Diseases of the oculomotor nerve or nucleus that result in weakness or paralysis of the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, or levator palpebrae muscles, or impaired parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. With a complete oculomotor palsy, the eyelid will be paralyzed, the eye will be in an abducted and inferior position, and the pupil will be markedly dilated. Commonly associated conditions include neoplasms, CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, ischemia (especially in association with DIABETES MELLITUS), and aneurysmal compression. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p270)
The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain.
Traumatic injuries to the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. This may result in various eye movement dysfunction.
Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.
Diseases of the first cranial (olfactory) nerve, which usually feature anosmia or other alterations in the sense of smell and taste. Anosmia may be associated with NEOPLASMS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; inherited conditions; toxins; METABOLIC DISEASES; tobacco abuse; and other conditions. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp229-31)
Paralysis of one or more of the ocular muscles due to disorders of the eye muscles, neuromuscular junction, supporting soft tissue, tendons, or innervation to the muscles.
Diseases of the tenth cranial nerve, including brain stem lesions involving its nuclei (solitary, ambiguus, and dorsal motor), nerve fascicles, and intracranial and extracranial course. Clinical manifestations may include dysphagia, vocal cord weakness, and alterations of parasympathetic tone in the thorax and abdomen.
Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.
The 4th cranial nerve. The trochlear nerve carries the motor innervation of the superior oblique muscles of the eye.
Diseases of the sixth cranial (abducens) nerve or its nucleus in the pons. The nerve may be injured along its course in the pons, intracranially as it travels along the base of the brain, in the cavernous sinus, or at the level of superior orbital fissure or orbit. Dysfunction of the nerve causes lateral rectus muscle weakness, resulting in horizontal diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is abducted and ESOTROPIA. Common conditions associated with nerve injury include INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ISCHEMIA; and INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS.
The 6th cranial nerve which originates in the ABDUCENS NUCLEUS of the PONS and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the EYE. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control.
Unequal pupil size, which may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestation of disease. Pathologic anisocoria reflects an abnormality in the musculature of the iris (IRIS DISEASES) or in the parasympathetic or sympathetic pathways that innervate the pupil. Physiologic anisocoria refers to an asymmetry of pupil diameter, usually less than 2mm, that is not associated with disease.
'Ink,' when used in a medical context, typically refers to a dark watery substance used in diagnostic procedures like Schirmer's test for measuring tear production or in certain artistic applications like tattooing, which is not to be confused with the pharmaceutical or medicinal usage of the term 'ink' that relates to a preparation intended for internal use.
Diseases of the twelfth cranial (hypoglossal) nerve or nuclei. The nuclei and fascicles of the nerve are located in the medulla, and the nerve exits the skull via the hypoglossal foramen and innervates the muscles of the tongue. Lower brain stem diseases, including ischemia and MOTOR NEURON DISEASES may affect the nuclei or nerve fascicles. The nerve may also be injured by diseases of the posterior fossa or skull base. Clinical manifestations include unilateral weakness of tongue musculature and lingual dysarthria, with deviation of the tongue towards the side of weakness upon attempted protrusion.
Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.
Nerve fibers which project from parasympathetic ganglia to synapses on target organs. Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers use acetylcholine as transmitter. They may also release peptide cotransmitters.
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE, including the branches of COCHLEAR NERVE and VESTIBULAR NERVE. Common examples are VESTIBULAR NEURITIS, cochlear neuritis, and ACOUSTIC NEUROMA. Clinical signs are varying degree of HEARING LOSS; VERTIGO; and TINNITUS.
Diseases of the ninth cranial (glossopharyngeal) nerve or its nuclei in the medulla. The nerve may be injured by diseases affecting the lower brain stem, floor of the posterior fossa, jugular foramen, or the nerve's extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include loss of sensation from the pharynx, decreased salivation, and syncope. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia refers to a condition that features recurrent unilateral sharp pain in the tongue, angle of the jaw, external auditory meatus and throat that may be associated with SYNCOPE. Episodes may be triggered by cough, sneeze, swallowing, or pressure on the tragus of the ear. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1390)
Filarial infection of the eyes transmitted from person to person by bites of Onchocerca volvulus-infected black flies. The microfilariae of Onchocerca are thus deposited beneath the skin. They migrate through various tissues including the eye. Those persons infected have impaired vision and up to 20% are blind. The incidence of eye lesions has been reported to be as high as 30% in Central America and parts of Africa.
Diseases of the trigeminal nerve or its nuclei, which are located in the pons and medulla. The nerve is composed of three divisions: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular, which provide sensory innervation to structures of the face, sinuses, and portions of the cranial vault. The mandibular nerve also innervates muscles of mastication. Clinical features include loss of facial and intra-oral sensation and weakness of jaw closure. Common conditions affecting the nerve include brain stem ischemia, INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS, and TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA.
Diseases of the eleventh cranial (spinal accessory) nerve. This nerve originates from motor neurons in the lower medulla (accessory portion of nerve) and upper spinal cord (spinal portion of nerve). The two components of the nerve join and exit the skull via the jugular foramen, innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, which become weak or paralyzed if the nerve is injured. The nerve is commonly involved in MOTOR NEURON DISEASE, and may be injured by trauma to the posterior triangle of the neck.
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.
Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation.
The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.
Benign and malignant neoplasms that arise from one or more of the twelve cranial nerves.
A polygonal anastomosis at the base of the brain formed by the internal carotid (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL), proximal parts of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries (ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), the anterior communicating artery and the posterior communicating arteries.
Mechanical compression of nerves or nerve roots from internal or external causes. These may result in a conduction block to nerve impulses (due to MYELIN SHEATH dysfunction) or axonal loss. The nerve and nerve sheath injuries may be caused by ISCHEMIA; INFLAMMATION; or a direct mechanical effect.
Diseases of the fourth cranial (trochlear) nerve or its nucleus in the midbrain. The nerve crosses as it exits the midbrain dorsally and may be injured along its course through the intracranial space, cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, or orbit. Clinical manifestations include weakness of the superior oblique muscle which causes vertical DIPLOPIA that is maximal when the affected eye is adducted and directed inferiorly. Head tilt may be seen as a compensatory mechanism for diplopia and rotation of the visual axis. Common etiologies include CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS.
An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone.
Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks.
Constriction of the pupil in response to light stimulation of the retina. It refers also to any reflex involving the iris, with resultant alteration of the diameter of the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).
A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction.
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841)
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with delayed onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.
The aperture in the iris through which light passes.
The dense rock-like part of temporal bone that contains the INNER EAR. Petrous bone is located at the base of the skull. Sometimes it is combined with the MASTOID PROCESS and called petromastoid part of temporal bone.
The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system, including the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia in the cranial region and intrinsic (terminal) ganglia associated with target organs in the thorax and abdomen.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)
Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the anterior part of the brain, the eye and its appendages, the forehead and nose.

Resolution of third nerve paresis after endovascular management of aneurysms of the posterior communicating artery. (1/115)

The effect of endovascular treatment on the recovery of neural function in patients with third nerve palsy caused by an aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery is poorly documented. We report three cases in which third nerve paresis resolved completely within 2 to 3 weeks of endovascular occlusion of a posterior communicating artery aneurysm.  (+info)

Results following treatment of third cranial nerve palsy in children. (2/115)

PURPOSE: To investigate the etiology, sensory, motor, and cosmetic results of treatment for oculomotor (CNIII) palsy in children. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of the clinical records of children with a diagnosis of CNIII palsy who were followed up in our practice between 1981 and 1996. RESULTS: During the 15-year period, 49 children with 53 affected eyes were followed for a mean of 5.5 years. CNIII palsy was congenital in one third of cases and secondary to postnatal trauma in another third. Thirty-three of the eyes were affected before visual maturation (age 8 years) and 27 eyes developed amblyopia. None of the 6 eyes with amblyopia in which visual acuity could be quantitated had measurable improvement of Snellen acuity after treatment. Overall, visual acuity was between 6/5 and 6/12 at the last follow-up visit in 56% of affected eyes. Ocular alignment was greatly improved after recess-resect procedures on the horizontal rectus muscles, but binocular function was difficult to preserve or restore. Blepharoptosis improved after levator palpebrae muscle resection or eyelid suspension procedures. CONCLUSIONS: CNIII palsy may undergo partial resolution in children, but surgical treatment is frequently necessary. Although surgery can result in cosmetically acceptable alignment of the eyes, it rarely results in restoration or achievement of binocular function. Multiple procedures are often necessary to maintain good ocular alignment. Several surgical procedures may be needed to correct related blepharoptosis and maintain an acceptable eyelid position. Treatment of amblyopia is only effective in maintaining the level of visual acuity present at the onset of the CNIII palsy, and improvement in acuity is difficult to achieve.  (+info)

Aggravation of brainstem symptoms caused by a large superior cerebellar artery aneurysm after embolization by Guglielmi detachable coils--case report. (3/115)

An 81-year-old male presented with right oculomotor nerve paresis and left hemiparesis caused by a mass effect of a large superior cerebellar artery aneurysm. Endovascular treatment was performed using Guglielmi detachable coils. The patient subsequently suffered aggravation of the mass effect 3 weeks after the embolization. Bilateral vertebral artery occlusion was performed, which decreased the cerebral edema surrounding the aneurysm, but his neurological symptoms did not improve. Parent artery occlusion is recommended as the first choice of treatment for an unclippable large or giant aneurysm causing a mass effect on the brainstem.  (+info)

Bilateral chronic subdural hematomas resulting in unilateral oculomotor nerve paresis and brain stem symptoms after operation--case report. (4/115)

An 85-year-old male presented with bilateral chronic subdural hematomas (CSDHs) resulting in unilateral oculomotor nerve paresis and brainstem symptoms immediately after removal of both hematomas in a single operation. Initial computed tomography on admission demonstrated marked thick bilateral hematomas buckling the brain parenchyma with a minimal midline shift. Almost simultaneous removal of the hematomas was performed with the left side was decompressed first with a time difference of at most 2 minutes. However, the patient developed right oculomotor nerve paresis, left hemiparesis, and consciousness disturbance after the operation. The relatively marked increase in pressure on the right side may have caused transient unilateral brain stem compression and herniation of unilateral medial temporal lobe during the short time between the right and left procedures. Another factor was the vulnerability of the oculomotor nerve resulting from posterior replacement of the brain stem and stretching of the oculomotor nerves as seen on sagittal magnetic resonance (MR) images. Axial MR images obtained at the same time demonstrated medial deflection of the distal oculomotor nerve after crossing the posterior cerebral artery, which indicates previous transient compression of the nerve and the brain stem. Gradual and symmetrical decompression without time lag is recommended for the treatment of huge bilateral CSDHs.  (+info)

Cavernous sinus syndrome associated with nonsecretory myeloma. (5/115)

The case of a 53-year-old man who developed cavernous sinus syndrome (CSS) four years after being diagnosed as having nonsecretory myeloma is described. He was admitted with diplopia and dull pain over the right infraorbital and zygomatic region in June 1997. The cause of CSS was the intracranial involvement of myeloma, which was diagnosed by fiberscopic biopsy. The results of endocrinologic evaluation were almost normal. The response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy was mild. CSS caused by nonsecretory myeloma is rare and its prognosis is poor. More aggressive chemotherapy with stem cell support may be indicated.  (+info)

Mild head injury with isolated third nerve palsy. (6/115)

Traumatic isolated cranial nerve palsies are uncommon and when they do occur, they are usually associated with severe head trauma. Cranial nerve palsy associated with mild head injury is rare. A case is reported of complete left third nerve palsy associated with mild head injury. The rate of recovery for complete third nerve palsy is slow and prolonged. The ptosis recovered in 10 months; the divergent squint required botulinum toxin to the lateral rectus muscle followed by surgery.  (+info)

Giant ocular nerve neurofibroma of the cavernous sinus: a series of 5 cases. (7/115)

Five cases of giant cavernous sinus neurofibroma arising from the ocular cranial nerves are reported. These patients collected over a period of 5 years consisted of 3 males and 2 females with an age range of 9 to 40 years and a mean of 20.6 years. Clinically, all patients presented with ocular palsies over a long period (mean 3.4 years). All of them underwent a frontotemporal craniotomy along with an orbito-zygomatic osteotomy and excision of the tumour. In patients with extension of the tumour into the orbit, the superior orbital fissure was drilled, the tenon's capsule was cut and the intraorbital portion was excised. The management of these tumours is discussed and the literature reviewed.  (+info)

Oculomotor nerve teratoma. (8/115)

The case of a rare, mature teratoma of the oculomotor nerve manifesting as an interpeduncular cistern mass is presented. A basilar tip aneurysm initially was suspected on the basis of lesion location and MR imaging appearance. Subsequent CT and catheter angiography studies were atypical for aneurysm, leading to surgical biopsy. Pathologic analysis revealed a well-circumscribed mass composed of mature representatives of all three major cell lines characteristic of mature teratoma. The imaging findings are described, and a brief literature review is provided.  (+info)

The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve (CN III), is responsible for controlling several important eye movements and functions. Oculomotor nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and can lead to various symptoms related to eye movement and function. Here's a medical definition of oculomotor nerve diseases:

Oculomotor nerve diseases are a group of medical disorders characterized by the dysfunction or damage to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), resulting in impaired eye movements, abnormalities in pupillary response, and potential effects on eyelid position. These conditions can be congenital, acquired, or traumatic in nature and may lead to partial or complete paralysis of the nerve. Common oculomotor nerve diseases include oculomotor nerve palsy, third nerve ganglionopathies, and compressive oculomotor neuropathies caused by various pathologies such as aneurysms, tumors, or infections.

