Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by OSTEOBLASTS and found primarily in BONES. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), which, in the presence of CALCIUM, promotes binding to HYDROXYAPATITE and subsequent accumulation in BONE MATRIX.
Bone-forming cells which secrete an EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. HYDROXYAPATITE crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.
A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.
The process of bone formation. Histogenesis of bone including ossification.
A transcription factor that dimerizes with CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain and is involved in genetic regulation of skeletal development and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.
The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.
A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.
A highly glycosylated and sulfated phosphoprotein that is found almost exclusively in mineralized connective tissues. It is an extracellular matrix protein that binds to hydroxyapatite through polyglutamic acid sequences and mediates cell attachment through an RGD sequence.
The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.
Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.
A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.
A lipid cofactor that is required for normal blood clotting. Several forms of vitamin K have been identified: VITAMIN K 1 (phytomenadione) derived from plants, VITAMIN K 2 (menaquinone) from bacteria, and synthetic naphthoquinone provitamins, VITAMIN K 3 (menadione). Vitamin K 3 provitamins, after being alkylated in vivo, exhibit the antifibrinolytic activity of vitamin K. Green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, butter, and egg yolk are good sources of vitamin K.
The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (CALCIFEDIOL). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption.
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)
A negatively-charged extracellular matrix protein that plays a role in the regulation of BONE metabolism and a variety of other biological functions. Cell signaling by osteopontin may occur through a cell adhesion sequence that recognizes INTEGRIN ALPHA-V BETA-3.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.
Metabolic bone diseases are a group of disorders that affect the bones' structure and strength, caused by disturbances in the normal metabolic processes involved in bone formation, resorption, or mineralization, including conditions like osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, and renal osteodystrophy.
A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS.
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Extracellular substance of bone tissue consisting of COLLAGEN fibers, ground substance, and inorganic crystalline minerals and salts.
Glycoproteins which contain sialic acid as one of their carbohydrates. They are often found on or in the cell or tissue membranes and participate in a variety of biological activities.
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.
Found in various tissues, particularly in four blood-clotting proteins including prothrombin, in kidney protein, in bone protein, and in the protein present in various ectopic calcifications.
Proteins, usually found in the cytoplasm, that specifically bind calcitriol, migrate to the nucleus, and regulate transcription of specific segments of DNA with the participation of D receptor interacting proteins (called DRIP). Vitamin D is converted in the liver and kidney to calcitriol and ultimately acts through these receptors.
The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.
A biosynthetic precursor of collagen containing additional amino acid sequences at the amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal ends of the polypeptide chains.
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.
Form of radioimmunoassay in which excess specific labeled antibody is added directly to the test antigen being measured.
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.
Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.
A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.
The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins, or activator proteins. They typically contain EF HAND MOTIFS.
Mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the BONE MATRIX. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.
A noninvasive method for assessing BODY COMPOSITION. It is based on the differential absorption of X-RAYS (or GAMMA RAYS) by different tissues such as bone, fat and other soft tissues. The source of (X-ray or gamma-ray) photon beam is generated either from radioisotopes such as GADOLINIUM 153, IODINE 125, or Americanium 241 which emit GAMMA RAYS in the appropriate range; or from an X-ray tube which produces X-RAYS in the desired range. It is primarily used for quantitating BONE MINERAL CONTENT, especially for the diagnosis of OSTEOPOROSIS, and also in measuring BONE MINERALIZATION.
DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.
A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
A large multinuclear cell associated with the BONE RESORPTION. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in CEMENTUM resorption.
A polypeptide that consists of the 1-34 amino-acid fragment of human PARATHYROID HORMONE, the biologically active N-terminal region. The acetate form is given by intravenous infusion in the differential diagnosis of HYPOPARATHYROIDISM and PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)
A vitamin that includes both CHOLECALCIFEROLS and ERGOCALCIFEROLS, which have the common effect of preventing or curing RICKETS in animals. It can also be viewed as a hormone since it can be formed in SKIN by action of ULTRAVIOLET RAYS upon the precursors, 7-dehydrocholesterol and ERGOSTEROL, and acts on VITAMIN D RECEPTORS to regulate CALCIUM in opposition to PARATHYROID HORMONE.
Agents that inhibit BONE RESORPTION and/or favor BONE MINERALIZATION and BONE REGENERATION. They are used to heal BONE FRACTURES and to treat METABOLIC BONE DISEASES such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
Diseases of BONES.
A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.
Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.
Thin outer membrane that surrounds a bone. It contains CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CAPILLARIES, nerves, and a number of cell types.
Heterodimeric transcription factors containing a DNA-binding alpha subunits, (CORE BINDING FACTOR ALPHA SUBUNITS), along with a non-DNA-binding beta subunits, CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT. Core Binding Factor regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a variety of GENES involved primarily in CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELL CYCLE progression.

Diurnal variation and age differences in the biochemical markers of bone turnover in horses. (1/1409)

Biochemical markers of bone turnover provide sensitive, rapid, and noninvasive monitoring of bone resorption and formation. Serum concentrations of osteocalcin (OC) reflect rates of bone formation, and urinary concentrations of the pyridinium crosslinks pyridinoline (Pyd) and deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) are specific and sensitive markers of bone resorption. These markers are age-dependent and are used to detect and monitor changes in the rates of bone turnover in a variety of orthopedic diseases in humans and may prove to have similar application in horses. This study examined age differences and diurnal variation in OC, Pyd, and Dpd in eight adult geldings and seven weanling colts. Blood and urine were collected at regular intervals over 24 h. Serum OC and cortisol, and urinary Pyd and Dpd were analyzed. Mean 24-h concentrations of cortisol and all three markers were higher (P<.003) in weanlings than adults. Significant 24-h variation was observed in adult gelding OC, Pyd, and Dpd concentrations (P< .02). Adult OC concentrations were highest between 2400 and 0900; Pyd and Dpd peaked between 0200 and 0800. Similar patterns of bone turnover were observed in weanling values, but they were not significant (P>.17) owing to greater variability between individuals. Cortisol secretion varied (P<.001) over 24 h in both adults and weanlings and, thus, did not seem to be responsible for greater variability in markers of bone turnover between weanlings. These data demonstrate that diurnal rhythms exist for serum OC and urinary Pyd and Dpd in adult horses, as reported in humans, and that sample timing is an important consideration in future equine studies using these markers.  (+info)

Biochemical markers of bone turnover in breast cancer patients with bone metastases: a preliminary report. (2/1409)

BACKGROUND: Some biochemical markers of bone turnover are expected to reflect the disease activity of metastatic bone tumor. In the present study six biochemical markers were evaluated to determine appropriate markers for the detection of metastatic bone tumors from breast cancer (BC). METHODS: A panel of bone turnover markers was assessed in 11 normocalcemic patients with bone metastases from BC and in 19 BC patients without clinical evidence of bone metastases. Bone formation was investigated by measuring serum bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (BALP), osteocalcin (OC) and carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP): Bone resorption was investigated by measuring serum carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP), fasting urinary pyridinoline (Pyr) and deoxypyridinoline (D-Pyr). RESULTS: PICP was influenced by age and menopausal status. Significant correlations were observed between each of bone turnover markers except between BALP and OC. The mean levels of the six bone turnover markers were higher in patients with bone metastases than in those without them and significance was observed except for OC. The best diagnostic efficiency by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was provided by ICTP followed by Pyr or D-Pyr, BALP, PICP and OC and significance was observed between ICTP and OC. Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted by age revealed that the only significant marker related to bone metastases was ICTP. CONCLUSIONS: Serum ICTP appears to be the leading marker of bone metastases from BC. However, to reveal the clinical usefulness of these markers, further examination will be needed to account for the ease and cost-effectiveness of the measurements.  (+info)

The associations of bone mineral density and bone turnover markers with osteoarthritis of the hand and knee in pre- and perimenopausal women. (3/1409)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether Caucasian women ages 28-48 years with newly defined osteoarthritis (OA) would have greater bone mineral density (BMD) and less bone turnover over time than would women without OA. METHODS: Data were derived from the longitudinal Michigan Bone Health Study. Period prevalence and 3-year incidence of OA were based on radiographs of the dominant hand and both knees, scored with the Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) scale. OA scores were related to BMD, which was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and to serum osteocalcin levels, which were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: The period prevalence of OA (K/L grade > or =2 in the knees or the dominant hand) was 15.3% (92 of 601), with 8.7% for the knees and 6.7% for the hand. The 3-year incidence of knee OA was 1.9% (9 of 482) and of hand OA was 3.3% (16 of 482). Women with incident knee OA had greater average BMD (z-scores 0.3-0.8 higher for the 3 BMD sites) than women without knee OA (P < 0.04 at the femoral neck). Women with incident knee OA had less change in their average BMD z-scores over the 3-year study period. Average BMD z-scores for women with prevalent knee OA were greater (0.4-0.7 higher) than for women without knee OA (P < 0.002 at all sites). There was no difference in average BMD z-scores or their change in women with and without hand OA. Average serum osteocalcin levels were lower in incident cases of hand OA (>60%; P = 0.02) or knee OA (20%; P not significant). The average change in absolute serum osteocalcin levels was not as great in women with incident hand OA or knee OA as in women without OA (P < 0.02 and P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: Women with radiographically defined knee OA have greater BMD than do women without knee OA and are less likely to lose that higher level of BMD. There was less bone turnover among women with hand OA and/or knee OA. These findings suggest that bone-forming cells might show a differential response in OA of the hand and knee, and may suggest a different pathogenesis of hand OA and knee OA.  (+info)

Acute fasting diminishes the circadian rhythm of biochemical markers of bone resorption. (4/1409)

OBJECTIVE: Biochemical markers of bone turnover exhibit circadian rhythms with the peak during the night/early morning and the nadir in the late afternoon. The nocturnal increase in bone resorption could theoretically be caused by the absence of food consumption which brings about a decrease in net calcium absorption and an increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH), followed by increased bone resorption in response to the body's demand for calcium. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of a 33-h fast on the circadian variation in biochemical markers of bone turnover. DESIGN: Eleven healthy premenopausal women (age: 24+/-5 years) participated in a randomised, cross-over study consisting of two periods: either 33h of fasting (fasting) followed 1 week later by a 33-h period with regular meals eaten at 0800-0830h, 1130-1230h and 1800-1900h (control) or vice versa. METHODS: Urinary CrossLaps (U-CL/Cr) corrected with creatinine, as a marker of bone resorption; serum osteocalcin (sOC) as a marker of bone formation; serum intact PTH (iPTH); serum phosphate; and serum calcium corrected with albumin. RESULTS: Both the fasting and the control periods showed a significant circadian rhythm in U-CL/Cr (P<0.001), but the decrease was significantly less pronounced in the morning hours during the fasting period. Fasting resulted in a significant decrease in serum iPTH (throughout the study period) as compared with the control period (P<0.05-0.001). No change was observed in sOC by fasting. CONCLUSION: Food consumption has a small influence on the circadian variation in bone resorption, independent of PTH. The fall in iPTH during fasting may be secondary to an increased bone resorption produced by fasting.  (+info)

