A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.
Techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation, the rupture of the follicle and release of the ovum.
An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro.
Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.
A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).
A procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from a body cavity or organ via a trocar and cannula, needle, or other hollow instrument.
The transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo or in vitro environment to a suitable host to improve pregnancy or gestational outcome in human or animal. In human fertility treatment programs, preimplantation embryos ranging from the 4-cell stage to the blastocyst stage are transferred to the uterine cavity between 3-5 days after FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.
A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A major gonadotropin secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and the LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. The alpha subunit is common in the three human pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.
Compounds which increase the capacity to conceive in females.
A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.
The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.
Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities.
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.
Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.
An OOCYTE-containing structure in the cortex of the OVARY. The oocyte is enclosed by a layer of GRANULOSA CELLS providing a nourishing microenvironment (FOLLICULAR FLUID). The number and size of follicles vary depending on the age and reproductive state of the female. The growing follicles are divided into five stages: primary, secondary, tertiary, Graafian, and atretic. Follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on the presence of GONADOTROPINS.
A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.
Procedures to obtain viable OOCYTES from the host. Oocytes most often are collected by needle aspiration from OVARIAN FOLLICLES before OVULATION.
Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
An assisted fertilization technique consisting of the microinjection of a single viable sperm into an extracted ovum. It is used principally to overcome low sperm count, low sperm motility, inability of sperm to penetrate the egg, or other conditions related to male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE).
A triphenyl ethylene stilbene derivative which is an estrogen agonist or antagonist depending on the target tissue. Note that ENCLOMIPHENE and ZUCLOMIPHENE are the (E) and (Z) isomers of Clomiphene respectively.
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.
Clinical and laboratory techniques used to enhance fertility in humans and animals.
Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens.
Inability to reproduce after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Reproductive sterility is permanent infertility.
The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.
Substances used either in the prevention or facilitation of pregnancy.
The fluid surrounding the OVUM and GRANULOSA CELLS in the Graafian follicle (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). The follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes.
The condition of carrying two or more FETUSES simultaneously.
A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.
The most common (>96%) type of ectopic pregnancy in which the extrauterine EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs in the FALLOPIAN TUBE, usually in the ampullary region where FERTILIZATION takes place.
The procedure of removing TISSUES, organs, or specimens from DONORS for reuse, such as TRANSPLANTATION.
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.
Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).
The period in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE that follows OVULATION, characterized by the development of CORPUS LUTEUM, increase in PROGESTERONE production by the OVARY and secretion by the glandular epithelium of the ENDOMETRIUM. The luteal phase begins with ovulation and ends with the onset of MENSTRUATION.
A characteristic symptom complex.
Any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician, surgeon, or other health professional, especially infections acquired by a patient during the course of treatment.
Artificial introduction of SEMEN or SPERMATOZOA into the VAGINA to facilitate FERTILIZATION.
A family of angiogenic proteins that are closely-related to VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A. They play an important role in the growth and differentiation of vascular as well as lymphatic endothelial cells.
The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.
These growth factors are soluble mitogens secreted by a variety of organs. The factors are a mixture of two single chain polypeptides which have affinity to heparin. Their molecular weight are organ and species dependent. They have mitogenic and chemotactic effects and can stimulate endothelial cells to grow and synthesize DNA. The factors are related to both the basic and acidic FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS but have different amino acid sequences.
The original member of the family of endothelial cell growth factors referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as "tumor angiogenesis factor" and "vascular permeability factor". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced.
The serous fluid of ASCITES, the accumulation of fluids in the PERITONEAL CAVITY.
Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity.
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.
The property of blood capillary ENDOTHELIUM that allows for the selective exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues and through membranous barriers such as the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER; BLOOD-AQUEOUS BARRIER; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD-NERVE BARRIER; BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER; and BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (TIGHT JUNCTIONS) which may limit large molecule movement.
The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.
Chemical compounds causing LUTEOLYSIS or degeneration.
Water-soluble proteins found in egg whites, blood, lymph, and other tissues and fluids. They coagulate upon heating.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
A technique that came into use in the mid-1980's for assisted conception in infertile women with normal fallopian tubes. The protocol consists of hormonal stimulation of the ovaries, followed by laparoscopic follicular aspiration of oocytes, and then the transfer of sperm and oocytes by catheterization into the fallopian tubes.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.
Drugs that bind to and activate dopamine receptors.
A glycoprotein that causes regression of MULLERIAN DUCTS. It is produced by SERTOLI CELLS of the TESTES. In the absence of this hormone, the Mullerian ducts develop into structures of the female reproductive tract. In males, defects of this hormone result in persistent Mullerian duct, a form of MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM.
The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.
Transfer of preovulatory oocytes from donor to a suitable host. Oocytes are collected, fertilized in vitro, and transferred to a host that can be human or animal.
Human artificial insemination in which the husband's semen is used.
Occurrence or induction of release of more ova than are normally released at the same time in a given species. The term applies to both animals and humans.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
A collection of fluid and gas within the pleural cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection after follicle stimulation with highly purified human follicle-stimulating hormone compared with human menopausal gonadotropin. (1/294)

PURPOSE: Our purpose was to compare oocyte nuclear maturation and embryo quality after pituitary down-regulation and ovarian stimulation with highly purified follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG). METHODS: Fifty-five patients 37 years of age or younger who were undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF)-intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) were evaluated retrospectively. In all cases, male factor was the only indication for treatment, with no female-related factors identified. Following pituitary down-regulation, patients were stimulated with hMG (n = 20) or highly purified FSH (n = 35). Main outcome measures included ovarian response to stimulation, oocyte maturity, and ICSI fertilization results. Secondary outcome measures included pregnancy rates and outcome. RESULTS: The ovarian response to stimulation was similar for the two groups, as were the percentage of metaphase II oocytes, fertilization and cleavage rates, and number and quality of transferred and cryopreserved embryos. Cycle outcome was comparable. CONCLUSIONS: In normogonadotropic subjects, monocomponent therapy with highly purified FSH is as effective as hMG in stimulating ovarian follicular development, synchronization of oocyte maturation, and IVF-ICSI outcome. Our findings support the conclusion that the luteinizing hormone component in the stimulation protocol is unnecessary.  (+info)

