central nervous system, ocular system, skeletal system, cardiovascular system and ... urinary system issues include horseshoe kidney and duplicated urinary collection system. Schimmelpenning syndrome appears to be ... Depending on the systems involved, an individual with Schimmelpenning syndrome may need to see an interdisciplinary team of ...
"Ovine arthrogryposis and central nervous system malformations associated with in utero Cache Valley virus infection: ... Early in this window, between 28 and 36 days, the virus leads to both central nervous system and musculoskeletal defects, while ... Death of the fetus usually occurs between 27 and 35 days gestation, when the central nervous system tissues are most ... it showed a tropism for the immature fetal cells of the central nervous system and skeletal muscle. Hydranencephaly has also ...
Akabane virus is an insect-transmitted virus that causes congenital abnormalities of the central nervous systems in ruminants. ... Malformation of the joints, brain, spine and jaw are common in affected newborn animals. Abortion may also occur if damage to ... "Virus-induced congenital malformations in cattle". Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 57 (1): 54. doi:10.1186/s13028-015-0145-8. ...
Congenital disorders of nervous system, Central nervous system disorders, Autosomal recessive disorders). ... malformations syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome that mainly affects the central nervous system. It causes cardiac ... "Orphanet: Porencephaly cerebellar hypoplasia internal malformations syndrome". www.orpha.net. Archived from the original on ... "Porencephaly-cerebellar hypoplasia-internal malformations syndrome (Concept Id: C1832472) - MedGen - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih. ...
It can co-exist with other severe malformations of the central nervous system, like anencephaly, holoprosencephaly, and ... v t e (Congenital disorders of nervous system, All stub articles, Nervous system disease stubs). ... Bolduc ME, Limperopoulos C (April 2009). "Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with cerebellar malformations: a systematic ...
Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations. It is defined as the malformation of blood vessels in the brain and spinal cord. ... After taking history your doctor may conduct the physical examination to check the reflex and nervous system integrity and ... The exact cause of malformation of blood vessels is not known yet but it may be assumed that there is a genetic predisposition ...
Childs Nervous System. 26 (10): 1417-33. doi:10.1007/s00381-010-1202-2. PMID 20697721. S2CID 12359248. Rozas-Muñoz, E; Frieden ... Low-flow vascular malformations include capillary malformations, venous malformations, and lymphatic malformations. Capillary ... Capillary malformations in the brain are known as cerebral cavernous malformations or capillary cavernous malformations. Those ... A severe venous malformation can involve the lymph vessels as a lymphaticovenous malformation. Lymphatic malformations are ...
Brain malformations is damage or abnormal development of the brain and nervous system. Starts long before a baby is born. Learn ... Most brain malformations begin long before a baby is born. Something damages the developing nervous system or causes it to ... Cerebral cavernous malformation: MedlinePlus Genetics (National Library of Medicine) * Dandy-Walker malformation: MedlinePlus ... There are head malformations that do not involve the brain. Craniofacial disorders are the result of abnormal growth of soft ...
Nervous System Malformations / diagnostic imaging* * Nervous System Malformations / genetics * Nervous System Malformations / ... The prevalence of additional central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities that were missed at ultrasound examination and detected ... Systematic review and meta-analysis of isolated posterior fossa malformations on prenatal ultrasound imaging (part 1): ... Keywords: Blakes pouch cyst; Dandy-Walker malformation; mega cisterna magna; posterior fossa; vermian hypoplasia. ...
Other congenital malformations of spinal cord. 5.4. Other congenital malformations of nervous system. Not available. ... Symptomatic Dengue during Pregnancy and Congenital Neurologic Malformations Enny S. Paixão. , Maria Glória Teixeira, Maria da ... Symptomatic Dengue during Pregnancy and Congenital Neurologic Malformations. ...
... for central nervous system (CNS) tumors, shown below, makes use of 4 grades. WHO histologic grading for CNS tumors Grade I: ... Grading of Central Nervous System Tumors. Introduction. While many tumors are classified using both a grading and staging ... Table 2.Central Nervous System Tumor Classification - WHO 2021. *Table 3. Key Diagnostic Genes, Molecules, and Pathways in ... CNS = Central nervous system; MALT = Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; ND = Grading not discussed in guidelines; NEC/NOS = Not ...
