Disorders resulting from defects in migration of neuronal cells during neurogenesis. Developing nerve cells either fail to migrate or they migrate to incorrect positions resulting in formation of heterotopias, lissencephaly, or other malformations and dysfunctions of the nervous system.
Disorders comprising a spectrum of brain malformations representing the paradigm of a diffuse neuronal migration disorder. They result in cognitive impairment; SEIZURES; and HYPOTONIA or spasticity. Mutations of two genes, LIS1, the gene for the non-catalytic subunit of PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR ACETYLHYDROLASE IB; and DCX or XLIS, the gene for doublecortin, have been identified as the most common causes of disorders in this spectrum. Additional variants of classical (Type I) lissencephaly have been linked to RELN, the gene for reelin, and ARX, the gene for aristaless related homeobox protein. (From Leventer, R.J., et al, Mol Med Today. 2000 Jul;6(7):277-84 and Barkovich, A.J., et al, Neurology. 2005 Dec 27;65(12):1873-87.)
A "smooth brain" malformation of the CEREBRAL CORTEX resulting from abnormal location of developing neurons during corticogenesis. It is characterized by an absence of normal convoluted indentations on the surface of the brain (agyria), or fewer and shallower indentations (pachygryia). There is a reduced number of cortical layers, typically 4 instead of 6, resulting in a thickened cortex, and reduced cerebral white matter that is a reversal of the normal ratio of cerebral white matter to cortex.
Structural abnormalities of the central or peripheral nervous system resulting primarily from defects of embryogenesis.
A mass of histologically normal tissue present in an abnormal location.
The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.
The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.
High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)
Abnormalities in the development of the CEREBRAL CORTEX. These include malformations arising from abnormal neuronal and glial CELL PROLIFERATION or APOPTOSIS (Group I); abnormal neuronal migration (Group II); and abnormal establishment of cortical organization (Group III). Many INBORN METABOLIC BRAIN DISORDERS affecting CNS formation are often associated with cortical malformations. They are common causes of EPILEPSY and developmental delay.
A lipoprotein-associated PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 which modulates the action of PLATELET ACTIVATING FACTOR by hydrolyzing the SN-2 ester bond to yield the biologically inactive lyso-platelet-activating factor. It has specificity for phospholipid substrates with short-chain residues at the SN-2 position, but inactive against long-chain phospholipids. Deficiency in this enzyme is associated with many diseases including ASTHMA, and HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA.
'Nerve tissue proteins' are specialized proteins found within the nervous system's biological tissue, including neurofilaments, neuronal cytoskeletal proteins, and neural cell adhesion molecules, which facilitate structural support, intracellular communication, and synaptic connectivity essential for proper neurological function.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE service for health professionals and consumers. It links extensive information from the National Institutes of Health and other reviewed sources of information on specific diseases and conditions.
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Communication through a system of conventional vocal symbols.
Value of all final goods and services produced in a country in one year.
Mental activity, not predominantly perceptual, by which one apprehends some aspect of an object or situation based on past learning and experience.
An agency of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH concerned with overall planning, promoting, and administering programs pertaining to advancement of medical and related sciences. Major activities of this institute include the collection, dissemination, and exchange of information important to the progress of medicine and health, research in medical informatics and support for medical library development.
A thin membrane that lines the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES and the central canal of the SPINAL CORD.
A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the LATERAL VENTRICLES of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the CORPUS CALLOSUM and the body and columns of the FORNIX (BRAIN).
A condition resulting from congenital malformations involving the brain. The syndrome of septo-optic dysplasia combines hypoplasia or agenesis of the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM and the OPTIC NERVE. The extent of the abnormalities can vary. Septo-optic dysplasia is often associated with abnormalities of the hypothalamic and other diencephalic structures, and HYPOPITUITARISM.
Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (LATERAL VENTRICLES), in the midline (THIRD VENTRICLE) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA (FOURTH VENTRICLE).

Postnatal analysis of the effect of embryonic knockdown and overexpression of candidate dyslexia susceptibility gene homolog Dcdc2 in the rat. (1/19)

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Dcx reexpression reduces subcortical band heterotopia and seizure threshold in an animal model of neuronal migration disorder. (2/19)

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Loss of Tsc2 in radial glia models the brain pathology of tuberous sclerosis complex in the mouse. (3/19)

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Ethanol inhibition of aspartyl-asparaginyl-beta-hydroxylase in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: potential link to the impairments in central nervous system neuronal migration. (4/19)

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Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an overview. (5/19)

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Diffusion tensor imaging of heterotopia: changes of fractional anisotropy during radial migration of neurons. (6/19)

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Fukutin-related protein is essential for mouse muscle, brain and eye development and mutation recapitulates the wide clinical spectrums of dystroglycanopathies. (7/19)

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Annual Research Review: Development of the cerebral cortex: implications for neurodevelopmental disorders. (8/19)

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Neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) are a group of genetic conditions that affect the development and migration of neurons (nerve cells) in the brain during embryonic development. These disorders result from abnormalities in the genetic code that control the movement and organization of neurons as they migrate to their proper positions in the brain.

NMDs can cause a wide range of neurological symptoms, depending on which areas of the brain are affected and the severity of the disorder. Symptoms may include intellectual disability, developmental delay, seizures, motor abnormalities, vision or hearing problems, and behavioral issues. Some NMDs may also be associated with structural brain abnormalities that can be seen on imaging studies.

Examples of neuronal migration disorders include lissencephaly, pachygyria, heterotopias, and agyria. These conditions are typically diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, genetic testing, and neuroimaging studies. Treatment for NMDs is generally supportive and may involve medications, therapies, and surgical interventions to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Classical lissencephaly and subcortical band heterotopia are rare neurological conditions that affect the development of the brain. These conditions are characterized by abnormal migration of nerve cells (neurons) during fetal development, leading to a smooth brain surface or disorganized layers of neurons.

Classical lissencephaly, also known as "smooth brain," is a condition where the brain's surface appears smooth due to the absence of normal convolutions (gyri) and sulci. This occurs because the nerve cells fail to migrate properly during fetal development, resulting in a thickened cortex with disorganized layers of neurons.

Subcortical band heterotopia, also known as "double cortex syndrome," is a condition where there are abnormal clusters of nerve cells located between the cortex and the white matter of the brain. These clusters form a band-like structure beneath the cerebral cortex, hence the name "subcortical."

Both classical lissencephaly and subcortical band heterotopia can result in varying degrees of intellectual disability, developmental delay, seizures, motor impairment, and visual abnormalities. The severity of these symptoms depends on the extent and location of the brain abnormalities.

These conditions are typically caused by genetic mutations that affect genes involved in neuronal migration during fetal development. In some cases, they can be inherited from parents or occur spontaneously due to new mutations.

Lissencephaly is a rare neurological disorder characterized by the absence or significant reduction of normal folds (gyri) and sulci (grooves) in the cerebral cortex of the brain. The cerebral cortex, which is responsible for higher brain functions such as thinking, learning, and language, usually has a smooth, flat appearance in individuals with lissencephaly. This condition results from abnormal neuronal migration during fetal development, where nerve cells fail to migrate to their proper positions in the brain.

There are several types of lissencephaly, each with distinct genetic causes and associated symptoms. The most common form is Type I (Classic) Lissencephaly, which affects both hemispheres of the brain and is characterized by a smooth brain surface with four bands of shallow grooves. Other forms include Type II (Cobblestone) Lissencephaly, Miller-Dieker Syndrome, and X-linked Lissencephaly with Ambiguous Genitalia (XLAG).

Symptoms of lissencephaly can vary but often include severe intellectual disability, developmental delays, muscle spasticity or hypotonia, seizures, difficulty swallowing, and problems with vision and hearing. The severity of the condition depends on the extent of the brain malformation. Lissencephaly is a lifelong condition, and individuals with this disorder usually require extensive care and support throughout their lives.