The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve (CN III), is a motor nerve that originates from the midbrain. It controls the majority of the eye muscles, including the levator palpebrae superioris muscle that raises the upper eyelid, and the extraocular muscles that enable various movements of the eye such as looking upward, downward, inward, and outward. Additionally, it carries parasympathetic fibers responsible for pupillary constriction and accommodation (focusing on near objects). Damage to this nerve can result in various ocular motor disorders, including strabismus, ptosis, and pupillary abnormalities.

Oculomotor nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve (CN III). This nerve originates in the midbrain and controls several important functions of the eye. These functions include:

1. Constriction of the pupil (parasympathetic function)
2. Elevation of the eyelid (levator palpebrae superioris muscle)
3. Movement of the eye inward (medial rectus muscle), upward (superior rectus muscle), and downward (inferior rectus muscle)
4. Rotation of the eye outward (inferior oblique muscle) when looking downward

Injuries to the oculomotor nerve can result in various symptoms, such as:

1. Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid)
2. Diplopia (double vision) due to misalignment of the eyes
3. Mydriasis (dilated pupil) on the affected side
4. Poor or absent convergence (inability to bring both eyes inward to focus on a nearby object)
5. Eyeball position may be turned down and out (known as "down and out" position)

Oculomotor nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as head trauma, aneurysms, tumors, or other neurological conditions. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the injury and may include surgical intervention, medications, or observation.

Optic nerve diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as vision loss, decreased visual acuity, changes in color vision, and visual field defects. Examples of optic nerve diseases include optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve), glaucoma (damage to the optic nerve due to high eye pressure), optic nerve damage from trauma or injury, ischemic optic neuropathy (lack of blood flow to the optic nerve), and optic nerve tumors. Treatment for optic nerve diseases varies depending on the specific condition and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Olfactory nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the olfactory nerve, which is the first cranial nerve responsible for the sense of smell. These diseases can result in impaired or loss of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia), as well as distorted perception of smells (parosmia). The causes of olfactory nerve diseases can include trauma, infection, inflammation, neurological disorders, and exposure to certain chemicals. Some examples of specific olfactory nerve diseases include sinusitis, upper respiratory infections, head injuries, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Treatment for these conditions depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Ophthalmoplegia is a medical term that refers to the paralysis or weakness of the eye muscles, which can result in double vision (diplopia) or difficulty moving the eyes. It can be caused by various conditions, including nerve damage, muscle disorders, or neurological diseases such as myasthenia gravis or multiple sclerosis. Ophthalmoplegia can affect one or more eye muscles and can be partial or complete. Depending on the underlying cause, ophthalmoplegia may be treatable with medications, surgery, or other interventions.

Vagus nerve diseases, also known as vagus nerve disorders, refer to conditions that affect the functioning of the vagus nerve. The vagus nerve is the tenth cranial nerve and extends from the brainstem to the abdomen, playing a crucial role in regulating various automatic functions of the body such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and sweating.

Diseases of the vagus nerve can result from various causes, including inflammation, infection, trauma, compression, or degeneration. Some common vagus nerve disorders include:

1. Vagus nerve dysfunction: This is a general term used to describe any abnormality in the functioning of the vagus nerve. Symptoms may vary depending on the specific functions affected but can include difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, voice changes, and abnormal heart rate or blood pressure.
2. Vagus nerve neuropathy: This is a condition that results from damage to the vagus nerve fibers. It can cause symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, voice changes, and abnormal digestive function.
3. Gastroparesis: This is a condition in which the stomach muscles fail to contract properly, leading to delayed gastric emptying. Vagus nerve dysfunction is a common cause of gastroparesis.
4. Orthostatic hypotension: This is a condition characterized by a drop in blood pressure when standing up from a sitting or lying down position. Vagus nerve dysfunction can contribute to this condition by causing an abnormal response in the heart rate and blood vessels.
5. Inflammatory disorders: Certain inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and sarcoidosis can affect the vagus nerve and cause various symptoms.

Treatment for vagus nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Mydriasis is a medical term that refers to the dilation or enlargement of the pupil, which is the black circular opening in the center of the iris (the colored part) of the eye. The pupil normally adjusts its size in response to changes in light levels and emotional state. In mydriasis, the pupil becomes widely dilated and less responsive to light. This can occur naturally due to factors such as strong emotions, fear, or physical exertion, but it can also be caused by certain medications, eye drops, or medical conditions like brain injuries or neurological disorders. It is important to note that mydriasis can affect one or both eyes and may have different clinical significance depending on the context.

The trochlear nerve, also known as the fourth cranial nerve (CN IV), is a nerve that originates in the midbrain and innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye. This muscle helps with the downward and outward movement of the eye, playing a crucial role in controlling eye movements and maintaining binocular vision. The trochlear nerve's main function is to provide motor (efferent) innervation to the superior oblique muscle, enabling fine-tuning of eye movements during activities such as reading, writing, or driving. Damage to this nerve can result in vertical diplopia (double vision), strabismus (eye misalignment), and other visual impairments.

The abducens nerve, also known as the sixth cranial nerve, is responsible for controlling the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, which enables the eye to move outward. Abducens nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and can result in various symptoms, primarily affecting eye movement.

Here are some medical definitions related to abducens nerve diseases:

1. Abducens Nerve Palsy: A condition characterized by weakness or paralysis of the abducens nerve, causing difficulty in moving the affected eye outward. This results in double vision (diplopia), especially when gazing towards the side of the weakened nerve. Abducens nerve palsy can be congenital, acquired, or caused by various factors such as trauma, tumors, aneurysms, infections, or diseases like diabetes and multiple sclerosis.
2. Sixth Nerve Palsy: Another term for abducens nerve palsy, referring to the weakness or paralysis of the sixth cranial nerve.
3. Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (INO): A neurological condition affecting eye movement, often caused by a lesion in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the abducens nucleus with the oculomotor nucleus. INO results in impaired adduction (inward movement) of the eye on the side of the lesion and nystagmus (involuntary eye movements) of the abducting eye on the opposite side when attempting to look towards the side of the lesion.
4. One-and-a-Half Syndrome: A rare neurological condition characterized by a combination of INO and internuclear ophthalmoplegia with horizontal gaze palsy on the same side, caused by damage to both the abducens nerve and the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF). This results in limited or no ability to move the eyes towards the side of the lesion and impaired adduction of the eye on the opposite side.
5. Brainstem Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brainstem, which can affect the abducens nerve and other cranial nerves, leading to various neurological symptoms such as diplopia (double vision), ataxia (loss of balance and coordination), and facial weakness. Brainstem encephalitis can be caused by infectious agents, autoimmune disorders, or paraneoplastic syndromes.
6. Multiple Sclerosis (MS): An autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation and demyelination of the central nervous system, including the brainstem and optic nerves. MS can cause various neurological symptoms, such as diplopia, nystagmus, and INO, due to damage to the abducens nerve and other cranial nerves.
7. Wernicke's Encephalopathy: A neurological disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, often seen in alcoholics or individuals with malnutrition. Wernicke's encephalopathy can affect the brainstem and cause various symptoms such as diplopia, ataxia, confusion, and oculomotor abnormalities.
8. Pontine Glioma: A rare type of brain tumor that arises from the glial cells in the pons (a part of the brainstem). Pontine gliomas can cause various neurological symptoms such as diplopia, facial weakness, and difficulty swallowing due to their location in the brainstem.
9. Brainstem Cavernous Malformation: A benign vascular lesion that arises from the small blood vessels in the brainstem. Brainstem cavernous malformations can cause various neurological symptoms such as diplopia, ataxia, and facial weakness due to their location in the brainstem.
10. Pituitary Adenoma: A benign tumor that arises from the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain. Large pituitary adenomas can compress the optic nerves and cause various visual symptoms such as diplopia, visual field defects, and decreased vision.
11. Craniopharyngioma: A benign tumor that arises from the remnants of the Rathke's pouch, a structure that gives rise to the anterior pituitary gland. Craniopharyngiomas can cause various neurological and endocrine symptoms such as diplopia, visual field defects, headaches, and hormonal imbalances due to their location near the optic nerves and pituitary gland.
12. Meningioma: A benign tumor that arises from the meninges, the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas can cause various neurological symptoms such as diplopia, headaches, and seizures depending on their location in the brain or spinal cord.
13. Chordoma: A rare type of malignant tumor that arises from the remnants of the notochord, a structure that gives rise to the spine during embryonic development. Chordomas can cause various neurological and endocrine symptoms such as diplopia, visual field defects, headaches, and hormonal imbalances due to their location near the brainstem and spinal cord.
14. Metastatic Brain Tumors: Malignant tumors that spread from other parts of the body to the brain. Metastatic brain tumors can cause various neurological symptoms such as diplopia, headaches, seizures, and cognitive impairment depending on their location in the brain.
15. Other Rare Brain Tumors: There are many other rare types of brain tumors that can cause diplopia or other neurological symptoms, including gliomas, ependymomas, pineal region tumors, and others. These tumors require specialized diagnosis and treatment by neuro-oncologists and neurosurgeons with expertise in these rare conditions.

In summary, diplopia can be caused by various brain tumors, including pituitary adenomas, meningiomas, chordomas, metastatic brain tumors, and other rare types of tumors. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you experience diplopia or other neurological symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.

The abducens nerve, also known as the sixth cranial nerve (CN VI), is a motor nerve that controls the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. This muscle is responsible for moving the eye away from the midline (towards the temple) and enables the eyes to look towards the side while keeping them aligned. Any damage or dysfunction of the abducens nerve can result in strabismus, where the eyes are misaligned and point in different directions, specifically an adduction deficit, also known as abducens palsy or sixth nerve palsy.

Anisocoria is a medical term that refers to an inequality in the size of the pupils in each eye. The pupil is the black, circular opening in the center of the iris (the colored part of the eye) that allows light to enter and strike the retina. Normally, the pupils are equal in size and react similarly when exposed to light or darkness. However, in anisocoria, one pupil is larger or smaller than the other.

Anisocoria can be caused by various factors, including neurological conditions, trauma, eye diseases, or medications that affect the pupillary reflex. In some cases, anisocoria may be a normal variant and not indicative of any underlying medical condition. However, if it is a new finding or associated with other symptoms such as pain, headache, vision changes, or decreased level of consciousness, it should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "ink" is not a term that has a medical definition. Ink is a substance used for writing or printing, typically consisting of a colored pigment mixed with a liquid to make it flow. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the 12th cranial nerve (CN XII), is primarily responsible for controlling tongue movements. Hypoglossal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and result in various tongue-related symptoms. These disorders can be congenital or acquired, and they may stem from different causes such as trauma, tumors, infections, inflammation, or degenerative processes.

Hypoglossal nerve diseases can present with the following symptoms:

1. Weakness or paralysis of the tongue muscles on one or both sides.
2. Deviation of the tongue towards the affected side when protruded.
3. Fasciculations (involuntary muscle twitches) or atrophy (wasting) of the tongue muscles.
4. Difficulty with speaking, swallowing, and chewing due to tongue weakness.
5. Changes in taste and sensation on the back of the tongue and throat.

Some specific hypoglossal nerve diseases include:

1. Hypoglossal nerve palsy: A condition characterized by unilateral or bilateral weakness or paralysis of the tongue due to damage to the hypoglossal nerve. Causes can include trauma, tumors, stroke, multiple sclerosis, or other neurological disorders.
2. Hypoglossal neuritis: Inflammation of the hypoglossal nerve, often caused by viral infections or autoimmune processes, leading to tongue weakness and atrophy.
3. Congenital hypoglossal nerve anomalies: Abnormal development of the hypoglossal nerve during fetal growth can result in various tongue-related symptoms and difficulties with speech and swallowing.
4. Tumors affecting the hypoglossal nerve: Both benign and malignant tumors, such as schwannomas or neurofibromas, can compress or infiltrate the hypoglossal nerve, causing weakness or paralysis.
5. Hypoglossal-facial anastomosis: A surgical procedure that connects the hypoglossal nerve to the facial nerve to restore facial movement in cases of facial nerve palsy. This connection can lead to tongue weakness as a side effect.

