Neuralgia, Postherpetic
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Neuralgia
Herpes Zoster
Herpes Zoster Vaccine
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
Facial Neuralgia
Trigeminal Nerve
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases
Pudendal Neuralgia
Herpesvirus 3, Human
Acyclovir
Amitriptyline
Nerve Compression Syndromes
Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids
Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment
Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic
Pain Measurement
Microvascular Decompression Surgery
Autonomic Nerve Block
Amines
Sensory System Agents
Pain
Antiviral Agents
Lidocaine
Chickenpox Vaccine
Facial Pain
Self Mutilation
Decompression, Surgical
Stellate Ganglion
Electrocoagulation
Carbamazepine
Anesthetics, Local
Hemifacial Spasm
Ganglia, Spinal
Herpes Simplex
Double-Blind Method
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Antidepressive Agents
Treatment Outcome
Central Nervous System Venous Angioma
Paresthesia
Brachial Plexus Neuritis
Trigeminal Nerve Diseases
A cross-sectional survey of health state impairment and treatment patterns in patients with postherpetic neuralgia. (1/107)
BACKGROUND: Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) develops in 8-24% of patients with herpes zoster. Few studies have evaluated the patient burden and treatment of PHN in general practice. OBJECTIVES: To determine the patient burden of PHN with respect to pain intensity and impact on patient functioning and to characterise treatment patterns and health resource utilisation in general practice. METHODS: Eighty-four patients with PHN were identified in general practice settings during an observational survey of neuropathic pain syndromes in six European countries. Patients answered a questionnaire that included: pain severity and interference items from the modified short form brief pain inventory (mBPI-SF); EuroQol (EQ-5D) survey; and questions related to current treatment, health status and resource utilisation. Physicians provided information on medications prescribed for PHN and pain-related co-morbidities (anxiety, depression and sleep disturbance). RESULTS: Mean patient age was 71.0 +/- 12.8 years, 76% were > or = 65 years and 45% of patients had PHN > or = 1 year. The mean pain severity index was 4.2, reflecting moderate pain despite 89% of patients taking prescription medications for PHN. Few medications with demonstrated efficacy against PHN (e.g. carbamazepine and gabapentin) were prescribed, often at suboptimal doses. Pain severity was associated with reduced EQ-5D health state valuation (P<0.001), greater pain interference on all domains (P<0.001) and increased health resource utilisation (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: PHN causes substantial patient burden expressed as interference with daily functioning and reduced health status associated with pain severity. This burden may result in part from suboptimal management strategies and suggests a need for more effective pain management. (+info)Repetitive paravertebral nerve block using a catheter technique for pain relief in post-herpetic neuralgia. (2/107)
We described in this report a case of post-herpetic neuralgia refractory to medical therapy that was successfully treated with repetitive injections of local aesthetic mixture (bupivacaine 0.5% 19 ml and clonidine 150 microg ml(-1) 1 ml) every 48 h for 3 weeks using a paravertebral catheter inserted at T2-T3 level. (+info)Basal heat pain thresholds predict opioid analgesia in patients with postherpetic neuralgia. (3/107)
BACKGROUND: A variety of analgesics have been studied in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia, with several medications demonstrating some degree of efficacy. However, existing trials have documented large individual differences in treatment responses, and it is important to identify patient characteristics that predict the analgesic effectiveness of particular interventions. Several animal studies have indicated that reduced basal nociceptive sensitivity, in the form of relatively high heat pain thresholds, is associated with greater opioid analgesia, but this finding has not been applied to human studies of opioid treatment for chronic pain. METHODS: Using data from a previously published crossover trial of opioids and tricyclics in postherpetic neuralgia, the authors evaluated baseline thermal pain thresholds, assessed at a body site contralateral to the affected area, as a predictor of treatment responses. RESULTS: During opioid treatment, a greater reduction in pain and higher ratings of pain relief were observed in patients with relatively higher heat pain thresholds at baseline. Baseline pain thresholds did not predict responses to tricyclics or placebo. Interestingly, other individual-difference variables such as age and baseline pain intensity also significantly predicted opioid responses (i.e., higher baseline pain and younger age were related to greater opioid-associated pain reduction, with nearly 20% of the variance in opioid analgesia explained by these two factors). CONCLUSIONS: These findings, which will require replication, suggest that pretreatment assessment of heat pain sensitivity might prove useful in identifying those patients most likely to respond to opioids. (+info)New and emerging treatment options for neuropathic pain. (4/107)
A large number of neuroanatomical, neurophysiologic, and neurochemical mechanisms are thought to contribute to the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain (NP). As a result, a corresponding wide range of treatments have been employed to treat patients with NP, including antiepileptic drugs, opioid analgesics, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, cholecystokinin receptor antagonists, adenosine, lipoic acid, cannabinoids, isosorbide dinitrate, dronabinol, capsaicin, protein kinase C inhibitors, aldose reductase inhibitors, and VR-1 receptor modulators. Many of these compounds are limited by marginal efficacy and clinically significant adverse events; few have been evaluated in well-controlled, large-scale clinical trials. At present, the only agents approved for the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia are lidocaine patches 5%, duloxetine, gabapentin, and pregabalin. Of these, only pregabalin is indicated for both conditions. (+info)Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: diagnosis and therapeutic considerations. (5/107)
Herpes zoster (HZ), also known as shingles, is a painful vesicular rash resulting from reactivation of the virus that also causes chickenpox - Varicella zoster virus (VZV). Typically, the rash runs its course in a matter of 4-5 weeks. The pain, however, may persist months, even years, after the skin heals. This phenomenon is known as postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Often described as an intense burning, itching sensation, this pain can be significant to the point of being debilitating, and as such can greatly affect quality of life. Although shingles is generally regarded as a self-limited condition, the fact it can take several weeks to resolve and has the potential for development of complications such as PHN presents a challenge to clinicians. Many treatment options are available, each offering variable levels of efficacy. Conventional therapies include prescription antivirals, corticosteroids, and analgesics, both oral and topical. Other considerations include use of over-the-counter anti-inflammatory agents, physiotherapy, and nerve block injections. This article reviews herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia, and presents the most effective conventional treatment options currently available, as well as select botanical, nutritional, and other considerations that may be beneficial in the management of this condition. (+info)Clinical approach to patients with neuropathic pain. (6/107)
At long last, advances have been made in the field of neuropathic pain treatment, in large part due to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying this type of pain. New antidepressants and anticonvulsants with novel mechanisms of action have spearheaded the way, and studies have finally shown that opioids are effective for treating chronic and breakthrough pain. (+info)Brain activity for spontaneous pain of postherpetic neuralgia and its modulation by lidocaine patch therapy. (7/107)
Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a debilitating chronic pain condition, yet there is a lack of knowledge regarding underlying brain activity. Here we identify brain regions involved in spontaneous pain of PHN (n=11) and determine its modulation with Lidoderm therapy (patches of 5% lidocaine applied to the PHN affected body part). Continuous ratings of fluctuations of spontaneous pain during fMRI were contrasted to ratings of fluctuations of a bar observed during scanning, at three sessions: (1) pre-treatment baseline, (2) after 6h of Lidoderm treatment, and (3) after 2 weeks of Lidoderm use. Overall brain activity for spontaneous pain of PHN involved affective and sensory-discriminative areas: thalamus, primary and secondary somatosensory, insula and anterior cingulate cortices, as well as areas involved in emotion, hedonics, reward, and punishment: ventral striatum, amygdala, orbital frontal cortex, and ventral tegmental area. Generally, these activations decreased at sessions 2 and 3, except right anterior insular activity which increased with treatment. The sensory and affective activations only responded to the short-term treatment (6h of Lidoderm); while the ventral striatum and amygdala (reward-related regions) decreased mainly with longer-term treatment (2 weeks of Lidoderm). Pain properties: average magnitude of spontaneous pain, and responses on Neuropathic Pain Scale (NPS), decreased with treatment. The ventral striatal and amygdala activity best reflected changes in NPS, which was modulated only with longer-term treatment. The results show a specific brain activity pattern for PHN spontaneous pain, and implicate areas involved in emotions and reward as best reflecting changes in pain with treatment. (+info)Natural history of pain following herpes zoster. (8/107)
In a longitudinal observational study of 94 patients (39 M:55 F, mean age 69) at elevated risk for developing post herpetic neuralgia (PHN), the natural history of pain during the first 6 months after herpes zoster (HZ) rash onset was determined. Pain severity and impact were rated using pain-VAS, SF-MPQ, and MPI. Applying a definition of PHN of average daily pain >0/100 on the pain VAS during the last 48 h, 30 subjects had PHN at 6 months. These 30 subjects reported more pain and a higher SF-MPQ score (p<0.01) at study inclusion than the 64 subjects whose pain completely resolved by 6 months. At 6 months, mean daily pain in the PHN group was 11/100 (95% CI 5,16) and only nine of these subjects were still taking prescription medication for HZ pain. The rate of recovery (pain severity over time) was the same in the PHN and no-pain groups. At study inclusion, the SF-MPQ and MPI scores in our PHN group were similar to historical controls with chronic severe PHN enrolled in clinical trials, but by 6 months the scores in our PHN subjects were significantly lower than historic controls. Only two subjects met the more stringent criteria for 'clinically meaningful' PHN at 6 months (> or = 30/100 on the pain VAS). Defining PHN as average daily pain >0/100 at 6 months after rash onset appears to substantially overestimate the number of HZ patients negatively impacted by ongoing pain and disability. (+info)Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a type of neuralgia, which is defined as pain in the distribution of a nerve or nerves. Specifically, PHN is a neuropathic pain condition that develops after an individual has had herpes zoster, also known as shingles. Shingles is caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which lies dormant in the nervous system following chickenpox infection.