Nervous system malformations, also known as nervous system dysplasias or developmental anomalies, refer to structural abnormalities or defects in the development of the nervous system. These malformations can occur during fetal development and can affect various parts of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Nervous system malformations can result from genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. They can range from mild to severe and may cause a wide variety of symptoms, depending on the specific type and location of the malformation. Some common examples of nervous system malformations include:

* Spina bifida: a defect in the closure of the spinal cord and surrounding bones, which can lead to neurological problems such as paralysis, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and hydrocephalus.
* Anencephaly: a severe malformation where the brain and skull do not develop properly, resulting in stillbirth or death shortly after birth.
* Chiari malformation: a structural defect in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination, which can cause headaches, neck pain, and difficulty swallowing.
* Microcephaly: a condition where the head is smaller than normal due to abnormal development of the brain, which can lead to intellectual disability and developmental delays.
* Hydrocephalus: a buildup of fluid in the brain that can cause pressure on the brain and lead to cognitive impairment, vision problems, and other neurological symptoms.

Treatment for nervous system malformations depends on the specific type and severity of the condition and may include surgery, medication, physical therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

A choristoma is a type of growth that occurs when normally functioning tissue is found in an abnormal location within the body. It is not cancerous or harmful, but it can cause problems if it presses on surrounding structures or causes symptoms. Choristomas are typically congenital, meaning they are present at birth, and are thought to occur due to developmental errors during embryonic growth. They can be found in various organs and tissues throughout the body, including the brain, eye, skin, and gastrointestinal tract.

Cell movement, also known as cell motility, refers to the ability of cells to move independently and change their location within tissue or inside the body. This process is essential for various biological functions, including embryonic development, wound healing, immune responses, and cancer metastasis.

There are several types of cell movement, including:

1. **Crawling or mesenchymal migration:** Cells move by extending and retracting protrusions called pseudopodia or filopodia, which contain actin filaments. This type of movement is common in fibroblasts, immune cells, and cancer cells during tissue invasion and metastasis.
2. **Amoeboid migration:** Cells move by changing their shape and squeezing through tight spaces without forming protrusions. This type of movement is often observed in white blood cells (leukocytes) as they migrate through the body to fight infections.
3. **Pseudopodial extension:** Cells extend pseudopodia, which are temporary cytoplasmic projections containing actin filaments. These protrusions help the cell explore its environment and move forward.
4. **Bacterial flagellar motion:** Bacteria use a whip-like structure called a flagellum to propel themselves through their environment. The rotation of the flagellum is driven by a molecular motor in the bacterial cell membrane.
5. **Ciliary and ependymal movement:** Ciliated cells, such as those lining the respiratory tract and fallopian tubes, have hair-like structures called cilia that beat in coordinated waves to move fluids or mucus across the cell surface.

Cell movement is regulated by a complex interplay of signaling pathways, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and adhesion molecules, which enable cells to respond to environmental cues and navigate through tissues.

The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain, characterized by its intricate folded structure and wrinkled appearance. It is a region of great importance as it plays a key role in higher cognitive functions such as perception, consciousness, thought, memory, language, and attention. The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres, each containing four lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. These areas are responsible for different functions, with some regions specializing in sensory processing while others are involved in motor control or associative functions. The cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter, which contains neuronal cell bodies, and is covered by a layer of white matter that consists mainly of myelinated nerve fibers.

Medical Definition:
Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are a diverse group of proteins that bind to microtubules, which are key components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells. MAPs play crucial roles in regulating microtubule dynamics and stability, as well as in mediating interactions between microtubules and other cellular structures. They can be classified into several categories based on their functions, including:

1. Microtubule stabilizers: These MAPs promote the assembly of microtubules and protect them from disassembly by enhancing their stability. Examples include tau proteins and MAP2.
2. Microtubule dynamics regulators: These MAPs modulate the rate of microtubule polymerization and depolymerization, allowing for dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton during cell division and other processes. Examples include stathmin and XMAP215.
3. Microtubule motor proteins: These MAPs use energy from ATP hydrolysis to move along microtubules, transporting various cargoes within the cell. Examples include kinesin and dynein.
4. Adapter proteins: These MAPs facilitate interactions between microtubules and other cellular structures, such as membranes, organelles, or signaling molecules. Examples include MAP4 and CLASPs.

Dysregulation of MAPs has been implicated in several diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (where tau proteins form abnormal aggregates called neurofibrillary tangles) and cancer (where altered microtubule dynamics can contribute to uncontrolled cell division).

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which can result in a wide range of symptoms, including convulsions, loss of consciousness, and altered sensations or behaviors. Epilepsy can have many different causes, including genetic factors, brain injury, infection, or stroke. In some cases, the cause may be unknown.

There are many different types of seizures that can occur in people with epilepsy, and the specific type of seizure will depend on the location and extent of the abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Some people may experience only one type of seizure, while others may have several different types. Seizures can vary in frequency, from a few per year to dozens or even hundreds per day.

Epilepsy is typically diagnosed based on the patient's history of recurrent seizures and the results of an electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures the electrical activity in the brain. Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans may also be used to help identify any structural abnormalities in the brain that may be contributing to the seizures.

While there is no cure for epilepsy, it can often be effectively managed with medication. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the area of the brain responsible for the seizures. With proper treatment and management, many people with epilepsy are able to lead normal, productive lives.

Malformations of Cortical Development (MCDs) are a group of congenital brain abnormalities that occur during the development and organization of the cerebral cortex, which is the brain region responsible for higher cognitive functions. These malformations result from disruptions in neuronal migration, proliferation, or organization, leading to varying degrees of cortical thickness, folding, and structural integrity.

MCDs can be classified into several subtypes based on their distinct neuroimaging and histopathological features. Some common MCD subtypes include:

1. Lissencephaly (smooth brain): A severe malformation characterized by the absence of normal gyral and sulcal patterns, resulting in a smooth cortical surface. This is caused by defects in neuronal migration during early development.
2. Polymicrogyria (many small folds): A condition where the cortex has an excessive number of small, irregular gyri, leading to thickened and disorganized cortical layers. This can be focal or diffuse and is caused by abnormal neuronal migration or organization during mid to late development.
3. Schizencephaly (cleft brain): A malformation characterized by a linear cleft or gap in the cerebral cortex, extending from the pial surface to the ventricular system. This can be unilateral or bilateral and is caused by disruptions in neuronal migration and/or cortical organization during early development.
4. Heterotopias (misplaced cells): A condition where groups of neurons are abnormally located within the white matter or at the gray-white matter junction, instead of their normal position in the cerebral cortex. This can be focal or diffuse and is caused by defects in neuronal migration during early development.
5. Focal cortical dysplasia (abnormal localized tissue): A condition characterized by abnormal cortical architecture, including disorganized lamination, enlarged neurons, and heterotopic neurons. This can be focal or multifocal and is caused by defects in cortical organization during late development.

MCDs are often associated with neurological symptoms such as epilepsy, intellectual disability, motor deficits, and behavioral abnormalities. The severity of these symptoms depends on the type, location, and extent of the malformation.

1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the ester bond in 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (also known as platelet-activating factor, PAF), resulting in the production of 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and acetate. This enzyme is involved in the regulation of PAF levels and thus plays a role in the modulation of various physiological processes, including inflammation and allergic responses.

Nerve tissue proteins are specialized proteins found in the nervous system that provide structural and functional support to nerve cells, also known as neurons. These proteins include:

1. Neurofilaments: These are type IV intermediate filaments that provide structural support to neurons and help maintain their shape and size. They are composed of three subunits - NFL (light), NFM (medium), and NFH (heavy).

2. Neuronal Cytoskeletal Proteins: These include tubulins, actins, and spectrins that provide structural support to the neuronal cytoskeleton and help maintain its integrity.

3. Neurotransmitter Receptors: These are specialized proteins located on the postsynaptic membrane of neurons that bind neurotransmitters released by presynaptic neurons, triggering a response in the target cell.

4. Ion Channels: These are transmembrane proteins that regulate the flow of ions across the neuronal membrane and play a crucial role in generating and transmitting electrical signals in neurons.

5. Signaling Proteins: These include enzymes, receptors, and adaptor proteins that mediate intracellular signaling pathways involved in neuronal development, differentiation, survival, and death.

6. Adhesion Proteins: These are cell surface proteins that mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, playing a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of neural circuits.

7. Extracellular Matrix Proteins: These include proteoglycans, laminins, and collagens that provide structural support to nerve tissue and regulate neuronal migration, differentiation, and survival.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

MedlinePlus is not a medical term, but rather a consumer health website that provides high-quality, accurate, and reliable health information, written in easy-to-understand language. It is produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the world's largest medical library, and is widely recognized as a trusted source of health information.