... J ... INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, congenital malformation anomaly of the nervous system has been the most frequent among the anomalies. ... OBJECTIVE: Detecting spatial and spatio-temporal clusters of congenital malformations of nervous system. METHODS: An ecological ... The findings indicated the regions that must be prioritized for the monitoring of congenital malformations of nervous system in ...
Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System * Humans * Male * Middle Aged * Neurosurgical Procedures / methods* ... Surgical strategies in treating brainstem cavernous malformations Neurosurgery. 2011 Mar;68(3):609-20; discussion 620-1. doi: ... The operative strategy was to perform complete CM resection and to preserve any associated venous malformation with minimal ... Background: Optimal therapy of brainstem cavernous malformations (BSCMs) remains controversial because their biological ...
... diseases of the nervous system (24 [3.5%]); and congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (23 [3.4 ... Sources: National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System and Supplemental Pertussis Surveillance System.. * Per 100,000 ... Sources: National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System and Supplemental Pertussis Surveillance System and 1922-1949, passive ... longer incubation periods are associated with injuries furthest from the central nervous system. The course of disease is ...
Nervous system repair and plasticity (including injury, stem cells, regeneration, and neural engineering).. Systems and ... development and use of animal model systems; Joubert and Dandy-Walker Syndrome; Chiari Malformations; Down Syndrome and ... HIV-associated neurological disorders, infectious diseases of the nervous system, neurovirology, and Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease ... Neurogenesis and progenitor cell biology in nervous system development and function, application/treatment; tissue engineering ...
Effects of viral infection on nervous system development. II. Attempts to modify bluetongue-virus-induced malformations with ... Effects of viral infection on nervous system development. II. Attempts to modify bluetongue-virus-induced malformations with ... Effects of viral infection on nervous system development. II. Attempts to modify bluetongue-virus-induced malformations with ... T1 - Effects of viral infection on nervous system development. II. Attempts to modify bluetongue-virus-induced malformations ...
An arteriovenous malformation is a tangled cluster of vessels, typically located in the supratentorial part of the brain, in ... Vascular Malformations of the Central Nervous System. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 1999. ... A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1986 Oct. 65 (4):476-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Plain films of the skull are not considered diagnostic for detection of AVMs in the central nervous system (CNS). ...
CDC WONDER is a system for disseminating Public Health data and information ... NERVOUS Other central nervous system anomalies 290 1 HEART Heart malformations 291 1 CIRCUL Other circulatory/respiratory ... Other central nervous system anomalies.--Other specified anomalies of the brain, spinal cord, and nervous system. Heart ... No attempt has been made to convert years of school completed in foreign School systems, Ungraded school systems, and so forth ...
Centre of Expertise for rare central nervous system tumors and malformations IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini - Ospedale Pediatrico ... Centre of Congenital Malformations and Rare Intellectual Disabilities Competence Centre for Rare Diseases - Tartu University ... Reference centre for developmental anomalies and malformation syndromes Sud-Est - Coordinator site CHU de Lyon HCL - GH Est-H ... Center for inborn malformations and developmental anomalies (Associated National Center in the European Reference Network ERN ...
Centre of Expertise for rare central nervous system tumors and malformations. IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini - Ospedale Pediatrico. ... Centre of Congenital Malformations and Rare Intellectual Disabilities. Competence Centre for Rare Diseases - Tartu University ... Center for inborn malformations and developmental anomalies (Associated National Center in the European Reference Network ERN ... Expert center on rare congenital malformations and rare intellectual disability. INGEMM - Instituto de Gen tica M dica y ...
Cavernous Malformations of the Nervous System (2011) Chapter: Clinical features and medical management of cavernous ... Recent insights into cerebral cavernous malformations: animal models of CCM and the human phenotype.﻽. Chan AC, Li DY, Berg MJ ... Deletions in CCM2 are a common cause of cerebral cavernous malformations.﻽. Liquori CL, Berg MJ, Squitieri F, Leedom TP, Ptacek ... Hemorrhage From Cavernous Malformations of the Brain: Definition and Reporting Standards.. Al-Shahi Salman, R; Berg, MJ; ...