PHN is characterized by persistent burning pain, often accompanied by sensory abnormalities such as numbness, tingling, or itching, in the area of the body where shingles occurred. The pain can be severe and debilitating, significantly impacting a person's quality of life. PHN primarily affects older adults and individuals with weakened immune systems.
The exact cause of PHN is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from damage to the affected nerves and their surrounding tissues during the shingles infection. This damage can lead to altered nerve function and increased sensitivity to stimuli, resulting in chronic pain. Treatment for PHN typically involves a combination of medications, such as antidepressants, anticonvulsants, or opioids, as well as topical treatments, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications to help manage the pain and improve quality of life.
Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which is one of the largest nerves in the head. It carries sensations from the face to the brain.
Medically, trigeminal neuralgia is defined as a neuropathic disorder characterized by episodes of intense, stabbing, electric shock-like pain in the areas of the face supplied by the trigeminal nerve (the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular divisions). The pain can be triggered by simple activities such as talking, eating, brushing teeth, or even touching the face lightly.
The condition is more common in women over 50, but it can occur at any age and in either gender. While the exact cause of trigeminal neuralgia is not always known, it can sometimes be related to pressure on the trigeminal nerve from a nearby blood vessel or other causes such as multiple sclerosis. Treatment typically involves medications, surgery, or a combination of both.
Neuralgia is a type of pain that occurs along the pathway of a nerve, often caused by damage or irritation to the nerve. It is typically described as a sharp, stabbing, burning, or electric-shock like pain that can be severe and debilitating. Neuralgia can affect any nerve in the body, but it most commonly occurs in the facial area (trigeminal neuralgia) or in the nerves related to the spine (postherpetic neuralgia). The pain associated with neuralgia can be intermittent or constant and may be worsened by certain triggers such as touch, temperature changes, or movement. Treatment for neuralgia typically involves medications to manage pain, as well as other therapies such as nerve blocks, surgery, or lifestyle modifications.
Herpes zoster, also known as shingles, is a viral infection that causes a painful rash. It's caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which also causes chickenpox. After you recover from chickenpox, the virus lies dormant in your nerve cells and can reactivate later in life as herpes zoster.
The hallmark symptom of herpes zoster is a unilateral, vesicular rash that occurs in a dermatomal distribution, which means it follows the path of a specific nerve. The rash usually affects one side of the body and can wrap around either the left or right side of your torso.
Before the rash appears, you may experience symptoms such as pain, tingling, or itching in the area where the rash will develop. Other possible symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and muscle weakness. The rash typically scabs over and heals within two to four weeks, but some people may continue to experience pain in the affected area for months or even years after the rash has healed. This is known as postherpetic neuralgia (PHN).
Herpes zoster is most common in older adults and people with weakened immune systems, although anyone who has had chickenpox can develop the condition. It's important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have herpes zoster, as early treatment with antiviral medications can help reduce the severity and duration of the rash and lower your risk of developing complications such as PHN.
The Herpes Zoster vaccine, also known as the shingles vaccine, is a preventive measure against the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in individuals who have previously had chickenpox. The vaccine contains a live but weakened form of VZV that boosts the immune system's ability to recognize and fight off the virus, thereby reducing the risk of developing shingles and its complications. It is typically administered as a single dose for people aged 50 and older, or as a two-dose series for those aged 19 and older who have weakened immune systems.
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO) is a type of herpes zoster (shingles) infection that affects the ophthalmic division (V1) of the trigeminal nerve. It is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which also causes chickenpox. After a person recovers from chickenpox, the virus remains inactive in the body and can reactivate later as shingles, often many years after the initial infection.
When the virus reactivates and affects the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, it can cause a painful rash on the forehead, nose, and around one eye. The rash may be accompanied by other symptoms such as headache, fever, and fatigue. In some cases, HZO can also affect the eye itself, causing inflammation, corneal ulcers, and vision loss if left untreated.
It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect you have HZO, as early treatment with antiviral medications can help reduce the severity of symptoms and prevent complications.
Analgesics are a class of drugs that are used to relieve pain. They work by blocking the transmission of pain signals in the nervous system, allowing individuals to manage their pain levels more effectively. There are many different types of analgesics available, including both prescription and over-the-counter options. Some common examples include acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin), and opioids such as morphine or oxycodone.
The choice of analgesic will depend on several factors, including the type and severity of pain being experienced, any underlying medical conditions, potential drug interactions, and individual patient preferences. It is important to use these medications as directed by a healthcare provider, as misuse or overuse can lead to serious side effects and potential addiction.
In addition to their pain-relieving properties, some analgesics may also have additional benefits such as reducing inflammation (like in the case of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs) or causing sedation (as with certain opioids). However, it is essential to weigh these potential benefits against the risks and side effects associated with each medication.
When used appropriately, analgesics can significantly improve a person's quality of life by helping them manage their pain effectively and allowing them to engage in daily activities more comfortably.
Facial neuralgia is a general term that refers to painful conditions affecting the facial nerves. It is often used to describe two specific disorders: trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia.
1. Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), also known as tic douloureux, is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, one of the major nerves of the face. The trigeminal nerve is responsible for sensations in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. Trigeminal neuralgia causes intense, stabbing, electric shock-like pain in the areas of the face where the branches of the nerve are distributed: the lower jaw, upper jaw, and cheek. The pain usually affects one side of the face, is triggered by light touch or other stimuli, and can last from a few seconds to several minutes.
2. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN) is a similar but less common condition that involves the glossopharyngeal nerve, which is responsible for sensations in the throat, tongue, and ear on one side of the face. GPN causes sharp, stabbing pain in these areas, often triggered by swallowing, talking, or coughing.
Both trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia can be debilitating and significantly impact a person's quality of life. The exact cause of these conditions is not always clear, but they are often associated with nerve compression by blood vessels or tumors, age-related changes in the nerves and blood vessels, multiple sclerosis, or other underlying medical conditions. Treatment options may include medications to manage pain, surgical procedures to decompress the affected nerves, or, in some cases, radiofrequency ablation or gamma knife radiosurgery to destroy a portion of the nerve and reduce pain signals.
The trigeminal nerve, also known as the fifth cranial nerve or CNV, is a paired nerve that carries both sensory and motor information. It has three major branches: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3). The ophthalmic branch provides sensation to the forehead, eyes, and upper portion of the nose; the maxillary branch supplies sensation to the lower eyelid, cheek, nasal cavity, and upper lip; and the mandibular branch is responsible for sensation in the lower lip, chin, and parts of the oral cavity, as well as motor function to the muscles involved in chewing. The trigeminal nerve plays a crucial role in sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and pressure in the face and mouth, and it also contributes to biting, chewing, and swallowing functions.
The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve (CN IX), is primarily responsible for providing motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle and sensory innervation to parts of the pharynx, middle ear, and posterior tongue. It also plays a role in the reflexive control of heart rate via the baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus.
Glossopharyngeal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the function of this nerve, leading to various symptoms. These diseases can be classified into two main categories: peripheral and central. Peripheral disorders are caused by damage or injury to the nerve itself, while central disorders result from problems in the brainstem where the glossopharyngeal nerve originates.
Some examples of glossopharyngeal nerve diseases include:
1. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia: A rare condition characterized by severe, stabbing pain in the throat, ear, or tongue, often triggered by swallowing or talking. This disorder may be caused by compression of the nerve by blood vessels or other structures.
2. Infections: Bacterial and viral infections can cause inflammation and damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve, leading to dysfunction. Examples include Lyme disease, herpes zoster (shingles), and meningitis.
3. Tumors: Benign or malignant growths in the head and neck region can compress and injure the glossopharyngeal nerve, resulting in symptoms related to its dysfunction.
4. Trauma: Direct trauma to the neck or skull base can damage the glossopharyngeal nerve, causing various deficits depending on the severity of the injury.