MedlinePlus offers information on various health topics, including conditions, diseases, tests, treatments, and wellness. It also provides access to drug information, medical dictionary, and encyclopedia, as well as links to clinical trials, medical news, and patient organizations. The website is available in both English and Spanish and can be accessed for free.

Brain diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or structural abnormalities. They can affect different parts of the brain, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Some examples of brain diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease - a progressive degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease - a movement disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
3. Multiple sclerosis - a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
4. Epilepsy - a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
5. Brain tumors - abnormal growths in the brain that can be benign or malignant.
6. Stroke - a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause paralysis, speech difficulties, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Meningitis - an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
8. Encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune disorders.
9. Huntington's disease - a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination, cognitive function, and mental health.
10. Migraine - a neurological condition characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.

Brain diseases can range from mild to severe and may be treatable or incurable. They can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Speech is the vocalized form of communication using sounds and words to express thoughts, ideas, and feelings. It involves the articulation of sounds through the movement of muscles in the mouth, tongue, and throat, which are controlled by nerves. Speech also requires respiratory support, phonation (vocal cord vibration), and prosody (rhythm, stress, and intonation).

Speech is a complex process that develops over time in children, typically beginning with cooing and babbling sounds in infancy and progressing to the use of words and sentences by around 18-24 months. Speech disorders can affect any aspect of this process, including articulation, fluency, voice, and language.

In a medical context, speech is often evaluated and treated by speech-language pathologists who specialize in diagnosing and managing communication disorders.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Gross Domestic Product" (GDP) is an economic term, not a medical one. GDP is the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period. It serves as a comprehensive measure of a nation’s overall economic activity.

If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "thinking" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a cognitive process, which is a general term used to describe various mental activities related to perception, reasoning, memory, attention, language use, learning, and problem-solving. These processes are studied across many fields, including psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, and linguistics.

If you're looking for medical definitions of cognitive processes or conditions that affect cognition, I'd be happy to help! Please provide more details.

The ependyma is a type of epithelial tissue that lines the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. These cells are specialized glial cells that help to form the blood-brain barrier, regulate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition, and provide support and protection for the nervous tissue.

Ependymal cells have a cuboidal or columnar shape and possess numerous cilia on their apical surface, which helps to circulate CSF within the ventricles. They also have tight junctions that help to form the blood-brain barrier and prevent the passage of harmful substances from the blood into the CSF.

In addition to their role in maintaining the integrity of the CNS, ependymal cells can also differentiate into other types of cells, such as neurons and glial cells, under certain conditions. This property has made them a topic of interest in regenerative medicine and the study of neurodevelopmental disorders.

The Septum Pellucidum is a thin, delicate, and almost transparent partition in the brain that separates the lateral ventricles, which are fluid-filled spaces within the brain. It consists of two laminae (plates) that fuse together during fetal development, forming a single structure. The Septum Pellucidum is an essential component of the brain's ventricular system and plays a role in maintaining the structural integrity of the brain. Any abnormalities or damage to the Septum Pellucidum can lead to neurological disorders or cognitive impairments.

Septo-Optic Dysplasia (SOD) is a rare disorder that affects the development of the brain, eyes, and pituitary gland. It is also known as De Morsier's syndrome. The condition is characterized by underdevelopment of the optic nerve, which can lead to varying degrees of vision loss, from mild visual impairment to complete blindness.

The septum pellucidum, a part of the brain that separates the two hemispheres, may be absent or poorly formed in individuals with SOD. This can result in a range of neurological symptoms, including developmental delays, intellectual disability, and movement disorders.

Additionally, SOD is often associated with pituitary gland dysfunction, which can lead to hormonal imbalances and growth problems. Treatment for SOD typically involves managing the individual symptoms and may include vision therapy, special education services, and hormone replacement therapy.

The cerebral ventricles are a system of interconnected fluid-filled cavities within the brain. They are located in the center of the brain and are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provides protection to the brain by cushioning it from impacts and helping to maintain its stability within the skull.

There are four ventricles in total: two lateral ventricles, one third ventricle, and one fourth ventricle. The lateral ventricles are located in each cerebral hemisphere, while the third ventricle is located between the thalami of the two hemispheres. The fourth ventricle is located at the base of the brain, above the spinal cord.

CSF flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle through narrow passageways called the interventricular foramen. From there, it flows into the fourth ventricle through another narrow passageway called the cerebral aqueduct. CSF then leaves the fourth ventricle and enters the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord, where it can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Abnormalities in the size or shape of the cerebral ventricles can indicate underlying neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus (excessive accumulation of CSF) or atrophy (shrinkage) of brain tissue. Imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are often used to assess the size and shape of the cerebral ventricles in clinical settings.