High pregnancy rates and successful prevention of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome by 'prolonged coasting' of very hyperstimulated patients: a multicentre study. (2/294)

In a multicentre trial, 65 in-vitro fertilization (IVF)-embryo transfer cycles were severely hyperstimulated. Instead of cancelling the cycle, gonadotrophins were withheld for a 'coasting period' until serum oestradiol concentrations had dropped below 10,000 pmol/l (mean 4.3 days), and then human chorionic gonadotrophin was administered. Four cycles were cancelled and there were 61 oocyte aspirations. A total of 103 fresh embryos was transferred to 53 patients, resulting in a pregnancy rate of 42% per started cycle (51% per embryo transfer), with an implantation rate of 31%. Only one patient developed severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Four patients developed moderate OHSS. In all, two patients were hospitalized for OHSS. In order to optimize the coasting procedure, it seems important that each IVF centre identifies its appropriate cut-off limits for serum oestradiol concentrations and follicle size for initiating and ending of the coasting period. Correctly handled, it seems to be a major advance in the search for improved stimulation policies for high-responders.  (+info)

The clinical efficacy of low-dose step-up follicle stimulating hormone administration for treatment of unexplained infertility. (3/294)

The present study was designed to compare the clinical efficacy of low-dose step-up follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) administration with conventional FSH protocol (FSH was injected daily starting with a dose of 150 IU), both combined with intrauterine insemination (IUI), for the treatment of unexplained infertility. A total of 97 unexplained infertility couples was randomly assigned to one or other of the two treatment groups, either conventional FSH with IUI (48 patients) or low-dose step-up FSH with IUI (49 patients), and only the first treatment cycle was evaluated in each protocol. The difference in pregnancy rates per cycle was not statistically significant between the low-dose FSH group and the conventional group [seven of 49 (14.3%) and seven of 48 (14.6%) respectively]. A significant reduction in the incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) was observed in the low-dose group (8.3% versus 27.1%, P < 0.05). The incidence of moderate OHSS requiring hospitalization was reduced significantly in the low-dose group (low-dose 0% versus conventional 16.7%, P < 0.01). However, the low-dose protocol did not completely prevent multiple pregnancies. Our results suggest that the low-dose step-up FSH treatment appeared to be useful for the treatment of unexplained infertility because of the high pregnancy rates and the significant decrease in the incidence of OHSS.  (+info)

Extremes of body mass do not adversely affect the outcome of superovulation and in-vitro fertilization. (4/294)

The effect of extremes of body mass on ovulation is well recognized by clinicians. However, the effect of obesity and extreme underweight on the outcome of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles has received relatively little attention. In a retrospective nested case-control study we examined the effect of the extremes of body mass index (BMI) on IVF-embryo transfer outcome at a university-based IVF unit. A total of 333 patients were included in the study; 76 obese patients (BMI > 27.9) with 152 controls, and 35 underweight patients (BMI < 19) with 70 controls. The patients were matched with their controls in age +/- 1 year, day 3 follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration, daily dose of gonadotrophin (+/- 37.25 IU), gonadotrophin preparation and the year of treatment. The following parameters were compared between the study and control groups: duration of administration and dose of gonadotrophin, number of follicles aspirated, number of eggs, fertilization rate, number of embryos, serum oestradiol concentration on human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) day (peak oestradiol), clinical pregnancy rate, implantation rate, miscarriage rate, and incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Apart from a significantly lower peak oestradiol concentration (P = 0.009) in the obese patients, they and the underweight patients were not significantly different from their normal controls. The extremes of body mass index do not adversely affect the outcome of IVF-embryo transfer treatment. However, the obese patients had lower peak oestradiol concentrations than their normal controls despite receiving similar gonadotrophin doses.  (+info)

Human albumin enhances expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in cultured human luteinizing granulosa cells: importance in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. (5/294)

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a severe complication of ovarian stimulation for assisted reproductive techniques. Clinical manifestations are massive extravascular fluid accumulation and haemoconcentration. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been demonstrated to mediate the development of OHSS. Intravenous albumin at the time of oocyte aspiration has been suggested as an effective prophylactic treatment against the occurrence of severe OHSS. Here it is reported that in cultured human luteinizing granulosa cells, VEGF mRNA expression was enhanced by human albumin and maximum expression was observed in cultured granulosa cells obtained from patients with serum oestradiol concentrations >2000 pg/ml on the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin injection (P < 0. 05).  (+info)

Early unilateral follicular aspiration compared with coasting for the prevention of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a prospective randomized study. (6/294)

Thirty women undergoing in-vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection considered to be at high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) were randomly allocated to have early unilateral follicular aspiration (EUFA) (group 1) or coasting (group 2) when the serum oestradiol concentration was >6000 pg/ml and there were more than 15 follicles each of >/=18 mm diameter in each ovary. EUFA was performed in group 1 at 10-12 h after the human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) trigger injection and human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) were withheld for 4.9 +/- 1.6 days until serum oestradiol concentrations fell below 3000 pg/ml when HCG was administered. The mean total dose and duration of administration of HMG were similar in groups 1 and 2 (48.3 +/- 17.4 and 50.2 +/- 16.5 ampoules; 13.7 +/- 2.2 and 14.1 +/- 3.2 days respectively). The mean serum oestradiol concentrations (9911 pg/ml versus 10 055 pg/ml) and number of follicles (43.3 versus 41.4) seen in both ovaries on the day of HCG administration in group 1 and on the day coasting was commenced in group 2 were also similar. After coasting, the mean serum oestradiol concentration on the day of HCG administration in group 2 was lower than in group 1 (1410 pg/ml versus 9911 pg/ml; P < 0.001). The mean serum progesterone concentrations on the day of HCG administration in both groups were similar, and fell in all women in group 2. The mean number of oocytes retrieved and percentage of oocytes retrieved per follicle punctured was significantly higher in group 1 (15.4 +/- 2.1 versus 9.6 +/- 3.2, P < 0.001; 91.4 +/- 4.4% versus 28.3 +/- 3.7%, P < 0.001 respectively). The fertilization and embryo cleavage rates were similar in both groups. Clinical pregnancy was diagnosed in 6/15 (40%) patients in group 1 and in 5/15 (33%) patients in group 2, while four women in group 1 and three in group 2 developed severe OHSS.  (+info)