5. Neurological disorders: Conditions such as multiple sclerosis and stroke can affect the central connections of the glossopharyngeal nerve in the brainstem, leading to dysfunction.
6. Genetic conditions: Rare genetic disorders like Moersch-Woltman syndrome (also known as stiff person syndrome) can involve the glossopharyngeal nerve and cause symptoms related to its dysfunction.
Symptoms of glossopharyngeal nerve dysfunction may include difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, loss of taste on the back of the tongue, decreased sensation in the throat or ear, and pain in the neck, throat, or ear. Treatment for these conditions depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions to address the specific problem.
Pudendal Neuralgia is a chronic pain condition characterized by the irritation or damage to the pudendal nerve, which supplies sensation and innervation to the perineum, genital region, and lower rectum. The symptoms often include burning pain, numbness, tingling, or shooting pain in these areas, which can be worsened by sitting or certain movements. It is important to note that Pudendal Neuralgia is not the same as Pudendal Nerve Entrapment (PNE), although PNE can lead to Pudendal Neuralgia. The diagnosis of this condition typically involves a thorough physical examination, medical history, and sometimes specialized tests like nerve blocks or electromyography (EMG) studies.
Also known as Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Herpesvirus 3, Human is a species-specific alphaherpesvirus that causes two distinct diseases: chickenpox (varicella) during primary infection and herpes zoster (shingles) upon reactivation of latent infection.
Chickenpox is typically a self-limiting disease characterized by a generalized, pruritic vesicular rash, fever, and malaise. After resolution of the primary infection, VZV remains latent in the sensory ganglia and can reactivate later in life to cause herpes zoster, which is characterized by a unilateral, dermatomal vesicular rash and pain.
Herpesvirus 3, Human is highly contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets or direct contact with the chickenpox rash. Vaccination is available to prevent primary infection and reduce the risk of complications associated with chickenpox and herpes zoster.
Acyclovir is an antiviral medication used for the treatment of infections caused by herpes simplex viruses (HSV) including genital herpes, cold sores, and shingles (varicella-zoster virus). It works by interfering with the replication of the virus's DNA, thereby preventing the virus from multiplying further. Acyclovir is available in various forms such as oral tablets, capsules, creams, and intravenous solutions.
The medical definition of 'Acyclovir' is:
Acyclovir (brand name Zovirax) is a synthetic nucleoside analogue that functions as an antiviral agent, specifically against herpes simplex viruses (HSV) types 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Acyclovir is converted to its active form, acyclovir triphosphate, by viral thymidine kinase. This activated form then inhibits viral DNA polymerase, preventing further replication of the virus's DNA.
Acyclovir has a relatively low toxicity profile and is generally well-tolerated, although side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headache can occur. In rare cases, more serious side effects such as kidney damage, seizures, or neurological problems may occur. It is important to take acyclovir exactly as directed by a healthcare provider and to report any unusual symptoms promptly.
Amitriptyline is a type of medication known as a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). It is primarily used to treat depression, but it also has other therapeutic uses such as managing chronic pain, migraine prevention, and treating anxiety disorders. Amitriptyline works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which help to regulate mood and alleviate pain.
The medication is available in various forms, including tablets and liquid solutions, and it is typically taken orally. The dosage of amitriptyline may vary depending on the individual's age, medical condition, and response to treatment. It is essential to follow the prescribing physician's instructions carefully when taking this medication.
Common side effects of amitriptyline include drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and weight gain. In some cases, it may cause more severe side effects such as orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure upon standing), cardiac arrhythmias, and seizures. It is crucial to inform the healthcare provider of any pre-existing medical conditions or current medications before starting amitriptyline therapy, as these factors can influence its safety and efficacy.
Amitriptyline has a well-established history in clinical practice, but it may not be suitable for everyone due to its potential side effects and drug interactions. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using this medication.
Nerve compression syndromes refer to a group of conditions characterized by the pressure or irritation of a peripheral nerve, causing various symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected area. This compression can occur due to several reasons, including injury, repetitive motion, bone spurs, tumors, or swelling. Common examples of nerve compression syndromes include carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, radial nerve compression, and ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist or elbow. Treatment options may include physical therapy, splinting, medications, injections, or surgery, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.
Cyclohexanecarboxylic acids are a type of organic compound that consists of a cyclohexane ring, which is a six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon, substituted with a carboxylic acid group (-COOH). This group contains a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH).
The cyclohexane ring can be in various forms, including the chair, boat, or twist-boat conformations, depending on the orientation of its constituent atoms. The carboxylic acid group can ionize to form a carboxylate anion, which is negatively charged and has a deprotonated hydroxyl group.
Cyclohexanecarboxylic acids have various applications in industry and research, including as intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. They can also be found naturally in some plants and microorganisms.
Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) treatment is a minimally invasive therapeutic procedure used in pain management and interventional medicine. It involves the use of electrical pulses, delivered via a specialized needle-like probe, to target specific nerves or nerve roots. These electrical pulses are delivered in a controlled and precise manner, at a frequency that does not cause heat damage to the surrounding tissues.
The goal of PRF treatment is to modulate the transmission of pain signals from the affected area to the brain, thereby reducing the perception of pain. The exact mechanism by which PRF works is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve changes in the electrical properties of nerve cells and the release of various chemical mediators that influence pain processing.
PRF treatment is typically performed under local anesthesia or conscious sedation, depending on the patient's preference and the specific procedure being performed. It is generally considered a safe and well-tolerated procedure, with few reported side effects. However, as with any medical intervention, there are potential risks and benefits that should be discussed with a qualified healthcare provider before undergoing treatment.
Rhizotomy is a surgical procedure where the root(s) of a nerve are cut. It is often used to treat chronic pain, spasticity, or other neurological symptoms that have not responded to other treatments. In some cases, only a portion of the nerve root may be severed (selective rhizotomy), while in others the entire root may be cut (root transaction). The specific nerves targeted during a rhizotomy depend on the individual patient's condition and symptoms.
This procedure is typically performed by a neurosurgeon, and it can be done through an open surgical approach or using minimally invasive techniques such as endoscopic or percutaneous approaches. After the surgery, patients may require physical therapy to help regain strength and mobility in the affected area. Potential risks of rhizotomy include numbness, weakness, and loss of reflexes in the areas served by the severed nerves.
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are a class of medications that were commonly used to treat depression. The name "tricyclic" comes from the chemical structure of these drugs, which contain three rings in their molecular makeup. TCAs were first developed in the 1950s and remained a popular choice for treating depression until the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the late 1980s.
TCAs work by increasing the levels of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, in the brain. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between nerve cells. By increasing the levels of these neurotransmitters, TCAs can help to improve mood and alleviate symptoms of depression.
Some common examples of tricyclic antidepressants include amitriptyline, imipramine, and nortriptyline. While TCAs are effective in treating depression, they can have significant side effects, including dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and drowsiness. In addition, TCAs can be dangerous in overdose and may increase the risk of suicide in some individuals. As a result, they are typically used as a last resort when other treatments have failed.
Overall, tricyclic antidepressants are a class of medications that were commonly used to treat depression but have largely been replaced by newer drugs due to their side effects and potential risks.
In medicine, "intractable pain" is a term used to describe pain that is difficult to manage, control or relieve with standard treatments. It's a type of chronic pain that continues for an extended period, often months or even years, and does not respond to conventional therapies such as medications, physical therapy, or surgery. Intractable pain can significantly affect a person's quality of life, causing emotional distress, sleep disturbances, and reduced mobility. It is essential to distinguish intractable pain from acute pain, which is typically sharp and short-lived, resulting from tissue damage or inflammation.
Intractable pain may be classified as:
1. Refractory pain: Pain that persists despite optimal treatment with various modalities, including medications, interventions, and multidisciplinary care.
2. Incurable pain: Pain caused by a progressive or incurable disease, such as cancer, for which no curative treatment is available.
3. Functional pain: Pain without an identifiable organic cause that does not respond to standard treatments.
Managing intractable pain often requires a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals from various fields, including pain specialists, neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, and physical therapists. Treatment options may include:
1. Adjuvant medications: Medications that are not primarily analgesics but have been found to help with pain relief, such as antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and muscle relaxants.
2. Interventional procedures: Minimally invasive techniques like nerve blocks, spinal cord stimulation, or intrathecal drug delivery systems that target specific nerves or areas of the body to reduce pain signals.
3. Psychological interventions: Techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness meditation, and relaxation training can help patients cope with chronic pain and improve their overall well-being.
4. Physical therapy and rehabilitation: Exercise programs, massage, acupuncture, and other physical therapies may provide relief for some types of intractable pain.
5. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM): Techniques like yoga, tai chi, hypnosis, or biofeedback can be helpful in managing chronic pain.