... (NMD) refers to a heterogenous group of disorders that, it is supposed, share the same ... The neuronal migration disorders are termed cerebral dysgenesis disorders, brain malformations caused by primary alterations ... ISBN 978-0-19-506442-1. "NINDS Neuronal Migration Disorders Information Page". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and ... Naumburg, E.; Strömberg, B.; Kieler, H. (2012). "Prenatal Characteristics of Infants with a Neuronal Migration Disorder: A ...
... migration, integration and the formation of neuronal networks. Neurulation Gliogenesis Neuronal migration disorder Purves, Dale ... First, this may generate a subclass of neuronal progenitors called intermediate neuronal precursors (INP)s, which will divide ... Types of NSCs include neuroepithelial cells (NECs), radial glial cells (RGCs), basal progenitors (BPs), intermediate neuronal ... "Microglial control of neuronal development via somatic purinergic junctions". Cell Reports. 40 (12): 111369. doi:10.1016/j. ...
Spalice A, Parisi P, Nicita F, Pizzardi G, Del Balzo F, Iannetti P (March 2009). "Neuronal migration disorders: clinical, ... These severe malformations are a result of aberrant neuronal migration. In classical type I lissencephaly, neuronal migration ... It is a key component of the reelin pathway, which functions on one hand side in neuronal migration during the development of ... In addition to the organization of the neocortex, VLDLR also plays a role in neuronal migration of the hippocampus and the ...
Kato, Mitsuhiro (2015-01-01). "Genotype-phenotype correlation in neuronal migration disorders and cortical dysplasias". ... Early stages include impaired proliferation and migration of neuroblasts, while later stages show disordered post-migration ... Polymicrogyria is a disorder of neuronal migration, resulting in structurally abnormal cerebral hemispheres. The Greek roots of ... It is generally agreed that PMG occurs during late neuronal migration (when majority of the neurons arrived at cerebral cortex ...
Kato, Mitsuhiro (2015-05-21). "Genotype-phenotype correlation in neuronal migration disorders and cortical dysplasias". ... Microlissencephaly is a malformation of cortical development (MCD) that occurs due to failure of neuronal migration between the ... role of microtubule cytoskeleton in the pathophysiology of microlissencephaly as well as other neuronal migration disorders. ... Razek, A. A. K. Abdel; Kandell, A. Y.; Elsorogy, L. G.; Elmongy, A.; Basett, A. A. (2009-01-01). "Disorders of Cortical ...
... and neuronal migration defects. Most onsets of the disorder begin in the gestational weeks of development and most affected ... D-BP deficiency is the most severe peroxisomal disorder, often resembling Zellweger syndrome. Characteristics of the disorder ... D-Bifunctional protein deficiency is an autosomal recessive peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation disorder. Peroxisomal disorders ... and neuronal demyelination. High levels of branched fatty acids, such as pristinic acid, bile acid intermediates, and other D- ...
November 2001). "Muscular dystrophy and neuronal migration disorder caused by mutations in a glycosyltransferase, POMGnT1". ... November 2001). "Muscular dystrophy and neuronal migration disorder caused by mutations in a glycosyltransferase, POMGnT1". ... Abbott KL, Troupe K, Lee I, Pierce M (September 2006). "Integrin-dependent neuroblastoma cell adhesion and migration on laminin ... Neuromuscular Disorders. 13 (1): 4-12. doi:10.1016/S0960-8966(02)00188-8. PMID 12467726. S2CID 24406933. Taniguchi K, Kobayashi ...
... is a disorder in which the brain does not properly form the gyri and sulci as a result from neuronal migration and cortical ... Neuronal migration is generally subdivided into radial migration, tangential migration and multipolar migration. The migration ... Tabata H, Nakajima K (Nov 2003). "Multipolar migration: the third mode of radial neuronal migration in the developing cerebral ... This disorder can also result in epilepsy and cognitive impairment. Type 1 lissencephaly is due to an error in migration. LIS1 ...
... is associated with impaired neuronal migration, neuronal positioning, and brain development. In addition, ... It is one of a family of disorders called Zellweger spectrum disorders which are leukodystrophies. Zellweger syndrome is named ... GeneReviews: Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorders, Zellweger Syndrome Spectrum Krause, C.; Rosewich, H.; Thanos, M.; Gärtner, J. ( ... Zellweger syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by the reduction or absence of functional peroxisomes in the ...
"Muscular dystrophy and neuronal migration disorder caused by mutations in a glycosyltransferase, POMGnT1". Developmental Cell. ... MEB is caused by mutations in the POMGnT1 gene, it is congenital and inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder. There is no ... Clinically, MRI is preferred over CT scan for its ability to reveal the neuron migration more precisely. The result obtained ... MEB is phenotypically similar to the Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS), both disorders are congenital muscular dystrophy. In 1990, ...
There are several disorders known as neuronal migration disorders that can cause serious problems. These arise from a ... Neuronal Identity. 56: 153-159. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2019.01.024. ISSN 0959-4388. PMC 6551251. PMID 30849690. Sen, Sonia Q; ... disruption in the pattern of migration of the neuroblasts on their way to their target destinations. The disorders include, ... The positions that the migrated cells occupy will determine their neuronal differentiation. Neuroblasts are formed by the ...
... are common malformations of cortical development known as neuronal migration disorders. Heterotopias ... It is believed that gray matter heterotopia are caused by an interruption in the migration of neurons to the cerebral cortex. ... Gray matter heterotopia is a neurological disorder caused by gray matter being located in an atypical location in the brain. ... In other cases, heterotopia can result in severe seizure disorders, loss of motor skills, and intellectual disability. During ...
Pachygyria is used to describe brain characteristics in association with several neuronal migration disorders; most commonly ... Lissencephaly (smooth brain) is a rare congenital brain malformation caused by defective neuronal migration during the 12th to ... Changes in the structure of gyri in the cerebral cortex are associated with various diseases and disorders. Pachygyria, ... lissencephaly, and polymicrogyria are all the results of abnormal cell migration associated with a disorganized cellular ...
Three mutations have been connected with X-linked intellectual disability through disrupted neuronal growth and cell migration ... Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, have also been linked to USP9X. ... "Partial loss of USP9X function leads to a male neurodevelopmental and behavioural disorder converging on TGFβ signalling". ... implicated either directly through mutations or indirectly in a number of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. ...
Neuronal migration disorders are caused by abnormal migration, proliferation, and organization of neurons during early brain ... The most generally accepted theory is that of neuronal migration disorders occurring during the second to fifth months of fetal ... it is commonly believed to occur as a result of neuronal migration disorders during early brain development, intrauterine ... Common prenatal disturbances that have been shown to disturb the neuronal migration process include the following: continuation ...
November 2002). "Mutations in the O-mannosyltransferase gene POMT1 give rise to the severe neuronal migration disorder Walker- ... Neuromuscular Disorders. 15 (4): 271-5. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2005.01.013. PMID 15792865. S2CID 23007648. Otsuki T, Ota T, ...
November 2002). "Mutations in the O-mannosyltransferase gene POMT1 give rise to the severe neuronal migration disorder Walker- ... Congenital disorders, Syndromes affecting the nervous system, Syndromes, Enzyme defects, Rare diseases, Congenital disorders of ...
Neuronal migration defects have also been documented, to which the CNS pathology of the disorder is often attributed.[citation ... Autosomal recessive disorders, Hepatology, Fatty-acid metabolism disorders). ... Longo N, Amat, San Filippo C, Pasquali M (2006). "Disorders of Carnitine Transport and the Carnitine Cycle". Am J Med Genet C ... The disorder presents in one of three clinical forms: lethal neonatal, severe infantile hepatocardiomuscular and myopathic. ...
Neuronal migration disorders, Neurological disorders in children, Congenital disorders of nervous system, Rare syndromes). ... all of which are classified along with CBPS as neuronal migration disorders. Diagnostic tests for CBPS include ... Though the underlying cause of CBPS is unknown, it is thought to arise from improper migration of neuroblasts (neuronal stem ... Several disorders may appear similar to CBPS and need to be distinguished in the process of diagnosing CBPS. These include ...
... of cerebral cortical development due to abnormal neuronal migration and positioning usually lead to cortical disorders, which ... Singer K, Luo R, Jeong S, Piao X. "GPR56 and the Developing Cerebral Cortex: Cells, Matrix, and Neuronal Migration." Molecular ... Some patients with polymicrogyria go undiagnosed until they produce children with the disorder who have more severe ... Other specific tests targeting individual neurometabolic disorders can be obtained if clinically suggested. The following may ...
Lissencephaly results from defective neuronal migration between the first and second trimester of gestation which causes lack ... which supposedly causes continuous neurogenesis and migration, thus causing the seizures that characterize this disorder. In ... Kato M, Dobyns WB (April 2003). "Lissencephaly and the molecular basis of neuronal migration". Human Molecular Genetics. 12 ( ... Wynshaw-Boris A (October 2007). "Lissencephaly and LIS1: insights into the molecular mechanisms of neuronal migration and ...
Mutated KAL1 genes leads to ill GnRH neuronal migration as well as olfactory neuron disorder causing anosmia and non-functional ... The KAL1 gene encodes anosmin-1, an extracellular adhesion molecule that plays a role in GnRH neuronal migration and adhesion. ... is a postnatal onset of a GnRH releasing disorder and/or pituitary gonadotroph cell disorder. There are many causes of AHH, ... Embryonic migration can be affected by several gene mutations including but not limited to, KAL1, fibroblast growth factor ( ...
For instance a frameshift mutation or a missense mutation at the DCX gene location causes a neuronal migration defect also ... the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, the persistence of periodic disorders, and the effects of mitochondrial decay ... With severe disorders such as epilepsy, brain malformations, or mental retardation a single gene or causative condition has ... Many of the disorders studied early on including Alzheimer's, Huntington's and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are still at ...