... and nervous system. Heart malformations--Congenital anomalies of the heart. Other circulatory/respiratory anomalies--Other ... Other central nervous system anomalies, Heart malformations, Tracheo-esophageal fistula/Esophageal atresia, Omphalocele/ ... Other central nervous system anomalies--Other specified anomalies of the brain, spinal cord, ... No attempt has been made to convert years of school completed in foreign school systems, ungraded school systems, and so forth ...
Malformations of the Nervous System. (2008) ISBN: 9780444518965 - Google Books. *7. Michael Jeffrey Aminoff, Robert B. Daroff. ... It is best thought of as being part of the holoprosencephaly spectrum (see classification system for midline malformations). ... malformations of cortical development *abnormal cell proliferation or apoptosis *abnormal brain size * microcephaly *with ... 2. Tien R, Felsberg G, Krishnan R, Heinz E. MR Imaging of Diseases of the Limbic System. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;163(3):657- ...
Categories: Nervous System Malformations Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Nervous System Malformations [C10.500]. *Malformations of Cortical Development [C10.500.507]. *Lissencephaly [C10.500.507.249] ... Nervous System Malformations [C16.131.666]. *Malformations of Cortical Development [C16.131.666.507]. *Lissencephaly [C16.131. ...
It most commonly is caused by trauma, vascular malformations, or bleeding diatheses and can be intramedullary, subarachnoid, ... Jellinger K. Vascular malformations of the central nervous system: a morphological overview. Neurosurg Rev. 1986. 9 (3):177-216 ... Hemorrhage due to a vascular malformation (such as arteriovenous malformation [AVM], cavernoma, or spinal arteriovenous ... Vascular malformations can also lead to spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). A small percentage of spinal AVMs are associated ...
Megalencephaly Capillary Malformation Syndrome (MCAP). *Superficial Siderosis of the Central Nervous System ...
Arteriovenous malformations and other vascular malformations of the central nervous system fact sheet. National Institute of ... Arteriovenous malformation (AVM). AVMs are abnormal tangles of arteries and veins in your brain. In an AVM, blood flows ... Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Imaging for brain AVMs may include CT scans, MRI scans, cerebral angiograms or some ... Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). The radiation therapy causes the abnormal blood vessels of brain AVMs to thicken and close ...
Childs Nervous System. 2007; 23 (6): 691-696. DOI: 10.1007 / s00381-007-0297-6. ... Chiari malformation (CM) is a severe malformation of the craniovertebral region and a congenital pathology of the formation of ... 9. Alzate J. C., Kothbauer K. F., Jallo G. I., Epstein F. J. Treatment of Chiari-1 malformation in patients with and without ... Shin H.-S., Kim J. A., Kim D.-S., Lee J. S. Type I Chiari malformation presenting orthostatic syncope who treated with ...
1997) Disruption of the mouse L1 gene leads to malformations of the nervous system. Nat Genet 17:346-349. ... 1998) Adhesion molecules and inherited diseases of the human nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci 21:97-125. ... Another prominent malformation found in the L1-minus brain occurred in the septum. Septal nuclei are the source of cholinergic ... The enlarged ventricular system in the L1 knockout mice studied here was in agreement with a magnetic resonance imaging study ...
... for central nervous system (CNS) tumors, shown below, makes use of 4 grades. WHO histologic grading for CNS tumors Grade I: ... Grading of Central Nervous System Tumors. Introduction. While many tumors are classified using both a grading and staging ... Table 2.Central Nervous System Tumor Classification - WHO 2021. *Table 3. Key Diagnostic Genes, Molecules, and Pathways in ... CNS = Central nervous system; MALT = Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; ND = Grading not discussed in guidelines; NEC/NOS = Not ...
Esophageal malformations: esophageal atresia. -Nervous system malformations: such as spina bifida.. •. Digestive: Colitis, ... nervous system problems such as headache, dizziness and tremor. Side effects that can happen more often in children than in ... A spectrum of congenital malformations (including multiple malformations in individual newborns) has been reported in 23 to 27 ... and nervous system.. Based on published data from pregnancy registries, the risk of first trimester pregnancy loss has been ...