6. Lifestyle modifications: Dietary changes, stress management, and quitting smoking may also contribute to improved pain management.
Pain measurement, in a medical context, refers to the quantification or evaluation of the intensity and/or unpleasantness of a patient's subjective pain experience. This is typically accomplished through the use of standardized self-report measures such as numerical rating scales (NRS), visual analog scales (VAS), or categorical scales (mild, moderate, severe). In some cases, physiological measures like heart rate, blood pressure, and facial expressions may also be used to supplement self-reported pain ratings. The goal of pain measurement is to help healthcare providers better understand the nature and severity of a patient's pain in order to develop an effective treatment plan.
Microvascular decompression surgery (MVD) is a surgical procedure used to alleviate the symptoms of certain neurological conditions, such as trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm. The primary goal of MVD is to relieve pressure on the affected cranial nerve by placing a small pad or sponge between the nerve and the blood vessel that is causing compression. This procedure is typically performed under a microscope, hence the term "microvascular."
During the surgery, the neurosurgeon makes an incision behind the ear and creates a small opening in the skull (a craniotomy) to access the brain. The surgeon then identifies the affected nerve and the blood vessel that is compressing it. Using specialized instruments under the microscope, the surgeon carefully separates the blood vessel from the nerve and places a tiny pad or sponge between them to prevent further compression.
The benefits of MVD include its high success rate in relieving symptoms, minimal impact on surrounding brain tissue, and lower risk of complications compared to other surgical options for treating these conditions. However, as with any surgery, there are potential risks and complications associated with MVD, including infection, bleeding, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, facial numbness, hearing loss, balance problems, and very rarely, stroke or death.
It is essential to consult a qualified neurosurgeon for a thorough evaluation and discussion of the risks and benefits of microvascular decompression surgery before making a treatment decision.
An autonomic nerve block is a medical procedure that involves injecting a local anesthetic or other medication into or near the nerves that make up the autonomic nervous system. This type of nerve block is used to diagnose and treat certain medical conditions that affect the autonomic nervous system, such as neuropathy or complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS).
The autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling many involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and body temperature. It is made up of two parts: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for "fight or flight" responses, while the parasympathetic nervous system helps the body relax and rest.
An autonomic nerve block can be used to diagnose a problem with the autonomic nervous system by temporarily blocking the nerves' signals and observing how this affects the body's functions. It can also be used to treat pain or other symptoms caused by damage to the autonomic nerves. The injection is usually given in the area near the spine, and the specific location will depend on the nerves being targeted.
It is important to note that an autonomic nerve block is a medical procedure that should only be performed by a qualified healthcare professional. As with any medical procedure, there are risks and benefits associated with an autonomic nerve block, and it is important for patients to discuss these with their doctor before deciding whether this treatment is right for them.
Amines are organic compounds that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons. They are derived from ammonia (NH3) by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. The nomenclature of amines follows the substitutive type, where the parent compound is named as an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon, and the functional group "amine" is designated as a suffix or prefix.
Amines are classified into three types based on the number of carbon atoms attached to the nitrogen atom:
1. Primary (1°) amines: One alkyl or aryl group is attached to the nitrogen atom.
2. Secondary (2°) amines: Two alkyl or aryl groups are attached to the nitrogen atom.
3. Tertiary (3°) amines: Three alkyl or aryl groups are attached to the nitrogen atom.
Quaternary ammonium salts have four organic groups attached to the nitrogen atom and a positive charge, with anions balancing the charge.
Amines have a wide range of applications in the chemical industry, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, polymers, and solvents. They also play a significant role in biological systems as neurotransmitters, hormones, and cell membrane components.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sensory System Agents" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. Sensory systems refer to the parts of the nervous system that process and transmit information about the world around us, including the senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. However, there are no specific "agents" that are generally recognized as being solely dedicated to affecting these systems in a medical context.
If you're referring to specific pharmaceutical agents or drugs that affect sensory systems, these would be more accurately described using terms related to the specific system (like "ophthalmic agents" for vision, or "anesthetics" for touch/pain) and the specific drug class or mechanism of action.
If you have a more specific context in mind, I'd be happy to try to provide a more targeted answer!
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. It is a complex phenomenon that can result from various stimuli, such as thermal, mechanical, or chemical irritation, and it can be acute or chronic. The perception of pain involves the activation of specialized nerve cells called nociceptors, which transmit signals to the brain via the spinal cord. These signals are then processed in different regions of the brain, leading to the conscious experience of pain. It's important to note that pain is a highly individual and subjective experience, and its perception can vary widely among individuals.
Antiviral agents are a class of medications that are designed to treat infections caused by viruses. Unlike antibiotics, which target bacteria, antiviral agents interfere with the replication and infection mechanisms of viruses, either by inhibiting their ability to replicate or by modulating the host's immune response to the virus.
Antiviral agents are used to treat a variety of viral infections, including influenza, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, hepatitis B and C, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections.
These medications can be administered orally, intravenously, or topically, depending on the type of viral infection being treated. Some antiviral agents are also used for prophylaxis, or prevention, of certain viral infections.
It is important to note that antiviral agents are not effective against all types of viruses and may have significant side effects. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any antiviral therapy.
Lidocaine is a type of local anesthetic that numbs painful areas and is used to prevent pain during certain medical procedures. It works by blocking the nerves that transmit pain signals to the brain. In addition to its use as an anesthetic, lidocaine can also be used to treat irregular heart rates and relieve itching caused by allergic reactions or skin conditions such as eczema.
Lidocaine is available in various forms, including creams, gels, ointments, sprays, solutions, and injectable preparations. It can be applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes, or it can be administered by injection into a muscle or vein. The specific dosage and method of administration will depend on the reason for its use and the individual patient's medical history and current health status.
Like all medications, lidocaine can have side effects, including allergic reactions, numbness that lasts too long, and in rare cases, heart problems or seizures. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider carefully when using lidocaine to minimize the risk of adverse effects.
The cerebellopontine angle (CPA) is a narrow space located at the junction of the brainstem and the cerebellum, where the pons and cerebellum meet. This region is filled with several important nerves, blood vessels, and membranous coverings called meninges. The CPA is a common site for various neurological disorders because it contains critical structures such as:
1. Cerebellum: A part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
2. Pons: A portion of the brainstem that plays a role in several vital functions, including facial movements, taste sensation, sleep regulation, and respiration.
3. Cranial nerves: The CPA is home to the following cranial nerves:
* Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII): This nerve has two components - cochlear and vestibular. The cochlear part is responsible for hearing, while the vestibular part contributes to balance and eye movement.
* Facial nerve (CN VII): This nerve controls facial expressions, taste sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, salivary gland function, and lacrimation (tear production).
4. Blood vessels: The CPA contains critical blood vessels like the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), which supplies blood to various parts of the brainstem, cerebellum, and cranial nerves.
5. Meninges: These are protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. In the CPA, the meninges include the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
Disorders that can affect the structures in the cerebellopontine angle include acoustic neuromas (vestibular schwannomas), meningiomas, epidermoids, and arteriovenous malformations. These conditions may cause symptoms such as hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (dizziness), facial weakness or numbness, difficulty swallowing, and imbalance.
The chickenpox vaccine, also known as varicella vaccine, is a preventive measure against the highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. The vaccine contains a live but weakened form of the virus, which stimulates the immune system to produce a response without causing the disease itself.
The chickenpox vaccine is typically given in two doses, with the first dose administered between 12 and 15 months of age and the second dose between 4 and 6 years of age. In some cases, the vaccine may be given to older children, adolescents, or adults who have not previously been vaccinated or who have never had chickenpox.
The chickenpox vaccine is highly effective at preventing severe cases of the disease and reducing the risk of complications such as bacterial infections, pneumonia, and encephalitis. It is also effective at preventing transmission of the virus to others.
Like any vaccine, the chickenpox vaccine can cause mild side effects such as soreness at the injection site, fever, or a mild rash. However, these side effects are generally mild and short-lived. Serious side effects are rare but may include allergic reactions or severe immune responses.
Overall, the chickenpox vaccine is a safe and effective way to prevent this common childhood disease and its potential complications.
Facial pain is a condition characterized by discomfort or pain felt in any part of the face. It can result from various causes, including nerve damage or irritation, injuries, infections, dental problems, migraines, or sinus congestion. The pain can range from mild to severe and may be sharp, dull, constant, or intermittent. In some cases, facial pain can also be associated with other symptoms such as headaches, redness, swelling, or changes in sensation. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause are essential for effective management of facial pain.