Congenital disorders of nervous system, Neuronal migration disorders). ... Below, the mutations of LIS1 or DCX genes are discussed as they are most commonly linked to neuronal migration disorders ... One of the best known and most common types of neuronal migration disorders is lissencephaly, a diffuse cortical malformation ... Neuronal migration disorders are generally classified into three groups: lissencephaly/subcortical band heterotopia cobblestone ...
DOI: 10.1083/jcb.100.2.384 Hatten, M.E. (1999). Central nervous system neuronal migration. Annual Review of Neuroscience 22, ... Her research has implications for the genetics of brain disease, autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), attention deficit disorder ( ... the Hatten lab spearheaded the use of video imaging methods in viewing the dynamics of CNS neuronal migration along glial ... The researchers also proposed a mechanism by which ASTN2 plays a role in defecting lead to neurodevelopmental disorders such as ...
The KIAA0319 protein is expressed on the cell membrane and may be involved in neuronal migration. Furthermore, KIAA0319 follows ... Twin and family studies have shown a substantial genetic component to this disorder, with heritable variation estimated at 50 ... a novel gene involved in neuronal migration". Human Molecular Genetics. 15 (10): 1659-66. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl089. PMID 16600991 ... Gibson CJ, Gruen JR (2008). "The human lexinome: genes of language and reading". Journal of Communication Disorders. 41 (5): ...
Disorders of axonal projection and assembly are rarely pure, but closely related to neuronal migration genes. This notably ... As a result, neuronal migration syndromes are difficult to classify. The largest class of neuronal migration syndromes is ... it will be easier to come up with strategies to remedy disorders associated with neuronal migration, and to potentially repair ... lead the cell in migration, and terminate its migration. The function of the molecules that affect migration are not confined ...
... is a neuronal migration disorder, a developmental anomaly of the brain characterized by development of numerous ... Brain disorders, All stub articles, Nervous system disease stubs). ... small convolutions (microgyri), causing intellectual disability and/or other neurological disorders. It is present in a number ...
Congenital disorders of nervous system, Neuronal migration disorders, Tubulinopathies, Rare syndromes). ... Neuronal migration is the process by which neurons migrate to the final position in the brain during the development of the ... It is caused by defective neuronal migration during the 12th to 24th weeks of gestation resulting in a lack of development of ... The lack of gyri causing a smooth appearance of the cerebral cortex is due to abnormal neuronal migration in the developmental ...
... neuronal migration, axonal outgrowth, dendritic morphogenesis, and synapse development. Inheritance Pattern: the CDKL5 gene is ... CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) is a rare genetic disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the gene CDKL5. The symptoms of CDD ... Males: a mutation in the only copy of the gene causes the disorder. For the clinical diagnosis of CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder, ... "CDKL5-deficiency disorder". Orpha.net. Retrieved 22 June 2021. "Abcam and Loulou Foundation form CDKL5 deficiency disorder ...
Neuronal migration disorder (NMD) refers to a heterogenous group of disorders that, it is supposed, share the same ... The neuronal migration disorders are termed cerebral dysgenesis disorders, brain malformations caused by primary alterations ... ISBN 978-0-19-506442-1. "NINDS Neuronal Migration Disorders Information Page". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and ... Naumburg, E.; Strömberg, B.; Kieler, H. (2012). "Prenatal Characteristics of Infants with a Neuronal Migration Disorder: A ...
... On-line free medical diagnosis assistant. Ranked list of possible diseases from either several ...
Neuronal migration disorders are an heterogeneous group of disorders of nervous system development and they are considered to ... Neuronal migration disorders are an heterogeneous group of disorders of nervous system development and they are considered to ... New trends in neuronal migration disorders. Verrotti, Alberto;Spalice, Alberto;Ursitti, Fabiana;Papetti, Laura;Mariani, Rosanna ... Heterotopia is another important neuronal migration disorder. It is characterized by a cluster of disorganized neurons in ...
Neuronal Migration Disorders (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) * Periventricular Leukomalacia (National ... National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) Also in Spanish * Birth Disorders of the Brain and Spinal Cord ( ... Genetic brain disorders, which are caused by changes in genes (also called variants or mutations). These disorders can affect ... National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) * Klüver-Bucy Syndrome (National Institute of Neurological Disorders ...
... neuronal migration disorders (pachygyria, polymicrogyria, lissencephaly, and schizenchephaly), cerebellar hypoplasia, and white ... and certain metabolic disorders. The sudden increase in the number of infants born with microcephaly associated with cerebral ... and was associated in approximately one third of cases with evidence of cell migration abnormalities (e.g., lissencephaly, ...
... biochemical and serology tests for human health and Mendelian disorders, pharmacogenetic drug responses, somatic phenotypes, ... Neuronal Migration Disorder Panel. Blueprint Genetics Finland. 1. 58. *D Deletion/duplication analysis ...
Molecular genetics of neuronal migration disorders. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2011 Apr;11(2):171-8. doi: 10.1007/s11910-010- ... both of which are needed for neuronal migration. Without proper neuronal migration, neurons in the developing brain can be ... a process known as neuronal migration. Proper neuronal migration is essential for normal brain development and function. ... Spalice A, Parisi P, Nicita F, Pizzardi G, Del Balzo F, Iannetti P. Neuronal migration disorders: clinical, neuroradiologic and ...
... biochemical and serology tests for human health and Mendelian disorders, pharmacogenetic drug responses, somatic phenotypes, ... Neuronal Migration Disorders NGS Panel. Fulgent Genetics. United States. 392. 83. *D Deletion/duplication analysis ...
Schizencephaly is an uncommon disorder of neuronal migration characterized by a cerebrospinal fluid-filled cleft, which is ... New trends in neuronal migration disorders. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2009 Mar 3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Spalice A, Parisi P, Nicita F, Pizzardi G, Del Balzo F, Iannetti P. Neuronal migration disorders: clinical, neuroradiologic and ... Schizencephaly is an uncommon disorder of neuronal migration characterized by a cerebrospinal fluid-filled cleft, which is ...
Lissencephaly / neuronal migration disorders; Dendritogenesis and early cortical wiring; Reelin-Dab1 signaling; Adaptor ... Lissencephaly / neuronal migration disorders; Dendritogenesis and early cortical wiring; Reelin-Dab1 signaling; Adaptor ... Lissencephaly / neuronal migration disorders; Dendritogenesis and early cortical wiring; Reelin-Dab1 signaling; Adaptor ... Lissencephaly / neuronal migration disorders; Dendritogenesis and early cortical wiring; Reelin-Dab1 signaling; Adaptor ...
Bi-allelic CAMSAP1 variants cause a clinically recognizable neuronal migration disorder. Khalaf-Nazzal, R; Fasham, J; Inskeep, ... neurodegenerative disorders; undiagnosed genetic disorders; IRF2BPL-related disorders ... lysosomal storage disorders and metabolic disorders. I also work in neurogenetics and gene discovery. ... Loss of IRF2BPL impairs neuronal maintenance through excess Wnt signaling. Marcogliese, PC; Dutta, D; Ray, SS; Dang, ND P; Zuo ...
Disruption of neuronal migration can cause a myriad of neurological disorders. To investigate the functional consequences of ... Precise positioning of neurons resulting from cell division and migration during development is critical for normal brain ... Recognizing facial expressions of people with neurological disorders is essential because these people may have lost a ... Facial expression recognition for monitoring neurological disorders based on convolutional neural network ...
... decreased neuroblast density compatible with neuronal migration arrest and glial leptomeningeal heterotopy. Almost complete ... Severe Neurologic Disorders in 2 Fetuses with Zika Virus Infection, Colombia Jorge Acosta-Reyes. , Edgar Navarro, Maria José ... Severe Neurologic Disorders in 2 Fetuses with Zika Virus Infection, Colombia. ... decreased pattern of maturation/migration of cerebral cortex with edema and congestion; neuropil disruption with ...
... neuronal migration disorders (pachygyria, polymicrogyria, lissencephaly, and schizenchephaly), cerebellar hypoplasia, and white ... and certain metabolic disorders. The sudden increase in the number of infants born with microcephaly associated with cerebral ... and was associated in approximately one third of cases with evidence of cell migration abnormalities (e.g., lissencephaly, ...
Neuronal Migration Disorders [C10.500.507.750]. *Cobblestone Lissencephaly [C10.500.507.750.249]. *Congenital, Hereditary, and ... which results from migration of heterotopic neurons beyond the marginal zone into the leptomeninges through gaps in the ...
Trophic factors expressed by them promote neuronal survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration (20-23). Thus, these ... However, their ability to promote functional recovery in neurological disorders remains largely unknown. ... neuronal progenitor cells), βIII-tubulin (early neuronal cells), NeuN (mature neurons), GFAP (neural stem cells and astrocytes ... SHEDs inhibited neuronal and glial apoptosis after SCI. SCI-induced cell death is a major contributor to secondary injury, in ...
At the molecular level, we found that Cul3 controls neuronal migration by tightly regulating the amount of Plastin3 (Pls3), a ... De novo loss of function mutations in the ubiquitin ligase-encoding gene Cullin3 (CUL3) lead to autism spectrum disorder (ASD ... Here we show that Cul3 is essential to regulate neuronal migration and, therefore, constitutive Cul3 heterozygous mutant mice ... Here, the authors show that Cul3 is essential to regulate neuronal migration by tightly regulating Plastin3 (Pls3). Pls3 cell- ...
PH is a neurodevelopmental affliction thats characterized by an abnormal migration of neuronal cells. These cells end up ... Study opens new frontier for research into neurodevelopmental disorder The new research from the Faculty of Medicine could pave ... The disorder typically becomes apparent with recurrent seizures. It is genetically heterogenous, meaning that mutations in ... Armen Saghatelyan aimed to uncover the migratory mechanisms of grafted human neuronal progenitor cells derived from PH patients ...