Elective cryopreservation of all pronucleate embryos in women at risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: efficiency and safety. (7/294)

In a prospective randomized study, we analysed 125 patients at risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), selected in the period between January 1996 and July 1997. All the patients had blood oestradiol concentration >/=1500 pg/ml on the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) administration and >/=15 oocytes were collected. The patients were matched in two groups: group A, control group (n = 67), had fresh embryo transfers; group B (n = 58) had cryopreservation of all obtained pronucleate embryos. Pregnancy, live birth rates and the incidence of OHSS were compared between the two groups. There were no significant differences in terms of pregnancies per patient (46.3 versus 48.3%) and live birth rates (38. 8 versus 39.6%). No cases of OHSS occurred in group B, while four patients developed the syndrome in group A. The implantation rate was slightly but not significantly lower in group B (chi2 = 1.03). These results suggest that elective cryopreservation of all zygotes might prevent the risk of OHSS in patients undergoing IVF treatment. In contrast to what has been reported by other authors, our results show that the elective cryopreservation of zygotes does not affect pregnancy and live birth rates.  (+info)

Severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome following salvage of empty follicle syndrome. (8/294)

We report a case of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) following a rescue of empty follicle syndrome (EFS). This suggests that the risk of developing OHSS remains unaltered even in the presence of EFS. The case supports the possibility of obtaining oocytes that fertilize and cleave normally after a second dose of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and a repeat oocyte retrieval. It supports the suggestion that the follicles are not necessarily empty in EFS. It demonstrates further that OHSS cannot be prevented by aspiration of follicular fluid and patients with large numbers of follicles and EFS must be warned of this potential complication.  (+info)

Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) is a medical condition characterized by the enlargement of the ovaries and the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, which can occur as a complication of fertility treatments that involve the use of medications to stimulate ovulation.

In OHSS, the ovaries become swollen and may contain multiple follicles (small sacs containing eggs) that have developed in response to the hormonal stimulation. This can lead to the release of large amounts of vasoactive substances, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which can cause increased blood flow to the ovaries and fluid leakage from the blood vessels into the abdominal cavity.

Mild cases of OHSS may cause symptoms such as bloating, abdominal pain or discomfort, nausea, and diarrhea. More severe cases can lead to more serious complications, including blood clots, kidney failure, and respiratory distress. In extreme cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage the symptoms of OHSS and prevent further complications.

OHSS is typically managed by monitoring the patient's symptoms and providing supportive care, such as fluid replacement and pain management. In severe cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to drain excess fluid from the abdominal cavity. Preventive measures, such as adjusting the dosage of fertility medications or canceling treatment cycles, may also be taken to reduce the risk of OHSS in high-risk patients.

Ovulation induction is a medical procedure that involves the stimulation of ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries) in women who have difficulties conceiving due to ovulatory disorders. This is typically achieved through the use of medications such as clomiphene citrate or gonadotropins, which promote the development and maturation of follicles in the ovaries containing eggs. The process is closely monitored through regular ultrasounds and hormone tests to ensure appropriate response and minimize the risk of complications like multiple pregnancies. Ovulation induction may be used as a standalone treatment or in conjunction with other assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Fertilization in vitro, also known as in-vitro fertilization (IVF), is a medical procedure where an egg (oocyte) and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish to facilitate fertilization. The fertilized egg (embryo) is then transferred to a uterus with the hope of establishing a successful pregnancy. This procedure is often used when other assisted reproductive technologies have been unsuccessful or are not applicable, such as in cases of blocked fallopian tubes, severe male factor infertility, and unexplained infertility. The process involves ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture, and embryo transfer. In some cases, additional techniques such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) may be used to increase the chances of success.

Menotropins are a preparation of natural follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) derived from the urine of postmenopausal women. They are used in infertility treatment to stimulate the development of multiple follicles in the ovaries, leading to an increased chance of pregnancy through assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Menotropins contain a mixture of FSH and LH in a ratio that is similar to the natural hormone levels found in the human body. The FSH component stimulates the growth and development of follicles in the ovaries, while the LH component triggers ovulation when the follicles have matured.

Menotropins are typically administered by subcutaneous injection and are available under various brand names, such as Menopur and Repronex. The use of menotropins requires careful medical supervision to monitor the response of the ovaries and to minimize the risk of complications such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS).

Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone that is produced during pregnancy. It is produced by the placenta after implantation of the fertilized egg in the uterus. The main function of hCG is to prevent the disintegration of the corpus luteum, which is a temporary endocrine structure that forms in the ovary after ovulation and produces progesterone during early pregnancy. Progesterone is essential for maintaining the lining of the uterus and supporting the pregnancy.

hCG can be detected in the blood or urine as early as 10 days after conception, and its levels continue to rise throughout the first trimester of pregnancy. In addition to its role in maintaining pregnancy, hCG is also used as a clinical marker for pregnancy and to monitor certain medical conditions such as gestational trophoblastic diseases.

Paracentesis is a medical procedure in which a thin needle or catheter is inserted through the abdominal wall to remove excess fluid from the peritoneal cavity. This procedure is also known as abdominal tap or paracentesis aspiration. The fluid removed, called ascites, can be analyzed for infection, malignant cells, or other signs of disease. Paracentesis may be performed to relieve symptoms caused by the buildup of excess fluid in the abdomen, such as pain, difficulty breathing, or loss of appetite. It is commonly used to diagnose and manage conditions such as liver cirrhosis, cancer, heart failure, and kidney failure.