Immunoradiometric assay for intact human osteocalcin(1-49) without cross-reactivity to breakdown products. (5/1409)

BACKGROUND: Osteocalcin (Oc), a serum marker of bone turnover, circulates in several forms. We developed an assay for intact human Oc and investigated its clinical features. METHODS: We generated goat antibodies and N- and C-terminal Oc. The former was used on solid phase (polystyrene beads), and the latter was used as the tracer in an IRMA. RESULTS: The assay was linear with no cross-reactivity to Oc(1-43), total imprecision (CV) of <10%, and recovery of 100% +/- 10%. Assay values for intact Oc in EDTA plasma samples were unchanged at 18-25 degrees C for 6 h. Values for intact Oc in serum, EDTA plasma, and heparin plasma samples did not change after storage on ice for 8 h. Serum samples from patients with various conditions were stored at -70 or -135 degrees C for up to 5 years and yielded z-scores comparable to an Oc(1-43) IRMA for all conditions except for renal failure. In renal failure, the Oc(1-43) assay values were increased, whereas the intact assay values were in the reference interval. CONCLUSION: Decreases in Oc assay values are inhibited by calcium chelation, and slowed by reduced temperatures. The described assay for intact Oc allows improved specificity for bone compared with an assay for Oc(1-43).  (+info)

Structure-function studies of new C-20 epimer pairs of vitamin D3 analogs. (6/1409)

A growing number of calcitriol (1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) analogs have become available in recent years. Many of these analogs exhibit lower calcemic effects than calcitriol and inhibit cell proliferation and enhance cell differentation more efficiently than calcitriol. We have compared structure-function relationships of a series of new C-20 epimer (20-epi) vitamin D3 analogs with their natural C-20 counterparts. In human MG-63 osteosarcoma cells, quantification of cellular osteocalcin mRNA levels by Northern blot analysis and osteocalcin biosynthesis by radioimmunoassay indicated that most studied analogs at a concentration of 10 nm induced osteocalcin gene expression more efficiently than the parent compound, calcitriol. Interestingly, when the biological responses were compared with the binding affinities of the analogs to in-vitro translated human vitamin D receptor and with their ability to protect the receptor against partial proteolytic digestion, significant correlations were not observed. Further, molecular modelling of the compounds by energy minimization did not reveal marked differences in the three-dimensional structures of the analogs. These results suggest that higher than normal ligand binding affinity or 'natural' conformation of the ligand-receptor complex are not necessarily required for the 'superagonist' transactivation activity. The mechanism of action of the efficient analogs may involve stabilization and/or differential binding of transcriptional coactivators or transcription intermediary factors to the hVDR during transactivation.  (+info)

A WW domain-containing yes-associated protein (YAP) is a novel transcriptional co-activator. (7/1409)

A protein module called the WW domain recognizes and binds to a short oligopeptide called the PY motif, PPxY, to mediate protein-protein interactions. The PY motif is present in the transcription activation domains of a wide range of transcription factors including c-Jun, AP-2, NF-E2, C/EBPalpha and PEBP2/CBF, suggesting that it plays an important role in transcriptional activation. We show here that mutation of the PY motif in the subregion of the activation domain of the DNA-binding subunit of PEBP2, PEBP2alpha, abolishes its transactivation function. Using yeast two-hybrid screening, we demonstrate that Yes-associated protein (YAP) binds to the PY motif of PEBP2alpha through its WW domain. The C-terminal region of YAP fused to the DNA-binding domain of GAL4 showed transactivation as strong as that of GAL4-VP16. Exogenously expressed YAP conferred transcription-stimulating activity on the PY motif fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain as well as to native PEBP2alpha. The osteocalcin promoter was stimulated by exogenous PEBP2alphaA and a dominant negative form of YAP strongly inhibited this activity, suggesting YAP involvement in this promoter activity in vivo. These results indicate that the PY motif is a novel transcription activation domain that functions by recruiting YAP as a strong transcription activator to target genes.  (+info)

Inhibition of osteoblastic cell differentiation by lipopolysaccharide extract from Porphyromonas gingivalis. (8/1409)

Lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis (P-LPS), an important pathogenic bacterium, is closely associated with inflammatory destruction of periodontal tissues. P-LPS induces the release of cytokines and local factors from inflammatory cells, stimulates osteoclastic-cell differentiation, and causes alveolar bone resorption. However, the effect of P-LPS on osteoblastic-cell differentiation remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of P-LPS extract prepared by the hot-phenol-water method, on the differentiation of primary fetal rat calvaria (RC) cells, which contain a subpopulation of osteoprogenitor cells, into osteoblastic cells. P-LPS extract significantly inhibited bone nodule (BN) formation and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALPase), an osteoblastic marker, in a dose-dependent manner (0 to 100 ng of P-LPS extract per ml). P-LPS extract (100 ng/ml) significantly decreased BN formation to 27% of the control value and inhibited ALPase activity to approximately 60% of the control level on days 10 to 21 but did not affect RC cell proliferation and viability. P-LPS extract time-dependently suppressed the expression of ALPase mRNA, with an inhibitory pattern similar to that of enzyme activity. The expression of mRNAs for osteocalcin and osteopontin, matrix proteins related to bone metabolism, was markedly suppressed by P-LPS extract. Furthermore, P-LPS extract increased the expression of mRNAs for CD14, LPS receptor, and interleukin-1beta in RC cells. These results indicate that P-LPS inhibits osteoblastic-cell differentiation and suggest that LPS-induced bone resorption in periodontal disease may be mediated by effects on osteoblastic as well as osteoclastic cells.  (+info)

Osteocalcin is a protein that is produced by osteoblasts, which are the cells responsible for bone formation. It is one of the most abundant non-collagenous proteins found in bones and plays a crucial role in the regulation of bone metabolism. Osteocalcin contains a high affinity for calcium ions, making it essential for the mineralization of the bone matrix.

Once synthesized, osteocalcin is secreted into the extracellular matrix, where it binds to hydroxyapatite crystals, helping to regulate their growth and contributing to the overall strength and integrity of the bones. Osteocalcin also has been found to play a role in other physiological processes outside of bone metabolism, such as modulating insulin sensitivity, energy metabolism, and male fertility.

In summary, osteocalcin is a protein produced by osteoblasts that plays a critical role in bone formation, mineralization, and turnover, and has been implicated in various other physiological processes.

Osteoblasts are specialized bone-forming cells that are derived from mesenchymal stem cells. They play a crucial role in the process of bone formation and remodeling. Osteoblasts synthesize, secrete, and mineralize the organic matrix of bones, which is mainly composed of type I collagen.

These cells have receptors for various hormones and growth factors that regulate their activity, such as parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and transforming growth factor-beta. When osteoblasts are not actively producing bone matrix, they can become trapped within the matrix they produce, where they differentiate into osteocytes, which are mature bone cells that play a role in maintaining bone structure and responding to mechanical stress.

Abnormalities in osteoblast function can lead to various bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and Paget's disease of bone.

"Bone" is the hard, dense connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrate animals. It provides support and protection for the body's internal organs, and serves as a attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is composed of cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone formation and resorption, respectively, and an extracellular matrix made up of collagen fibers and mineral crystals.

Bones can be classified into two main types: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and hard, and makes up the outer layer of all bones and the shafts of long bones. Spongy bone is less dense and contains large spaces, and makes up the ends of long bones and the interior of flat and irregular bones.

The human body has 206 bones in total. They can be further classified into five categories based on their shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in various body tissues, including the liver, bile ducts, digestive system, bones, and kidneys. It plays a role in breaking down proteins and minerals, such as phosphate, in the body.

The medical definition of alkaline phosphatase refers to its function as a hydrolase enzyme that removes phosphate groups from molecules at an alkaline pH level. In clinical settings, ALP is often measured through blood tests as a biomarker for various health conditions.

Elevated levels of ALP in the blood may indicate liver or bone diseases, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, bone fractures, or cancer. Therefore, physicians may order an alkaline phosphatase test to help diagnose and monitor these conditions. However, it is essential to interpret ALP results in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical findings for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Osteogenesis is the process of bone formation or development. It involves the differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts, which are bone-forming cells that synthesize and deposit the organic matrix of bone tissue, composed mainly of type I collagen. This organic matrix later mineralizes to form the inorganic crystalline component of bone, primarily hydroxyapatite.

There are two primary types of osteogenesis: intramembranous and endochondral. Intramembranous osteogenesis occurs directly within connective tissue, where mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts and form bone tissue without an intervening cartilage template. This process is responsible for the formation of flat bones like the skull and clavicles.

Endochondral osteogenesis, on the other hand, involves the initial development of a cartilaginous model or template, which is later replaced by bone tissue. This process forms long bones, such as those in the limbs, and occurs through several stages involving chondrocyte proliferation, hypertrophy, and calcification, followed by invasion of blood vessels and osteoblasts to replace the cartilage with bone tissue.

Abnormalities in osteogenesis can lead to various skeletal disorders and diseases, such as osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), achondroplasia (a form of dwarfism), and cleidocranial dysplasia (a disorder affecting skull and collarbone development).

Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit, also known as CBF-A1 or RUNX1, is a protein that plays a crucial role in hematopoiesis, which is the process of blood cell development. It is a member of the core binding factor (CBF) complex, which regulates gene transcription and is essential for the differentiation and maturation of hematopoietic stem cells into mature blood cells.

The CBF complex consists of three subunits: CBF-A, CBF-B, and a histone deacetylase (HDAC). The CBF-A subunit can have several isoforms, including CBF-A1, which is encoded by the RUNX1 gene. Mutations in the RUNX1 gene have been associated with various hematological disorders, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), familial platelet disorder with propensity to develop AML, and thrombocytopenia with absent radii syndrome.

CBF-A1/RUNX1 functions as a transcription factor that binds to DNA at specific sequences called core binding factors, thereby regulating the expression of target genes involved in hematopoiesis. Proper regulation of these genes is essential for normal blood cell development and homeostasis.