Cranial nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the cranial nerves, which are a set of 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and control various functions in the head and neck. These functions include vision, hearing, taste, smell, movement of the eyes and face, and sensation in the face.

Diseases of the cranial nerves can result from a variety of causes, including injury, infection, inflammation, tumors, or degenerative conditions. The specific symptoms that a person experiences will depend on which cranial nerve is affected and how severely it is damaged.

For example, damage to the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) can cause vision loss or visual disturbances, while damage to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) can result in weakness or paralysis of the face. Other common symptoms of cranial nerve diseases include pain, numbness, tingling, and hearing loss.

Treatment for cranial nerve diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause and relieve symptoms. Physical therapy or rehabilitation may also be recommended to help individuals regain function and improve their quality of life.

Parasympathetic fibers, postganglionic, refer to the portion of the parasympathetic nervous system's peripheral nerves that arise from ganglia (clusters of neurons) located near or within the target organs. These postganglionic fibers are responsible for transmitting signals from the ganglia to the effector organs such as glands, smooth muscles, and heart, instructing them to carry out specific functions.

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system (the other being the sympathetic nervous system). Its primary role is to conserve energy and maintain homeostasis during rest or digestion. The preganglionic fibers originate in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord, synapsing in the ganglia located near or within the target organs. Upon receiving signals from the preganglionic fibers, the postganglionic fibers release neurotransmitters like acetylcholine to activate muscarinic receptors on the effector organ, leading to responses such as decreased heart rate, increased gastrointestinal motility and secretion, and contraction of the urinary bladder.

The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the 8th cranial nerve, is responsible for transmitting sound and balance information from the inner ear to the brain. Vestibulocochlear nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and can result in hearing loss, vertigo, and balance problems.

These diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infection, trauma, tumors, or degeneration. Some examples of vestibulocochlear nerve diseases include:

1. Vestibular neuritis: an inner ear infection that causes severe vertigo, nausea, and balance problems.
2. Labyrinthitis: an inner ear infection that affects both the vestibular and cochlear nerves, causing vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
3. Acoustic neuroma: a benign tumor that grows on the vestibulocochlear nerve, causing hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance problems.
4. Meniere's disease: a inner ear disorder that causes vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the ear.
5. Ototoxicity: damage to the inner ear caused by certain medications or chemicals that can result in hearing loss and balance problems.
6. Vestibular migraine: a type of migraine that is associated with vertigo, dizziness, and balance problems.

Treatment for vestibulocochlear nerve diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. It may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve (CN IX), is primarily responsible for providing motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle and sensory innervation to parts of the pharynx, middle ear, and posterior tongue. It also plays a role in the reflexive control of heart rate via the baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus.

Glossopharyngeal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the function of this nerve, leading to various symptoms. These diseases can be classified into two main categories: peripheral and central. Peripheral disorders are caused by damage or injury to the nerve itself, while central disorders result from problems in the brainstem where the glossopharyngeal nerve originates.

Some examples of glossopharyngeal nerve diseases include:

1. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia: A rare condition characterized by severe, stabbing pain in the throat, ear, or tongue, often triggered by swallowing or talking. This disorder may be caused by compression of the nerve by blood vessels or other structures.

2. Infections: Bacterial and viral infections can cause inflammation and damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve, leading to dysfunction. Examples include Lyme disease, herpes zoster (shingles), and meningitis.

3. Tumors: Benign or malignant growths in the head and neck region can compress and injure the glossopharyngeal nerve, resulting in symptoms related to its dysfunction.

4. Trauma: Direct trauma to the neck or skull base can damage the glossopharyngeal nerve, causing various deficits depending on the severity of the injury.

5. Neurological disorders: Conditions such as multiple sclerosis and stroke can affect the central connections of the glossopharyngeal nerve in the brainstem, leading to dysfunction.

6. Genetic conditions: Rare genetic disorders like Moersch-Woltman syndrome (also known as stiff person syndrome) can involve the glossopharyngeal nerve and cause symptoms related to its dysfunction.

Symptoms of glossopharyngeal nerve dysfunction may include difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, loss of taste on the back of the tongue, decreased sensation in the throat or ear, and pain in the neck, throat, or ear. Treatment for these conditions depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions to address the specific problem.

Onchocerciasis, Ocular is a medical condition that specifically refers to the eye manifestations caused by the parasitic infection, Onchocerca volvulus. Also known as "river blindness," this disease is spread through the bite of infected blackflies.

Ocular onchocerciasis affects various parts of the eye, including the conjunctiva, cornea, iris, and retina. The infection can cause symptoms such as itching, burning, and redness of the eyes. Over time, it may lead to more serious complications like punctate keratitis (small, scattered opacities on the cornea), cataracts, glaucoma, and ultimately, blindness.

The infection is diagnosed through a skin snip or blood test, which can detect the presence of microfilariae (the larval stage of the parasite) or antibodies against the parasite. Treatment typically involves administering oral medications such as ivermectin, which kills the microfilariae and reduces the risk of eye damage. However, it does not kill the adult worms, so multiple doses are often required to control the infection. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove advanced ocular lesions.

Trigeminal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the trigeminal nerve, which is one of the cranial nerves responsible for sensations in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. The trigeminal nerve has three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular, which innervate different parts of the face and head.

Trigeminal nerve diseases can cause various symptoms, including facial pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness. Some common trigeminal nerve diseases include:

1. Trigeminal neuralgia: A chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, causing intense, stabbing, or electric shock-like pain in the face.
2. Hemifacial spasm: A neuromuscular disorder that causes involuntary muscle spasms on one side of the face, often affecting the muscles around the eye and mouth.
3. Trigeminal neuropathy: Damage or injury to the trigeminal nerve, which can result in numbness, tingling, or weakness in the face.
4. Herpes zoster oticus (Ramsay Hunt syndrome): A viral infection that affects the facial nerve and geniculate ganglion of the trigeminal nerve, causing facial paralysis, ear pain, and a rash around the ear.
5. Microvascular compression: Compression of the trigeminal nerve by a blood vessel, which can cause symptoms similar to trigeminal neuralgia.

Treatment for trigeminal nerve diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or radiation therapy.

The accessory nerve, also known as the 11th cranial nerve (CN XI), has both a cranial and spinal root and innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius muscle. Accessory nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the function of this nerve, leading to weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.

Some examples of accessory nerve diseases include:

1. Traumatic injury: Direct trauma to the neck or posterior scalene region can damage the spinal root of the accessory nerve. This can result in weakness or paralysis of the trapezius muscle, leading to difficulty with shoulder movement and pain.
2. Neuralgia: Accessory nerve neuralgia is a condition characterized by painful spasms or shooting pains along the course of the accessory nerve. It can be caused by nerve compression, inflammation, or injury.
3. Tumors: Tumors in the neck region, such as schwannomas or neurofibromas, can compress or invade the accessory nerve, leading to weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.
4. Infections: Viral infections, such as poliovirus or West Nile virus, can cause inflammation and damage to the accessory nerve, resulting in weakness or paralysis.
5. Neuropathy: Accessory nerve neuropathy is a condition characterized by degeneration of the accessory nerve fibers due to various causes such as diabetes, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to toxins. This can result in weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.
6. Congenital defects: Some individuals may be born with congenital defects that affect the development and function of the accessory nerve, leading to weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.

Treatment for accessory nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and can include physical therapy, medications, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Blepharoptosis is a medical term that refers to the drooping or falling of the upper eyelid. It is usually caused by weakness or paralysis of the muscle that raises the eyelid, known as the levator palpebrae superioris. This condition can be present at birth or acquired later in life due to various factors such as aging, nerve damage, eye surgery complications, or certain medical conditions like myasthenia gravis or brain tumors. Blepharoptosis may obstruct vision and cause difficulty with daily activities, and treatment options include eyedrops, eye patches, or surgical correction.

Facial nerve diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the function of the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve. This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression, and it also carries sensory information from the taste buds in the front two-thirds of the tongue, and regulates saliva flow and tear production.

Facial nerve diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the specific location and extent of the nerve damage. Common symptoms include:

* Facial weakness or paralysis on one or both sides of the face
* Drooping of the eyelid and corner of the mouth
* Difficulty closing the eye or keeping it closed
* Changes in taste sensation or dryness of the mouth and eyes
* Abnormal sensitivity to sound (hyperacusis)
* Twitching or spasms of the facial muscles

Facial nerve diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Infections such as Bell's palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and Lyme disease
* Trauma or injury to the face or skull
* Tumors that compress or invade the facial nerve
* Neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Guillain-Barre syndrome
* Genetic disorders such as Moebius syndrome or hemifacial microsomia

Treatment for facial nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the symptoms. In some cases, medication, physical therapy, or surgery may be necessary to restore function and relieve symptoms.

The oculomotor muscles are a group of extraocular muscles that control the movements of the eye. They include:

1. Superior rectus: This muscle is responsible for elevating the eye and helping with inward rotation (intorsion) when looking downwards.
2. Inferior rectus: It depresses the eye and helps with outward rotation (extorsion) when looking upwards.
3. Medial rectus: This muscle adducts, or moves, the eye towards the midline of the face.
4. Inferior oblique: The inferior oblique muscle intorts and elevates the eye.
5. Superior oblique: It extorts and depresses the eye.

These muscles work together to allow for smooth and precise movements of the eyes, enabling tasks such as tracking moving objects, reading, and maintaining visual fixation on a single point in space.

Cranial nerve neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within or near the cranial nerves. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory and motor information between the brain and various parts of the head, neck, and trunk. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, each with a specific function and location in the skull.

Cranial nerve neoplasms can be benign or malignant and may arise from the nerve itself (schwannoma, neurofibroma) or from surrounding tissues that invade the nerve (meningioma, epidermoid cyst). The growth of these tumors can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include:

* Facial weakness or numbness
* Double vision or other visual disturbances
* Hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Loss of smell or taste
* Uncontrollable eye movements or drooping eyelids

Treatment for cranial nerve neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and extent of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or complications.

The Circle of Willis is a circulatory arrangement in the brain where the major arteries that supply blood to the brain converge to form an almost circular structure. It is named after Thomas Willis, an English physician who first described it in 1664.

This circle is formed by the joining of the two internal carotid arteries, which divide into the anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries, with the basilar artery, which arises from the vertebral arteries. These vessels anastomose, or connect, to form a polygon-like structure at the base of the brain.

The Circle of Willis plays a crucial role in maintaining adequate blood flow to the brain, as it allows for collateral circulation. If one of the arteries that make up the circle becomes blocked or narrowed, blood can still reach the affected area through the other vessels in the circle. This helps to minimize the risk of stroke and other neurological disorders.

Nerve compression syndromes refer to a group of conditions characterized by the pressure or irritation of a peripheral nerve, causing various symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected area. This compression can occur due to several reasons, including injury, repetitive motion, bone spurs, tumors, or swelling. Common examples of nerve compression syndromes include carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, radial nerve compression, and ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist or elbow. Treatment options may include physical therapy, splinting, medications, injections, or surgery, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

The trochlear nerve, also known as the fourth cranial nerve (CN IV), is responsible for controlling the movement of the eye. It innervates the superior oblique muscle, which helps in depressing and rotating the eye downwards and outwards. Trochlear nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and impair its function, leading to symptoms such as double vision (diplopia), vertical misalignment of the eyes, and difficulty with depth perception.

Trochlear nerve diseases can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, inflammation, infection, or tumors. Some common conditions that affect the trochlear nerve include:

1. Trochlear nerve palsy: This is a weakness or paralysis of the trochlear nerve, which can cause vertical and torsional diplopia, especially when looking downwards or to the side. It can be congenital or acquired due to trauma, compression, or other causes.
2. Aneurysm: Aneurysms in the vicinity of the trochlear nerve can compress or damage it, leading to palsy and diplopia.
3. Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges (the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) due to infection or other causes can affect the trochlear nerve and cause palsy.
4. Multiple sclerosis (MS): This is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, including the cranial nerves. MS can cause demyelination of the trochlear nerve, leading to palsy and diplopia.
5. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at risk of developing diabetic neuropathy, which can affect any peripheral nerve, including the trochlear nerve.
6. Tumors: Space-occupying lesions in the brain or skull base, such as meningiomas, schwannomas, or pituitary adenomas, can compress the trochlear nerve and cause palsy.

The diagnosis of trochlear nerve diseases involves a thorough neurological examination, including assessment of eye movements and alignment. Imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans may be ordered to identify any structural lesions causing compression or damage to the nerve. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve surgical intervention, medication, or observation.