Embryo transfer is a medical procedure that involves the transfer of an embryo, which is typically created through in vitro fertilization (IVF), into the uterus of a woman with the aim of establishing a pregnancy. The embryo may be created using the intended parent's own sperm and eggs or those from donors. After fertilization and early cell division, the resulting embryo is transferred into the uterus of the recipient mother through a thin catheter that is inserted through the cervix. This procedure is typically performed under ultrasound guidance to ensure proper placement of the embryo. Embryo transfer is a key step in assisted reproductive technology (ART) and is often used as a treatment for infertility.

The pregnancy rate is a measure used in reproductive medicine to determine the frequency or efficiency of conception following certain treatments, interventions, or under specific conditions. It is typically defined as the number of pregnancies per 100 women exposed to the condition being studied over a specified period of time. A pregnancy is confirmed when a woman has a positive result on a pregnancy test or through the detection of a gestational sac on an ultrasound exam.

In clinical trials and research, the pregnancy rate helps healthcare professionals evaluate the effectiveness of various fertility treatments such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intrauterine insemination (IUI), or ovulation induction medications. The pregnancy rate can also be used to assess the impact of lifestyle factors, environmental exposures, or medical conditions on fertility and conception.

It is important to note that pregnancy rates may vary depending on several factors, including age, the cause of infertility, the type and quality of treatment provided, and individual patient characteristics. Therefore, comparing pregnancy rates between different studies should be done cautiously, considering these potential confounding variables.

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH), also known as Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH), is a hormonal peptide consisting of 10 amino acids. It is produced and released by the hypothalamus, an area in the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

GnRH plays a crucial role in regulating reproduction and sexual development through its control of two gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These gonadotropins, in turn, stimulate the gonads (ovaries or testes) to produce sex steroids and eggs or sperm.

GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary gland by binding to its specific receptors, leading to the release of FSH and LH. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is under negative feedback control, meaning that when sex steroid levels are high, they inhibit the release of GnRH, which subsequently decreases FSH and LH secretion.

GnRH agonists and antagonists have clinical applications in various medical conditions, such as infertility treatments, precocious puberty, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, prostate cancer, and hormone-responsive breast cancer.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. In humans, FSH plays a crucial role in the reproductive system. Specifically, in females, it stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary and the production of estrogen. In males, FSH promotes the formation of sperm within the testes' seminiferous tubules. The human FSH is a heterodimer, consisting of two noncovalently associated subunits: α (alpha) and β (beta). The alpha subunit is common to several pituitary hormones, including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). In contrast, the beta subunit is unique to FSH and determines its biological specificity. The regulation of FSH secretion is primarily controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, involving complex feedback mechanisms with gonadal steroid hormones and inhibins.

Female infertility is a condition characterized by the inability to conceive after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth. The causes of female infertility can be multifactorial and may include issues with ovulation, damage to the fallopian tubes or uterus, endometriosis, hormonal imbalances, age-related factors, and other medical conditions.

Some common causes of female infertility include:

1. Ovulation disorders: Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemia can affect ovulation and lead to infertility.
2. Damage to the fallopian tubes: Pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, or previous surgeries can cause scarring and blockages in the fallopian tubes, preventing the egg and sperm from meeting.
3. Uterine abnormalities: Structural issues with the uterus, such as fibroids, polyps, or congenital defects, can interfere with implantation and pregnancy.
4. Age-related factors: As women age, their fertility declines due to a decrease in the number and quality of eggs.
5. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, celiac disease, and autoimmune disorders, can contribute to infertility.

In some cases, female infertility can be treated with medications, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF). A thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional is necessary to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Female fertility agents are medications or treatments that are used to enhance or restore female fertility. They can work in various ways such as stimulating ovulation, improving the quality of eggs, facilitating the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus, or addressing issues related to the reproductive system.

Some examples of female fertility agents include:

1. Clomiphene citrate (Clomid, Serophene): This medication stimulates ovulation by causing the pituitary gland to release more follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
2. Gonadotropins: These are hormonal medications that contain FSH and LH, which stimulate the ovaries to produce mature eggs. Examples include human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
3. Letrozole (Femara): This medication is an aromatase inhibitor that can be used off-label to stimulate ovulation in women who do not respond to clomiphene citrate.
4. Metformin (Glucophage): This medication is primarily used to treat type 2 diabetes, but it can also improve fertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) by regulating insulin levels and promoting ovulation.
5. Bromocriptine (Parlodel): This medication is used to treat infertility caused by hyperprolactinemia, a condition characterized by high levels of prolactin in the blood.
6. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART): These include procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT). They involve manipulating eggs and sperm outside the body to facilitate fertilization and implantation.

It is important to consult with a healthcare provider or reproductive endocrinologist to determine the most appropriate fertility agent for individual needs, as these medications can have side effects and potential risks.

Triptorelin pamoate is a synthetic analogue of the natural hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). It is used in the treatment of various conditions such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, precocious puberty, and prostate cancer.

Triptorelin pamoate works by stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulate the production of sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. However, with continued use, it causes downregulation of the pituitary gland, leading to a decrease in the production of FSH and LH, and therefore a reduction in the levels of sex hormones.

The pamoate salt is used to slow down the release of triptorelin, allowing for longer-acting formulations that can be administered monthly or quarterly. The medication is usually given as an injection into a muscle (intramuscularly).

Ascites is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the lining of the abdominal wall and the organs within it. This buildup of fluid can cause the belly to swell and become distended. Ascites can be caused by various medical conditions, including liver cirrhosis, cancer, heart failure, and kidney disease. The accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity can lead to complications such as infection, reduced mobility, and difficulty breathing. Treatment for ascites depends on the underlying cause and may include diuretics, paracentesis (a procedure to remove excess fluid from the abdomen), or treatment of the underlying medical condition.