Bone remodeling is the normal and continuous process by which bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called formation). This ongoing cycle allows bones to repair microdamage, adjust their size and shape in response to mechanical stress, and maintain mineral homeostasis. The cells responsible for bone resorption are osteoclasts, while the cells responsible for bone formation are osteoblasts. These two cell types work together to maintain the structural integrity and health of bones throughout an individual's life.

During bone remodeling, the process can be divided into several stages:

1. Activation: The initiation of bone remodeling is triggered by various factors such as microdamage, hormonal changes, or mechanical stress. This leads to the recruitment and activation of osteoclast precursor cells.
2. Resorption: Osteoclasts attach to the bone surface and create a sealed compartment called a resorption lacuna. They then secrete acid and enzymes that dissolve and digest the mineralized matrix, creating pits or cavities on the bone surface. This process helps remove old or damaged bone tissue and releases calcium and phosphate ions into the bloodstream.
3. Reversal: After resorption is complete, the osteoclasts undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death), and mononuclear cells called reversal cells appear on the resorbed surface. These cells prepare the bone surface for the next stage by cleaning up debris and releasing signals that attract osteoblast precursors.
4. Formation: Osteoblasts, derived from mesenchymal stem cells, migrate to the resorbed surface and begin producing a new organic matrix called osteoid. As the osteoid mineralizes, it forms a hard, calcified structure that gradually replaces the resorbed bone tissue. The osteoblasts may become embedded within this newly formed bone as they differentiate into osteocytes, which are mature bone cells responsible for maintaining bone homeostasis and responding to mechanical stress.
5. Mineralization: Over time, the newly formed bone continues to mineralize, becoming stronger and more dense. This process helps maintain the structural integrity of the skeleton and ensures adequate calcium storage.

Throughout this continuous cycle of bone remodeling, hormones, growth factors, and mechanical stress play crucial roles in regulating the balance between resorption and formation. Disruptions to this delicate equilibrium can lead to various bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, where excessive resorption results in weakened bones and increased fracture risk.

Bone density refers to the amount of bone mineral content (usually measured in grams) in a given volume of bone (usually measured in cubic centimeters). It is often used as an indicator of bone strength and fracture risk. Bone density is typically measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, which provide a T-score that compares the patient's bone density to that of a young adult reference population. A T-score of -1 or above is considered normal, while a T-score between -1 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia (low bone mass), and a T-score below -2.5 indicates osteoporosis (porous bones). Regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and medication (if necessary) can help maintain or improve bone density and prevent fractures.

Physiologic calcification is the normal deposit of calcium salts in body tissues and organs. It is a natural process that occurs as part of the growth and development of the human body, as well as during the repair and remodeling of tissues.

Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in many bodily functions, including bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting. In order to maintain proper levels of calcium in the body, excess calcium that is not needed for these functions may be deposited in various tissues as a normal part of the aging process.

Physiologic calcification typically occurs in areas such as the walls of blood vessels, the lungs, and the heart valves. While these calcifications are generally harmless, they can sometimes lead to complications, particularly if they occur in large amounts or in sensitive areas. For example, calcification of the coronary arteries can increase the risk of heart disease, while calcification of the lung tissue can cause respiratory symptoms.

It is important to note that pathologic calcification, on the other hand, refers to the abnormal deposit of calcium salts in tissues and organs, which can be caused by various medical conditions such as chronic kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, and certain infections. Pathologic calcification is not a normal process and can lead to serious health complications if left untreated.

Vitamin K1, also known as phylloquinone, is a type of fat-soluble vitamin K. It is the primary form of Vitamin K found in plants, particularly in green leafy vegetables such as kale, spinach, and collard greens. Vitamin K1 plays a crucial role in blood clotting and helps to prevent excessive bleeding by assisting in the production of several proteins involved in this process. It is also essential for maintaining healthy bones by aiding in the regulation of calcium deposition in bone tissue. A deficiency in Vitamin K1 can lead to bleeding disorders and, in some cases, osteoporosis.

Integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP) is a non-collagenous protein found in bones and teeth. It is also known as bone sialoprotein II or acidic glycoprotein 34. IBSP plays a role in the regulation of biomineralization, which is the process by which minerals are deposited in biological tissues.

IBSP contains several functional domains that allow it to interact with other proteins and molecules. One such domain is an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif, which can bind to integrin receptors on the surface of cells. This interaction helps regulate the attachment and behavior of cells in bone tissue.

IBSP also contains a large number of sialic acid residues, which give it its name and contribute to its negative charge. These residues may play a role in protecting the protein from degradation and helping it interact with other molecules in the extracellular matrix.

Overall, IBSP is an important component of bone tissue and plays a key role in regulating the formation and maintenance of bones and teeth.

Collagen Type I is the most abundant form of collagen in the human body, found in various connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, and bones. It is a structural protein that provides strength and integrity to these tissues. Collagen Type I is composed of three alpha chains, two alpha-1(I) chains, and one alpha-2(I) chain, arranged in a triple helix structure. This type of collagen is often used in medical research and clinical applications, such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, due to its excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility.

Bone resorption is the process by which bone tissue is broken down and absorbed into the body. It is a normal part of bone remodeling, in which old or damaged bone tissue is removed and new tissue is formed. However, excessive bone resorption can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis, in which bones become weak and fragile due to a loss of density. This process is carried out by cells called osteoclasts, which break down the bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the bloodstream.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a polypeptide hormone that plays a crucial role in the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in the body. It is produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands, which are four small endocrine glands located on the back surface of the thyroid gland.

The primary function of PTH is to maintain normal calcium levels in the blood by increasing calcium absorption from the gut, mobilizing calcium from bones, and decreasing calcium excretion by the kidneys. PTH also increases phosphate excretion by the kidneys, which helps to lower serum phosphate levels.

In addition to its role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, PTH has been shown to have anabolic effects on bone tissue, stimulating bone formation and preventing bone loss. However, chronic elevations in PTH levels can lead to excessive bone resorption and osteoporosis.

Overall, Parathyroid Hormone is a critical hormone that helps maintain mineral homeostasis and supports healthy bone metabolism.

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in blood clotting and bone metabolism. It is essential for the production of several proteins involved in blood clotting, including factor II (prothrombin), factor VII, factor IX, and factor X. Additionally, Vitamin K is necessary for the synthesis of osteocalcin, a protein that contributes to bone health by regulating the deposition of calcium in bones.

There are two main forms of Vitamin K: Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), which is found primarily in green leafy vegetables and some vegetable oils, and Vitamin K2 (menaquinones), which is produced by bacteria in the intestines and is also found in some fermented foods.

Vitamin K deficiency can lead to bleeding disorders such as hemorrhage and excessive bruising. While Vitamin K deficiency is rare in adults, it can occur in newborns who have not yet developed sufficient levels of the vitamin. Therefore, newborns are often given a Vitamin K injection shortly after birth to prevent bleeding problems.

Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D, also known as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. It is a steroid hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the body to maintain healthy bones. Calcitriol is produced in the kidneys from its precursor, calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D), which is derived from dietary sources or synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight.

Calcitriol promotes calcium absorption in the intestines, helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the kidneys, and stimulates bone cells (osteoblasts) to form new bone tissue while inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which resorb bone. This hormone is essential for normal bone mineralization and growth, as well as for preventing hypocalcemia (low calcium levels).

In addition to its role in bone health, calcitriol has various other physiological functions, including modulating immune responses, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Calcitriol deficiency or resistance can lead to conditions such as rickets in children and osteomalacia or osteoporosis in adults.

Vitamin K deficiency is a condition that occurs when the body lacks adequate amounts of Vitamin K, a fat-soluble vitamin essential for blood clotting and bone metabolism. This can lead to an increased risk of excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) and calcification of tissues.

Vitamin K is required for the activation of several proteins involved in blood clotting, known as coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X. A deficiency in Vitamin K can result in these factors remaining in their inactive forms, leading to impaired blood clotting and an increased risk of bleeding.

Vitamin K deficiency can occur due to several reasons, including malnutrition, malabsorption disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or celiac disease), liver diseases, use of certain medications (such as antibiotics or anticoagulants), and prolonged use of warfarin therapy.

In newborns, Vitamin K deficiency can lead to a serious bleeding disorder known as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. This is because newborns have low levels of Vitamin K at birth, and their gut bacteria, which are responsible for producing Vitamin K, are not yet fully developed. Therefore, it is recommended that newborns receive a dose of Vitamin K within the first few days of life to prevent this condition.

Symptoms of Vitamin K deficiency can include easy bruising, nosebleeds, bleeding gums, blood in urine or stools, and excessive menstrual bleeding. In severe cases, it can lead to life-threatening hemorrhage. Treatment typically involves administering Vitamin K supplements or injections to replenish the body's levels of this essential nutrient.

Osteopontin (OPN) is a phosphorylated glycoprotein that is widely distributed in many tissues, including bone, teeth, and mineralized tissues. It plays important roles in various biological processes such as bone remodeling, immune response, wound healing, and tissue repair. In the skeletal system, osteopontin is involved in the regulation of bone formation and resorption by modulating the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. It also plays a role in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and cancer metastasis to bones. Osteopontin is considered a potential biomarker for various disease states, including bone turnover, cardiovascular disease, and cancer progression.

A biological marker, often referred to as a biomarker, is a measurable indicator that reflects the presence or severity of a disease state, or a response to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be found in various materials such as blood, tissues, or bodily fluids, and they can take many forms, including molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiological measurements.

In the context of medical research and clinical practice, biomarkers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Diagnosis: Biomarkers can help diagnose a disease by indicating the presence or absence of a particular condition. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker used to detect prostate cancer.
2. Monitoring: Biomarkers can be used to monitor the progression or regression of a disease over time. For instance, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are monitored in diabetes patients to assess long-term blood glucose control.
3. Predicting: Biomarkers can help predict the likelihood of developing a particular disease or the risk of a negative outcome. For example, the presence of certain genetic mutations can indicate an increased risk for breast cancer.
4. Response to treatment: Biomarkers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific treatment by measuring changes in the biomarker levels before and after the intervention. This is particularly useful in personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual patients based on their unique biomarker profiles.

It's important to note that for a biomarker to be considered clinically valid and useful, it must undergo rigorous validation through well-designed studies, including demonstrating sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and clinical relevance.

Bone development, also known as ossification, is the process by which bone tissue is formed and grows. This complex process involves several different types of cells, including osteoblasts, which produce new bone matrix, and osteoclasts, which break down and resorb existing bone tissue.