The cavernous sinus is a venous structure located in the middle cranial fossa, which is a depression in the skull that houses several important nerves and blood vessels. The cavernous sinus is situated on either side of the sphenoid bone, near the base of the skull, and it contains several important structures:

* The internal carotid artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the brain
* The abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI), which controls lateral movement of the eye
* The oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III), which controls most of the muscles that move the eye
* The trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV), which controls one of the muscles that moves the eye
* The ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), which transmit sensory information from the face and head

The cavernous sinus is an important structure because it serves as a conduit for several critical nerves and blood vessels. However, it is also vulnerable to various pathological conditions such as thrombosis (blood clots), infection, tumors, or aneurysms, which can lead to serious neurological deficits or even death.

Surgical instruments are specialized tools or devices that are used by medical professionals during surgical procedures to assist in various tasks such as cutting, dissecting, grasping, holding, retracting, clamping, and suturing body tissues. These instruments are designed to be safe, precise, and effective, with a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials used depending on the specific surgical application. Some common examples of surgical instruments include scalpels, forceps, scissors, hemostats, retractors, and needle holders. Proper sterilization and maintenance of these instruments are crucial to ensure patient safety and prevent infection.

A pupillary reflex is a type of reflex that involves the constriction or dilation of the pupils in response to changes in light or near vision. It is mediated by the optic and oculomotor nerves. The pupillary reflex helps regulate the amount of light that enters the eye, improving visual acuity and protecting the retina from excessive light exposure.

In a clinical setting, the pupillary reflex is often assessed as part of a neurological examination. A normal pupillary reflex consists of both direct and consensual responses. The direct response occurs when light is shone into one eye and the pupil of that same eye constricts. The consensual response occurs when light is shone into one eye, causing the pupil of the other eye to also constrict.

Abnormalities in the pupillary reflex can indicate various neurological conditions, such as brainstem injuries or diseases affecting the optic or oculomotor nerves.

Optic neuritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. This condition can result in various symptoms such as vision loss, pain with eye movement, color vision disturbances, and pupillary abnormalities. Optic neuritis may occur in isolation or be associated with other underlying medical conditions, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and autoimmune disorders. The diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, dilated funduscopic examination, and possibly imaging studies like MRI to evaluate the optic nerve and brain. Treatment options may include corticosteroids or other immunomodulatory therapies to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the optic nerve.

Exotropia is a type of ocular misalignment or strabismus, where one eye turns outward (towards the ear) while the other eye remains aligned straight ahead. This condition can be constant or intermittent and may result in limited or absent depth perception, double vision, and in some cases, amblyopia (lazy eye). Exotropia is typically diagnosed during childhood through a comprehensive eye examination by an optometrist or ophthalmologist. Treatment options include eyeglasses, prism lenses, vision therapy, or surgery, depending on the severity and frequency of the misalignment.

An intracranial aneurysm is a localized, blood-filled dilation or bulging in the wall of a cerebral artery within the skull (intracranial). These aneurysms typically occur at weak points in the arterial walls, often at branching points where the vessel divides into smaller branches. Over time, the repeated pressure from blood flow can cause the vessel wall to weaken and balloon out, forming a sac-like structure. Intracranial aneurysms can vary in size, ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.

There are three main types of intracranial aneurysms:

1. Saccular (berry) aneurysm: This is the most common type, characterized by a round or oval shape with a narrow neck and a bulging sac. They usually develop at branching points in the arteries due to congenital weaknesses in the vessel wall.
2. Fusiform aneurysm: These aneurysms have a dilated segment along the length of the artery, forming a cigar-shaped or spindle-like structure. They are often caused by atherosclerosis and can affect any part of the cerebral arteries.
3. Dissecting aneurysm: This type occurs when there is a tear in the inner lining (intima) of the artery, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the vessel wall. It can lead to narrowing or complete blockage of the affected artery and may cause subarachnoid hemorrhage if it ruptures.

Intracranial aneurysms can be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during imaging studies for other conditions. However, when they grow larger or rupture, they can lead to severe complications such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, or even death. Treatment options include surgical clipping, endovascular coiling, or flow diversion techniques to prevent further growth and potential rupture of the aneurysm.

The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, running from the lower back through the buttocks and down the legs to the feet. It is formed by the union of the ventral rami (branches) of the L4 to S3 spinal nerves. The sciatic nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and skin areas in the lower limbs, including the hamstrings, calf muscles, and the sole of the foot. Sciatic nerve disorders or injuries can result in symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the lower back, hips, legs, and feet, known as sciatica.

Neurosurgical procedures are operations that are performed on the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These procedures are typically carried out by neurosurgeons, who are medical doctors with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. Neurosurgical procedures can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including traumatic injuries, tumors, aneurysms, vascular malformations, infections, degenerative diseases, and congenital abnormalities.

Some common types of neurosurgical procedures include:

* Craniotomy: A procedure in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to gain access to the brain. This type of procedure may be performed to remove a tumor, repair a blood vessel, or relieve pressure on the brain.
* Spinal fusion: A procedure in which two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together using bone grafts and metal hardware. This is often done to stabilize the spine and alleviate pain caused by degenerative conditions or spinal deformities.
* Microvascular decompression: A procedure in which a blood vessel that is causing pressure on a nerve is repositioned or removed. This type of procedure is often used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, a condition that causes severe facial pain.
* Deep brain stimulation: A procedure in which electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a battery-operated device called a neurostimulator. The neurostimulator sends electrical impulses to the brain to help alleviate symptoms of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.
* Stereotactic radiosurgery: A non-invasive procedure that uses focused beams of radiation to treat tumors, vascular malformations, and other abnormalities in the brain or spine. This type of procedure is often used for patients who are not good candidates for traditional surgery due to age, health status, or location of the lesion.

Neurosurgical procedures can be complex and require a high degree of skill and expertise. Patients considering neurosurgical treatment should consult with a qualified neurosurgeon to discuss their options and determine the best course of action for their individual situation.

A subdural hematoma (SDH) is a type of intracranial hemorrhage that occurs between the dura mater and the brain. When it becomes chronic, it means that the bleeding has occurred slowly over time, often over the course of several weeks or months. The blood gradually collects in the potential space between the dura and the arachnoid membrane, forming a clot.

A chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is typically characterized by the presence of liquefied blood, which can form a loculated collection that may exert mass effect on the underlying brain tissue. This can lead to symptoms such as headache, confusion, weakness, or even seizures, depending on the size and location of the hematoma.

CSDHs are often associated with underlying brain atrophy, which can create a larger potential space for blood to collect. They may also be seen in patients who are taking anticoagulant medications or have a bleeding disorder. Treatment typically involves surgical evacuation of the hematoma, although smaller CSDHs may be managed conservatively with close monitoring and repeat imaging.

A pupil, in medical terms, refers to the circular opening in the center of the iris (the colored part of the eye) that allows light to enter and reach the retina. The size of the pupil can change involuntarily in response to light intensity and emotional state, as well as voluntarily through certain eye exercises or with the use of eye drops. Pupillary reactions are important in clinical examinations as they can provide valuable information about the nervous system's functioning, particularly the brainstem and cranial nerves II and III.

The petrous bone is a part of the temporal bone, one of the 22 bones in the human skull. It is a thick and irregularly shaped bone located at the base of the skull and forms part of the ear and the cranial cavity. The petrous bone contains the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals of the inner ear, which are responsible for hearing and balance. It also helps protect the brain from injury by forming part of the bony structure surrounding the brain.

The term "petrous" comes from the Latin word "petrosus," meaning "stony" or "rock-like," which describes the hard and dense nature of this bone. The petrous bone is one of the densest bones in the human body, making it highly resistant to fractures and other forms of damage.

In medical terminology, the term "petrous" may also be used to describe any structure that resembles a rock or is hard and dense, such as the petrous apex, which refers to the portion of the petrous bone that points towards the sphenoid bone.

Peripheral nerves are nerve fibers that transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS, consisting of the brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body. These nerves convey motor, sensory, and autonomic information, enabling us to move, feel, and respond to changes in our environment. They form a complex network that extends from the CNS to muscles, glands, skin, and internal organs, allowing for coordinated responses and functions throughout the body. Damage or injury to peripheral nerves can result in various neurological symptoms, such as numbness, weakness, or pain, depending on the type and severity of the damage.

The optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, is the nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. It is composed of approximately one million nerve fibers that carry signals related to vision, such as light intensity and color, from the eye's photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) to the visual cortex in the brain. The optic nerve is responsible for carrying this visual information so that it can be processed and interpreted by the brain, allowing us to see and perceive our surroundings. Damage to the optic nerve can result in vision loss or impairment.

Nerve fibers are specialized structures that constitute the long, slender processes (axons) of neurons (nerve cells). They are responsible for conducting electrical impulses, known as action potentials, away from the cell body and transmitting them to other neurons or effector organs such as muscles and glands. Nerve fibers are often surrounded by supportive cells called glial cells and are grouped together to form nerve bundles or nerves. These fibers can be myelinated (covered with a fatty insulating sheath called myelin) or unmyelinated, which influences the speed of impulse transmission.

Parasympathetic ganglia are collections of neurons located outside the central nervous system (CNS) that serve as relay stations for parasympathetic nerve impulses. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary physiological responses.

The parasympathetic ganglia receive preganglionic fibers from the brainstem and sacral regions of the spinal cord. After synapsing in these ganglia, postganglionic fibers innervate target organs such as the heart, glands, and smooth muscles. The primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system is to promote rest, digestion, and energy conservation.

Parasympathetic ganglia are typically located close to or within the target organs they innervate. Examples include:

1. Ciliary ganglion: Innervates the ciliary muscle and iris sphincter in the eye, controlling accommodation and pupil constriction.
2. Pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) ganglion: Supplies the lacrimal gland, mucous membranes of the nasal cavity, and palate, regulating tear production and nasal secretions.
3. Otic ganglion: Innervates the parotid gland, controlling salivary secretion.
4. Submandibular ganglion: Supplies the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, regulating salivation.
5. Sacral parasympathetic ganglia: Located in the sacrum, they innervate the distal colon, rectum, and genitourinary organs, controlling defecation, urination, and sexual arousal.

These parasympathetic ganglia play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis by regulating various bodily functions during rest and relaxation.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Meningeal tuberculosis, also known as Tuberculous meningitis, is a severe form of tuberculosis (TB) that affects the meninges, which are the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium, which can spread through the bloodstream from a primary infection site in the lungs or elsewhere in the body.

In meningeal tuberculosis, the bacteria cause inflammation and thickening of the meninges, leading to increased intracranial pressure, cerebral edema, and vasculitis. These conditions can result in various neurological symptoms such as headache, fever, stiff neck, altered mental status, seizures, and focal neurologic deficits. If left untreated, meningeal tuberculosis can lead to severe complications, including brain damage, hydrocephalus, and even death.

Diagnosis of meningeal tuberculosis typically involves a combination of clinical symptoms, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, imaging studies, and sometimes molecular or culture-based tests to detect the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the CSF. Treatment usually involves a prolonged course of antibiotics specifically designed to target TB, such as isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide, often administered for six to nine months or longer. In some cases, corticosteroids may also be used to reduce inflammation and prevent complications.

The internal carotid artery is a major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain. It originates from the common carotid artery and passes through the neck, entering the skull via the carotid canal in the temporal bone. Once inside the skull, it branches into several smaller vessels that supply different parts of the brain with blood.

The internal carotid artery is divided into several segments: cervical, petrous, cavernous, clinoid, and supraclinoid. Each segment has distinct clinical significance in terms of potential injury or disease. The most common conditions affecting the internal carotid artery include atherosclerosis, which can lead to stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and dissection, which can cause severe headache, neck pain, and neurological symptoms.

It's important to note that any blockage or damage to the internal carotid artery can have serious consequences, as it can significantly reduce blood flow to the brain and lead to permanent neurological damage or even death. Therefore, regular check-ups and screening tests are recommended for individuals at high risk of developing vascular diseases.