Estradiol is a type of estrogen, which is a female sex hormone. It is the most potent and dominant form of estrogen in humans. Estradiol plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics in women, such as breast development and regulation of the menstrual cycle. It also helps maintain bone density, protect the lining of the uterus, and is involved in cognition and mood regulation.

Estradiol is produced primarily by the ovaries, but it can also be synthesized in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands and fat cells. In men, estradiol is produced from testosterone through a process called aromatization. Abnormal levels of estradiol can contribute to various health issues, such as hormonal imbalances, infertility, osteoporosis, and certain types of cancer.

Gonadotropins are hormones that stimulate the gonads (sex glands) to produce sex steroids and gametes (sex cells). In humans, there are two main types of gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which are produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland.

FSH plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males. LH triggers ovulation in females, causing the release of a mature egg from the ovary, and stimulates testosterone production in males.

Gonadotropins are often used in medical treatments to stimulate the gonads, such as in infertility therapies where FSH and LH are administered to induce ovulation or increase sperm production.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted and released by the anterior pituitary gland. In females, it promotes the growth and development of ovarian follicles in the ovary, which ultimately leads to the maturation and release of an egg (ovulation). In males, FSH stimulates the testes to produce sperm. It works in conjunction with luteinizing hormone (LH) to regulate reproductive processes. The secretion of FSH is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and its release is influenced by the levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), estrogen, inhibin, and androgens.

Buserelin is a synthetic analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH or LHRH), which is a hormonal drug used in the treatment of various conditions such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, prostate cancer, and central precocious puberty.

By mimicking the action of natural GnRH, buserelin stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn regulates the production of sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.

However, prolonged use of buserelin leads to downregulation of GnRH receptors and a decrease in FSH and LH secretion, resulting in reduced levels of sex hormones. This property is exploited in the treatment of hormone-dependent cancers such as prostate cancer, where reducing testosterone levels can help slow tumor growth.

Buserelin is available in various forms, including nasal sprays, implants, and injectable solutions, and its use should be under the supervision of a healthcare professional due to potential side effects and the need for careful monitoring of hormone levels during treatment.

Hormone antagonists are substances or drugs that block the action of hormones by binding to their receptors without activating them, thereby preventing the hormones from exerting their effects. They can be classified into two types: receptor antagonists and enzyme inhibitors. Receptor antagonists bind directly to hormone receptors and prevent the hormone from binding, while enzyme inhibitors block the production or breakdown of hormones by inhibiting specific enzymes involved in their metabolism. Hormone antagonists are used in the treatment of various medical conditions, such as cancer, hormonal disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.

An ovarian follicle is a fluid-filled sac in the ovary that contains an immature egg or ovum (oocyte). It's a part of the female reproductive system and plays a crucial role in the process of ovulation.

Ovarian follicles start developing in the ovaries during fetal development, but only a small number of them will mature and release an egg during a woman's reproductive years. The maturation process is stimulated by hormones like follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

There are different types of ovarian follicles, including primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary or Graafian follicles. The Graafian follicle is the mature follicle that ruptures during ovulation to release the egg into the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm.

It's important to note that abnormal growth or development of ovarian follicles can lead to conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and ovarian cancer.

Leuprolide is a synthetic hormonal analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH or LHRH). It acts as a potent agonist of GnRH receptors, leading to the suppression of pituitary gland's secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). This, in turn, results in decreased levels of sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen.

Leuprolide is used clinically for the treatment of various conditions related to hormonal imbalances, including:
- Prostate cancer: Leuprolide can help slow down the growth of prostate cancer cells by reducing testosterone levels in the body.
- Endometriosis: By lowering estrogen levels, leuprolide can alleviate symptoms associated with endometriosis such as pelvic pain and menstrual irregularities.
- Central precocious puberty: Leuprolide is used to delay the onset of puberty in children who experience it prematurely by inhibiting the release of gonadotropins.
- Uterine fibroids: Lowering estrogen levels with leuprolide can help shrink uterine fibroids and reduce symptoms like heavy menstrual bleeding and pelvic pain.

Leuprolide is available in various formulations, such as injectable depots or implants, for long-term hormonal suppression. Common side effects include hot flashes, mood changes, and potential loss of bone density due to prolonged hormone suppression.

Oocyte retrieval is a medical procedure that is performed to obtain mature eggs (oocytes) from the ovaries of a female patient, typically for the purpose of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).

During the procedure, which is usually done under sedation or anesthesia, a thin needle is inserted through the vaginal wall and guided into the ovarian follicles using ultrasound imaging. The mature eggs are then gently aspirated from the follicles and collected in a test tube.

Oocyte retrieval is typically performed after several days of hormonal stimulation, which helps to promote the development and maturation of multiple eggs within the ovaries. After the procedure, the eggs are examined for maturity and quality before being fertilized with sperm in the laboratory. The resulting embryos are then transferred to the uterus or frozen for future use.

It's important to note that oocyte retrieval carries some risks, including bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding organs. However, these complications are generally rare and can be minimized with careful monitoring and skilled medical care.

Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:

1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.

The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) is a specialized form of assisted reproductive technology (ART), specifically used in the context of in vitro fertilization (IVF). It involves the direct injection of a single sperm into the cytoplasm of a mature egg (oocyte) to facilitate fertilization. This technique is often used when there are issues with male infertility, such as low sperm count or poor sperm motility, to increase the chances of successful fertilization. The resulting embryos can then be transferred to the uterus in hopes of achieving a pregnancy.

Clomiphene is a medication that is primarily used to treat infertility in women. It is an ovulatory stimulant, which means that it works by stimulating the development and release of mature eggs from the ovaries (a process known as ovulation). Clomiphene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), which means that it binds to estrogen receptors in the body and blocks the effects of estrogen in certain tissues, while enhancing the effects of estrogen in others.