... venous malformations; and central nervous system (CNS) anomalies, such as ventriculomegaly and calcifications. We found that ... Deleterious variants in genes encoding EIF2B proteins cause childhood ataxia with central nervous system hypomyelination/ ... Features assessed include: capillary malformation; dermal and ocular melanocytosis; glaucoma; limb asymmetry; ... ano-rectal malformations, seizures, and hearing or visual impairments. To evaluate the functional impact of the mutations, we ...
  • Those involving the mix of vessels are known as cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs or cAVMs). (wikipedia.org)
  • There are also malformations that are of mixed-flow involving more than one type of vessel, such as an arteriovenous malformation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Arteriovenous malformations occur between an artery and a vein. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the brain a cerebral arteriovenous malformation causes arterial blood to be directly shunted into the veins as there is an absence of a capillary bed. (wikipedia.org)
  • McCormick published an influential classification system in "The Pathology of Vascular ('Arteriovenous') Malformations. (medscape.com)
  • This axial T2-weighted MRI shows arteriovenous malformation nidus on the right side. (medscape.com)
  • Luschka and Virchow originally described arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in the mid 1800s. (medscape.com)
  • An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a tangled cluster of vessels, typically located in the supratentorial portion of the brain, in which arteries connect directly to veins without an intervening capillary bed. (medscape.com)
  • These cases are usually vascular in nature such as subarachnoid haemorrhage related to congenital saccular aneurysm or cerebral arteriovenous malformation. (ispub.com)
  • An arteriovenous malformation is a tangle of dilated blood vessels that directly connect arteries and veins, bypassing the capillaries (which normally connect arteries and veins). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) may or may not cause bleeding in the brain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Brain (cerebral) arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are uncommon. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Doctors use brain imaging to diagnose brain arteriovenous malformations. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In 77% of cases the core, or nidus, of a compact arteriovenous malformation is 2-6 cm in diameter. (medscape.com)
  • Arteriovenous malformations of the brain affect 0.01 to 0.50% of the population and generally present in individuals 20 to 40 years of age. (medscape.com)
  • Arteriovenous malformations typically involve the brain, but occasionally, they are associated with the spinal cord and its dura. (medscape.com)
  • A CT scan of the head that demonstrates a left occipital arteriovenous malformation (AVM), with multiple calcified phleboliths and numerous hyperattenuating vascular channels. (medscape.com)
  • A sagittal T1-weighted MRI demonstrating a large occipital arteriovenous malformation (AVM) with parasagittal flow voids. (medscape.com)
  • A diffusion-weighted MRI showing a lack of signal intensity associated with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM). (medscape.com)
  • A lateral left carotid angiogram demonstrating a mixed pial-dural arteriovenous malformation (AVM). (medscape.com)
  • Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the brain. (medscape.com)
  • Arteriovenous malformations are categorized by their blood supply. (medscape.com)
  • Pial or parenchymal arteriovenous malformations are supplied by the internal carotid or vertebral circulation, whereas dural arteriovenous malformations are supplied by the external carotid circulation. (medscape.com)
  • Mixed arteriovenous malformations are supplied by both. (medscape.com)
  • Pial arteriovenous malformations, which are almost exclusively congenital, are the most common kind. (medscape.com)
  • Dural arteriovenous malformations are relatively uncommon and are theorized to be secondary to trauma, surgery, thrombosis of an adjacent venous sinus, or venoocclusive disease. (medscape.com)
  • Mixed arteriovenous malformations usually occur when the lesion is large enough to recruit blood vessels from both the internal and external carotid arteries. (medscape.com)
  • A pediatric variant of arteriovenous malformation is the vein of Galen aneurysm, in which an arteriovenous malformation drains to and dilates the great vein of Galen. (medscape.com)
  • Pial arteriovenous malformations tend to be asymptomatic until the second, third, or fourth decade of life. (medscape.com)
  • Saccular aneurysms occur in association with arteriovenous malformations in 6-20% of patients. (medscape.com)
  • The preferred site for an arteriovenous malformation-associated aneurysm is a feeding artery. (medscape.com)
  • however, intracranial hemorrhage is more likely to stem from an arteriovenous malformation. (medscape.com)