N-cofilin molecule protects from neuronal disorders Many neuronal disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia and ... Scientists observe cell migration Johns Hopkins researchers have found a way to directly observe cell migration -- in real time ... lissencephaly - a form of mental retardation - result from abnormal migration of nerve cells during the development of the ...
Theoretically, several brain disorders can be modeled with the aid of human brain organoids, and hence the potential exists for ... Migraine is considered a brain disorder with neurological and non-neurological abnormalities and symptoms. Both genetic and ... assembloids have been applied to model interneuron migration and neuronal projections [61]. One interesting and important area ... Human Brain Organoids for Neurological Disorders. According to the latest global burden of diseases, neurological disorders are ...
N-cofilin is associated with neuronal migration disorders and cell cycle control in the cerebral cortex. Genes Dev 2007; 21: ... Okouchi M, Ekshyyan O, Maracine M, Aw TY . Neuronal apoptosis in neurodegeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9: 1059-1096. ... To prove that co-migration of n-cofilin and ADF indeed reflects a tight association with mitochondria and is no artifact ... Western blot analysis of protein fractions revealed co-migration of actin with n-cofilin and mitochondria. (c) Independence of ...
Spalice A, Parisi P, Nicita F, Pizzardi G, Del Balzo F, Iannetti P. Neuronal migration disorders: clinical, neuroradiologic and ... 14-3-3epsilon is important for neuronal migration by binding to NUDEL: a molecular explanation for Miller-Dieker syndrome. Nat ... Miller-Dieker syndrome appears to be a rare disorder, although its prevalence is unknown. ... What does it mean if a disorder seems to run in my family? ... Affected people typically have no history of the disorder in ...
... has experienced remarkable progress over the past three decades since emerging as a disorder of worldwide proportions, ... While RTT had long been considered to represent a disorder of neuronal function, very early studies had actually provided ... explaining the absence of abnormality in neuronal proliferation and migration at the cortical level. As MeCP2 expression in ... At the time, RTT was scarcely known outside of Europe, but with the 1983 publication in the Annals of Neurology this disorder ...
Bi-allelic CAMSAP1 variants cause a clinically recognizable neuronal migration disorder.. Non-centrosomal microtubules are ... Bi-allelic CAMSAP1 variants cause a clinically recognizable neuronal migration disorder. Am J Hum Genet, 109(11), 2068-2079.. ... syndromic neuronal migration disorder. The cardinal clinical features of the syndrome include a characteristic craniofacial ... Together our findings confirm a fundamental role of CAMSAP1 in neuronal migration and brain development and define bi-allelic ...
The X-linked Intellectual Disability Protein PHF6 Associates with the PAF1 Complex and Regulates Neuronal Migration in the ... Intellectual disability is a prevalent developmental disorder for which no effective treatments are available. Mutations of the ... Migraine is a common and debilitating neurovascular disorder with a complex envirogenomic aetiology. Numerous studies have ...
... will increasingly employ transgenic lines to more specifically query various aspects of neuronal specification and migration. ... She became interested in pursuing rare pediatric neurological disorders while working as a lab tech at the University of Utah. ... Her research focus is on the genetic mechanisms of craniofacial disorders and basal ganglia development. Outside of the lab, ... at a childrens respite care facility which inspired her to attend graduate school to study rare pediatric brain disorders. ...
Drug Discovery for Nervous System Disorders (R21) PAR-13-049. NIMH ... such as processes associated with neuronal dysfunction, growth, migration, plasticity, death, and loss of connectivity, by ... The goal is to advance new, innovative, and effective therapies for the prevention and treatment of nervous system disorders. ... Assessment of efficacy using cell-based assays and/or preclinical models of a nervous system disorder. ...
With the use of CT, new and exotic illnesses were defined, such as disorders in neuronal migration, that eventually would ... such as dysgenesis of the corpus callosum and disorders of neuronal migration. As in the previous 5-year period when many ... Barkovich AJ, Chuang SH, Norman D. MR of neuronal migration anomalies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1987;8:1009-1018. ... MR imaging of Kallmann syndrome, a genetic disorder of migration affecting the olfactory and genital systems. AJNR Am J ...
Neuronal proliferation, migration, organization, and myelination. In: Volpe JJ, ed.Neurology of the Newborn. 4th ed. ... PMG is believed to result from a developmental disorder or injury that occurs between 17 and 25 or 26 weeks gestation (5), ... toward the end of the period of neuronal migration and the early phase of cortical organization (1). Several syndromes have ... Cell migration and cerebral cortical development.Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2001;27:22-28. ...
... loss-of-function FLNA mutations manifest as disorders of neuronal migration, also leading to early prenatal death in male ... Germline FLNA missense mutations are associated with otopalatodigital syndrome (OPD) spectrum of skeletal disorders. OPD is X- ... dysplasias due to filamin A mutations result from a gain-of-function mechanism distinct from allelic neurological disorders.. ...
  • PAF is thought to be involved in directing the movement (migration) of nerve cells (neurons), a process known as neuronal migration. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The neurons stop their migration process in areas of the brain where they are not supposed to be and form band-like clusters of tissue. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Without proper neuronal migration, neurons in the developing brain can be misplaced, leading to the neurological problems in subcortical band heterotopia. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The smooth pebbled appearance of the CEREBRAL CORTEX with a thickened cortex and reduced and abnormal white matter, which results from migration of heterotopic neurons beyond the marginal zone into the leptomeninges through gaps in the external BASEMENT MEMBRANE. (harvard.edu)
  • CLOCK regulates genes linked to cognitive disorders, and has an important role in human neuronal migration - the process by which neurons born in other parts of the brain travel to the appropriate neural circuits. (cshlpress.com)
  • In these experiments, neurons normally destined for the upper neocortical laminæ were transfected on embryonic day (E) 15.5, and we designed experiments to test whether these migration phenotypes were the result of targeting a specific type of projection neuron. (nih.gov)
  • The scientists tested the model predictions experimentally by investigating how cell migration, neurite outgrowth and activity interact in developing networks of cultured rat cortical neurons. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The layered structure is created during development by migration of young post-mitotic neurons along glial fibers from the proliferative zones lining the ventricles to the outer layers of the developing cortical plate (CP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The post-mitotic neurons follow an ordered inside-out pattern of migration were young neurons migrate past their predecessors to their correct position in more superficial layers of the CP [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The post-mitotic neurons derived from the radial progenitors in the subventricular zone begin their migration at the normal developmental stage and proceed as far as the intermediate zone. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We are interested in addressing a broad range of topics, from neuronal migration, axon and dendritic development, synapse formation, circuitry integration to plasticity of developing neurons, and functional regeneration of mature neurons. (upenn.edu)
  • Precise positioning of neurons resulting from cell division and migration during development is critical for normal brain function. (missouri.edu)
  • To investigate the functional consequences of defective neuronal positioning on circuit function, we studied a zebrafish frizzled3a (fzd3a) loss-of-function mutant off-limits (olt) where the facial branchiomotor (FBM) neurons fail to migrate out of their birthplace. (missouri.edu)
  • These data show that aberrant positioning of FBM neurons in olt mutants is correlated with subtle defects in fasciculation and neuronal activity, potentially generating defective functional outputs. (missouri.edu)
  • Parkinson's Disease is a neurodegenerative disorder where the dopamine producing neurons in the ventral mesencephalon (VM) progressively die and result in symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, slowness and difficulties in initiating movements. (lu.se)
  • Implantable electrodes for long term monitoring and interaction with multiple neurons have the potential to provide such information but will only be useful if truly biocompatible, i.e. if they themselves do not cause significant tissue reactions such as inflammation, neuronal loss and glial encapsulation. (lu.se)
  • These additional characteristics include abnormal facies, cleft lip and palate, vertebral body abnormalities, and abnormalities of neuronal migration. (medscape.com)
  • In these patients, GnRH deficiency and anosmia are believed to be secondary to abnormalities of neuronal migration during development. (medscape.com)
  • Defects in genes that are involved in neuronal migration have been associated with NMDs, but the role they play in the development of these disorders is not yet well understood. (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, we found that CRISPR-mediated activation of Cul3 transcription fully rescues neural cell migration defects. (nature.com)
  • Consequently, several human diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, are caused by defects in this highly regulated form of cell death. (nature.com)
  • Defects in this migration process lead to a range of cognitive disorders. (cshlpress.com)
  • The team will manipulate CLOCK in these tissues and document changes in function, such as defects in neuronal migration or the development of other cell types. (cshlpress.com)
  • Defects in these processes lead to neurodevelopmental disorders and represent a major cause of developmental disabilities and severe epilepsies. (mpg.de)
  • Germline and somatic mutations in cortical malformations: Molecular defects in Argentinean patients with neuronal migration disorders. (cdc.gov)