In the ovary, clomiphene works by blocking the negative feedback effect of estrogen on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which results in an increase in the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These hormones stimulate the growth and development of ovarian follicles, which contain eggs. As the follicles grow and mature, they produce increasing amounts of estrogen, which eventually triggers a surge in LH that leads to ovulation.

Clomiphene is typically taken orally for 5 days, starting on the 3rd, 4th, or 5th day of the menstrual cycle. The dosage may be adjusted based on the patient's response to treatment. Common side effects of clomiphene include hot flashes, mood changes, breast tenderness, and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), which is a potentially serious complication characterized by the enlargement of the ovaries and the accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.

It's important to note that clomiphene may not be suitable for everyone, and its use should be carefully monitored by a healthcare provider. Women with certain medical conditions, such as liver disease, thyroid disorders, or uterine fibroids, may not be able to take clomiphene. Additionally, women who become pregnant while taking clomiphene have an increased risk of multiple pregnancies (e.g., twins or triplets), which can pose additional risks to both the mother and the fetuses.

Polycyctic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine-metabolic disorder characterized by the presence of hyperandrogenism (excess male hormones), ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries. The Rotterdam criteria are commonly used for diagnosis, which require at least two of the following three features:

1. Oligo- or anovulation (irregular menstrual cycles)
2. Clinical and/or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism (e.g., hirsutism, acne, or high levels of androgens in the blood)
3. Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound examination (presence of 12 or more follicles measuring 2-9 mm in diameter, or increased ovarian volume >10 mL)

The exact cause of PCOS remains unclear, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Insulin resistance and obesity are common findings in women with PCOS, which can contribute to the development of metabolic complications such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease.

Management of PCOS typically involves a multidisciplinary approach that includes lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, weight loss), medications to regulate menstrual cycles and reduce hyperandrogenism (e.g., oral contraceptives, metformin, anti-androgens), and fertility treatments if desired. Regular monitoring of metabolic parameters and long-term follow-up are essential for optimal management and prevention of complications.

Assisted reproductive techniques (ART) are medical procedures that involve the handling of human sperm and ova to establish a pregnancy. These techniques are used when other methods of achieving pregnancy have failed or are not available. Examples of ART include in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), and zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT). These procedures may be used to treat infertility, prevent genetic disorders, or to help same-sex couples or single people have children. It is important to note that the use of ART can involve significant physical, emotional, and financial costs, and it may not always result in a successful pregnancy.

Cryopreservation is a medical procedure that involves the preservation of cells, tissues, or organs by cooling them to very low temperatures, typically below -150°C. This is usually achieved using liquid nitrogen. The low temperature slows down or stops biological activity, including chemical reactions and cellular metabolism, which helps to prevent damage and decay.

The cells, tissues, or organs that are being cryopreserved must be treated with a cryoprotectant solution before cooling to prevent the formation of ice crystals, which can cause significant damage. Once cooled, the samples are stored in specialized containers or tanks until they are needed for use.

Cryopreservation is commonly used in assisted reproductive technologies, such as the preservation of sperm, eggs, and embryos for fertility treatments. It is also used in research, including the storage of cell lines and stem cells, and in clinical settings, such as the preservation of skin grafts and corneas for transplantation.

Infertility is a reproductive health disorder defined as the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse or due to an impairment of a person's capacity to reproduce either as an individual or with their partner. It can be caused by various factors in both men and women, including hormonal imbalances, structural abnormalities, genetic issues, infections, age, lifestyle factors, and others. Infertility can have significant emotional and psychological impacts on individuals and couples experiencing it, and medical intervention may be necessary to help them conceive.

An ovary is a part of the female reproductive system in which ova or eggs are produced through the process of oogenesis. They are a pair of solid, almond-shaped structures located one on each side of the uterus within the pelvic cavity. Each ovary measures about 3 to 5 centimeters in length and weighs around 14 grams.

The ovaries have two main functions: endocrine (hormonal) function and reproductive function. They produce and release eggs (ovulation) responsible for potential fertilization and development of an embryo/fetus during pregnancy. Additionally, they are essential in the production of female sex hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone, which regulate menstrual cycles, sexual development, and reproduction.

During each menstrual cycle, a mature egg is released from one of the ovaries into the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm. If not fertilized, the egg, along with the uterine lining, will be shed, leading to menstruation.

Reproductive control agents, also known as contraceptives or fertility control agents, refer to substances or methods that are intentionally used to prevent or reduce the likelihood of conception and pregnancy. These can include hormonal medications (such as birth control pills, patches, or injections), barrier methods (like condoms or diaphragms), intrauterine devices (IUDs), emergency contraceptives, and surgical procedures (like tubal ligation or vasectomy). Some natural methods, such as fertility awareness-based methods, can also be used for reproductive control. These agents are used to prevent unintended pregnancies and allow individuals to plan and space their pregnancies according to their personal preferences and circumstances.

Follicular fluid is the fluid that accumulates within the follicle (a small sac or cyst) in the ovary where an egg matures. This fluid contains various chemicals, hormones, and proteins that support the growth and development of the egg cell. It also contains metabolic waste products and other substances from the granulosa cells (the cells that surround the egg cell within the follicle). Follicular fluid is often analyzed in fertility treatments and studies as it can provide valuable information about the health and viability of the egg cell.

Multiple pregnancy is a type of gestation where more than one fetus is carried simultaneously in the uterus. The most common forms of multiple pregnancies are twins (two fetuses), triplets (three fetuses), and quadruplets (four fetuses). Multiple pregnancies can occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two or more embryos (monozygotic) or when more than one egg is released and gets fertilized during ovulation (dizygotic). The risk of multiple pregnancies increases with the use of assisted reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization. Multiple pregnancies are associated with higher risks for both the mother and the fetuses, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and other complications.

Ergolines are a group of ergot alkaloids that have been widely used in the development of various pharmaceutical drugs. These compounds are known for their ability to bind to and stimulate specific receptors in the brain, particularly dopamine receptors. As a result, they have been explored for their potential therapeutic benefits in the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, migraine, and depression.