Self-mutilation, also known as self-injury or self-harm, refers to the deliberate infliction of pain or damage to one's own body without the intention of committing suicide. It can take many forms, including cutting, burning, scratching, hitting, or piercing the skin. The behavior is often used as a coping mechanism to deal with emotional distress, trauma, or other psychological issues. Self-mutilation can be a sign of serious mental health concerns and should be treated as such. It's important to seek professional help if you or someone you know is engaging in self-harm behaviors.
Surgical decompression is a medical procedure that involves relieving pressure on a nerve or tissue by creating additional space. This is typically accomplished through the removal of a portion of bone or other tissue that is causing the compression. The goal of surgical decompression is to alleviate symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness caused by the compression.
In the context of spinal disorders, surgical decompression is often used to treat conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or bone spurs that are compressing nerves in the spine. The specific procedure used may vary depending on the location and severity of the compression, but common techniques include laminectomy, discectomy, and foraminotomy.
It's important to note that surgical decompression is a significant medical intervention that carries risks such as infection, bleeding, and injury to surrounding tissues. As with any surgery, it should be considered as a last resort after other conservative treatments have been tried and found to be ineffective. A thorough evaluation by a qualified medical professional is necessary to determine whether surgical decompression is appropriate in a given case.
Microsurgery is a surgical technique that requires the use of an operating microscope and fine instruments to perform precise surgical manipulations. It is commonly used in various fields such as ophthalmology, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, and plastic and reconstructive surgery. The magnification provided by the microscope allows surgeons to work on small structures like nerves, blood vessels, and tiny bones. Some of the most common procedures that fall under microsurgery include nerve repair, replantation of amputated parts, and various types of reconstructions such as free tissue transfer for cancer reconstruction or coverage of large wounds.
The Stellate Ganglion is a part of the sympathetic nervous system. It's a collection of nerve cells (a ganglion) located in the neck, more specifically at the level of the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae. The stellate ganglion is formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion and the first thoracic ganglion.
This ganglion plays a crucial role in the body's "fight or flight" response, providing sympathetic innervation to the head, neck, upper extremities, and heart. It's responsible for various functions including regulation of blood flow, sweat gland activity, and contributing to the sensory innervation of the head and neck.
Stellate ganglion block is a medical procedure used to diagnose or treat certain conditions like pain disorders, by injecting local anesthetic near the stellate ganglion to numb the area and interrupt nerve signals.
Electrocoagulation is a medical procedure that uses heat generated from an electrical current to cause coagulation (clotting) of tissue. This procedure is often used to treat a variety of medical conditions, such as:
* Gastrointestinal bleeding: Electrocoagulation can be used to control bleeding in the stomach or intestines by applying an electrical current to the affected blood vessels, causing them to shrink and clot.
* Skin lesions: Electrocoagulation can be used to remove benign or malignant skin lesions, such as warts, moles, or skin tags, by applying an electrical current to the growth, which causes it to dehydrate and eventually fall off.
* Vascular malformations: Electrocoagulation can be used to treat vascular malformations (abnormal blood vessels) by applying an electrical current to the affected area, causing the abnormal vessels to shrink and clot.
The procedure is typically performed using a specialized device that delivers an electrical current through a needle or probe. The intensity and duration of the electrical current can be adjusted to achieve the desired effect. Electrocoagulation may be used alone or in combination with other treatments, such as surgery or medication.
It's important to note that electrocoagulation is not without risks, including burns, infection, and scarring. It should only be performed by a qualified medical professional who has experience with the procedure.
Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant medication that is primarily used to treat seizure disorders (epilepsy) and neuropathic pain. It works by decreasing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which helps to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures. Carbamazepine may also be used off-label for other conditions such as bipolar disorder and trigeminal neuralgia.
The medication is available in various forms, including tablets, extended-release tablets, chewable tablets, and suspension. It is usually taken two to four times a day with food to reduce stomach upset. Common side effects of carbamazepine include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and unsteady gait.
It is important to note that carbamazepine can interact with other medications, including some antidepressants, antipsychotics, and birth control pills, so it is essential to inform your healthcare provider of all the medications you are taking before starting carbamazepine. Additionally, carbamazepine levels in the blood may need to be monitored regularly to ensure that the medication is working effectively and not causing toxicity.
Local anesthetics are a type of medication that is used to block the sensation of pain in a specific area of the body. They work by temporarily numbing the nerves in that area, preventing them from transmitting pain signals to the brain. Local anesthetics can be administered through various routes, including topical application (such as creams or gels), injection (such as into the skin or tissues), or regional nerve blocks (such as epidural or spinal anesthesia).
Some common examples of local anesthetics include lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine. These medications can be used for a variety of medical procedures, ranging from minor surgeries (such as dental work or skin biopsies) to more major surgeries (such as joint replacements or hernia repairs).
Local anesthetics are generally considered safe when used appropriately, but they can have side effects and potential complications. These may include allergic reactions, toxicity (if too much is administered), and nerve damage (if the medication is injected into a nerve). It's important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using local anesthetics, and to report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly.
Anticonvulsants are a class of drugs used primarily to treat seizure disorders, also known as epilepsy. These medications work by reducing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain that leads to seizures. In addition to their use in treating epilepsy, anticonvulsants are sometimes also prescribed for other conditions, such as neuropathic pain, bipolar disorder, and migraine headaches.
Anticonvulsants can work in different ways to reduce seizure activity. Some medications, such as phenytoin and carbamazepine, work by blocking sodium channels in the brain, which helps to stabilize nerve cell membranes and prevent excessive electrical activity. Other medications, such as valproic acid and gabapentin, increase the levels of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which has a calming effect on nerve cells and helps to reduce seizure activity.
While anticonvulsants are generally effective at reducing seizure frequency and severity, they can also have side effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, and gastrointestinal symptoms. In some cases, these side effects may be managed by adjusting the dosage or switching to a different medication. It is important for individuals taking anticonvulsants to work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor their response to the medication and make any necessary adjustments.
The occipital bone is the single, posterior cranial bone that forms the base of the skull and encloses the brain. It articulates with the parietal bones anteriorly and the temporal bones laterally. The occipital bone also contains several important structures such as the foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord connects to the brain, and the external and internal occipital protuberances, which serve as attachment points for neck muscles.
Hemifacial spasm is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by involuntary, irregular contractions or twitching of the muscles on one side of the face. These spasms typically begin around the eye and may progress to involve the muscles of the lower face, including those around the mouth.
The primary cause of hemifacial spasm is pressure on or irritation of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) as it exits the brainstem, often due to a blood vessel or tumor. This pressure can lead to abnormal electrical signals in the facial nerve, resulting in uncontrolled muscle contractions.
In some cases, hemifacial spasm may be associated with other conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Bell's palsy. Treatment options for hemifacial spasm include medications to help relax the muscles, botulinum toxin (Botox) injections to paralyze the affected muscles temporarily, and, in rare cases, surgical intervention to relieve pressure on the facial nerve.
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability and preventing excessive neuronal firing, which helps to maintain neural homeostasis and reduce the risk of seizures. GABA functions by binding to specific receptors (GABA-A, GABA-B, and GABA-C) on the postsynaptic membrane, leading to hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane and reduced neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals.
In addition to its role in the central nervous system, GABA has also been identified as a neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system, where it is involved in regulating various physiological processes such as muscle relaxation, hormone secretion, and immune function.
GABA can be synthesized in neurons from glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, through the action of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Once synthesized, GABA is stored in synaptic vesicles and released into the synapse upon neuronal activation. After release, GABA can be taken up by surrounding glial cells or degraded by the enzyme GABA transaminase (GABA-T) into succinic semialdehyde, which is further metabolized to form succinate and enter the Krebs cycle for energy production.
Dysregulation of GABAergic neurotransmission has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. Therefore, modulating GABAergic signaling through pharmacological interventions or other therapeutic approaches may offer potential benefits for the treatment of these conditions.
Spinal ganglia, also known as dorsal root ganglia, are clusters of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system. They are situated along the length of the spinal cord and are responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain. Each spinal ganglion contains numerous neurons, or nerve cells, with long processes called axons that extend into the periphery and innervate various tissues and organs. The cell bodies within the spinal ganglia receive sensory input from these axons and transmit this information to the central nervous system via the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves. This allows the brain to interpret and respond to a wide range of sensory stimuli, including touch, temperature, pain, and proprioception (the sense of the position and movement of one's body).
Herpes Simplex is a viral infection caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). There are two types of HSV: HSV-1 and HSV-2. Both types can cause sores or blisters on the skin or mucous membranes, but HSV-1 is typically associated with oral herpes (cold sores) and HSV-2 is usually linked to genital herpes. However, either type can infect any area of the body. The virus remains in the body for life and can reactivate periodically, causing recurrent outbreaks of lesions or blisters. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected skin or mucous membranes, such as during kissing or sexual activity.
The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.