  • In at least some cases, gene defects, localized to the X chromosome in the X-linked form of the disorder and termed the KALIG-1 (Kallmann syndrome interval gene 1) gene, have been found in the adhesion proteins facilitating this neuronal migration. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cerebellar migration defects in aicardi syndrome: an extension of the neuropathological spectrum. (medscape.com)
  • Here we show that Cul3 is essential to regulate neuronal migration and, therefore, constitutive Cul3 heterozygous mutant mice display cortical lamination abnormalities. (nature.com)
  • Here, we show that Cul3 is required during brain development to regulate neuronal migration and thus precisely assemble the cerebral cortex. (nature.com)
  • Genetic studies of human malformation and mutant mice with deficient neuronal migration have played an integral role in unveiling the existence of signalling pathways that regulate neuronal migration and neuronal detachment from the glial fibers [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The prognosis for children with NMDs varies depending on the specific disorder and the degree of brain abnormality and subsequent neurological signs and symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (wikipedia.org)
  • Human brain organoids are used for understanding pathogenesis and investigating therapeutic options for neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative, and neurological disorders. (mdpi.com)
  • Then researchers found another mutation in a gene called Reelin which is linked to neurological diseases such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. (medicaldiscoverynews.com)
  • Research in Dr. Guo-li Ming's laboratory centers on understanding molecular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopment and how its dysregulation may contribute to developmental neurological disorders. (upenn.edu)
  • Disruption of neuronal migration can cause a myriad of neurological disorders. (missouri.edu)
  • Concern (PHEIC) because of clusters of microcephaly and other neurological disorders in some areas affected by Zika. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, ongoing work aims at developing a new generation of biocompatible electrodes for highly specific and personalized deep brain stimulation to be used to treat neurological disorders such as chronic pain, motor disorders and epilepsy. (lu.se)
  • Genetic brain disorders , which are caused by changes in genes (also called variants or mutations). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Embryonic knockdown of the function of homologs of these genes in rat neocortical projection cell progenitors by in utero electroporation of plasmids encoding small hairpin RNA (shRNA) revealed that all three genes disrupted neuronal migration to the neocortex. (nih.gov)
  • Additionally, it was revealed that the most relevant genes are involved in biological processes related to signal transduction, positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters, chemical synaptic transmission, response to drugs, ion transmembrane transport, nervous system development, cell adhesion, and neuron migration. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lissencephaly Microlissencephaly Schizencephaly Porencephaly Pachygyria Polymicrogyria Agyria Macrogyria Microgyria Micropolygyria Grey matter heterotopia Agenesis of the corpus callosum Agenesis of the cranial nerves Band heterotopias Focal cortical dysplasia, Miller-Dieker syndrome, muscle-brain-eye syndrome [de], Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy and Walker-Warburg syndrome are genetic disorders associated with lissencephaly. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many neuronal disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia and lissencephaly - a form of mental retardation - result from abnormal migration of nerve cells during the development of the brain. (news-medical.net)
  • Cytoskeleton in action: lissencephaly, a neuronal migration disorder. (nih.gov)
  • De novo loss of function mutations in the ubiquitin ligase-encoding gene Cullin3 ( CUL3) lead to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). (nature.com)
  • Rett syndrome (RTT) has experienced remarkable progress over the past three decades since emerging as a disorder of worldwide proportions, particularly with discovery of the linkage of RTT to MECP2 mutations. (hindawi.com)
  • Germline FLNA missense mutations are associated with otopalatodigital syndrome (OPD) spectrum of skeletal disorders. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • 2009). On the other hand, loss-of-function FLNA mutations manifest as disorders of neuronal migration, also leading to early prenatal death in male patients (Kasper et al. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • Neuronal migration disorder (NMD) refers to a heterogenous group of disorders that, it is supposed, share the same etiopathological mechanism: a variable degree of disruption in the migration of neuroblasts during neurogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurogenesis and neuronal migration are fundamental steps in the development of the brain. (mpg.de)
  • A peak in Reelin mRNA and protein expression is present during the period of major neurogenesis and neuronal migration. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, we found that Pls3 cell-autonomously regulates cell migration by regulating actin cytoskeleton organization, and its levels are inversely proportional to neural migration speed. (nature.com)
  • To modulate cell migration in these networks they manipulated an enzyme that is centrally involved in the regulation of the neuronal cytoskeleton. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Abnormal migration ultimately results in abnormal gyral formation. (wikipedia.org)
  • More than 25 syndromes resulting from abnormal neuronal migration have been described. (wikipedia.org)
  • The abnormal PAFAH1B1 protein is less able to interact with microtubules and to attach (bind) to other subunits to form the PAFAH1B complex, both of which are needed for neuronal migration. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A rare, genetic, non-syndromic cerebral malformation due to abnormal neuronal migration disease characterized by the association of cortical dysplasia and pontocerebellar hypoplasia, manifesting with global developmental delay, mild to severe intellectual disability, axial hypotonia, strabismus, nystagmus and, occasionally, optic nerve hypoplasia. (orpha.net)
  • 17.Kostovic I, Sedmak G, Vuksic M, Judas M. The relevance of human fetal subplate zone for developmental neuropathology of neuronal migration disorders and cortical dysplasia. (bvsalud.org)
  • The reelin gene is a strong candidate in the etiology of several psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorders, and autism spectrum disorders. (frontiersin.org)
  • When trying to understand prevalent brain disorders such as autism and schizophrenia, a natural question to ask is: where is the most productive level of neuroscientific investigation? (biorxiv.org)
  • First proposed as a model for autism ( Rubenstein and Merzenich, 2003 ), the concept has since been applied to many other brain disorders, including Schizophrenia, Rett syndrome, fragile-X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, and Angelman Syndrome. (biorxiv.org)
  • Schizophrenia is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by the presence of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized behavior, and an array of negative symptoms (e.g., flattened affect, reduced motivation) and cognitive deficits. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The study indicated that there might be an impact of low or subnormal maternal BMI before and during pregnancy, maternal infection, such as rubella, and maternal smoking on fetal brain development, including neuronal migration. (wikipedia.org)
  • Through understanding functional recovery in terms of neuronal subtype and connectivity, the work presented in this thesis aims to bring the prospect of CRT closer to the clinic, I also describe the generation of a very promising alternative cell source that could rival fetal tissue. (lu.se)
  • These data indicate that reelin is necessary for the correct maturation and refinement of GABAergic synaptic circuits in the postnatal PFC and therefore provide a mechanism for altered E/I balance of prefrontal circuits associated with psychiatric disorders. (frontiersin.org)
  • Reelin is a signaling glycoprotein ( Bock and May, 2016 ) serving multiple functions in the brain throughout life which has also emerged as a psychiatric risk factor in a wide spectrum of psychiatric disorders ( Folsom and Fatemi, 2013 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • A significant contribution of reelin to the etiology of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders has been proposed based on evidences of the pleiotropic roles of reelin in adult and developing brain together with patients' data showing alteration in reelin levels ( Folsom and Fatemi, 2013 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In order to establish an animal model for neuronal migration disorders in the pig, we have studied the expression pattern and structure of Reelin during pig brain development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We conclude that the pig might serve as an alternative animal model to study Reelin functions and that manipulation of the pig Reelin could allow the establishment of an animal model for human neuronal migration disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Reelin pathway is one of the most intensively studied pathways involved in neuronal migration. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Society commends his insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuronal proliferation, migration, and synaptogenesis that occur during the evolution of the cerebral cortex. (yale.edu)
  • In addition, serotonin acts as a developmental signal during critical periods of prenatal development, influencing processes such as neuronal proliferation, migration, and synaptogenesis (Gaspar et al. (vuw.ac.nz)
  • Elucidate the structure, dynamics and functions of intrinsically disordered proteins and protein regions (IDPs/IDRs) and their biological regulation by Post-translational modifications. (upstate.edu)
  • Medications are used to treat the symptoms that arise from this disorder, like epilepsy, gait disorder, muscle weakness, etc. (ndtv.com)
  • Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape 2021 3 23 (2): 392-396. (cdc.gov)
  • Serotonin is an important neurotransmitter that regulates a range of processes within the brain and is implicated in several psychiatric disorders. (vuw.ac.nz)
  • In order to understand the biological mechanisms and therefore identify potential therapies for neurodevelopmental disorders, we need to first discover the regulation of all processes of brain development. (mpg.de)
  • Proper cortical layering calls for highly synchronized processes of neuronal genesis, migration and maturation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A leading theory holds that neurodevelopmental brain disorders arise from imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) brain circuitry. (biorxiv.org)