However, ergolines can also have significant side effects, including hallucinations, nausea, and changes in blood pressure. In addition, some ergot alkaloids have been associated with a rare but serious condition called ergotism, which is characterized by symptoms such as muscle spasms, vomiting, and gangrene. Therefore, the use of ergolines must be carefully monitored and managed to ensure their safety and effectiveness.

Some specific examples of drugs that contain ergolines include:

* Dihydroergotamine (DHE): used for the treatment of migraine headaches
* Pergolide: used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease
* Cabergoline: used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and certain types of hormonal disorders

It is important to note that while ergolines have shown promise in some therapeutic areas, they are not without their risks. As with any medication, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before using any drug containing ergolines to ensure that it is safe and appropriate for an individual's specific needs.

Tubal pregnancy, also known as an ectopic pregnancy, is a type of pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. The fertilized egg implants and starts to develop in the tube instead of the uterine lining. This condition is not viable and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

The symptoms of a tubal pregnancy may include abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, shoulder pain, dizziness or fainting, and pelvic discomfort or tenderness. If you suspect that you have a tubal pregnancy, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Treatment options for tubal pregnancies include medication or surgery to remove the embryo and repair or remove the affected fallopian tube.

Tissue and organ harvesting is the surgical removal of healthy tissues or organs from a living or deceased donor for the purpose of transplantation into another person in need of a transplant. This procedure is performed with great care, adhering to strict medical standards and ethical guidelines, to ensure the safety and well-being of both the donor and the recipient.

In the case of living donors, the harvested tissue or organ is typically removed from a site that can be safely spared, such as a kidney, a portion of the liver, or a segment of the lung. The donor must undergo extensive medical evaluation to ensure they are physically and psychologically suitable for the procedure.

For deceased donors, tissue and organ harvesting is performed in a manner that respects their wishes and those of their family, as well as adheres to legal and ethical requirements. Organs and tissues must be recovered promptly after death to maintain their viability for transplantation.

Tissue and organ harvesting is an essential component of the transplant process, allowing individuals with terminal illnesses or severe injuries to receive life-saving or life-enhancing treatments. It is a complex and highly regulated medical practice that requires specialized training, expertise, and coordination among healthcare professionals, donor families, and recipients.

Pleural effusion is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which is the thin, fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs and lines the inside of the chest wall. This space typically contains a small amount of fluid to allow for smooth movement of the lungs during breathing. However, when an excessive amount of fluid accumulates, it can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, and chest pain.

Pleural effusions can be caused by various underlying medical conditions, including pneumonia, heart failure, cancer, pulmonary embolism, and autoimmune disorders. The fluid that accumulates in the pleural space can be transudative or exudative, depending on the cause of the effusion. Transudative effusions are caused by increased pressure in the blood vessels or decreased protein levels in the blood, while exudative effusions are caused by inflammation, infection, or cancer.

Diagnosis of pleural effusion typically involves a physical examination, chest X-ray, and analysis of the fluid in the pleural space. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the effusion and may include medications, drainage of the fluid, or surgery.

An oocyte, also known as an egg cell or female gamete, is a large specialized cell found in the ovary of female organisms. It contains half the number of chromosomes as a normal diploid cell, as it is the product of meiotic division. Oocytes are surrounded by follicle cells and are responsible for the production of female offspring upon fertilization with sperm. The term "oocyte" specifically refers to the immature egg cell before it reaches full maturity and is ready for fertilization, at which point it is referred to as an ovum or egg.

The luteal phase is the second half of the menstrual cycle, starting from ovulation (release of an egg from the ovaries) and lasting until the start of the next menstruation. This phase typically lasts around 12-14 days in a regular 28-day menstrual cycle. During this phase, the remains of the dominant follicle that released the egg transform into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and some estrogen to support the implantation of a fertilized egg and maintain the early stages of pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, leading to a drop in hormone levels and the start of a new menstrual cycle.

A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.

For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.

Iatrogenic disease refers to any condition or illness that is caused, directly or indirectly, by medical treatment or intervention. This can include adverse reactions to medications, infections acquired during hospitalization, complications from surgical procedures, or injuries caused by medical equipment. It's important to note that iatrogenic diseases are unintended and often preventable with proper care and precautions.

Artificial insemination (AI) is a medical procedure that involves the introduction of sperm into a female's cervix or uterus for the purpose of achieving pregnancy. This procedure can be performed using sperm from a partner or a donor. It is often used when there are issues with male fertility, such as low sperm count or poor sperm motility, or in cases where natural conception is not possible due to various medical reasons.

There are two types of artificial insemination: intracervical insemination (ICI) and intrauterine insemination (IUI). ICI involves placing the sperm directly into the cervix, while IUI involves placing the sperm directly into the uterus using a catheter. The choice of procedure depends on various factors, including the cause of infertility and the preferences of the individuals involved.

Artificial insemination is a relatively simple and low-risk procedure that can be performed in a doctor's office or clinic. It may be combined with fertility drugs to increase the chances of pregnancy. The success rate of artificial insemination varies depending on several factors, including the age and fertility of the individuals involved, the cause of infertility, and the type of procedure used.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs) are a family of signaling proteins that stimulate the growth and development of new blood vessels, a process known as angiogenesis. They play crucial roles in both physiological and pathological conditions, such as embryonic development, wound healing, and tumor growth. Specifically, VEGFs bind to specific receptors on the surface of endothelial cells, which line the interior surface of blood vessels, triggering a cascade of intracellular signaling events that promote cell proliferation, migration, and survival. Dysregulation of VEGF signaling has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.

Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is primarily produced in the ovaries during the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy. It plays an essential role in preparing the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. Progesterone works to thicken the lining of the uterus, creating a nurturing environment for the developing embryo.

During the menstrual cycle, progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum, a temporary structure formed in the ovary after an egg has been released from a follicle during ovulation. If pregnancy does not occur, the levels of progesterone will decrease, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining and menstruation.