The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve (IX), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. It originates from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem and has several functions:
1. Sensory function: The glossopharyngeal nerve provides general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue, the tonsils, the back of the throat (pharynx), and the middle ear. It also carries taste sensations from the back one-third of the tongue.
2. Special visceral afferent function: The nerve transmits information about the stretch of the carotid artery and blood pressure to the brainstem.
3. Motor function: The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle, which helps elevate the pharynx during swallowing. It also provides parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland, stimulating saliva production.
4. Visceral afferent function: The glossopharyngeal nerve carries information about the condition of the internal organs in the thorax and abdomen to the brainstem.
Overall, the glossopharyngeal nerve plays a crucial role in swallowing, taste, saliva production, and monitoring blood pressure and heart rate.
Antidepressive agents are a class of medications used to treat various forms of depression and anxiety disorders. They act on neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers in the brain, to restore the balance that has been disrupted by mental illness. The most commonly prescribed types of antidepressants include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). These medications can help alleviate symptoms such as low mood, loss of interest in activities, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide. It is important to note that antidepressants may take several weeks to reach their full effectiveness and may cause side effects, so it is essential to work closely with a healthcare provider to find the right medication and dosage.
Hyperesthesia is a medical term that refers to an increased sensitivity to sensory stimuli, including touch, pain, or temperature. It can affect various parts of the body and can be caused by different conditions, such as nerve damage, multiple sclerosis, or complex regional pain syndrome. Hyperesthesia can manifest as a heightened awareness of sensations, which can be painful or uncomfortable, and may interfere with daily activities. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment if experiencing symptoms of hyperesthesia.
Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.
Physical stimulation, in a medical context, refers to the application of external forces or agents to the body or its tissues to elicit a response. This can include various forms of touch, pressure, temperature, vibration, or electrical currents. The purpose of physical stimulation may be therapeutic, as in the case of massage or physical therapy, or diagnostic, as in the use of reflex tests. It is also used in research settings to study physiological responses and mechanisms.
In a broader sense, physical stimulation can also refer to the body's exposure to physical activity or exercise, which can have numerous health benefits, including improving cardiovascular function, increasing muscle strength and flexibility, and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
A Central Nervous System Venous Angioma (CNS VA), also known as a cerebral venous angioma or developmental venous anomaly (DVA), is a benign vascular malformation of the central nervous system. It is a congenital condition, which means it is present at birth.
A CNS VA is characterized by a cluster of veins that converge into a single larger vein, creating a radial pattern that resembles a Medusa head or a spoked wheel. This venous anomaly typically drains blood from normal brain tissue and usually does not cause any symptoms or neurological deficits. However, in rare cases, CNS VAs may be associated with intracranial hemorrhage, seizures, or development of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).
CNS VAs are usually discovered incidentally during imaging studies performed for other medical reasons. Diagnostic imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans with contrast can help identify and characterize CNS VAs. No specific treatment is required for asymptomatic CNS VAs, but follow-up imaging may be recommended to monitor the condition over time. In cases where symptoms are present or there is a risk of complications, various treatment options may be considered, including surgical removal, endovascular embolization, or radiation therapy.
Paresthesia is a medical term that describes an abnormal sensation such as tingling, numbness, prickling, or burning, usually in the hands, feet, arms, or legs. These sensations can occur without any obvious cause, often described as "pins and needles" or falling asleep in a limb. However, persistent paresthesia can be a sign of an underlying medical condition, such as nerve damage, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or a vitamin deficiency. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional if experiencing persistent paresthesia to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.
Brachial plexus neuritis, also known as Parsonage-Turner syndrome or neuralgic amyotrophy, is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the brachial plexus. The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the spinal cord in the neck and travels down the arm, controlling movement and sensation in the shoulder, arm, and hand.
In Brachial plexus neuritis, the insulating covering of the nerves (myelin sheath) is damaged or destroyed, leading to impaired nerve function. The exact cause of this condition is not fully understood, but it can be associated with viral infections, trauma, surgery, or immunological disorders.
Symptoms of Brachial plexus neuritis may include sudden onset of severe pain in the shoulder and arm, followed by weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles. There may also be numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation in the affected areas. In some cases, recovery can occur spontaneously within a few months, while others may experience persistent weakness or disability. Treatment typically involves pain management, physical therapy, and in some cases, corticosteroids or other medications to reduce inflammation.
Trigeminal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the trigeminal nerve, which is one of the cranial nerves responsible for sensations in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. The trigeminal nerve has three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular, which innervate different parts of the face and head.
Trigeminal nerve diseases can cause various symptoms, including facial pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness. Some common trigeminal nerve diseases include:
1. Trigeminal neuralgia: A chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, causing intense, stabbing, or electric shock-like pain in the face.
2. Hemifacial spasm: A neuromuscular disorder that causes involuntary muscle spasms on one side of the face, often affecting the muscles around the eye and mouth.
3. Trigeminal neuropathy: Damage or injury to the trigeminal nerve, which can result in numbness, tingling, or weakness in the face.
4. Herpes zoster oticus (Ramsay Hunt syndrome): A viral infection that affects the facial nerve and geniculate ganglion of the trigeminal nerve, causing facial paralysis, ear pain, and a rash around the ear.
5. Microvascular compression: Compression of the trigeminal nerve by a blood vessel, which can cause symptoms similar to trigeminal neuralgia.
Treatment for trigeminal nerve diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or radiation therapy.
Postherpetic neuralgia
Trigeminal neuralgia
William Landau
Shingles
Nociceptor
Gabapentin enacarbil
Depressant
Analgesic
Preherpetic neuralgia
Zoster vaccine
Howard Fields (neuroscientist)
Dyskinesia
Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
Chickenpox
Varicella zoster virus
PHN (disambiguation)
LaTroy Hawkins
Tramadol
Palmitoylethanolamide
Neuropathic pain
Discovery and development of TRPV1 antagonists
Judith Breuer
Mirogabalin
Interventional radiology
Famciclovir
Pain
Rita Levi-Montalcini
Neuritis
Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
EMA401
Postherpetic neuralgia - Wikipedia
Postherpetic neuralgia - aftercare: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Postherpetic neuralgia: Treatment, symptoms, and causes
Postherpetic Neuralgia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Post-Herpetic Neuralgia | Conditions | UCSF Health
Post-Herpetic Neuralgia | GreenMedInfo | Disease | Natural Medicine
Treatment Adherence for Postherpetic Neuralgia
Phenotypes and Genotypes in Postherpetic Neuralgia Drug Therapy: A Narrative Mini-review. - International Association for the...
Descriptive analysis of Medicaid patients with postherpetic neuralgia treated with lidocaine patch 5 percent - Analysis Group
Postherpetic Neuralgia (Central Nervous System) - Drugs in Development, 2021 | GMDHC13189IDBOD
BET 3: Can pregabalin effectively diminish acute herpetic pain and reduce the incidence of post-herpetic neuralgia? | Emergency...
Reducing Postherpetic Neuralgia
Altmetric - Gabapentin enacarbil extended release for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia in adults
Postherpetic Neuralgia (Shingles) nerve damage | Page 3 | Mayo Clinic Connect
Mirogabalin May Alleviate Pain Associated With Postherpetic Neuralgia - Neurology Advisor
Postherpetic Neuralgia | Abqct
Postherpetic Neuralgia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Acyclovir and postherpetic neuralgia. - Immunology
Post Herpetic Neuralgia - Suvar MD
Shingles: Symptoms, complications, and risk factors
Neuralgia: Causes, Types, Treatment, Outlook
Postherpetic Neuralgia - Infections - MSD Manual Consumer Version
Postherpetic Neuralgia - Infections - MSD Manual Consumer Version
Lyrica Dosage Guide - Drugs.com
Post-Herpetic Neuralgia - Center for Interventional Pain & Spine
Postherpetic Neuralgia - Shingles<...