There are two main types of bone development: intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification occurs when bone tissue forms directly from connective tissue, while endochondral ossification involves the formation of a cartilage model that is later replaced by bone.

During fetal development, most bones develop through endochondral ossification, starting as a cartilage template that is gradually replaced by bone tissue. However, some bones, such as those in the skull and clavicles, develop through intramembranous ossification.

Bone development continues after birth, with new bone tissue being laid down and existing tissue being remodeled throughout life. This ongoing process helps to maintain the strength and integrity of the skeleton, allowing it to adapt to changing mechanical forces and repair any damage that may occur.

Metabolic bone diseases are a group of conditions that affect the bones and are caused by disorders in the body's metabolism. These disorders can result in changes to the bone structure, density, and strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures and other complications. Some common examples of metabolic bone diseases include:

1. Osteoporosis: a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones that are more likely to break, often as a result of age-related bone loss or hormonal changes.
2. Paget's disease of bone: a chronic disorder that causes abnormal bone growth and deformities, leading to fragile and enlarged bones.
3. Osteomalacia: a condition caused by a lack of vitamin D or problems with the body's ability to absorb it, resulting in weak and soft bones.
4. Hyperparathyroidism: a hormonal disorder that causes too much parathyroid hormone to be produced, leading to bone loss and other complications.
5. Hypoparathyroidism: a hormonal disorder that results in low levels of parathyroid hormone, causing weak and brittle bones.
6. Renal osteodystrophy: a group of bone disorders that occur as a result of chronic kidney disease, including osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and high turnover bone disease.

Treatment for metabolic bone diseases may include medications to improve bone density and strength, dietary changes, exercise, and lifestyle modifications. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct bone deformities or fractures.

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP-2) is a growth factor that belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily. It plays a crucial role in bone and cartilage formation, as well as in the regulation of wound healing and embryonic development. BMP-2 stimulates the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, which are cells responsible for bone formation.

BMP-2 has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a medical device to promote bone growth in certain spinal fusion surgeries and in the treatment of open fractures that have not healed properly. It is usually administered in the form of a collagen sponge soaked with recombinant human BMP-2 protein, which is a laboratory-produced version of the natural protein.

While BMP-2 has shown promising results in some clinical applications, its use is not without risks and controversies. Some studies have reported adverse effects such as inflammation, ectopic bone formation, and increased rates of cancer, which have raised concerns about its safety and efficacy. Therefore, it is essential to weigh the benefits and risks of BMP-2 therapy on a case-by-case basis and under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.

Osteosarcoma is defined as a type of cancerous tumor that arises from the cells that form bones (osteoblasts). It's the most common primary bone cancer, and it typically develops in the long bones of the body, such as the arms or legs, near the growth plates. Osteosarcoma can metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body, including the lungs, making it a highly malignant form of cancer. Symptoms may include bone pain, swelling, and fractures. Treatment usually involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell, or stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type with specific functions and structures. This process involves changes in gene expression, which are regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. Differentiation results in the development of distinct cell types that make up tissues and organs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, tissue repair, and maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

Bone matrix refers to the non-cellular component of bone that provides structural support and functions as a reservoir for minerals, such as calcium and phosphate. It is made up of organic and inorganic components. The organic component consists mainly of type I collagen fibers, which provide flexibility and tensile strength to the bone. The inorganic component is primarily composed of hydroxyapatite crystals, which give bone its hardness and compressive strength. Bone matrix also contains other proteins, growth factors, and signaling molecules that regulate bone formation, remodeling, and repair.

Sialglycoproteins are a type of glycoprotein that have sialic acid as the terminal sugar in their oligosaccharide chains. These complex molecules are abundant on the surface of many cell types and play important roles in various biological processes, including cell recognition, cell-cell interactions, and protection against proteolytic degradation.

The presence of sialic acid on the outermost part of these glycoproteins makes them negatively charged, which can affect their interaction with other molecules such as lectins, antibodies, and enzymes. Sialglycoproteins are also involved in the regulation of various physiological functions, including blood coagulation, inflammation, and immune response.

Abnormalities in sialglycoprotein expression or structure have been implicated in several diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. Therefore, understanding the biology of sialoglycoproteins is important for developing new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for these diseases.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, and disruption of bone architecture, leading to increased risk of fractures, particularly in the spine, wrist, and hip. It mainly affects older people, especially postmenopausal women, due to hormonal changes that reduce bone density. Osteoporosis can also be caused by certain medications, medical conditions, or lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, and a lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet. The diagnosis is often made using bone mineral density testing, and treatment may include medication to slow bone loss, promote bone formation, and prevent fractures.

1-Carboxyglutamic acid, also known as γ-carboxyglutamic acid, is a post-translational modification found on certain blood clotting factors and other calcium-binding proteins. It is formed by the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in these proteins, which enhances their ability to bind to calcium ions. This modification is essential for the proper functioning of many physiological processes, including blood coagulation, bone metabolism, and wound healing.

Calcitriol receptors, also known as Vitamin D receptors (VDR), are nuclear receptor proteins that bind to calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active form of vitamin D. These receptors are found in various tissues and cells throughout the body, including the small intestine, bone, kidney, and parathyroid gland.

When calcitriol binds to its receptor, it forms a complex that regulates the expression of genes involved in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, cell growth, differentiation, and immune function. Calcitriol receptors play a critical role in maintaining normal levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood by increasing the absorption of these minerals from the gut, promoting bone mineralization, and regulating the production of parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Calcitriol receptors have also been implicated in various disease processes, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. Modulation of calcitriol receptor activity has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of these conditions.

The skull is the bony structure that encloses and protects the brain, the eyes, and the ears. It is composed of two main parts: the cranium, which contains the brain, and the facial bones. The cranium is made up of several fused flat bones, while the facial bones include the upper jaw (maxilla), lower jaw (mandible), cheekbones, nose bones, and eye sockets (orbits).

The skull also provides attachment points for various muscles that control chewing, moving the head, and facial expressions. Additionally, it contains openings for blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord to pass through. The skull's primary function is to protect the delicate and vital structures within it from injury and trauma.

Procollagen is the precursor protein of collagen, which is a major structural protein in the extracellular matrix of various connective tissues, such as tendons, ligaments, skin, and bones. Procollagen is synthesized inside the cell (in the rough endoplasmic reticulum) and then processed by enzymes to remove specific segments, resulting in the formation of tropocollagen, which are the basic units of collagen fibrils.

Procollagen consists of three polypeptide chains (two alpha-1 and one alpha-2 chain), each containing a central triple-helical domain flanked by non-helical regions at both ends. These non-helical regions, called propeptides, are cleaved off during the processing of procollagen to tropocollagen, allowing the individual collagen molecules to align and form fibrils through covalent cross-linking.

Abnormalities in procollagen synthesis or processing can lead to various connective tissue disorders, such as osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease) and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (a group of disorders characterized by joint hypermobility, skin hyperextensibility, and tissue fragility).

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a specific type of osteoporosis that occurs in women after they have gone through menopause. It is defined as a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures. In this condition, the decline in estrogen levels that occurs during menopause accelerates bone loss, resulting in a decrease in bone density and quality, which can lead to fragility fractures, particularly in the hips, wrists, and spine.

It's important to note that while postmenopausal osteoporosis is more common in women, men can also develop osteoporosis due to other factors such as aging, lifestyle choices, and medical conditions.

An Immunoradiometric Assay (IRMA) is a type of radioimmunoassay (RIA), which is a technique used in clinical laboratories to measure the concentration of specific analytes, such as hormones, drugs, or vitamins, in biological samples. In an IRMA, the sample containing the unknown amount of the analyte is incubated with a known quantity of a labeled antibody that specifically binds to the analyte.

The labeled antibody is usually radiolabeled with a radioisotope such as iodine-125 (^125^I) or tritium (^3^H). During the incubation, the labeled antibody binds to the analyte in the sample, forming an immune complex. The unbound labeled antibody is then separated from the immune complex by a variety of methods such as precipitation, centrifugation, or chromatography.

The amount of radioactivity in the pellet (immune complex) is measured using a gamma counter (for ^125^I) or liquid scintillation counter (for ^3^H). The amount of radioactivity is directly proportional to the amount of analyte present in the sample. By comparing the radioactivity in the sample to a standard curve prepared with known concentrations of the analyte, the concentration of the analyte in the sample can be determined.

IRMAs are highly sensitive and specific assays that can detect very low levels of analytes in biological samples. However, they require specialized equipment and handling procedures due to the use of radioisotopes.

A gingival pocket, also known as a sulcus, is a small space or groove between the gum tissue (gingiva) and the tooth. It's a normal anatomical structure found in healthy teeth and gums, and it measures about 1-3 millimeters in depth. The purpose of the gingival pocket is to allow for the movement of the gum tissue during functions such as eating, speaking, and swallowing.

However, when the gums become inflamed due to bacterial buildup (plaque) or other factors, the pocket can deepen, leading to the formation of a pathological gingival pocket. Pathological pockets are typically deeper than 3 millimeters and may indicate the presence of periodontal disease. These pockets can harbor harmful bacteria that can cause further damage to the gum tissue and bone supporting the tooth, potentially leading to tooth loss if left untreated.

Cholecalciferol is the chemical name for Vitamin D3. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in the body, which helps to maintain healthy bones and teeth. Cholecalciferol can be synthesized by the skin upon exposure to sunlight or obtained through dietary sources such as fatty fish, liver, and fortified foods. It is also available as a dietary supplement.

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble decoy receptor for the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). It is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily and plays a crucial role in regulating bone metabolism. By binding to RANKL, OPG prevents it from interacting with its signaling receptor RANK on the surface of osteoclast precursor cells, thereby inhibiting osteoclast differentiation, activation, and survival. This results in reduced bone resorption and increased bone mass.

In addition to its role in bone homeostasis, OPG has also been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes, including immune regulation, cancer progression, and cardiovascular disease.

Dura Mater: The tough, outer membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord.

Hydroxyapatite: A naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite, also known as dahllite, with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH), is the primary mineral component of biological apatites found in bones and teeth.

Therefore, "Durapatite" isn't a recognized medical term, but it seems like it might be a combination of "dura mater" and "hydroxyapatite." If you meant to ask about a material used in medical or dental applications that combines properties of both dura mater and hydroxyapatite, please provide more context.

Calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) are a diverse group of proteins that have the ability to bind calcium ions (Ca^2+^) with high affinity and specificity. They play crucial roles in various cellular processes, including signal transduction, muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and protection against oxidative stress.

The binding of calcium ions to these proteins induces conformational changes that can either activate or inhibit their functions. Some well-known CaBPs include calmodulin, troponin C, S100 proteins, and parvalbumins. These proteins are essential for maintaining calcium homeostasis within cells and for mediating the effects of calcium as a second messenger in various cellular signaling pathways.

Osteocytes are the most abundant cell type in mature bone tissue. They are star-shaped cells that are located inside the mineralized matrix of bones, with their processes extending into small spaces called lacunae and canaliculi. Osteocytes are derived from osteoblasts, which are bone-forming cells that become trapped within the matrix they produce.

Osteocytes play a crucial role in maintaining bone homeostasis by regulating bone remodeling, sensing mechanical stress, and modulating mineralization. They communicate with each other and with osteoblasts and osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells) through a network of interconnected processes and via the release of signaling molecules. Osteocytes can also respond to changes in their environment, such as hormonal signals or mechanical loading, by altering their gene expression and releasing factors that regulate bone metabolism.

Dysfunction of osteocytes has been implicated in various bone diseases, including osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and Paget's disease of bone.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

The femur is the medical term for the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. It connects the hip bone to the knee joint and plays a crucial role in supporting the weight of the body and allowing movement during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. The femur is composed of a rounded head, a long shaft, and two condyles at the lower end that articulate with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.

Photon Absorptiometry is a medical technique used to measure the absorption of photons (light particles) by tissues or materials. In clinical practice, it is often used as a non-invasive method for measuring bone mineral density (BMD). This technique uses a low-energy X-ray beam or gamma ray to penetrate the tissue and then measures the amount of radiation absorbed by the bone. The amount of absorption is related to the density and thickness of the bone, allowing for an assessment of BMD. It can be used to diagnose osteoporosis and monitor treatment response in patients with bone diseases. There are two types of photon absorptiometry: single-photon absorptiometry (SPA) and dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA). SPA uses one energy level, while DPA uses two different energy levels to measure BMD, providing more precise measurements.

Promoter regions in genetics refer to specific DNA sequences located near the transcription start site of a gene. They serve as binding sites for RNA polymerase and various transcription factors that regulate the initiation of gene transcription. These regulatory elements help control the rate of transcription and, therefore, the level of gene expression. Promoter regions can be composed of different types of sequences, such as the TATA box and CAAT box, and their organization and composition can vary between different genes and species.

Phosphorus is an essential mineral that is required by every cell in the body for normal functioning. It is a key component of several important biomolecules, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the primary source of energy for cells, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which are the genetic materials in cells.

Phosphorus is also a major constituent of bones and teeth, where it combines with calcium to provide strength and structure. In addition, phosphorus plays a critical role in various metabolic processes, including energy production, nerve impulse transmission, and pH regulation.

The medical definition of phosphorus refers to the chemical element with the atomic number 15 and the symbol P. It is a highly reactive non-metal that exists in several forms, including white phosphorus, red phosphorus, and black phosphorus. In the body, phosphorus is primarily found in the form of organic compounds, such as phospholipids, phosphoproteins, and nucleic acids.

Abnormal levels of phosphorus in the body can lead to various health problems. For example, high levels of phosphorus (hyperphosphatemia) can occur in patients with kidney disease or those who consume large amounts of phosphorus-rich foods, and can contribute to the development of calcification of soft tissues and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, low levels of phosphorus (hypophosphatemia) can occur in patients with malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, or alcoholism, and can lead to muscle weakness, bone pain, and an increased risk of infection.

Calcium is an essential mineral that is vital for various physiological processes in the human body. The medical definition of calcium is as follows:

Calcium (Ca2+) is a crucial cation and the most abundant mineral in the human body, with approximately 99% of it found in bones and teeth. It plays a vital role in maintaining structural integrity, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, hormonal secretion, blood coagulation, and enzyme activation.

Calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated through the interplay of several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D. Dietary calcium intake, absorption, and excretion are also critical factors in maintaining optimal calcium levels in the body.

Hypocalcemia refers to low serum calcium levels, while hypercalcemia indicates high serum calcium levels. Both conditions can have detrimental effects on various organ systems and require medical intervention to correct.

Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells that are primarily responsible for bone resorption, a process in which they break down and dissolve the mineralized matrix of bones. They are derived from monocyte-macrophage precursor cells of hematopoietic origin and play a crucial role in maintaining bone homeostasis by balancing bone formation and bone resorption.

Osteoclasts adhere to the bone surface and create an isolated microenvironment, called the "resorption lacuna," between their cell membrane and the bone surface. Here, they release hydrogen ions into the lacuna through a process called proton pumping, which lowers the pH and dissolves the mineral component of the bone matrix. Additionally, osteoclasts secrete proteolytic enzymes, such as cathepsin K, that degrade the organic components, like collagen, in the bone matrix.

An imbalance in osteoclast activity can lead to various bone diseases, including osteoporosis and Paget's disease, where excessive bone resorption results in weakened and fragile bones.

Teriparatide is a synthetic form of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is a natural hormone produced by the parathyroid glands in the body. The medication contains the active fragment of PTH, known as 1-34 PTH, and it is used in medical treatment to stimulate new bone formation and increase bone density.

Teriparatide is primarily prescribed for the management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men with a high risk of fractures who have not responded well to other osteoporosis therapies, such as bisphosphonates. It is administered via subcutaneous injection, typically once daily.

By increasing bone formation and reducing bone resorption, teriparatide helps improve bone strength and structure, ultimately decreasing the risk of fractures in treated individuals. The medication's effects on bone metabolism can lead to improvements in bone mineral density (BMD) and microarchitecture, making it an essential tool for managing severe osteoporosis and reducing fracture risk.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroid that is crucial for the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in the body, which are essential for maintaining healthy bones and teeth. It can be synthesized by the human body when skin is exposed to ultraviolet-B (UVB) rays from sunlight, or it can be obtained through dietary sources such as fatty fish, fortified dairy products, and supplements. There are two major forms of vitamin D: vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), which is found in some plants and fungi, and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), which is produced in the skin or obtained from animal-derived foods. Both forms need to undergo two hydroxylations in the body to become biologically active as calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the hormonally active form of vitamin D. This activated form exerts its effects by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) found in various tissues, including the small intestine, bone, kidney, and immune cells, thereby influencing numerous physiological processes such as calcium homeostasis, bone metabolism, cell growth, and immune function.

Bone density conservation agents, also known as anti-resorptive agents or bone-sparing drugs, are a class of medications that help to prevent the loss of bone mass and reduce the risk of fractures. They work by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for breaking down and reabsorbing bone tissue during the natural remodeling process.

Examples of bone density conservation agents include:

1. Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, zoledronic acid) - These are the most commonly prescribed class of bone density conservation agents. They bind to hydroxyapatite crystals in bone tissue and inhibit osteoclast activity, thereby reducing bone resorption.
2. Denosumab (Prolia) - This is a monoclonal antibody that targets RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand), a key signaling molecule involved in osteoclast differentiation and activation. By inhibiting RANKL, denosumab reduces osteoclast activity and bone resorption.
3. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) (e.g., raloxifene) - These medications act as estrogen agonists or antagonists in different tissues. In bone tissue, SERMs mimic the bone-preserving effects of estrogen by inhibiting osteoclast activity and reducing bone resorption.
4. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) - Estrogen hormone replacement therapy has been shown to preserve bone density in postmenopausal women; however, its use is limited due to increased risks of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and thromboembolic events.
5. Calcitonin - This hormone, secreted by the thyroid gland, inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces bone resorption. However, it has largely been replaced by other more effective bone density conservation agents.

These medications are often prescribed for individuals at high risk of fractures due to conditions such as osteoporosis or metabolic disorders that affect bone health. It is essential to follow the recommended dosage and administration guidelines to maximize their benefits while minimizing potential side effects. Regular monitoring of bone density, blood calcium levels, and other relevant parameters is also necessary during treatment with these medications.

Bone diseases is a broad term that refers to various medical conditions that affect the bones. These conditions can be categorized into several groups, including:

1. Developmental and congenital bone diseases: These are conditions that affect bone growth and development before or at birth. Examples include osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), achondroplasia (dwarfism), and cleidocranial dysostosis.
2. Metabolic bone diseases: These are conditions that affect the body's ability to maintain healthy bones. They are often caused by hormonal imbalances, vitamin deficiencies, or problems with mineral metabolism. Examples include osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease of bone.
3. Inflammatory bone diseases: These are conditions that cause inflammation in the bones. They can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, or other medical conditions. Examples include osteomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
4. Degenerative bone diseases: These are conditions that cause the bones to break down over time. They can be caused by aging, injury, or disease. Examples include osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis, and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH).
5. Tumors and cancers of the bone: These are conditions that involve abnormal growths in the bones. They can be benign or malignant. Examples include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma.
6. Fractures and injuries: While not strictly a "disease," fractures and injuries are common conditions that affect the bones. They can result from trauma, overuse, or weakened bones. Examples include stress fractures, compound fractures, and dislocations.

Overall, bone diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms, including pain, stiffness, deformity, and decreased mobility. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the specific diagnosis but may include medication, surgery, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes.

Osteitis deformans, also known as Paget's disease of bone, is a chronic disorder of the bone characterized by abnormal turnover and remodeling of the bone. In this condition, the bone becomes enlarged, thickened, and deformed due to excessive and disorganized bone formation and resorption.

The process begins when the bone-remodeling cycle is disrupted, leading to an imbalance between the activity of osteoclasts (cells that break down bone) and osteoblasts (cells that form new bone). In Paget's disease, osteoclasts become overactive and increase bone resorption, followed by an overzealous response from osteoblasts, which attempt to repair the damage but do so in a disorganized manner.

The affected bones can become weakened, prone to fractures, and may cause pain, deformities, or other complications such as arthritis, hearing loss, or neurological symptoms if the skull or spine is involved. The exact cause of Paget's disease remains unknown, but it is believed that genetic and environmental factors play a role in its development.

Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications associated with osteitis deformans. Treatment options include medications to slow down bone turnover, pain management, and orthopedic interventions when necessary.

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors that play crucial roles in the development, growth, and repair of bones and other tissues. They belong to the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily and were first discovered when researchers found that certain proteins extracted from demineralized bone matrix had the ability to induce new bone formation.