  • An ultrasound helps your doctor see your child's venous system to examine abnormalities. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Birth defects potentially associated with Zika virus infection during pregnancy include brain abnormalities and/or microcephaly, eye abnormalities, other consequences of central nervous system dysfunction, and neural tube defects and other early brain malformations. (cdc.gov)
  • These abnormalities can arise from traumatic brain injuries, strokes and other vascular problems, infections of the nervous system (meningitis or encephalitis), congenital malformations, brain tumors or metabolic abnormalities. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • A vascular malformation is a blood vessel or lymph vessel abnormality. (wikipedia.org)
  • A vascular anomaly can be either a vascular tumor or a birthmark, or a vascular malformation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Venous malformations are the type of vascular malformation that involves the veins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Venous angiomas are enlarged collections of veins and are the most common type of intracranial vascular malformation. (medscape.com)
  • While rare, VMs are the most common kind of vascular malformation treated at the Boston Children's Hospital's Vascular Anomalies Center . (childrenshospital.org)
  • AVMs are more likely than other types of vascular malformations to be clinically symptomatic. (medscape.com)
  • Vascular malformations are one of the classifications of vascular anomalies, the other grouping is vascular tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • The posterior fossa anomalies analyzed were Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM), mega cisterna magna (MCM), Blake's pouch cyst (BPC) and vermian hypoplasia (VH). (nih.gov)
  • In Brazil, congenital malformation anomaly of the nervous system has been the most frequent among the anomalies. (bvsalud.org)
  • Heptachlor does not appear to increase the occurrence of anomalies or malformations. (cdc.gov)
  • Since the active introduction of neuroimaging methods, the prevalence of registered children with craniovertebral anomalies, including the Chiari malformation (CM), has a statistically significant tendency to increase. (panor.ru)
  • 49.4%) had single system anomalies. (who.int)
  • Isolated systems anomalies included central nervous system (12 cases), cardiovascular system (9 cases), skeletal system (7 cases) and gastrointestinal system (6 cases). (who.int)
  • 1000 naissances) : 49 (50,6 %) des bébés avaient des malformations multiples, tandis que 48 (49,4 %) avaient des anomalies touchant un seul système. (who.int)
  • The Vascular Anomalies Center at Boston Children's takes an interdisciplinary approach to care of children with venous malformations, whether the child is initially reviewed at our conference or seen in clinic. (childrenshospital.org)
  • It is defined as the malformation of blood vessels in the brain and spinal cord. (yesdoct.com)
  • [ 1 ] Spinal cord hemorrhage is most commonly caused by trauma, vascular malformations, or bleeding diatheses. (medscape.com)
  • The cross-sectional blood supply of the spinal cord can be divided into (1) central and (2) peripheral systems, which supply the grey and white matter, respectively (with some degree of overlap). (medscape.com)
  • Capillary malformations in the brain are known as cerebral cavernous malformations or capillary cavernous malformations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Optimal therapy of brainstem cavernous malformations (BSCMs) remains controversial because their biological behavior is unpredictable and surgical removal is challenging. (nih.gov)
  • Cerebral-cavernous malformation (CCM): CCM is a familial disorder characterized by the formation of multiple VMs in the brain. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Scientists at Recursion have already identified two possible therapies for cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM), a rare hereditary vascular disease that leads to hemorrhagic strokes--including an over-the-counter, vitamin D supplement (cholecalciferol). (sciencedaily.com)
  • Of the 49 babies with multiple malformations, 21 (42.8%) had recog- nized syndromes, most of which were autosomal recessive and 17 had chromosomal aberrations. (who.int)
  • Sur les 49 bébés ayant des malformations multiples, 21 (42,8 %) avaient des syndromes reconnus, dont la plupart étaient récessifs autosomiques, et 17 avaient des aberrations chromosomiques. (who.int)
  • Low-flow vascular malformations include capillary malformations, venous malformations, and lymphatic malformations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Capillary malformations involve the capillaries, and are the most common type. (wikipedia.org)
  • Capillary malformations are limited to the superficial layers of the skin but they can thicken, become nodular, and sometimes become disfiguring. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has been proposed that the category of capillary malformations, also called vascular stains, be classified into seven major clinical types including nevus flammeus nuchae also known as nevus simplex, commonly known as stork bite or salmon patch. (wikipedia.org)