Post Herpetic Neuralgia - East West Wellness Medical Center
Shingles and Post-herpetic Neuralgia Treatment | Austin, TX
TENS Stimulation for chronic post-herpetic neuralgia - tennantbiomodulator.ca
Herpes14
- Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is neuropathic pain that occurs due to damage to a peripheral nerve caused by the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus (herpes zoster, also known as shingles). (wikipedia.org)
- Postherpetic neuralgia is the most common long-term complication of herpes zoster, and occurs in approximately 20% of patients with shingles. (wikipedia.org)
- Symptoms:[citation needed] With resolution of the herpes zoster eruption, pain that continues for three months or more is defined as postherpetic neuralgia. (wikipedia.org)
- Galveston, Texas - A recent analysis of data from an ongoing open-label trial provides strong validation of an earlier finding that adjunctive treatment of acute herpes zoster using the anticonvulsant drug gabapentin (Neurontin) dramatically reduces the incidence of postherpetic neuralgia, Mathijs H. Brentjens, M.D. (dermatologytimes.com)
- Prevalence of postherpetic neuralgia after a first episode of herpes zoster: prospective study with long term follow up. (medscape.com)
- Post herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a sequelae of herpes zoster infection. (suvarmd.com)
- Such pain is called postherpetic neuralgia, which means nerve pain after herpes. (msdmanuals.com)
- The authors said, "Herpes zoster vaccination was associated with a significant reduction in incident herpes zoster and [post-herpetic neuralgia] in routine clinical use. (belmarrahealth.com)
- Despite early treatment of herpes zoster (HZ), postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) can persist. (korea.ac.kr)
- Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is defined as persistent pain with dermatomal distribution in patients who have recovered from herpes zoster (HZ). (researchsquare.com)
- Post-herpetic neuralgia is defined as persistence or recurrence of pain in the same area, more than a month after the onset of herpes zoster. (dermnetnz.org)
- Consideramos neuralgia pós-herpética a dor que persiste por mais de 6 semanas após as erupções da herpes zoster. (bvs.br)
- The main complications of herpes zoster include: postherpetic neuralgia, chronic lesions and changes in the central nervous system (CNS) and eyes 4,7-8 . (bvsalud.org)
- The Burning, Searing Pain of Postherpetic Neuralgia An elderly man presents with burning, searing pain following a herpes zoster infection. (medscape.com)
Known as postherpetic neuralgia2
- This condition is known as postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). (medscape.com)
- At Total Pain Care, you can find relief from shingles pain and a complication known as postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). (totalpaincare.org)
Management of postherpetic neuralgia3
- Kato J, Matsui N, Kakehi Y, Murayama E, Ohwada S, Sugihara M. Mirogabalin for the management of postherpetic neuralgia a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3 study in Asian patients . (neurologyadvisor.com)
- management of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) in adults. (nih.gov)
- HORIZANT is indicated for the management of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) in adults. (nih.gov)
Protection from postherpetic neuralgia2
- Shingles vaccination is the only way for adults to be protected against both shingles and postherpetic neuralgia, with the vaccine Shingrix providing 90% protection from postherpetic neuralgia. (wikipedia.org)
- Knowledge and application of genetic variations in postherpetic neuralgia - structural proteins and genes can aid in ascertaining risk, susceptibility to, severity of and protection from postherpetic neuralgia. (iasp-pain.org)
Prevent postherpetic neuralgia2
- If the condition is diagnosed within 72 hours after the rash first appears, your physician will likely prescribe an antiviral medication to stop the virus from multiplying further, ease symptoms and prevent postherpetic neuralgia. (diagnosticpaincenter.com)
- Treating shingle immediately can help better prevent postherpetic neuralgia and so at the first sign of shingles visit your doctor right away, especially if you are older and have a weakened immune system. (belmarrahealth.com)
Complications1
- A previous study has found that the shingles vaccine may help reduce pain and complications of not only shingles but of postherpetic neuralgia as well. (belmarrahealth.com)
Symptoms8
- Neuropathy has many symptoms, including neuralgia, paresthesias (unusual sensations), and diminished sensation . (healthline.com)
- Postherpetic neuralgia diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and results of a physical examination in people who have had shingles. (msdmanuals.com)
- In many cases, post-herpetic neuralgia treatment may require a combination of approaches to alleviate symptoms. (diagnosticpaincenter.com)
- Capsaicin has proven to be effective at providing relief from post-herpetic neuralgia pain symptoms. (diagnosticpaincenter.com)
- Every case of shingles and post-herpetic neuralgia is unique and will require individualized treatment based on your symptoms and medical history. (diagnosticpaincenter.com)
- OPTIMAL Pain & Regenerative Medicine® shares information on the causes, symptoms and treatments of post herpetic neuralgia for patients in the Dallas, Fort Worth and Arlington, Texas area. (dfwregenerativemedicine.com)
- What are the Symptoms of Postherpetic Neuralgia? (dfwregenerativemedicine.com)
- The symptoms of postherpetic neuralgia are generally limited to the affected area where the shingles first occurred. (dfwregenerativemedicine.com)
Occurs11
- Neuralgia is neuropathic pain that occurs along the course of a nerve. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is caused by damage that occurs to the peripheral nerve fibers during a shingles infection. (ucsfhealth.org)
- Postherpetic neuralgia occurs as a complication of shingles and may affect any part of the body. (healthline.com)
- Exactly why postherpetic neuralgia occurs is not well-understood. (msdmanuals.com)
- Postherpetic neuralgia occurs most often in older people. (msdmanuals.com)
- The pain of postherpetic neuralgia occurs in the area where the shingles rash occurred. (msdmanuals.com)
- Post-herpetic neuralgia only occurs in people who already have had shingles. (centerpain.com)
- Post-herpetic neuralgia occurs if the nerve fibers are damaged during an outbreak of the shingles virus. (centerpain.com)
- Postherpetic neuralgia is a pain condition that sometimes occurs after a patient has had shingles. (louisianapain.com)
- Postherpetic neuralgia is a painful complication that occurs after a shingles outbreak. (dfwregenerativemedicine.com)
- Postherpetic neuralgia occurs because in shingles scar tissues forms around the nerves which presses down on them. (belmarrahealth.com)
Gabapentin8
- According to Christopher Gharibo, MD, many patients with postherpetic neuralgia 'already are starting off at a very significant complexity level with their pharmacological regimen for their medical problems' like high blood pressure and hypercholesterolemia, so he recommends simplifying the medication regimen without affecting function through a multi-mechanistic neuropathic treatment, such as prescribing once-daily gabapentin as opposed to a three times a day. (hcplive.com)
- Gabapentin (Gp) is a medication licensed globally for various indications, including postherpetic neuralgia. (altmetric.com)
- Likewise, when treating post-herpetic neuralgia, an anticonvulsant medication, like gabapentin, may also be used for its ability to ease neuralgic pain, separate from its action to control convulsions. (diagnosticpaincenter.com)
- Topic: The use of Gabapentin for post herpetic neuralgia. (besthomeworktutors.com)
- September 26, 2011 (Las Vegas, Nevada) - The anticonvulsant gabapentin can be a highly effective treatment for postherpetic neuralgia, but new research suggests that very few patients achieve the optimal dose recommended by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), new research shows. (medscape.com)
- 17, 2009 (Business Wire) - GlaxoSmithKline (NYSE:GSK) and XenoPort, Inc. (Nasdaq:XNPT) today announced top-line results from a Phase IIb clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of GSK1838262/XP13512 (gabapentin enacarbil) for neuropathic pain associated with post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) in adults. (traderpower.com)
- Certain anti-seizure medications, including gabapentin (Gralise, Horizant, Neurontin) and pregabalin (Lyrica), can lessen the pain of postherpetic neuralgia. (handlebar-online.com)
- Criscuolo S, Auletta C, Lippi S, Brogi F, Brogi A. Oxcarbazepine monotherapy in postherpetic neuralgia unresponsive to carbamazepine and gabapentin. (bvs.br)
Post-herpetic neura1
- Are you suffering from post herpetic neuralgia pain? (dfwregenerativemedicine.com)
Associated with post-herpetic1
- Pain associated with post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) can be very intense, often described by patients as deep, aching and unbearable. (ucsfhealth.org)
Treatments4
- Additionally, no data are currently available addressing efficacy, tolerability, or side effects with other first line treatments of postherpetic neuralgia. (altmetric.com)
- Although a number of treatments for severe postherpetic neuralgia have been tried, no treatment is routinely successful. (msdmanuals.com)
- What are the Treatments for Postherpetic Neuralgia? (dfwregenerativemedicine.com)
- Post herpetic neuralgia treatments are designed for each patient at an individual level. (dfwregenerativemedicine.com)
Pain34
- The pain from postherpetic neuralgia can be very severe and debilitating. (wikipedia.org)
- Typically, the nerve pain (neuralgia) is confined to an area of skin innervated by a single sensory nerve, which is known as a dermatome. (wikipedia.org)
- Postherpetic neuralgia is pain that continues longer than a month after a bout of shingles . (medlineplus.gov)
- Even though there is no cure for postherpetic neuralgia, there are ways to treat your pain and discomfort. (medlineplus.gov)
- If the pain caused by shingles continues after the bout of shingles is over, it is known as post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) can cause intense pain that may linger for months. (ucsfhealth.org)