BMPs stimulate the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, which are the cells responsible for bone formation. They also promote the recruitment and proliferation of these cells, enhancing the overall process of bone regeneration. In addition to their role in bone biology, BMPs have been implicated in various other biological processes, including embryonic development, wound healing, and the regulation of fat metabolism.

There are several types of BMPs (BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-7, etc.) that exhibit distinct functions and expression patterns. Due to their ability to stimulate bone formation, recombinant human BMPs have been used in clinical applications, such as spinal fusion surgery and non-healing fracture treatment. However, the use of BMPs in medicine has been associated with certain risks and complications, including uncontrolled bone growth, inflammation, and cancer development, which necessitates further research to optimize their therapeutic potential.

The periosteum is a highly vascularized and innervated tissue that surrounds the outer surface of bones, except at the articular surfaces. It consists of two layers: an outer fibrous layer containing blood vessels, nerves, and fibroblasts; and an inner cellular layer called the cambium or osteogenic layer, which contains progenitor cells capable of bone formation and repair.

The periosteum plays a crucial role in bone growth, remodeling, and healing by providing a source of osteoprogenitor cells and blood supply. It also contributes to the sensation of pain in response to injury or inflammation of the bone. Additionally, the periosteum can respond to mechanical stress by activating bone formation, making it an essential component in orthopedic treatments such as distraction osteogenesis.

Core binding factors (CBFs) are a group of proteins that play critical roles in the development and differentiation of hematopoietic cells, which are the cells responsible for the formation of blood and immune systems. The term "core binding factor" refers to the ability of these proteins to bind to specific DNA sequences, known as core binding sites, and regulate gene transcription.

The two main CBFs are:

1. Core Binding Factor Alpha (CBF-α): Also known as RUNX1 or AML1, this protein forms a complex with Core Binding Factor Beta (CBF-β) to regulate the expression of genes involved in hematopoiesis. Mutations in CBF-α have been associated with various types of leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes.
2. Core Binding Factor Beta (CBF-β): Also known as PEBP2B, this protein partners with CBF-α to form the active transcription factor complex. CBF-β enhances the DNA binding affinity and stability of the CBF-α/CBF-β heterodimer.

In certain types of leukemia, chromosomal abnormalities can lead to the formation of fusion proteins involving CBF-α or CBF-β. These fusion proteins disrupt normal hematopoiesis and contribute to the development of cancer. Examples include the t(8;21) translocation that creates the AML1/ETO fusion protein in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the inv(16) inversion that forms the CBFB-MYH11 fusion protein in AML.