  • A capillary malformation is also a feature of the disorder macrocephaly-capillary malformation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Brain capillary telangiectasias are slow-flow vascular malformations composed of dilated capillary-like vessels, are classically located in the pons, and are typically benign and discovered incidentally. (medscape.com)
  • Lesions of the cerebral vasculature develop such that blood flows directly from the arterial system to the venous system without passing through a capillary system. (medscape.com)
  • While many tumors are classified using both a grading and staging system, staging -which is determined by a tumor's size and spread-is not often used in the context of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital malformations of the central nervous system in spontaneous abortions. (bmj.com)
  • Embryopathy associated with the mother's exposure to isotretinoin during the first trimester of pregnancy includes craniofacial, cardiac, thymic, and central nervous system malformations (2,3). (cdc.gov)
  • Mortality from congenital malformations of the central nervous system in Norway, 1951-65. (bmj.com)
  • During pregnancy, central nervous system disorders seldom require immediate surgical attention. (ispub.com)
  • Limping can also result from conditions that damage the central nervous system, such as cerebral palsy. (presenternet.com)
  • 3% of all children born in any hospital, malformations were clinically evaluated, di- country or year will have a significant con- agnosed and statistically registered. (who.int)
  • No information was available on the presence of malformations in the aborted fetuses. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, the TNM (Tumor size, Nodal involvement, Metastases) system used for most non-CNS tumors is not commonly employed in the evaluation of CNS neoplasms. (medscape.com)
  • Because neoplasms in the CNS have widely varying features, clinical courses, and prognoses, a robust and reliable grading system is essential for the proper evaluation of CNS tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Inhaled as dust, uranium oxide accumulates in the lungs, liver and kidneys and affects the nervous system. (juancole.com)
  • The glycol ethers were shown to adversely affect the blood, central nervous and hematopoietic systems, liver and kidneys. (cdc.gov)
  • Use during pregnancy is associated with increased risks of first trimester pregnancy loss and congenital malformations. (nih.gov)
  • CDC established the US Zika Pregnancy Registry in collaboration with state, tribal, local and territorial health departments and healthcare providers in the United States and US territories, excluding Puerto Rico, which has its own pregnancy registry, the Zika Active Pregnancy Surveillance System. (cdc.gov)
  • A severe venous malformation can involve the lymph vessels as a lymphaticovenous malformation. (wikipedia.org)
  • A severe venous malformation is known as a lymphaticovenous malformation that also involves the lymph vessels. (wikipedia.org)
  • These medications act by suppressing the immune system, leaving the patient exposed to severe infection and at risk of cancer. (hrb.ie)
  • Infants with a vein of Galen malformation may present with hydrocephalus or severe congestive heart failure. (medscape.com)
  • It is best thought of as being part of the holoprosencephaly spectrum (see classification system for midline malformations ). (radiopaedia.org)
  • Considering the imperfection of treatment strategy mentioned above, the aim of this article was to analyze modern surgical interventions in pediatric and adult neurosurgeons with confirmation of our own results as an example of a clinical case of Chiari malformation in our clinic. (panor.ru)
  • Arnold Chiari malformation. (panor.ru)
  • 3. Kuzbekov A. R. Modern ideas about Chiari malformation / A. R. Kuzbekov, R. V. Magzhanov, Sh. (panor.ru)
  • 4. Splavski B., Boop F. A., Arnautovic K. I. Pediatric and adult Chiari-1 malformation surgical series 1965-2013: a review of demographics, operative treatment, and outcomes. (panor.ru)
  • 6. Sansur C. A. Pathophysiology of headache associated with cough in patients with Chiari I malformation / C. A. Sansur, J. D. Heiss, H. L. DeVroom et al. (panor.ru)
  • 9. Alzate J. C., Kothbauer K. F., Jallo G. I., Epstein F. J. Treatment of Chiari-1 malformation in patients with and without syringomyelia: a consecutive series of 66 cases. (panor.ru)
  • 10. Zhao J., Li M., Wang C., Meng W. A Systematic Review of Chiari I Malformation: Techniques and Outcomes. (panor.ru)
  • 11. Shin H.-S., Kim J. A., Kim D.-S., Lee J. S. Type I Chiari malformation presenting orthostatic syncope who treated with decompressive surgery. (panor.ru)
  • 13. Galarza M., Sood S., Ham S. Relevance of surgical strategies for the management of pediatric Chiari-1 malformation. (panor.ru)
  • What are Chiari malformations? (nih.gov)
  • Chiari malformations (CM) are caused by problems in the structure of the brain and skull. (nih.gov)