Oculomotor nerve palsy: Ischemia, intracranial aneurysm, demyelinating diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis), head trauma, and ... brain tumors are the most common causes of oculomotor nerve palsy in adults. In ischemic lesions of the oculomotor nerve, ... These cases may be due to brain mass lesions which cause oculomotor nerve palsy. Anisocoria in the presence of confusion, ... This is because Horner's syndrome and oculomotor nerve lesions both cause ptosis. Anisocoria is usually a benign finding, ...
... oculomotor nerve diseases MeSH C11.590.436.200 - Adie syndrome MeSH C11.590.472 - ophthalmoplegia MeSH C11.590.472.250 - ... optic nerve injuries MeSH C11.640.544 - optic nerve neoplasms MeSH C11.640.544.500 - optic nerve glioma MeSH C11.640.576 - ... disease MeSH C11.675.349.500.500 - Graves ophthalmopathy MeSH C11.675.504 - granuloma, plasma cell, orbital MeSH C11.675.659 - ... iris diseases MeSH C11.941.375.060 - aniridia MeSH C11.941.375.060.950 - WAGR syndrome MeSH C11.941.375.285 - exfoliation ...
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is an idiopathic granulomatous disease that causes painful oculomotor (especially sixth nerve) palsies. ... The abducens nerve or abducent nerve, also known as the sixth cranial nerve, cranial nerve VI, or simply CN VI, is a cranial ... The human abducens nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic pons. The abducens nerve supplies the lateral rectus ... The abducens nerve carries axons of type GSE, general somatic efferent. Damage to the peripheral part of the abducens nerve ...
Paralysis of the oculomotor nerve, i.e., oculomotor nerve palsy, can arise due to: direct trauma, demyelinating diseases (e.g ... The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve, cranial nerve III, or simply CN III, is a cranial nerve that ... Cranial nerves IV and VI also participate in control of eye movement. The oculomotor nerve originates from the third nerve ... Map of the oculomotor nerve. Median sagittal section of brain. Plan of oculomotor nerve. Pathways in the Ciliary Ganglion. ...
... oculomotor nerve diseases MeSH C10.292.562.750 - ophthalmoplegia MeSH C10.292.562.750.250 - ophthalmoplegia, chronic ... optic nerve neoplasms MeSH C10.292.225.800.500 - optic nerve glioma MeSH C10.292.262.200 - abducens nerve injury MeSH C10.292. ... optic nerve injuries MeSH C10.292.700.500 - optic nerve neoplasms MeSH C10.292.700.500.500 - optic nerve glioma MeSH C10.292. ... cranial nerve injuries MeSH C10.900.300.218.150 - abducens nerve injury MeSH C10.900.300.218.300 - facial nerve injuries MeSH ...
Vascular disorders such as diabetes, heart disease, atherosclerosis and aneurysm, particularly of the posterior communicating ... oculomotor nerve palsy. The "surgical" type of oculomotor nerve palsy is caused by external structures compressing on the nerve ... Oculomotor nerve palsy or oculomotor neuropathy is an eye condition resulting from damage to the third cranial nerve or a ... The nerve's core contains the main trunk of the oculomotor nerve, supplied by vasa vasorum. Thus pathologies affecting the ...
Oculomaxillofacial dysostosis Oculomaxillofacial dysplasia with oblique facial clefts Oculomelic amyoplasia Oculomotor nerve ... autosomal recessive Optic atrophy Optic disc drusen Optic nerve coloboma with renal disease Optic nerve disorder Optic nerve ... This is a list of diseases starting with the letter "O". Diseases Alphabetical list 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T ... hereditary Ochronosis Ockelbo disease Ocular albinism Ocular coloboma-imperforate anus Ocular convergence spasm Ocular ...
Eyes Oculomotor nerve palsy - Oculomotor nerve (III) Fourth nerve palsy - Trochlear nerve (IV) Sixth nerve palsy - Abducens ... The facial nerve is the seventh of 12 cranial nerves. This cranial nerve controls the muscles in the face. Facial nerve palsy ... Cranial nerve disease is an impaired functioning of one of the twelve cranial nerves. Although it could theoretically be ... Facial nerve (VII) Accessory nerve disorder - Accessory nerve (XI) Pavlou, E., Gkampeta, A., & Arampatzi, M. (2011). Facial ...
It may occur due to ciliary muscle paralysis or oculomotor nerve paralysis. Parasypatholytic drugs like atropine will also ... Organic diseases, head trauma or functional amblyopia may be responsible for unequal accommodation. Premature sclerosis of lens ... Eye diseases, Medical signs, All stub articles, Eye stubs). ...
The relevant cranial nerves (specifically the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens), as in cavernous sinus syndrome or raised ... The orbit of the eye, including mechanical restrictions of eye movement, as in Graves' disease. The muscle, as in progressive ... The brainstem nuclei of these nerves, as in certain patterns of brainstem stroke such as Foville's syndrome. White matter ... It is a physical finding in certain neurologic, ophthalmologic, and endocrine disease. Internal ophthalmoplegia means ...
Other cranial nerves involved were vagus, trigeminal, spinal accessory nerve, abducens, oculomotor and glossopharyngeal in this ... Fazio-Londe disease (FLD), also called progressive bulbar palsy of childhood, is a very rare inherited motor neuron disease of ... In the Gomez review facial nerve was affected in all cases while hypoglossal nerve was involved in all except one case. ... Postmortem examination of cases have found depletion of nerve cells in the nuclei of cranial nerves. The histologic alterations ...
Ptosis occurs as the result of dysfunction of the muscles that raise the eyelid or their nerve supply (oculomotor nerve for ... Ptosis that is caused by a disease may improve if the disease is treated successfully, although some related diseases, such as ... which includes oculomotor nerve palsy, Horner's syndrome, Marcus Gunn jaw winking syndrome and third cranial nerve misdirection ... Another mechanism is the disturbance of the oculomotor nerve causing the levator palpebrae to weaken, resulting in the eyelid ...
Oculomotor nerve nucleus: This is the third cranial nerve nucleus. Trochlear nerve nucleus: This is the fourth cranial nerve. ... Diseases of the brainstem can result in abnormalities in the function of cranial nerves that may lead to visual disturbances, ... Cranial nerve III (the oculomotor nerve) emerges ventrally from the midbrain, while the CN IV (the trochlear nerve) emerges out ... The nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII) are located in ...
... or sixth cranial nerves, which control eye movements Cataract Diabetes Drunkenness Fluoroquinolone antibiotics Graves disease ... ISBN 978-0-87893-058-6. Rucker JC (July 2007). "Oculomotor disorders". Seminars in Neurology. 27 (3): 244-256. doi:10.1055/s- ... The patch can be removed after the nerve heals. Surgery or special glasses (prisms) may be advised if there is no recovery in 6 ... Diplopia can be one of the first signs of a systemic disease, particularly to a muscular or neurological process, and it may ...
... but is due to aberrant regeneration of fibres of the oculomotor nerve (III) into the elevator of the upper lid. It occurs in ... disease). It is a dynamic sign, whereas lid lag is a static sign which may also be present in cicatricial eyelid retraction or ... disease. Cline D; Hofstetter HW; Griffin JR. Dictionary of Visual Science. 4th ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston 1997. ISBN 0- ...
... oculomotor nerve palsy, or paralysis of the eye muscles. Newborns are susceptible to particularly severe effects of Chikungunya ... Around half of newborns have a mild case of the disease that resolves on its own; the other half have severe disease with ... This disease is part of the group of neglected tropical diseases. Viruses portal Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness ... In addition to newborns, the elderly, and those with diabetes, heart disease, liver and kidney diseases, and human ...
... which is an accessory nucleus of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve number III; CN III). He was the first physician to provide ... A large portion of his written work dealt with diseases of the spinal cord and neuropathological issues. He trained a number of ... He also demonstrated a relationship between tabes dorsalis (nerve degeneration in the spinal cord) and paralysis in the ... He is credited with providing an early diagnosis of "pseudosclerosis", a disease known today as hepatolenticular degeneration. ...
The levator palpebrae superioris' action is sent through the oculomotor nerve. The duration of a blink is on average 100-150 ... Blink speed can be affected by elements such as fatigue, eye injury, medication, and disease. The blinking rate is determined ... Conditions in which there is reduced dopamine availability such as Parkinson's disease have reduced eye blink rate, while ... A reduced rate of blinking is associated with Parkinson's disease. Corneal reflex Reflex "Blinking". Nakano, T.; Kato, M.; ...
Seeley WW, Venna N (May 2004). "Neurosyphilis presenting with gummatous oculomotor nerve palsy". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. ... The disseminated disease can cause constitutional symptoms and condylomata lata. Many treponemes are present in chancres in the ... Treponema pallidum is the main cause of the onset of meningeal syphilis and other treponemal diseases, and it consists of a ... If syphilis is not treated, the disease can affect various other systems in the body, including the brain, heart, and vessels. ...
He described the optic nerve for seeing and the oculomotor nerve for eye movements. Through his dissection of the eye, he ... He worked out standards for measuring a pulse and could use these standards to aid him in diagnosing sicknesses or diseases. To ... Analysis of the nerves in the cranium allowed him to differentiate between nerves and blood vessels and to discover the ... He believed that the sensory and motor nerves shot out from the brain and that the neural transmissions occurred by means of ...
... including cranial nerve V (trigeminal), cranial nerve VII (facial), and cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear). The most common ... Chapter 10, "Cerebellar Disease." Elsevier. Nedzelski JM (October 1983). "Cerebellopontine angle tumors: bilateral flocculus ... compression as cause of associated oculomotor abnormalities". Laryngoscope. 93 (10): 1251-60. doi:10.1002/lary.1983.93.10.1251 ... Delays of one side relative to the other suggest a lesion in cranial nerve VIII between the ear and brainstem or in the ...
Oculomotor nerve (CNIII) is by far the most common cranial nerve involves in RPON, while abducens nerve (CNVI) and trochlear ... Contrast-enhanced MRI results can also reveal the location of nerve inflammation for disease diagnosis. Although Tolosa-Hunt ... The enhancement and thickening of the oculomotor nerve can occur in a variety of infectious inflammatory conditions. However, ... Milisavljević, Milan (1986-01-01). "Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens Nerves Penetrated by Cerebral Vessels". Archives of ...
Most commonly optic nerve is involved. The most common finding is oculomotor nerve dysfunction leading to ophthalmoplegia. This ... Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis Granulomatosis with polyangiitis Giant cell arteritis Thyroid disease Iatrogenic ... The optic nerve may eventually be involved, with resulting visual loss.[citation needed] Jacod Syndrome is commonly associated ... Orbital apex syndrome, is a collection of cranial nerve deficits associated with a mass lesion near the apex of the orbit of ...
"Oculomotor Nerve", film director "Lying Silkworm", PR manager "Iris" and animation "Pupil". Producer "Oculomotor Nerve" and ... and it became the Eye Central Television as Chen Tzu-chien previously suffered from eye diseases. At the initial stage, the ... Producer "Oculomotor Nerve" (Ho Shan-jung) met "Retina" at the contest. The contestants communicated in WeChat groups. One day ...
Plan of oculomotor nerve. The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses. ... Diseases of the ciliary ganglion produce a "tonic pupil", which is a pupil that does not react to light (it is "fixed") and has ... The parasympathetic root branches from the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve and carries the preganglionic ... The ciliary ganglion contain many more nerve fibers directed to the ciliary muscle than nerve fibers directed to the ...
... when the nerve lesion is distal to the site of stimulation. Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, or PENS, is used mainly ... oncological disease; patients undergoing any other treatments for pain; any invasive therapy, e.g. surgery, within the last ... and oculomotor abnormalities). An electrode is "stereotactically" guided to the site using magnetic resonance imaging and once ... 2013). The use of peripheral nerve stimulation, or PNS, for the relief of chronic pain states was first reported over 30 years ...
Bohlega, S.; Kambouris, M.; Shahid, M.; Al Homsi, M.; Al Sous, W. (2000). "Gaucher disease with oculomotor apraxia and ... Absence of fast phase nystagmus on horizontal optokinetic testing Problems in nerve function involved in eye movement control, ... These are ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1), ataxia with oculomotor apraxia 2 (AOA2), and ataxia telangiectasia. ... "Early-Onset Ataxia with Ocular Motor Apraxia and Hypoalbuminemia/Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia". Diseases of DNA Repair. ...
... seen with damage to the oculomotor nerve). Due to albinism, the lack of pigment in the colored part of the eyes (irises) makes ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (28 October 1994). "Human Rabies - Miami, 1994". Morbidity and Mortality ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 43 (42): 773-5. PMID 7935313. SCDS Society Bailey, Gretchyn. "Photophobia (Light ... Overstimulation of the photoreceptors in the retina Excessive electric impulses to the optic nerve Excessive response in the ...
... oculomotor nerve palsy, trochlear nerve palsy and internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Parinaud's syndrome results from injury, either ... Vertical supranuclear ophthalmoplegia has also been associated with metabolic disorders, such as Niemann-Pick disease, Wilson's ... including the superior colliculus adjacent oculomotor (origin of cranial nerve III) and Edinger-Westphal nuclei, causing ... Diagnosis can be made via combination of physical exam, particularly deficits of the relevant cranial nerves. Confirmation can ...
Centers for Disease Control and Prevnetion. (Articles without KEGG source, ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata, Articles containing ... It may cause permanent nerve damage. For occupational exposures, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has ... 2-propylene glycol dinitrate by quantitative ataxia and oculomotor function tests". American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2 ...
Oculomotor nerve palsy: Ischemia, intracranial aneurysm, demyelinating diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis), head trauma, and ... brain tumors are the most common causes of oculomotor nerve palsy in adults. In ischemic lesions of the oculomotor nerve, ... These cases may be due to brain mass lesions which cause oculomotor nerve palsy. Anisocoria in the presence of confusion, ... This is because Horners syndrome and oculomotor nerve lesions both cause ptosis. Anisocoria is usually a benign finding, ...
Extraocular muscle paralysis resulting from destructive lesions in one or all of these cranial nerves results in failure of one ... and sixth cranial nerves innervate the extraocular muscles that position the globes in the orbits. ... might suggest an orbital process mimicking a third nerve palsy due to muscle restriction, including Graves Disease, orbital ... encoded search term (Third Nerve Palsy (Oculomotor Nerve Palsy)) and Third Nerve Palsy (Oculomotor Nerve Palsy) What to Read ...