  • Can the transplants reform damaged neuronal circuitry? (lu.se)
  • Moreover, interference with rat Kiaa0319 expression in utero leads to impaired neuronal migration in the developing cerebral neocortex. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These data suggest a direct link between a specific genetic background and a biological mechanism leading to the development of dyslexia: the risk haplotype on chromosome 6p22.2 down-regulates the KIAA0319 gene which is required for neuronal migration during the formation of the cerebral neocortex. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Proper neuronal migration is essential for normal brain development and function. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Proper neuronal migration and laminar formation during corticogenesis is essential for normal brain function. (medicaldiscoverynews.com)
  • Intellectual disability is a prevalent developmental disorder for which no effective treatments are available. (harvard.edu)
  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly associated with developmental dyslexia (DD), which are both prevalent and complicated pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders that have a significant influence on children's learning and development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and developmental dyslexia (DD) are both prevalent and complicated pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders that have a significant influence on children's learning and development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dyslexia is one of the most prevalent childhood cognitive disorders, affecting approximately 5% of school-age children. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The underlying self-organization process is regulated by neuronal activity but the detailed mechanisms are still poorly understood. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We combine human brain organoids and animal models to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing brain development and altered in neurodevelopmental disorders. (mpg.de)
  • These disorders can affect the development and function of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Another area of research, which ties to development of new treatments, is characterizing the longitudinal history of new disorders, such as a new condition related to changes in the IRF2BPL gene. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Altogether, our analysis highlights a pivotal role for Cul3 in brain development, identifies a new player of neuronal migration, and provides a proof of concept of CRISPR-mediated rescue of an ASD-linked genetic defect. (nature.com)
  • With the wealth of potential new drug targets, the opportunity exists to accelerate the process of drug discovery and development to make quantum leaps toward novel and effective treatments for mental disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, and nervous system disorders associated with aging. (nih.gov)
  • The identification of the molecular components underlying this prolonged postnatal development is necessary to understand the synaptic properties of defective circuits participating in these psychiatric disorders. (frontiersin.org)
  • Based on in vitro studies and computational modeling, neuroscientists have now made an important contribution to the understanding of brain networks and their development: in their current study, they show how neuronal outgrowth and migration interact in shaping network architecture and the degree of modularity in mature networks. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Based on in vitro studies and computational modeling, neuroscientists Dr. Samora Okujeni and Prof. Dr. Ulrich Egert from the Bernstein Center Freiburg now made an important contribution to the understanding of brain networks and their development: in their current study, they show how neuronal outgrowth and migration interact in shaping network architecture and the degree of modularity in mature networks. (sciencedaily.com)
  • During that time, she volunteered at a children's respite care facility which inspired her to attend graduate school to study rare pediatric brain disorders. (nationwidechildrens.org)
  • However, it is unclear whether this onedimensional model is rich enough to capture the multiple neural circuit alterations underlying brain disorders. (biorxiv.org)
  • This circuit-level viewpoint argues for a reverse-engineering approach to tackling brain disorders: rather than start at the molecular level and working up, we should instead start by asking how cognitive and behavioral symptoms manifest as alterations at the circuit level, then interpret these changes at the levels of cells, synapses, and molecules as appropriate. (biorxiv.org)
  • One prominent circuit-level hypothesis for brain disorders has been the idea of an imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory signaling. (biorxiv.org)
  • He has shown that axons, synapses and neurotransmitters are overproduced before declining to adult levels by a process of competitive selective elimination, and added insight into genetic and environmental causes of congenital brain disorders. (yale.edu)
  • However, there is some controversy in the terminology because virtually any malformation will involve neuroblast migration, either primarily or secondarily. (wikipedia.org)
  • His attempts to raise awareness of this observation among physicians in Europe met with little success in creating interest in expanding understanding of this unique neurodevelopmental disorder. (hindawi.com)
  • To test for anxiety and depression phenotypes, the novel affective disorder test (ADT) was used to assess anxiety behaviour and the deficits in anticipatory pleasure indicative of anhedonia. (vuw.ac.nz)
  • In particular, we found that Cul3 controls the abundance of Plastin 3 (Pls3), a novel player of neural cell migration, whose amount is inversely proportional to neural cell migration speed. (nature.com)
  • Johns Hopkins researchers have found a way to directly observe cell migration -- in real time and in living tissue. (news-medical.net)
  • As in their simulations, cell migration and clustering likewise promoted modular connectivity in vitro. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Reasons for internal migration of plastic bile duct stents and there methods of retrieval. (who.int)
  • As a clinical geneticist, I work with children who have rare and orphan diseases, lysosomal storage disorders and metabolic disorders. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • NMDs occur in the instance that 1) neuroblasts do not migrate from all of the ventricles or migrate only part of the way, 2) only some of the neuroblasts reach the cortical layer, 3) neuroblasts overshoot the appropriate cortical layer and protrude into the subarachnoid space, or 4) the late stage organization of the neuronal layer in the cortex is disrupted. (wikipedia.org)
  • PMG is believed to result from a developmental disorder or injury that occurs between 17 and 25 or 26 weeks' gestation ( 5 ), toward the end of the period of neuronal migration and the early phase of cortical organization ( 1 ). (ajnr.org)
  • Significant advances in neuroscience, genetics, and basic behavioral science, together with technological developments, have provided a rich knowledge base for identifying new molecular targets for drug discovery, and developing rational pharmacotherapies for the treatment of a wide variety of nervous system disorders. (nih.gov)
  • Shane Grealish: Cell Replacement Therapy for Parkinson's Disease: The Importance of Neuronal Subtype, Cell Source and Connectivity for Functional Recovery. (lu.se)
  • Multiple studies since Dr. Takahashi's finding have suggested links between CLOCK function and health issues such as cancer, cognitive disorders, and depression. (cshlpress.com)
  • Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by motor deficits such as slowness in movement, difficulty in initiating movement and tremor at rest. (lu.se)
  • In computer simulations we show that migration and neurite outgrowth may interact to shape specific mesoscale network architectures" says Samora Okujeni. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Miller-Dieker syndrome appears to be a rare disorder, although its prevalence is unknown. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Individuals with Miller-Dieker syndrome who inherit an unbalanced translocation are missing genetic material from the short arm of chromosome 17, which results in the health problems characteristic of this disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Shortly thereafter in 1981, Hagberg had a chance meeting with Rett in Toronto and following this discussion elected to name the disorder Rett syndrome. (hindawi.com)
  • The proliferative vasculopathy and hydranencephaly-hydrocephaly syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive prenatally lethal disorder characterized by hydranencephaly, a distinctive glomerular vasculopathy in the central nervous system and retina, and diffuse ischemic lesions of the brain stem, basal ganglia, and spinal cord with calcifications. (mendelian.co)
  • Aicardi syndrome is thought to be an X-linked dominant disorder lethal to males. (medscape.com)
  • Study of Selected X-Linked Disorders: Aicardi Syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Developmental dyslexia is a language learning disorder that affects approximately 4-10% of the population. (nih.gov)
  • Neuronal migration, which occurs as early as the second month of gestation, is controlled by a complex assortment of chemical guides and signals. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aim of this thesis was to understand how particular factors such as neuronal content, placement and cell source, affect functional outcome after transplantation into the rodent brain. (lu.se)
  • The past decade has seen a major effort to elucidate the genetic underpinnings of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). (nature.com)
  • It is widely assumed among researchers that neuronal growth is hereby controlled to stabilize neuronal activity at a specific target level. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Migraine is a common and debilitating neurovascular disorder with a complex envirogenomic aetiology. (harvard.edu)
  • A STUDY TO CHECK THE ROLE OF HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICINES IN STRESS MANAGEMENT OF MIGRANTS (human migration involves the moments of people from one place to another with intention of settling permanently or temporarily at the new location) STUDYING IN DEGREE COLLEGES. (who.int)
  • At a gathering of child neurologists in Europe near the end of the 1970s, Hagberg became aware of this change in the association of these clinical features and hyperammonemia, realized that they were observing the same disorder, and planned together with Jean Aicardi, Karin Dias, and Ovidio Ramos to publish their own combined experiences. (hindawi.com)