Because osteocalcin has gla domains, its synthesis is vitamin K dependent. In humans, osteocalcin is encoded by the BGLAP gene ... Injections of high levels of osteocalcin alone can trigger an ASR in the presence of adrenal insufficiency. As osteocalcin is ... There is evidence that GPR37 might be the third osteocalcin receptor. Osteocalcin is secreted solely by osteoblasts and thought ... In the pancreas, osteocalcin acts on beta cells, causing beta cells in the pancreas to release more insulin. In fat cells, ...
Osteocalcin. This non-collagenous protein is secreted by osteoblasts and plays an essential role in the formation of mineral in ... but there does not seem to be enough vitamin K2 for the carboxylation of osteocalcin in bone and MGP in the vascular system. ... and gamma-carboxylated osteocalcin concentration in normal individuals". Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism. 18 (4): 216-22 ... and reduced bone quality due to reduction of active osteocalcin. OAC might lead to an increased incidence of fractures, reduced ...
August - Osteocalcin first identified in animal bone. September 6 - Production of the first genetically engineered synthetic " ...
The hormone osteocalcin might also play a part. This response is recognised as the first stage of the general adaptation ...
The hormone osteocalcin might also play a part. General adaptation syndrome regulates stress responses among vertebrates and ...
Trypsin, a digestive enzyme, uses the first method; osteocalcin, a bone matrix protein, uses the third. Some other bone matrix ...
Noncollagenous proteins, such as bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin, are also secreted. Acellular cementum contains a secreted ...
"Maternal and Offspring Pools of Osteocalcin Influence Brain Development and Functions". Cell. 155 (1): 228-241. doi:10.1016/j. ... Maternal and offspring pools of osteocalcin influence brain development and functions. Cell. 26:228-241. PMID 24074871. Denny ...
March - Connection between uncarboxylated osteocalcin and human metabolism identified by Gérard Karsenty. 1 March - Astronauts ...
October 2021). "Osteocalcin attenuates oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination via GPR37 signaling in the mouse brain ... April 2022). "Osteocalcin Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Inflammation via Activation of GPR37 in Macrophages". ... Furthermore, osteocalcin treatment has demonstrated protective effects against Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, which ... These investigations have unveiled the involvement of osteocalcin with GPR37 to regulate processes such as oligodendrocyte ...
2002). "Investigation of osteocalcin, osteonectin, and dentin sialophosphoprotein in developing human teeth". Bone. 30 (2): 377 ...
The ground substance is mostly made up of chondroitin sulfate and osteocalcin. When there is insufficient nutrient minerals or ...
On osteoblastic expression of osteocalcin and mineralized extracellular matrix in vitro" (PDF). Inflammation. 16 (6): 587-601. ...
2002). "Investigation of osteocalcin, osteonectin, and dentin sialophosphoprotein in developing human teeth". Bone. 30 (2): 377 ...
Willis DM, Loewy AP, Charlton-Kachigian N, Shao JS, Ornitz DM, Towler DA (Oct 2002). "Regulation of osteocalcin gene expression ... recognizes and regulates the rat osteocalcin promoter". Biochemistry. 38 (33): 10678-90. doi:10.1021/bi990967j. PMID 10451362. ...
The organic part of bone is about 20% of the dry weight, and counts in, other than osteopontin, collagen type I, osteocalcin, ... McKee MD, Nanci A, Khan SR (December 1995). "Ultrastructural immunodetection of osteopontin and osteocalcin as major matrix ...
Osteocalcin is another protein dependent on vitamin K for correct folding and function. Osteocalcin is normally secreted by ... The inhibition of clotting factors can lead to internal bleeding of the fetus while the inhibition of osteocalcin causes lower ... In the presence of warfarin and subsequent absence of vitamin K and active osteocalcin, bone mineralization and growth are ... "Relationships between undercarboxylated osteocalcin and vitamin K intakes, bone turnover, and bone mineral density in healthy ...
Osteocalcin is not expressed at significant concentrations except in bone, and thus osteocalcin is a specific marker for bone ... Delmas PD, Demiaux B, Malaval L, Chapuy MC, Meunier PJ (April 1986). "[Osteocalcin (or bone gla-protein), a new biological ... However, in mice where expression of osteocalcin or osteopontin was eliminated by targeted disruption of the respective genes ( ... Roach HI (June 1994). "Why does bone matrix contain non-collagenous proteins? The possible roles of osteocalcin, osteonectin, ...
Willis DM, Loewy AP, Charlton-Kachigian N, Shao JS, Ornitz DM, Towler DA (4 October 2002). "Regulation of osteocalcin gene ...
2006-04-15). "Unraveling the sequence and structure of the protein osteocalcin from a 42ka fossil horse". Geochimica et ... including osteocalcin, biglycan and lumican. Generally, NCPs are excellent targets for studying evolution history, since they ...
The interface is filled with non-collagenous proteins, mainly osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OC). The osteopontin and ... osteocalcin form a sandwich structure with HAP minerals at nano-scale. The nano Interfaces are less than 2 - 3 % of bone ...
MGP and osteocalcin are both calcium-binding proteins that may participate in the organisation of bone tissue. Both have ... It is present in bone together with the related vitamin K2-dependent protein osteocalcin. In bone, its production is increased ...
Pi M, Wu Y, Quarles LD (July 2011). "GPRC6A mediates responses to osteocalcin in β-cells in vitro and pancreas in vivo". J. ... This protein functions as a receptor of L-α-amino acids, cations (e.g., calcium), osteocalcin, and steroids. It is a membrane ...
... osteocalcin, and proto-oncogenes in normal human osteoblast-like cells". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 50 (4): 411-424. doi ...
The list of proposed cathepsin S substrates includes laminin, fibronectin elastin, osteocalcin and some collagens. It also ... "Identification of peptide fragments generated by digestion of bovine and human osteocalcin with the lysosomal proteinases ...
"Histone deacetylase 3 interacts with runx2 to repress the osteocalcin promoter and regulate osteoblast differentiation". J. ...
"Histone deacetylase 3 interacts with runx2 to repress the osteocalcin promoter and regulate osteoblast differentiation". The ...
... and osteocalcin". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 18 (4): 716-22. doi:10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.4.716. PMID 12674332. S2CID ...
... recognizes and regulates the rat osteocalcin promoter". Biochemistry. 38 (33): 10678-90. doi:10.1021/bi990967j. PMID 10451362. ...
... recognizes and regulates the rat osteocalcin promoter". Biochemistry. 38 (33): 10678-90. doi:10.1021/bi990967j. PMID 10451362. ...
Because osteocalcin has gla domains, its synthesis is vitamin K dependent. In humans, osteocalcin is encoded by the BGLAP gene ... Injections of high levels of osteocalcin alone can trigger an ASR in the presence of adrenal insufficiency. As osteocalcin is ... There is evidence that GPR37 might be the third osteocalcin receptor. Osteocalcin is secreted solely by osteoblasts and thought ... In the pancreas, osteocalcin acts on beta cells, causing beta cells in the pancreas to release more insulin. In fat cells, ...
One of the factors released by the skeleton is osteocalcin. Importantly, osteocalcin is secreted solely by osteoblasts but only ... Osteocalcin-A Versatile Bone-Derived Hormone Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019 Jan 10:9:794. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00794. ... The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the currently known roles of osteocalcin and their underlying mechanisms. ...
Expression of core-binding factor a1 and osteocalcin in fluoride-treated fibroblasts and osteoblasts. Author: Duan X, Xu H, ... and osteocalcin (OCN), in an FB cell line (L929) and in osteoblasts (OBs) exposed to fluoride was determined. Fibroblasts and ...
Possible involvement of osteocalcin in bone remodeling.. R T Ingram, Y K Park, B L Clarke, and L A Fitzpatrick Department of ... The presence of osteocalcin in bone matrix may alter bone remodeling by promoting osteoclast activity. Whether age- and/or ... Osteons that contained osteocalcin-positive resting lines (type IV) increased in bone obtained from males with increasing age ... Age- and gender-related changes in the distribution of osteocalcin in the extracellular matrix of normal male and female bone. ...
... osteocalcin and collagen I in archaeological human bone slices. ... Immunolocalization of BSPII, osteocalcin and collagen I in ... Archaeological human femur slices (60 μm thick) were labeled for BSPII, osteocalcin and collagen I, and developed using DAB ( ...
RS 2247911 polymorphism of GPRC6A gene and serum undercarboxylated-osteocalcin are associated with testis function. Kenda ... RS 2247911 polymorphism of GPRC6A gene and serum undercarboxylated-osteocalcin are associated with testis function (. ... RS 2247911 polymorphism of GPRC6A gene and serum undercarboxylated-osteocalcin are associated with testis function ...
Osteocalcin is a vitamin K dependent protein produced by osteoblasts and found in high concentrations in bone. It binds to ...
osteocalcin answers are found in the Tabers Medical Dictionary powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, ... "Osteocalcin." Tabers Medical Dictionary, 24th ed., F.A. Davis Company, 2021. Nursing Central, nursing.unboundmedicine.com/ ... nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/746549/all/osteocalcin. Osteocalcin. In: Venes DD, ed. Tabers Medical Dictionary. F.A. ... Osteocalcin [Internet]. In: Venes DD, editors. Tabers Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company; 2021. [cited 2023 December 04]. ...
Serum osteocalcin. Osteocalcin is a small protein (49 amino acids) synthesized by mature osteoblasts, odontoblasts, and ... Osteocalcin in human serum: a circadian rhythm. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985 Apr. 60(4):736-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Osteocalcin levels follow a circadian rhythm characterized by a decline during the morning, a low around noon, and a gradual ... Serum osteocalcin is considered a specific marker of osteoblast function, as its levels correlate with the bone formation rate ...
86630:OSTEOCALCIN (BONE GLA PROTEIN). Author PeaceHealth Laboratories Modified by 07.04.2023. ...
Osteoblasts produce osteocalcin and incorporate it into the bone matrix. ... Osteocalcin is a noncollagenous, 49 amino acid glutamate-rich polypeptide bone matrix protein with a molecular weight of about ... Osteocalcin is rapidly cleared by the kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the liver; in circulation, the half-life of osteocalcin ... Serum osteocalcin may not reflect bone formation in patients treated with 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D. This is because osteocalcin ...
Osteoblasts produce osteocalcin and incorporate it into the bone matrix. ... Osteocalcin is a noncollagenous, 49 amino acid glutamate-rich polypeptide bone matrix protein with a molecular weight of about ... Osteocalcin is rapidly cleared by the kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the liver; in circulation, the half-life of osteocalcin ... Serum osteocalcin may not reflect bone formation in patients treated with 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D. This is because osteocalcin ...
... please contact osteocalcin assay. Other Osteocalcin products are available in stock. Specificity: Osteocalcin Category: Assay ... The Osteocalcin Assay Zoledronic Acid reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples. To ... Human IgG antibody Laboratories manufactures the osteocalcin assay zoledronic acid reagents distributed by Genprice. ...
Specific ELISA Kit is for quantitative determination of human osteocalcin (1-49) and osteocalcin (1-43) in serum or plasma ... Both osteocalcin (1-49) and its fragments, including osteocalcin (1-43) are released into the blood stream.. Serum osteocalcin ... Several studies have confirmed that measurement of the more stable N-terminal and mid-regional osteocalcin (osteocalcin 1-43/49 ... and osteocalcin (1-43), also referred to as N-terminal & mid-regional osteocalcin, in serum or plasma samples. This test is ...
Among bone hormones, osteocalcin plays an important role as a coordinator of bone modeling processes, energy homeostasis, ... The level of osteocalcin in the serum is used as a specific marker of bone formation. Osteocalcin promotes pancreatic β-cell ... Osteocalcin and type 2 diabetes risk in Latinos: a life course approach. Am J Hum Biol. 2015 Nov-Dec;27(6):859-61. doi: 10.1002 ... Osteocalcin is a structural protein of the bone matrix, which is synthesized by osteoblasts and enters the bloodstream in the ...
Mera, P. et al. Osteocalcin signaling in myofibers is necessary and sufficient for optimum adaptation to exercise. Cell Metab. ... Osteocalcin-stained cells co-localize with AAV9-NEM-mScarlet more than AAV9-eGFP at the Marrow/Calcified Bone Interface. (A) 4- ... For Osteocalcin (Ocn, Proteintech #23418-1-AP, 1:150) staining, we performed a similar protocol; a donkey anti-rabbit secondary ... 7B) post injection; no osteocalcin was observed in the livers (data not shown)27,28. Interestingly, co-localization between ...
Osteocalcin / biosynthesis * Periodontal Ligament / cytology* * Periodontal Ligament / physiology * Proteoglycans * Rats * Rats ...
We show that YY1 and vitamin D receptor (VDR)/retinoid X receptor heterodimers compete for binding at the osteocalcin VDRE. In ... We identify YY1 recognition sequences within the vitamin D response element (VDRE) of the osteocalcin gene that are critical ... Our results suggest that YY1 regulates vitamin D enhancement of osteocalcin gene transcription in vivo by interfering with the ... YY1 regulates vitamin D receptor/retinoid X receptor mediated transactivation of the vitamin D responsive osteocalcin gene. ...
Gla17,21,24]-Osteocalcin (1-49) *YLYQWLGAPVPYPDPL-Gla-PRR-Gla-VC-Gla-LNPDCDELADHIGFQEAYRRFYGPV (Gla=γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid; ...
... osteocalcin (OCN); calcium-rich mineralized matrix). ...
Trading Company of Human Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin ELISA Kit based in Delhi, India ...
Foldes J, Statter M, Menczel J, Naparstek E, Bab I. Osteogenic response to marrow aspiration: Increased serum osteocalcin and ... Both osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase showed significant increases, with peak values 1-3 and 2-4 weeks postaspiration, ... Both osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase showed significant increases, with peak values 1-3 and 2-4 weeks postaspiration, ... Both osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase showed significant increases, with peak values 1-3 and 2-4 weeks postaspiration, ...
Mizoguchi I, Takahashi I, Sasano Y, Kagayama M, Kuboki Y, Mitani H. Localization of types I, II and X collagen and osteocalcin ... Localization of types I, II and X collagen and osteocalcin in intramembranous, endochondral and chondroid bone of rats. In: ... Localization of types I, II and X collagen and osteocalcin in intramembranous, endochondral and chondroid bone of rats. / ... Dive into the research topics of Localization of types I, II and X collagen and osteocalcin in intramembranous, endochondral ...
Thyroid, osteocalcin, vitamin D, calcium, T3 , T4 , TSH Abstract. The study aims to evaluate the relationship between ... Evaluation of the relationship between osteocalcin and vitamin D with some biochemical parameters in thyroid patients Authors. ... The study included measuring the level of thyroid hormones (T3, TSH), osteocalcin, vitamin D and calcium Ca2+, as the first ... Al-Samarrai, A. S. I., & Al Samarrai, O. R. . (2022). Evaluation of the relationship between osteocalcin and vitamin D with ...
Levels of serum osteocalcin and some electrolytes in foal during the first six months of life (Brief Report) A. Zumbo, S. ...