We here define the neuropathologic features of the disease in autopsy tissues from eight cases. Both developmental and ... Despite being a neurodegenerative disease, preservation of brain weight and a conspicuous absence of neuronal or glial cell ... death were signal features of this disease. Small tumor-like overgrowths of axons, termed axonomas, were found in the central ... is an autosomal recessive disease of the central and peripheral nervous system that presents as early-onset polyneuropathy. ...
Oculomotor Nerve Diseases Entry term(s). Cranial Nerve III Diseases Nerve Disease, Oculomotor Nerve Diseases, Oculomotor Nerve ... Oculomotor Nerve Disease Oculomotor Nerve Disorder Oculomotor Nerve Disorders Oculomotor Nerve Palsies Oculomotor Nerve Palsy ... Cranial Nerve III Diseases. Nerve Disease, Oculomotor. Nerve Diseases, Oculomotor. Nerve Disorder, Oculomotor. Nerve Disorders ... Oculomotor Nerve Disease. Oculomotor Nerve Disorder. Oculomotor Nerve Disorders. Oculomotor Nerve Palsies. Oculomotor Nerve ...
Nervous System Diseases / metabolism * Oculomotor Nerve / metabolism* * Pedigree * Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / ...
Magnetic resonance imaging showed contrast enhancement in both oculomotor nerves and the left trigeminal nerve, as well as ... Molloy PJ, Telford SR III, Chowdri HR, Lepore TJ, Gugliotta JL, Weeks KE, et al. Borrelia miyamotoi disease in the northeastern ... Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2019;25(10):1965-1968. doi:10.3201/eid2510.190416.. APA. Henningsson, A. J., Asgeirsson, H., ... nov., isolated from the ixodid tick Ixodes persulcatus, the vector for Lyme disease in Japan. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1995;45:804 ...
Ranked list of possible diseases from either several symptoms or a full patient history. A similarity measure between symptoms ... Median Nerve Diseases. On-line free medical diagnosis assistant. ... Oculomotor Nerve Diseases. 1. + + 26. Forearm Injuries. 1. + + ... Diseases. Frequent searches. Medicinal plants. Health topics. Medical dictionary. Health sites. Questions and answers. ...
Ocular surface disease. Oculomotor nerve palsy. Open-angle glaucoma. Optic nerve atrophy. Optic nerve drusen. Optic nerve ... Trochlear nerve palsy. Uveitis and ocular inflammation. Visual disturbances. Visual field loss. Vitreoretinal diseases ... Graves disease/thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Hemifacial spasm. Herpes-related eye disease. Herpetic eye infection. Higher ... External disease. Eye movement disorders. Eye trauma. Eyelid "bags" and facial "wrinkles". Eyelid and facial spasm. Eyelid ...
Extraocular muscle paralysis resulting from destructive lesions in one or all of these cranial nerves results in failure of one ... and sixth cranial nerves innervate the extraocular muscles that position the globes in the orbits. ... Morbidity and mortality are essentially those of the diseases that cause oculomotor nerve palsy and are beyond the scope of ... encoded search term (Oculomotor Nerve Palsy) and Oculomotor Nerve Palsy What to Read Next on Medscape ...
NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE. NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES. NYSTAGMUS. NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC. OCULOMOTOR NERVE PARALYSIS. OCULOMOTOR NERVE ... PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY ... INJURIES, POISONINGS, AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES. DISORDERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ORIGIN. INSOMNIA. SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE ... ACOUSTIC NERVE. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE. ACOUSTIC NERVE DISEASES. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES. ADIES SYNDROME. ADIE ...
NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE. NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES. NYSTAGMUS. NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC. OCULOMOTOR NERVE PARALYSIS. OCULOMOTOR NERVE ... PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY ... INJURIES, POISONINGS, AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES. DISORDERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ORIGIN. INSOMNIA. SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE ... ACOUSTIC NERVE. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE. ACOUSTIC NERVE DISEASES. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES. ADIES SYNDROME. ADIE ...
NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE. NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES. NYSTAGMUS. NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC. OCULOMOTOR NERVE PARALYSIS. OCULOMOTOR NERVE ... PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY ... INJURIES, POISONINGS, AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES. DISORDERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ORIGIN. INSOMNIA. SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE ... ACOUSTIC NERVE. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE. ACOUSTIC NERVE DISEASES. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES. ADIES SYNDROME. ADIE ...
NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE. NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES. NYSTAGMUS. NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC. OCULOMOTOR NERVE PARALYSIS. OCULOMOTOR NERVE ... PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY ... INJURIES, POISONINGS, AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES. DISORDERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ORIGIN. INSOMNIA. SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE ... ACOUSTIC NERVE. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE. ACOUSTIC NERVE DISEASES. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES. ADIES SYNDROME. ADIE ...
NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE. NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES. NYSTAGMUS. NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC. OCULOMOTOR NERVE PARALYSIS. OCULOMOTOR NERVE ... PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY ... INJURIES, POISONINGS, AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES. DISORDERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ORIGIN. INSOMNIA. SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE ... ACOUSTIC NERVE. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE. ACOUSTIC NERVE DISEASES. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES. ADIES SYNDROME. ADIE ...
NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE. NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES. NYSTAGMUS. NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC. OCULOMOTOR NERVE PARALYSIS. OCULOMOTOR NERVE ... PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY ... INJURIES, POISONINGS, AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES. DISORDERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ORIGIN. INSOMNIA. SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE ... ACOUSTIC NERVE. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE. ACOUSTIC NERVE DISEASES. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES. ADIES SYNDROME. ADIE ...
NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE. NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES. NYSTAGMUS. NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC. OCULOMOTOR NERVE PARALYSIS. OCULOMOTOR NERVE ... PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY ... INJURIES, POISONINGS, AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES. DISORDERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ORIGIN. INSOMNIA. SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE ... ACOUSTIC NERVE. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE. ACOUSTIC NERVE DISEASES. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES. ADIES SYNDROME. ADIE ...
NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE. NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES. NYSTAGMUS. NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC. OCULOMOTOR NERVE PARALYSIS. OCULOMOTOR NERVE ... PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY ... INJURIES, POISONINGS, AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES. DISORDERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ORIGIN. INSOMNIA. SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE ... ACOUSTIC NERVE. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE. ACOUSTIC NERVE DISEASES. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES. ADIES SYNDROME. ADIE ...
NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE. NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES. NYSTAGMUS. NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC. OCULOMOTOR NERVE PARALYSIS. OCULOMOTOR NERVE ... PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY ... INJURIES, POISONINGS, AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES. DISORDERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ORIGIN. INSOMNIA. SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE ... ACOUSTIC NERVE. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE. ACOUSTIC NERVE DISEASES. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES. ADIES SYNDROME. ADIE ...
NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE. NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES. NYSTAGMUS. NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC. OCULOMOTOR NERVE PARALYSIS. OCULOMOTOR NERVE ... PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY ... INJURIES, POISONINGS, AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES. DISORDERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ORIGIN. INSOMNIA. SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE ... ACOUSTIC NERVE. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE. ACOUSTIC NERVE DISEASES. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES. ADIES SYNDROME. ADIE ...
NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE. NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES. NYSTAGMUS. NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC. OCULOMOTOR NERVE PARALYSIS. OCULOMOTOR NERVE ... PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX DEFICIENCY ... INJURIES, POISONINGS, AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES. DISORDERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ORIGIN. INSOMNIA. SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE ... ACOUSTIC NERVE. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE. ACOUSTIC NERVE DISEASES. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES. ADIES SYNDROME. ADIE ...
Regions of the brain most commonly affected include the basal ganglia, hippocampus, geniculate bodies, and cranial nerve nuclei ... such as the oculomotor, vestibular, and cochlear. Investigations. Because of a resurgence of kernicterus during the 1990s, in ... Some researchers believe the inclusion of the inherited forms of newborn hemolytic disease into the newborn metabolic screen ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations have ...
Oculomotor nerve palsy and optic neuritis as a late autoimmune response were rarely reported in the diseases studied. Recent ... The rapid spread of the new Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has actually become the newest challenge for the healthcare ... The objective of this review was to characterize the main ophthalmological findings of mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue ... Humanos , Infecções por Arbovirus/etiologia , Doenças do Nervo Oculomotor , Dengue/fisiopatologia , Febre de Chikungunya/ ...
Diseases of the eye muscles or oculomotor cranial nerves (III, IV, and VI) are considered infranuclear. Nuclear disorders are ... CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; or MUSCULAR DISEASES.. ... Tibial Nerve. The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal ... Disease Progression. The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases ...
Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia is a condition characterized by problems with movement that worsen over time. Explore symptoms, ... Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center. *Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 ... As in all forms of ataxia with oculomotor apraxia, nearly all people with type 1 develop nerve abnormalities (neuropathy). ... Increased cholesterol levels raise a persons risk of developing heart disease.. Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 usually ...
Nerve Disorders - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional ... Cavernous sinus disease and orbital mucormycosis require immediate MRI imaging for timely treatment. ... Etiology of Third Cranial Nerve Disorders Third cranial (oculomotor) nerve disorders that cause palsies and affect the pupil ... optic nerve, or extraocular muscles and their nerves; thus, they can be considered cranial nerve disorders, neuro- ...
This includes, in particular, the diagnosis of eye movement disorders such as oculomotor nerve palsy and conjugate gaze palsy. ... Among others, during your Bachelors degree course, you will learn to identify and treat diseases like:. *Blurred vision and ... Plus, it also covers treating eye diseases.. In addition to the highest level of professional competence, social competence is ... These can lead to disturbing double vision after accidents, brain injuries, and neurological or internal diseases. ...
Oculomotor Nerve Diseases. Olfactory Nerve Diseases. Ophthalmoplegic Migraine. Optic Nerve Diseases. Trigeminal Nerve Diseases ...
This condition can involve cranial nerves innervating oculomotor and bulbar muscles. Different studies have reported underlying ... Its use is supported by a series of randomized and controlled trials assessing diseases that affect the peripheral nerve, ... This disorder rarely can affect the cranial nerves and respiration. Nerve conduction studies are consistent with demyelination ... with minimal or no sensory or cranial nerve involvement. The involved nerves show diagnostic multifocal persistent partial ...
C. jejuni infection can also generate antibodies to the ganglioside GQ1b, a component of oculomotor nerve myelin; these are ... GBS is considered to be a postinfectious, immune-mediated disease targeting peripheral nerves. Up to two thirds of patients ... 21] Dense concentrations of GQ1b ganglioside are found in the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves, which may explain the ... Pathologic findings in GBS include lymphocytic infiltration of spinal roots and peripheral nerves (cranial nerves may be ...
  • Oculomotor nerve palsy: Ischemia, intracranial aneurysm, demyelinating diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis), head trauma, and brain tumors are the most common causes of oculomotor nerve palsy in adults. (wikipedia.org)
  • This may suggest Adie tonic pupil, pharmacologic dilation, oculomotor nerve palsy, or damaged iris. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some of the causes of anisocoria are life-threatening, including Horner's syndrome (which may be due to carotid artery dissection) and oculomotor nerve palsy (due to a brain aneurysm, uncal herniation, or head trauma). (wikipedia.org)
  • These cases may be due to brain mass lesions which cause oculomotor nerve palsy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Localizing an isolated third cranial nerve palsy, particularly one that causes a "down and out" position of the ipsilateral eye is relatively straightforward when there is complete involvement of the levator palpebrae superioris (causing complete ptosis), complete paralysis of innervated extraocular muscles, and complete pupillary mydriasis. (medscape.com)
  • Illustration of a complete right oculomotor palsy demonstrating the classic "down and out" appearance, complete ptosis and mydriasis of the right eye. (medscape.com)
  • Illustration of a partial right oculomotor nerve palsy demonstrating incomplete ptosis, hypotropia and mydriasis of the right eye. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] Its close proximity to other midbrain structures means that fascicular lesions often co-associate with neurological findings, in addition to oculomotor palsy. (medscape.com)
  • With a complete oculomotor palsy, the eyelid will be paralyzed, the eye will be in an abducted and inferior position, and the pupil will be markedly dilated. (bvsalud.org)