  • In Chiari malformations, the lower part of the brain presses on and through an opening in the base of the skull and cerebellum into the spinal canal. (nih.gov)
  • When part of the cerebellum extends below this opening and into the upper spinal canal, it is called a Chiari malformation. (nih.gov)
  • Who is more likely to get Chiari malformations? (nih.gov)
  • The term Arnold-Chiari malformation is specific to CM Type II. (nih.gov)
  • Vascular malformations of the brain include those involving capillaries, and those involving the veins and arteries. (wikipedia.org)
  • One or more persisting direct connections from the arterial to the venous systems are present. (medscape.com)
  • Individuals with the condition may have intellectual disability, smaller than normal head size, and certain physical malformations. (nih.gov)
  • The blood vessel walls in a venous malformation are unusually thin and have relatively little smooth muscle around them, allowing them to stretch abnormally. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Oral exposure of laboratory animals to heptachlor results in a variety of adverse effects including liver effects, neurological effects, reproductive system dysfunction, and developmental effects. (cdc.gov)
  • A venous malformation (VM) is a bluish lesion caused by widened, abnormally shaped veins. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Arthritis and congenital malformations (birth defects) are other potential causes. (presenternet.com)
  • Kuwait (and many other countries) is to re- tion(s) as having either isolated abnormali- duce the morbidity attributable to birth de- ties affecting a single body system or multi- fects and developmental disabilities. (who.int)
  • Hemangiomas, vascular malformations, and lymphovenous malformations: classification and methods of treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Macroencephaly is a congenital malformation in which expansion of the brain usually results from a variety of disorders, including hydrocephalus. (britannica.com)
  • Aim Children with congenital gastrointestinal malformations may be at risk of neurodevelopmental impairment due to challenges to the developing brain, including perioperative haemodynamic changes, exposure to anaesthetics and postoperative inflammatory influences. (bmj.com)
  • Standardised mean differences (Cohen's d) between cognitive, motor and language outcome of patients with congenital gastrointestinal malformations and normative data (39 studies) or the studies' control group (8 studies) were aggregated across studies using random-effects meta-analysis. (bmj.com)
  • Interpretation This study shows that children with congenital gastrointestinal malformations exhibit impairments in neurodevelopmental outcome, highlighting the need for routine screening of neurodevelopment during follow-up. (bmj.com)
  • Patients with gastrointestinal malformations are subject to several potential aetiological factors contributing to negative impact on the developing brain. (bmj.com)
  • Patients with congenital gastrointestinal malformations have impaired neurodevelopmental outcome up to adolescence. (bmj.com)
  • Abnormal development of the lymph vessels results in their failure to connect and drain into the venous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Something damages the developing nervous system or causes it to develop abnormally. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Venous malformations (VMs) most commonly appear on the skin but can be present in other tissues and organs as well. (childrenshospital.org)
  • The spatial pattern was different throughout the years of the occurrence of these malformations, since the spatial clusters were detected on different regions of the state, except in the years 2013 and 2015, which revealed a higher concentration in the central-west and northwest regions of the state. (bvsalud.org)
  • Vascular problems and diseases (aneurysms, vascular malformations, stroke). (usz.ch)
  • An ecological study based on secondary data from the National Information System on Live Births in the period from 2010 to 2016 in the state of Paraíba. (bvsalud.org)
  • A new analysis found the current American Joint Committee on Cancer's TNM staging system for medullary thyroid cancer to be "less than optimal" for identifying death risk among various stages of cancer -- specifically pegging more patients at stage IV. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Our experience in treating over 2,000 patients with venous malformations gives us the depth of knowledge to ensure you have an accurate diagnosis. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Patients with non-cardiac congenital malformations are at risk of motor and cognitive impairment up to the age of 2 years. (bmj.com)
  • The exact cause of malformation of blood vessels is not known yet but it may be assumed that there is a genetic predisposition of this condition. (yesdoct.com)
  • Lymphatic malformations are congenital, developing from badly-formed lymphatic vessels in early embryonic development. (wikipedia.org)