- There are a variety of effective pain relief medications, but unfortunately no cure for post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). (ucsfhealth.org)
- Reishi reduces pain from postherpetic neuralgia. (greenmedinfo.com)
- In this video segment, the pain management expert panelists discuss treatment options, adherence issues, and strategies for successfully managing postherpetic neuralgia, a form of complex chronic neuropathic pain that lingers after a shingles outbreak. (hcplive.com)
- Neuropathic pain is a debilitating symptom reported by patients presenting with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). (iasp-pain.org)
- Efforts to alleviate this pain have been projected to lie in individualization of pharmacological treatment through pain phenotyping and subsequent investigations into the genetic basis of postherpetic neuralgia therapy. (iasp-pain.org)
- BET 3: Can pregabalin effectively diminish acute herpetic pain and reduce the incidence of post-herpetic neuralgia? (bmj.com)
- A short cut review was carried out to establish whether pregabalin can reduce acute herpetic pain and reduce post herpetic neuralgia. (bmj.com)
- Mirogabalin was found to be safe, well tolerated, and effective to alleviate postherpetic neuralgia-associated pain, according to a study published in Pain . (neurologyadvisor.com)
- When persistent pain results, it can be defined as post herpetic neuralgia if the pain that persists for more than 90 to 120 days after rash onset. (suvarmd.com)
- Neuralgia is a type of pain caused by a nerve that's irritated or damaged. (healthline.com)
- Neuralgia is a stabbing, burning, and often severe pain due to a nerve that's irritated or damaged. (healthline.com)
- Neuralgia is a type of pain that's caused by a nerve problem, and neuropathy is a type of nerve damage. (healthline.com)
- Neuralgia causes pain because of disruption of a nerve's structure or function. (healthline.com)
- Trigeminal neuralgia causes severe, recurrent pain in the face, usually on one side. (healthline.com)
- This type of neuralgia produces pain in the neck and throat. (healthline.com)
- As a result, occipital neuralgia causes a type of headache pain. (healthline.com)
- Neuralgia pain is usually severe and sometimes debilitating. (healthline.com)
- When the pain caused by shingles doesn't go away after the rash clears up, the condition is called post-herpetic neuralgia. (centerpain.com)
- Post-herpetic neuralgia is the most common complication of shingles that affects the nerves and skin, causing severe pain that can last for months or even years. (centerpain.com)
- Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve. (centerpain.com)
- Tricyclic antidepressants such as imipramine, amitriptyline and nortriptyline help to ease nerve pain (neuralgia) separate to their action on depression. (diagnosticpaincenter.com)
- If the pain in the area lasts for more than three months after the rash has healed, this is considered postherpetic neuralgia. (louisianapain.com)
- Postherpetic neuralgia is diagnosed based on a history of shingles and pain in the area lasting more than three months after the rash has healed. (louisianapain.com)
- Postherpetic neuralgia is a complication of shingles that affects nerve fibers and skin causing a burning pain that lingers long after the rash and blisters of the outbreak disappears. (dfwregenerativemedicine.com)
- If you recently experienced a shingles outbreak and have chronic pain after the rash and blisters healed, please contact OPTIMAL Pain & Regenerative Medicine® to determine if the cause of pain is postherpetic neuralgia. (dfwregenerativemedicine.com)
- pain called postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). (cdc.gov)
- Post-herpetic neuralgia is a neuropathic pain syndrome that primarily affects people over fifty and often results in disability. (traderpower.com)
- However, the majority of patients experience no postherpetic neuralgia pain within one year. (handlebar-online.com)
Zoster3
- Broad-band ultraviolet B phototherapy in zoster patients may reduce the incidence and severity of postherpetic neuralgia. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Our understanding about zoster and postherpetic neuralgia (10,11) in elderly. (cdc.gov)
- Employees infected with zoster, including those with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), a painful and debilitating condition lasting months or years, lose, on average, more than 129 hours of work per episode (CDC, 2008). (cdc.gov)
Common complication1
- The most common complication is postherpetic neuralgia. (mayoclinic.org)
Treatment12
- Acupuncture has therapeutic value in the treatment of atrial fibrillation and post-herpetic neuralgia. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Topical capsaicin is safe and effective in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Topical capsaicin shows promise in the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Additional experimental data should be sought to clarify the position of Gp enacarbil, both within postherpetic neuralgia treatment protocols and in relation to the increasing numbers of gabapentinoids available. (altmetric.com)
- Investigators sought to evaluate the efficacy of mirogabalin - an α 2 δ 1 calcium channel subunit ligand - for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. (neurologyadvisor.com)
- M]irogabalin has demonstrated a well-balanced profile of efficacy and safety and may provide an alternative therapeutic option for the treatment of [postherpetic neuralgia]," noted the study authors. (neurologyadvisor.com)
- Whether or not such treatment influences the subsequent development of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) has been the subject of recent controversy. (ox.ac.uk)
- Treatment of postherpetic neuralgia is mostly pharmacological with a limited role of interventional and alternative modalities. (suvarmd.com)
- There are numerous treatment options for post-herpetic neuralgia. (centerpain.com)
- Bee sting or bee venom therapy should be further investigated as a potential treatment modality for postherpetic neuralgia. (bmj.com)
- An extended-release, once-daily, 1800-mg formulation of the drug ( Gralise , Depomed) was approved by the FDA in February for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. (medscape.com)
- What is the best treatment for postherpetic neuralgia? (handlebar-online.com)
Complication of shingles1
- Postherpetic neuralgia is a complication of shingles which leads to nerve damage and causes the nerve to malfunction. (belmarrahealth.com)
Condition that affects1
- Postherpetic neuralgia is a painful condition that affects the nerve fibers and skin. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Patients2
- Some patients with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) appear to have abnormal function of unmyelinated nociceptors and sensory loss (usually minimal). (medscape.com)
- The majority of patients diagnosed with postherpetic neuralgia are at a follow-up appointment after a shingles outbreak. (dfwregenerativemedicine.com)
Thoracic1
- Hypopigmented rash in thoracic dermatome of postherpetic lesion. (medscape.com)
Incidence1
- Moreover, it does not decrease the incidence of post herpetic neuralgia. (bmj.com)
Nerve damage1
- Many people with diabetes have issues with their nerves, including neuralgia and neuropathy (nerve damage). (healthline.com)
Patient's2
- One day after the bee stings, the patient's painful postherpetic neuralgia was completely relieved, and the relief lasted for 1 and a half months. (bmj.com)
- Bee venom and bee sting therapy have been shown to have both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties, which may explain why the bee stings relieved the patient's postherpetic neuralgia. (bmj.com)
Nervous System8
- Postherpetic Neuralgia (Central Nervous System) - Drugs in Development, 2021 provides an overview of the Postherpetic Neuralgia pipeline landscape. (asdreports.com)
- The report provides a snapshot of the Global Therapeutic Landscape of Postherpetic Neuralgia (Central Nervous System). (asdreports.com)
- The report reviews pipeline therapeutics for Postherpetic Neuralgia (Central Nervous System) by companies and universities/research institutes based on information derived from company and industry-specific sources. (asdreports.com)
- The report reviews key players involved in the development of Postherpetic Neuralgia (Central Nervous System) therapeutics and enlists all their major and minor projects. (asdreports.com)
- The report assesses Postherpetic Neuralgia (Central Nervous System) therapeutics based on Drug Target, Mechanism of Action (MoA), Route of Administration (RoA) and Molecule Type. (asdreports.com)
- The report reviews latest news related to pipeline therapeutics for Postherpetic Neuralgia (Central Nervous System). (asdreports.com)
- Identify and understand important and diverse types of therapeutics under development for Postherpetic Neuralgia (Central Nervous System). (asdreports.com)
- Devise corrective measures for pipeline projects by understanding Postherpetic Neuralgia (Central Nervous System) pipeline depth and focus of Indication therapeutics. (asdreports.com)
Vaccine1
- Vaccine: What You Need to Know disponibles en español y en muchos otros idiomas. (cdc.gov)
Affects2
- Neuralgia may be categorized by its cause or by the nerves it affects. (healthline.com)
- Intercostal neuralgia affects the intercostal nerves, which run through the chest, rib cage, and abdomen. (healthline.com)
Medications1
- The risk of developing post herpetic neuralgia is lessened if antiviral medications are taken within 72 hours of the first signs. (dfwregenerativemedicine.com)
Occur2
- Neuralgia can occur wherever the outbreak of shingles occurred. (healthline.com)
- Post herpetic neuralgia cannot occur without a shingles outbreak. (dfwregenerativemedicine.com)
Elderly1
- When you're dealing with an elderly population, as we are with postherpetic neuralgia, it has virtually no drug interactions, whereas you do with the other drugs. (medscape.com)
Therapeutic1
- Additionally, the report provides an overview of key players involved in therapeutic development for Postherpetic Neuralgia and features dormant and discontinued projects. (asdreports.com)
20211
- Se seleccionaron artÃculos en inglés y español de 2017 a 2021. (bvsalud.org)
Patient2
Nerves1
- Pressure or compression of nerves may cause neuralgia. (healthline.com)
Transcutaneous1
- Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for chronic post-herpetic neuralgia. (tennantbiomodulator.ca)