  • With unilateral third cranial nerve palsy (ie, oculomotor nerve palsy), the involved eye usually is deviated "down and out" (ie, infraducted and abducted), and there may or be partial or complete ptosis. (medscape.com)
  • Recognition of oculomotor nerve palsy is critical to ensure prompt and appropriate evaluation and treatment. (medscape.com)
  • A painful pupil-involved oculomotor nerve palsy may result from a life-threatening intracranial aneurysm. (medscape.com)
  • Patient with left posterior communicating artery aneurysm and third cranial nerve palsy. (medscape.com)
  • The anatomical relationship of the various portions of the oculomotor (third) cranial nerve accounts for many of the clinical features of third cranial nerve palsy as outlined below. (medscape.com)
  • Berry aneurysm at the junction between the posterior communicating artery and the internal carotid artery is an important cause of oculomotor nerve palsy. (medscape.com)
  • Oculomotor nerve palsy and optic neuritis as a late autoimmune response were rarely reported in the diseases studied. (bvsalud.org)
  • Occasionally, a posterior communicating artery aneurysm causes oculomotor palsy and spares the pupil. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This includes, in particular, the diagnosis of eye movement disorders such as oculomotor nerve palsy and conjugate gaze palsy. (fh-salzburg.ac.at)
  • Connect with other caregivers and patients with Familial congenital palsy of trochlear nerve and get the support you need. (rareguru.com)
  • Familial congenital palsy of trochlear nerve is a rare, genetic, neuro- ophthalmological disease characterized by congenital fourth cranial nerve palsy, manifesting with hypertropia in side gaze, unexplained head tilt, acquired vertical diplopia, and progressive increase in vertical fusional vergence amplitudes with prolonged occlusion. (rareguru.com)
  • The spectrum of sporadic frontotemporal lobar degeneration associated with tau pathology includes progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and Pick's disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Both sections have detailed descriptions of the following neurodegenerative dementias - Alzheimer's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and Pick's disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, there are several non-AD tauopathies with focal cortical neuronal loss and gliosis that fit into the spectrum of sporadic frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau pathology (FTLD-tau), including progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), and Pick's disease (PiD). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Third cranial nerve palsy (oculomotor nerve that runs from the brain to the eye and controls the position of the eyelid, the movement of the eyeball and the size of the pupil): in these cases, pupillary dilation is usually associated with ptosis (droopy eyelid) , double vision and/or visibly misaligned eyes. (barraquer.com)
  • During neurosurgery clinical analysis, the patient presented hypoesthesia of maxillary (V2) division of trigeminal nerve (V), associated with partial III and complete VI nerve palsy, on the right side. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Here, the cause of Clivuskanten syndrome is referred to as external or internal oculomotor palsy. (topbbacolleges.com)
  • Damage to the oculomotor nerve , termed oculomotor nerve palsy is known by the down n' out symptoms. (wikidoc.org)
  • This is because Horner's syndrome and oculomotor nerve lesions both cause ptosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Accordingly, damage to the third cranial nerve may cause diplopia, pupil mydriasis, and/or upper eyelid ptosis. (medscape.com)
  • If the aneurysm is near the internal carotid artery, it compresses the oculomotor nerve and causes diplopia, ptosis, dilated pupil, and inability to rotate the eye. (health-care-clinic.org)
  • CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a 43-years-old male who developed ataxia, dysphagia, dysphonia, and oculomotor disorders (vertical binocular diplopia and bilateral ptosis) followed by quadriplegia with areflexia which occurred 4 days later. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ptosis , or drooping of the eyelid , because the levator palpebrae superioris muscle (eyelid lifting muscle) is innervated by the oculomotor nerve . (wikidoc.org)
  • Ptosis can also be caused by injury to the oculomotor nerve (the nerve that stimulates the levator muscle), or the tendon connecting the levator muscle to the eyelid. (neuroeyeorbit.com)
  • The cranial nerves that control eye movements (e.g., oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, abducens nerve) can be affected by neurological conditions, leading to eye movement abnormalities or double vision. (rthm.com)
  • Cranial nerve IV (trochlear nerve). (spagades.com)
  • It also interacts with the third and fourth cranial nerves, oculomotor and trochlear, respectively, as well as with the eighth cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve) to perform conjugate eye movements (discussed later). (brainmadesimple.com)
  • All the extraocular muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III) except the superior oblique and lateral rectus muscles, which are innervated by the trochlear nerve (CN IV) and abducent nerve (CN VI), respectively. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • The trochlear nerve is a pure motor nerve having no sensory component. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • This fasciculus connects the abducent nerve nucleus with the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), and vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII). (brainmadesimple.com)
  • Diseases of the oculomotor nerve or nucleus that result in weakness or paralysis of the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, or levator palpebrae muscles, or impaired parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. (bvsalud.org)
  • Extraocular muscle paralysis resulting from lesions in one or all of these cranial nerves results in failure of one or both eyes to rotate in concert with the other eye. (medscape.com)
  • Painful ophthalmoplegia is a rare entity characterized by orbital pain associated with ipsilateral oculomotor paralysis, and sometimes with ocular sympathetic involvement and sensitive impairment in the areas supplied by the maxillary and ophthalmic branches of the trigeminal nerve. (isciii.es)
  • In the later course, an oculomotor paralysis appears, which is accompanied by an absolute rigidity of the pupils and a unilateral mydriasis. (topbbacolleges.com)
  • This clinical picture is called complete oculomotor paralysis. (topbbacolleges.com)
  • Later the oculomotor paralysis occurs, which is accompanied by a dilated and light-rigid pupil. (topbbacolleges.com)
  • In the later stage of the disease, complete oculomotor paralysis occurs, and an additional dilation of the contralateral pupil occurs. (topbbacolleges.com)
  • The inner somatic fibers of the third cranial nerve supply the levator palpebrae superioris in the eyelid (controlling upper eyelid elevation), and four extraocular muscles that govern ocular motility (the superior, medial, and inferior recti muscles, and the inferior oblique muscle). (medscape.com)
  • The third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves innervate the extraocular muscles that position the globes in the orbits. (medscape.com)
  • The oculomotor nerve innervates the following extraocular muscles of either eye: superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae, ciliary muscle, and iris sphincter. (medscape.com)
  • It is a long, slender, motor nerve and supplies only one of the extraocular muscles of the eye and functions in the movement of the eyeball within the orbit. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • The primary symptom is diplopia caused by misalignment of the visual axes, and the pattern of image separation is the key to diagnosing which particular ocular motor cranial nerve (and extraocular muscle) is involved. (medscape.com)
  • Third cranial nerve disorders can impair ocular motility, pupillary function, or both. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cranial nerves 3, 4 and 6 & extra ocular movements: Touch the sharp tip of the stick to the right and left side of the forehead, assessing the Ophthalmic branch. (spagades.com)
  • Owing to its elegant anatomical organization and course, third cranial nerve deficits can be readily localised to specific site (nucleus, fascicular portion, cavernous sinus segment, or orbit), depending on the pattern of oculomotor dysfunction observed and associated clinical findings. (medscape.com)
  • Broadly speaking, nuclear third cranial nerve palsies may be isolated, or accompanied by other neurologic symptoms given the proximity of the oculomotor nucleus to other important structures in the midbrain tegmentum. (medscape.com)
  • Fascicular intraparenchymal midbrain portion: The fascicular portion of the oculomotor nerve courses ventrally from the nucleus in the dorsal midbrain tegmentum, passes through the red nucleus, and emerges from the medial aspect of the cerebral peduncle. (medscape.com)
  • The pupillomotor and ciliary muscle neurons derive from the Edinger-Westphal subnucleus, which is in the midline in the most rostral and anterior part of the oculomotor nerve nucleus. (medscape.com)
  • There is only one nucleus for each of the abducent nerves that is present in the upper pons (seen in the cut section of upper pons) at the level of facial colliculi. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • These disorders affect the intricate relationship between the eyes, optic nerves, and the brain, leading to various visual symptoms and eye-related abnormalities. (rthm.com)
  • The visual system is intricately connected to the brain, and any abnormalities or diseases affecting the neurological pathways involved in vision can result in visual symptoms. (rthm.com)
  • Conditions affecting the optic nerve, such as optic neuritis or optic neuropathy, can lead to visual symptoms such as reduced color vision, loss of peripheral vision (typically in a specific pattern, e.g., central scotoma), or visual field defects. (rthm.com)
  • Common symptoms include visual and oculomotor abnormalities, paresthesias, weakness. (merckmanuals.com)
  • They include the nerves that transmit smell, those responsible for vision and the movement of the eyes, those that control facial movements, those responsible for hearing and balance, and those responsible for chewing, swallowing, vocalizing, and movement of the Other times a person's neurologic symptoms bring them to the doctors office. (spagades.com)
  • Often associated with significant symptoms and disseminated systemic disease, nowadays radiosurgery is the first and less invasive strategy, offering low risk of new deficits, clinical improvement, and good local control. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Mutant mtDNA typically does not cause signs of disease until it makes up 80 percent or more of the total mtDNA in a cell, which helps explain why age of onset, the constellation of symptoms, and disease severity varies among individuals with the same mutation. (nih.gov)
  • The patient was treated with high doses of methylprednisolone but the evolution of the disease was nevertheless marked by a complete recovery six weeks after onset of symptoms. (bvsalud.org)
  • The clinical manifestations of third cranial nerve dysfunction reflect its constituent parts. (medscape.com)
  • Masses invading the cavernous sinus from within the sella often cause third cranial nerve dysfunction prior to involvement of the other cranial nerves in the cavernous sinus. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] Lesions of the cavernous sinus often produce third nerve palsies that are accompanied by one or more other neurologic findings including palsies of the fourth, fifth (first division), and sixth cranial nerves, with or without an associated Horner syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • thus, they can be considered cranial nerve disorders, neuro-ophthalmologic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Disorders that affect myelin interrupt nerve transmission. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Based on the predominance of disorders involving tau neuropathology, it is recognized as the most commonly associated misfolded protein in human neurodegenerative diseases (Table 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cardiovascular Disorders Disorders Cardiomyopathies Conduction Disorders Congenital Heart Disease Congestive Heart Failure Hypertension Hypotension Ischemic Heart Disease Vascular Disease Valvular Disorders Infectious Heart Disease Other Heart Disease Cardiac Goals and Norms Cardiac Enzymes Murmurs The Effects of Heart Failure Autonomic Nervous System Drugs Hypertension Drugs The Renin-Angiotensin System Dental Procedure Prophylaxis 3. (hsbookstore.com)
  • Pulmonary Disorders Disorders Infectious Disease Neoplastic Disease Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Pleural Disease Pulmonary Circulation Disease Restrictive Pulmonary Disease Other Pulmonary Disease Pneumonia Respiratory Bacteria Neoplastic Diseases Asthma Protocol (Chronic/Stable) Peak Flow Normal Values Breath Sounds Adventitious (Added) Lung Sounds Transmitted Voice Sounds (Tests for Lung Consolidation) Obstructive Versus Restrictive Lung Disease Diagnosing Acid-Base Balance 4. (hsbookstore.com)
  • Genitourinary Disorders Disorders Benign Genitourinary Tract Infections/Inflammatory Neoplastic Disease Renal Disease Electrolyte/Acid-Base Disorders Genitourinary Labs Urinalysis and its Differential Diagnosis Acute Renal Failure Indices Upper Tract Versus Lower Tract Infections Diagnosing Vaginal Infections Diagnosing Sexually Transmitted Diseases The Sexually Transmitted Disese Check Incontinence 6. (hsbookstore.com)
  • Reproductive Disorders Disorders Uterus Ovary Cervix Vagina/Vulva Menstrual Disorders Menopause Breast Disorders Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Contraception Infertility Uncomplicated Pregnancy Complicated Pregnancy Pap Interpretation Contraceptive Tables Reproductive Tables and Terminology Pregnancy Stages/Development Pregnancy Monitoring Pregnancy Drug Classes Medications OK in Breast Feeding 7. (hsbookstore.com)
  • Endocrine Disorders Disorders Thyroid Gland Adrenal Gland Pituitary Gland Diabetes Mellitus Lipid Disorders Hormone Pearls Normal Thyroid Function Grave's Disease Hashimoto's Disease Addison's Disease Diabetes Insipidus Glucose Testing Diabetes Mellitus Pearls Pharmacological Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 - Oral Anti-Diabetic Agents 9. (hsbookstore.com)
  • Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum (HMSN/ACC) is an autosomal recessive disease of the central and peripheral nervous system that presents as early-onset polyneuropathy. (nature.com)
  • 4 Pathological findings from muscle and nerve biopsies, reported by Larbrisseau et al 5 , revealed evidence of chronic denervation with angular fibers and type grouping, suggesting an axonal neuropathy and a major primary defect at the level of peripheral nerve in HMSN/ACC. (nature.com)
  • As in all forms of ataxia with oculomotor apraxia, nearly all people with type 1 develop nerve abnormalities (neuropathy). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Doctors might someday use the approach to treat a variety of mitochondrial diseases, including the degenerative eye disease Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). (nih.gov)
  • Nerve conduction study revealed features consistent with an acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN). (bvsalud.org)
  • In ischemic lesions of the oculomotor nerve, pupillary function is usually spared whereas in compressive lesions the pupil is involved. (wikipedia.org)
  • In Horner's syndrome sympathetic nerve fibers have a defect, therefore the pupil of the involved eye will not dilate in darkness. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is because a hemorrhage, tumor or another intracranial mass can enlarge to a size where the third cranial nerve (CN III) is compressed, which results in uninhibited dilatation of the pupil on the same side as the lesion. (wikipedia.org)