Change in undercarboxylated osteocalcin is associated with changes in body weight, fat mass, and adiponectin: Parathyroid ... Change in undercarboxylated osteocalcin is associated with changes in body weight, fat mass, and adiponectin: Parathyroid ... Change in undercarboxylated osteocalcin is associated with changes in body weight, fat mass, and adiponectin: Parathyroid ... Change in undercarboxylated osteocalcin is associated with changes in body weight, fat mass, and adiponectin : Parathyroid ...
Write an essay assessing Effects of Mental Exertion on Circulating Levels of Osteocalcin as a Means of Preserving Physical and ... Write an essay assessing Effects of Mental Exertion on Circulating Levels of Osteocalcin as a Means of Preserving Physical and ... Write an essay assessing Effects of Mental Exertion on Circulating Levels of Osteocalcin as a Means of Preserving Physical and ...
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N-MID Osteocalcin (OC). N-Telopeptide. NEFA. Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE). Neutrophils (NEUT). Neutrophils % (% NEUT). ...
  • It has been observed that higher serum osteocalcin levels are relatively well correlated with increases in bone mineral density during treatment with anabolic bone formation drugs for osteoporosis, such as teriparatide. (wikipedia.org)
  • Serum osteocalcin is considered a specific marker of osteoblast function, as its levels correlate with the bone formation rate. (medscape.com)
  • Serum osteocalcin may not reflect bone formation in patients treated with 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D. This is because osteocalcin is regulated by 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D. (medscape.com)
  • Serum osteocalcin (1-43) is also generated by the catabolic breakdown of osteocalcin (1-49) in circulation, liver, and kidney. (epitopediagnostics.com)
  • Total serum osteocalcin, prolonged hypercalcemia and extrathyroidal manifestations. (lorenzopetrantoni.com)
  • Osteocalcin is secreted solely by osteoblasts and thought to play a role in the body's metabolic regulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • As osteocalcin is produced by osteoblasts, it is often used as a marker for the bone formation process. (wikipedia.org)
  • Importantly, osteocalcin is secreted solely by osteoblasts but only has minor effects on bone mineralization and density. (nih.gov)
  • To study the effects and importance of fluoride on FBs in the development of extraperiosteal calcification and the ossification of skeletal fluorosis, the presence of the osteogenic phenotype, which is indicated by the expression of core-binding factor a1 (Cbfa1) and osteocalcin (OCN), in an FB cell line (L929) and in osteoblasts (OBs) exposed to fluoride was determined. (fluoridealert.org)
  • Osteocalcin is a vitamin K dependent protein produced by osteoblasts and found in high concentrations in bone. (cryopep.com)
  • Osteocalcin is a small protein (49 amino acids) synthesized by mature osteoblasts, odontoblasts, and hypertrophic chondrocytes. (medscape.com)
  • Osteoblasts produce osteocalcin and incorporate it into the bone matrix. (medscape.com)
  • Osteocalcin is a structural protein of the bone matrix, which is synthesized by osteoblasts and enters the bloodstream in the process of bone resorption. (dntb.gov.ua)
  • Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) are commonly used to evaluate differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts. (frontiersin.org)
  • Context: The undercarboxylated form of the osteoblast-secreted protein osteocalcin has favorable effects on fat and glucose metabolism in mice. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Dr. Dowd investigates the role of the bone protein osteocalcin on glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, secretion, bone properties and bone fracture using osteocalcin knockout mice (KO). (cuny.edu)
  • Over the past two decades, French geneticist and physician Gerard Karsenty has been studying the protein osteocalcin, which is found in high concentrations in the skeleton. (meltmethod.com)
  • Osteocalcin (cOC) is a vitamin K-dependent protein. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Osteocalcin is another vitamin K-dependent protein that is present in bone and may be involved in bone mineralization or turnover [ 5 ]. (nih.gov)
  • To assess the possible occurrence of a similar phenomenon in humans, serum markers of bone formation, osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase, were measured in marrow donors before the aspiration of large amounts of iliac marrow and 1 day to 5 weeks thereafter. (tau.ac.il)
  • Both osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase showed significant increases, with peak values 1-3 and 2-4 weeks postaspiration, respectively. (tau.ac.il)
  • The Lyophilised Serum Bone Marker Control is intended for use with in vitro diagnostic assays for the quantitative determination of Procollagen Type 1 N-Terminal Propeptide (P1NP), N-MID Osteocalcin (OC) and Bone Alkaline Phosphatase (B-ALP) in serum samples. (randox.com)
  • Immunolocalization of BSPII, osteocalcin and collagen I in archaeological human bone slices. (figshare.com)
  • Archaeological human femur slices (60 μm thick) were labeled for BSPII, osteocalcin and collagen I, and developed using DAB (brown). (figshare.com)
  • 2021. https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/746549/all/osteocalcin. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Objective: We investigated whether changes in undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) during osteoporosis treatment are associated with changes in metabolic parameters. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Without adequate vitamin K, the osteocalcin remains inactive (uncarboxylated osteocalcin, ucOC), and thus not effective. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Human IgG antibody Laboratories manufactures the osteocalcin assay zoledronic acid reagents distributed by Genprice. (todayfinancialnews.com)
  • Because osteocalcin has gla domains, its synthesis is vitamin K dependent. (wikipedia.org)
  • The production of osteocalcin is stimulated by 1 , 25 dihydroxy vitamin D and depends on vitamin K. Vitamin K increases the carboxylation of osteocalcin, but it does not increase its overall rate of synthesis. (medscape.com)
  • Stimulates the synthesis of osteocalcin, an important protein involved in bone formation. (dragonherbs.com)
  • Osteocalcin, Vascular Calcification, and Atherosclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Age- and gender-related changes in the distribution of osteocalcin in the extracellular matrix of normal male and female bone. (jci.org)
  • In this study, we determined the immunohistochemical distribution of osteocalcin in the extracellular matrix of iliac crest bone biopsies obtained from normal male and female volunteers, 20-80 yr old. (jci.org)
  • There is evidence that GPR37 might be the third osteocalcin receptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • We show that YY1 and vitamin D receptor (VDR)/retinoid X receptor heterodimers compete for binding at the osteocalcin VDRE. (umassmed.edu)
  • The condyles were analyzed histologically, histomorphometrically, and immunohistochemically using the antibodies for bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteocalcin (OCC) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). (bvsalud.org)
  • The resulting heterogeneity of the osteocalcin fragments in the serum leads to limitations with the use of this marker. (medscape.com)
  • Because different antibodies recognize different fragments, no standard currently exists for osteocalcin assays. (medscape.com)
  • Both osteocalcin (1-49) and its fragments, including osteocalcin (1-43) are released into the blood stream. (epitopediagnostics.com)
  • Osteocalcin levels vary widely among healthy individuals and those patients with osteoporosis , Paget disease , and chronic renal failure. (medscape.com)
  • Osteocalcin levels should not be used to diagnose osteoporosis. (medscape.com)
  • In humans, osteocalcin is encoded by the BGLAP gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we demonstrate that the multifunctional regulator YY1 represses 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vitamin D)-induced transactivation of the bone tissue-specific osteocalcin gene. (umassmed.edu)
  • We identify YY1 recognition sequences within the vitamin D response element (VDRE) of the osteocalcin gene that are critical for YY1-dependent repression of vitamin D-enhanced promoter activity. (umassmed.edu)
  • Our results suggest that YY1 regulates vitamin D enhancement of osteocalcin gene transcription in vivo by interfering with the interactions of the VDR with both the VDRE and TFIIB. (umassmed.edu)
  • In fat cells, osteocalcin triggers the release of the hormone adiponectin, which increases sensitivity to insulin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Osteocalcin promotes pancreatic β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion, and also affects the insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues. (dntb.gov.ua)
  • The vitamin K-dependent proteins, osteocalcin and matrix gamma-carboxy-glutamyl (Gla) protein, may have important roles in bone and other tissues. (msdmanuals.com)
  • An acute stress response (ASR), colloquially known as the fight-or-flight response, stimulates osteocalcin release from bone within minutes in mice, rats, and humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the testes, osteocalcin acts on Leydig cells, stimulating testosterone biosynthesis and therefore affects male fertility. (wikipedia.org)
  • Osteocalcin is released into the circulation from the matrix during bone resorption and, therefore, is considered a marker of bone turnover rather than a specific marker of bone formation. (medscape.com)
  • The level of osteocalcin in the serum is used as a specific marker of bone formation. (dntb.gov.ua)
  • One of the factors released by the skeleton is osteocalcin. (nih.gov)
  • Structural studies of osteocalcin are conducted to understand its function in bone and metabolic disorders as well. (cuny.edu)
  • Osteocalcin increases during high bone turnover (such as with hyperparathyroidism , acromegaly , and Paget disease). (medscape.com)
  • [ 15 ] Osteocalcin is a late marker of osteoblast differentiation. (medscape.com)
  • Both the large N-terminal/midregion (N-MID) fragment (amino acids 1-43) and intact osteocalcin (amino acids 1-49) and are found in blood. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] Because of protease cleavage between amino acids 43 and 44, intact osteocalcin is unstable. (medscape.com)
  • Among bone hormones, osteocalcin plays an important role as a coordinator of bone modeling processes, energy homeostasis, metabolism of glucose, lipids and minerals. (dntb.gov.ua)
  • Granted osteocalcin isn't the only hormone or protein that plays a role in regulating insulin, fertility, and brain function but it does seem to be a very relevant element in many brain functions and neurotransmission. (meltmethod.com)
  • Osteocalcin, also known as bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein (BGLAP), is a small (49-amino-acid) noncollagenous protein hormone found in bone and dentin, first identified as a calcium-binding protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • An osteocalcin-deficient mouse strain without endocrine abnormalities. (cuny.edu)
  • In many studies, osteocalcin is used as a preliminary biomarker on the effectiveness of a given drug on bone formation. (wikipedia.org)
  • For instance, one study which aimed to study the effectiveness of a glycoprotein called lactoferrin on bone formation used osteocalcin as a measure of osteoblast activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • This, in turn would increase the levels of osteocalcin which is responsible for bone formation. (umc.edu)
  • Injections of high levels of osteocalcin alone can trigger an ASR in the presence of adrenal insufficiency. (wikipedia.org)
  • Osteocalcin levels are related to increased bone turnover. (medscape.com)
  • Decreasing osteocalcin levels indicate effective response to treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Within 3-6 months after surgical cure, osteocalcin levels in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism should return to the reference range. (medscape.com)
  • impaired renal function causes osteocalcin levels to increase. (medscape.com)
  • At the molecular level, intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels are increased and osteocalcin is decreased. (medscape.com)
  • Karsenty showed in the lab that if the bones in mice were absent of osteocalcin that they would show signs of depression, have trouble breeding, and alter mice's fat storage processes in the liver, muscles, pancreas and brain. (meltmethod.com)
  • Well, it turns out as the brain helps regulate bone mass through signals sent from our bones, with the osteocalcin produced helping modulate this regulation and other functions of the brain. (meltmethod.com)
  • It is shown that the level of osteocalcin in the blood serum is significantly reduced compared to healthy controls, both in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and, especially, in type 2 diabetes mellitus. (dntb.gov.ua)
  • The Osteocalcin Assay Zoledronic Acid reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples. (todayfinancialnews.com)
  • This ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kit is intended for the quantitative determination of both human osteocalcin (1-49) and osteocalcin (1-43), also referred to as N-terminal & mid-regional osteocalcin, in serum or plasma samples. (epitopediagnostics.com)
  • Osteons that contained osteocalcin-positive resting lines (type IV) increased in bone obtained from males with increasing age but were unchanged in females. (jci.org)
  • They are a source for vitamin K1, which activates the noncollagen protein within the bones known as osteocalcin. (gardenguides.com)
  • The N-MID-fragment, which results from cleavage, is considerably more stable, some assays are able to detect both intact osteocalcin and the stable N-MID-fragment. (medscape.com)
  • Several studies have confirmed that measurement of the more stable N-terminal and mid-regional osteocalcin (osteocalcin 1-43/49) as being more clinically useful, which may contribute to a more accurate assessment of the bone turnover rate. (epitopediagnostics.com)
  • in circulation, the half-life of osteocalcin is about 5 minutes. (medscape.com)
  • Whether age- and/or gender-related differences exist in the distribution of osteocalcin within individual bone remodeling units is not known. (jci.org)
  • These results suggest that differences in the distribution of osteocalcin in bone matrix may be responsible, in part, for the altered remodeling of bone associated with gender and aging. (jci.org)
  • The absolute maximal increase in osteocalcin was significantly higher in adolescent and child donors than in adults. (tau.ac.il)
  • The reference intervals for osteocalcin are about 1.1-11 ng/mL (adult male) and 0.7-6.5 ng/mL (adultfemale). (medscape.com)
  • The study included measuring the level of thyroid hormones (T3, TSH), osteocalcin, vitamin D and calcium Ca2+, as the first group (G1) includes samples that have a level (hyperactivity of the thyroid gland). (sjpas.com)
  • RÉSUMÉ Le présent essai clinique randomisé, en double aveugle, contrôlé contre placebo, a évalué l'effet de la supplémentation en zinc sur les taux de zinc et de calcium sériques chez des femmes ostéoporotiques ménopausées. (who.int)
  • Les mesures anthropométriques, l'apport alimentaire en zinc et en calcium, les taux de zinc et de calcium sériques ont été évalués au début de l'étude puis à 60 jours. (who.int)
  • Les concentrations moyennes initiales en zinc sérique étaient nettement inférieures aux valeurs normales, mais les taux de calcium sérique moyens étaient normaux. (who.int)
  • The proportion of osteons that lack osteocalcin in the matrix immediately adjacent to Haversian canals (type III) increased in females and males with age. (jci.org)
  • In the brain, osteocalcin plays an important role in development and functioning including spatial learning and memory. (wikipedia.org)