  • The oculomotor (third) cranial nerve plays an important role in the efferent visual system by controlling ipsilateral eye movements, pupil constriction, and upper eyelid elevation. (medscape.com)
  • the inferior division innervates all the other muscles innervated by the third nerve, including the iris sphincter, which constricts the pupil. (medscape.com)
  • The afferent part of the pathway (red) refers to the nerve impulse/message sent from the pupil to the brain along the optic nerve when a light is shone in that eye. (cehjournal.org)
  • In an abnormal swinging-light test (i.e. there is a RAPD) there is less pupil constriction in the eye with the retinal or optic nerve disease (Figure 3). (cehjournal.org)
  • The first symptom is an ipsilateral pupil dilation, which occurs due to the stretching and irritation of the affected nerve in the so-called tentorium slit. (topbbacolleges.com)
  • Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia is a condition characterized by problems with movement that worsen over time. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There are several types of ataxia with oculomotor apraxia, the most common of which are types 1, 2, and 4. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Many individuals with ataxia with oculomotor apraxia require wheelchair assistance, typically 10 to 15 years after the start of movement problems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People with some types of ataxia with oculomotor apraxia may have characteristic blood abnormalities. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 usually begins around age 15. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A key feature of ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 is high amounts of a protein called alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The effect of abnormally high levels of AFP or CPK in people with ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 is unknown. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In addition to ataxia and oculomotor apraxia, individuals with this type typically develop dystonia, which is involuntary, sustained muscle tensing that causes unusual positioning of body parts. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 4, albumin levels can be low, and cholesterol or AFP can be elevated. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Intelligence is usually not affected by ataxia with oculomotor apraxia, but some people with the condition have intellectual disability. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia is a rare condition. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutations in the APTX , SETX , or PNKP gene cause ataxia with oculomotor apraxia types 1, 2, or 4, respectively. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutations in another gene cause ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 3. (medlineplus.gov)
  • See also Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia 1 ( 208920 ) with hypoalbuminemia, Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia 2 ( 606002 ) (also known as Spinocerebellar Ataxia, Autosomal Recessive 1 or SCAR1), and Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia 4 ( 616267 ). (arizona.edu)
  • Sympathetic nerves, which cause reflex motions. (spagades.com)
  • 2. Levator palpebral superioris, (also supplied by sympathetic nerves). (rahulgladwin.com)
  • The internal carotid artery, along with its sympathetic plexus and abducents nerve, is wrapped in a sheath called a carotid sheath. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • Sympathetic ganglia comprises the thousands of afferent and efferent nerve cell bodies that run along either side of the spinal cord, connecting major organ systems, such as the renal system, to the spinal cord and brain. (nih.gov)
  • This article gives an overview of some autoimmune neurologic diseases and explores the clinical evidence supporting the use of IVIG. (nursingcenter.com)
  • Although tauopathies share a common molecular mechanism, the selective vulnerability of anatomic systems and clinical presentations significantly varies across disease types. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As in our case, the image was suggestive of meningioma, however, the clinical presentation and further investigations led us to suspect as a metastatic disease. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • The therapeutic decision considers clinical and functional status, the extent of primary and metastatic disease, radiological study, tumor histopathology, and biological behavior. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • These grants represent HDSA's patient-centric research focus which brings basic and clinical researchers together to facilitate Huntington's disease (HD) science in the human condition - instead of in animal models - with the direct participation of people affected by HD. (hdsa.org)
  • We report a case of acute polyradiculoneuropathy following primary infection with VZV marked by atypical clinical features raising the hypothesis of a para-infectious disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • Its clinical features suggest that it is a para-infectious disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • The clinical course is extremely variable, ranging from a relatively benign condition to a rapidly evolving and incapacitating disease requiring profound lifestyle adjustments. (vjim.org)
  • [ 4 ] The cisternal portion of the third cranial nerve travels in the subarachnoid space anterior to the midbrain after exiting between the superior cerebellar and posterior cerebral arteries (Figure 3). (medscape.com)
  • Nuclear portion: The cell bodies for axons that travel in the oculomotor nerve reside in the column-shaped nuclear groups on either side of the midbrain tegmentum. (medscape.com)
  • Subarachnoid portion: The cisternal portion of the nerve is in the subarachnoid space anterior to the midbrain and in close proximity to the posterior communicating artery. (medscape.com)
  • The functions of LD in the central nervous system have gained great interest due to their presence in various cell types in the brain and for their suggested involvement in neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • Neuro-ophthalmologists evaluate and manage various types of visual field abnormalities caused by conditions such as strokes, brain tumors, or neurodegenerative diseases. (rthm.com)
  • Research efforts investigating sporadic and familial neurodegenerative diseases have identified distinct clinicopathologic relationships related to the accumulation of hallmark brain lesions found in selectively vulnerable neuroanatomical distributions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These can lead to disturbing double vision after accidents, brain injuries, and neurological or internal diseases. (fh-salzburg.ac.at)
  • Metastases to the region are uncommon and often associated with a headache, facial pain, or progressive neurological deficit in III, IV, and VI cranial nerves. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Over the last two decades in the United States, national healthcare organizations led by the Academy of Pediatrics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations have alerted practitioners and hospitals about the reemergence of this devastating disorder and provided management guidelines. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Do you have information about a disease, disorder, or syndrome? (rareguru.com)
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting in dementia and eventual death. (frontiersin.org)
  • Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal genetic disorder that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain. (hdsa.org)
  • Previous neuropathological observations in HMSN/ACC patients have included the presence of small oval vacuoles in the brain white matter, signs of axonal swelling and depletion of large myelinated fibers in nerves. (nature.com)
  • Facial colliculi are actually rounded, bulged structures that are formed by the winding of fibers of the facial nerve around the nuclei of abducent nerves. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • The oculomotor nerve runs through the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. (medscape.com)
  • Usually, the third cranial nerve branches into superior and inferior divisions within the posterior orbit, but, occasionally, divisional branching occurs in cavernous sinus. (medscape.com)
  • Cavernous sinus portion: The next segment of the oculomotor nerve runs through the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus superiorly. (medscape.com)
  • In reality, however, third cranial nerve palsies are often incomplete and result in partial deficits that may be relatively subtle and easily overlooked (Figure 2). (medscape.com)
  • For the internal strabismus, the defect sometimes is due to any damage to the abducent nerve, the sixth cranial nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • For this reason, it is imperative to carefully establish a good history and perform a thorough examination to localize third cranial nerve lesions, which may herald vision and life-threatening problems. (medscape.com)
  • The test can be very useful for detecting unilateral or asymmetrical disease of the retina or optic nerve (but only optic nerve disease that occurs in front of the optic chiasm). (cehjournal.org)
  • A positive RAPD means there are differences between the two eyes in the afferent pathway due to retinal or optic nerve disease. (cehjournal.org)
  • Binocular - Hemianopsia due to bilateral optic nerve disease. (wikem.org)
  • The science in this project advances an imaginative and very clever approach that may one day lead to a therapeutic strategy for mitochondrial diseases," said Houmam Araj, Ph.D., director of the lens/cataract and oculomotor/neuro-ophthalmology programs at the NEI. (nih.gov)
  • This eye position reflects the unopposed actions of depression and abduction of the globe, which are governed by superior oblique (innervated by the fourth cranial nerve) and lateral rectus (innervated by the sixth cranial nerve) muscles, respectively. (medscape.com)
  • The affected eye looks downward, because the superior oblique (innervated by cranial nerve IV ), is unantagonized by the paralyzed superior rectus and inferior oblique and looking outwards, because the lateral rectus (innervated by cranial nerve VI ) is unantagonized by the paralyzed medial rectus . (wikidoc.org)
  • We conducted a retrospective study of patients with concussion history, primarily from sports participation, who underwent oculomotor testing based on an eye-tracking technology at the Duke Eye Center vision rehabilitation clinic between June 30, 2017 and January 10, 2022. (qxmd.com)
  • With adults, it may occur as a result of aging, trauma, or muscular or neurologic disease. (neuroeyeorbit.com)
  • [ 4 ] Finally, the oculomotor nerve enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure adjacent to the fourth cranial nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Enfermedades del nervio o núcleo oculomotor que producen debilidad o parálisis del recto superior, recto inferior, recto medio, oblicuo inferior, o músculo elevador palpebral, o trastornos de la inervación parasimpática de la pupila. (bvsalud.org)
  • Abducens nerve leaves the cranial cavity and enters into the cavity of bony orbit via the superior orbital fissure. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • The nuclei of the cranial nerves are the collection of cell bodies of axons forming that cranial nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • Distal sensory deficits with lack of sensory nerve action potentials are also present in the lower limbs. (arizona.edu)
  • Olfactory nerve - CN I. Sensory cranial nerves help a person see, smell, and hear. (spagades.com)
  • Which of the cranial nerves are sensory only? (spagades.com)
  • The sensory and motor innervation to the structures in the head and neck region of the body is exclusively provided by the cranial nerves. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • The weakness may progress over hours to days to involve the arms, truncal muscles, cranial nerves, and muscles of respiration. (medscape.com)
  • Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatiguability. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • Mitochondrial gene mutations can lead to a variety of health problems including muscle weakness, heart disease, and blindness in the case of LHON. (nih.gov)
  • These include optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve), optic neuropathies (damage to the optic nerve), and compressive optic neuropathies caused by conditions like tumors or aneurysms. (rthm.com)
  • Peripheral nerve damage of either the myelin or axon is mediated by an immune cascade involving cytokines, monocytes, and complement-fixing antibodies. (nursingcenter.com)
  • Most of the evidence supports the conclusion that the immune damage is triggered by shared reactivity to peripheral nerve components and epitopes on the surface of infectious particles. (nursingcenter.com)
  • Last but not least, we shall have a look at the diseases caused by damage to the abducent nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • In glaucoma, if other tests of visual function (e.g. visual fields) are not possible, detecting a RAPD can be very useful as it indicates that there is more optic nerve damage in one eye than in the other, even if the visual acuity in both eyes is equal. (cehjournal.org)
  • The main cause, however, is damage to the oculomotor nerve, the so-called third cranial nerve. (topbbacolleges.com)
  • This nerve has numerous external eye muscles, which, depending on the extent of the damage, can be impaired in their function in complex ways. (topbbacolleges.com)
  • It has the potential to bind many common pathogens and modulate a wide range of effectors of autoimmune disease. (nursingcenter.com)
  • This condition involves eye-related manifestations associated with autoimmune thyroid disease. (rthm.com)
  • It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • It is an autoimmune disease characterised by chronic inflammation, demyelination, gliosis (plaques or scarring) and neuronal loss with relapsing or progressive course. (vjim.org)
  • Tongue deviation from unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury (CN XII). (wikem.org)
  • Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures. (lookformedical.com)
  • Traumatic injuries to the OCULOMOTOR NERVE . (nih.gov)
  • Eye diseases or injuries in which the iris can be damaged: eye trauma, inflammation of the iris (iritis or uveitis ), glaucoma , etc. (barraquer.com)
  • Abducens nerve emerges from the brain stem in the posterior cranial fossa from a groove at the junction of the pons and medulla oblongata medial to the facial nerve exit. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • CONCLUSION: GBS following varicella is a rare but severe disease occurring most often in adults and marked by greater involvement of the cranial nerves. (bvsalud.org)
  • Automated eye tracking could be used to evaluate saccade performance of patients with concussion history, providing quantitative insights about the degree of oculomotor impairment and potential vision rehabilitation strategies for this patient population. (qxmd.com)
  • Cranial Nerve 1 - Olfactory Smell test is done if Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. (spagades.com)
  • 3. Sphincter papillae and ciliary smooth muscles via ciliary (parasympathetic) ganglion (visceral efferent) and short ciliary nerves. (rahulgladwin.com)
  • The efferent part of the pathway (blue) is the impulse/message that is sent from the mid-brain back to both pupils via the ciliary ganglion and the third cranial nerve (the oculomotor nerve), causing both pupils to constrict, even even though only one eye is being stimulated by the light. (cehjournal.org)