In addition to its reproductive functions, progesterone also has various other effects on the body, such as helping to regulate the immune system, supporting bone health, and potentially influencing mood and cognition. Progesterone can be administered medically in the form of oral pills, intramuscular injections, or vaginal suppositories for various purposes, including hormone replacement therapy, contraception, and managing certain gynecological conditions.

Endothelial growth factors (ECGFs or EGFs) are a group of signaling proteins that stimulate the growth, proliferation, and survival of endothelial cells, which line the interior surface of blood vessels. These growth factors play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels), wound healing, and vascular development during embryogenesis.

One of the most well-studied EGFs is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, which consists of several members like VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD, and placental growth factor (PlGF). These factors bind to specific receptors on the surface of endothelial cells, leading to a cascade of intracellular signaling events that ultimately result in cell proliferation, migration, and survival.

Other EGFs include fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Dysregulation of endothelial growth factors has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, understanding the functions and regulation of EGFs is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies to treat these disorders.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA) is a specific isoform of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. It is a well-characterized signaling protein that plays a crucial role in angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation from pre-existing vessels. VEGFA stimulates the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, which line the interior surface of blood vessels, thereby contributing to the growth and development of new vasculature. This protein is essential for physiological processes such as embryonic development and wound healing, but it has also been implicated in various pathological conditions, including cancer, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. The regulation of VEGFA expression and activity is critical to maintaining proper vascular function and homeostasis.

Ascitic fluid is defined as the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the two layers of the peritoneum, a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. This buildup of fluid, also known as ascites, can be caused by various medical conditions such as liver cirrhosis, cancer, heart failure, or infection. The fluid itself is typically straw-colored and clear, but it may also contain cells, proteins, and other substances depending on the underlying cause. Analysis of ascitic fluid can help doctors diagnose and manage the underlying condition causing the accumulation of fluid.

Lymphokines are a type of cytokines that are produced and released by activated lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, in response to an antigenic stimulation. They play a crucial role in the regulation of immune responses and inflammation. Lymphokines can mediate various biological activities such as chemotaxis, activation, proliferation, and differentiation of different immune cells including lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils. Examples of lymphokines include interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs).

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a glycoprotein hormone, which is primarily produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland. In women, a surge of LH triggers ovulation, the release of an egg from the ovaries during the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy, LH stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone. In men, LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. It plays a crucial role in sexual development, reproduction, and maintaining the reproductive system.

Anovulation is a medical condition in which there is a failure to ovulate, or release a mature egg from the ovaries, during a menstrual cycle. This can occur due to various reasons such as hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, excessive exercise, stress, low body weight, or certain medications. Anovulation is common in women with irregular menstrual cycles and can cause infertility if left untreated. In some cases, anovulation may be treated with medication to stimulate ovulation.

Capillary permeability refers to the ability of substances to pass through the walls of capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels in the body. These tiny vessels connect the arterioles and venules, allowing for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and gases between the blood and the surrounding tissues.

The capillary wall is composed of a single layer of endothelial cells that are held together by tight junctions. The permeability of these walls varies depending on the size and charge of the molecules attempting to pass through. Small, uncharged molecules such as water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide can easily diffuse through the capillary wall, while larger or charged molecules such as proteins and large ions have more difficulty passing through.

Increased capillary permeability can occur in response to inflammation, infection, or injury, allowing larger molecules and immune cells to enter the surrounding tissues. This can lead to swelling (edema) and tissue damage if not controlled. Decreased capillary permeability, on the other hand, can lead to impaired nutrient exchange and tissue hypoxia.

Overall, the permeability of capillaries is a critical factor in maintaining the health and function of tissues throughout the body.

Ovulation is the medical term for the release of a mature egg from an ovary during a woman's menstrual cycle. The released egg travels through the fallopian tube where it may be fertilized by sperm if sexual intercourse has occurred recently. If the egg is not fertilized, it will break down and leave the body along with the uterine lining during menstruation. Ovulation typically occurs around day 14 of a 28-day menstrual cycle, but the timing can vary widely from woman to woman and even from cycle to cycle in the same woman.

During ovulation, there are several physical changes that may occur in a woman's body, such as an increase in basal body temperature, changes in cervical mucus, and mild cramping or discomfort on one side of the lower abdomen (known as mittelschmerz). These symptoms can be used to help predict ovulation and improve the chances of conception.

It's worth noting that some medical conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or premature ovarian failure, may affect ovulation and make it difficult for a woman to become pregnant. In these cases, medical intervention may be necessary to help promote ovulation and increase the chances of conception.

Luteolytic agents are substances that cause the breakdown or regression of the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure in the ovary that forms after ovulation and produces progesterone during early pregnancy in mammals. These agents work by inhibiting the secretion of prostaglandins, which are necessary for maintaining the integrity of the corpus luteum. By causing the breakdown of the corpus luteum, luteolytic agents can induce menstruation or cause the termination of an early pregnancy. Examples of luteolytic agents include prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2α) and its analogs, as well as certain dopamine agonists such as cabergoline. These agents are used in various clinical settings, including reproductive medicine and veterinary medicine.

Albumins are a type of protein found in various biological fluids, including blood plasma. The most well-known albumin is serum albumin, which is produced by the liver and is the most abundant protein in blood plasma. Serum albumin plays several important roles in the body, such as maintaining oncotic pressure (which helps to regulate fluid balance in the body), transporting various substances (such as hormones, fatty acids, and drugs), and acting as an antioxidant.

Albumins are soluble in water and have a molecular weight ranging from 65,000 to 69,000 daltons. They are composed of a single polypeptide chain that contains approximately 585 amino acid residues. The structure of albumin is characterized by a high proportion of alpha-helices and beta-sheets, which give it a stable, folded conformation.

In addition to their role in human physiology, albumins are also used as diagnostic markers in medicine. For example, low serum albumin levels may indicate liver disease, malnutrition, or inflammation, while high levels may be seen in dehydration or certain types of kidney disease. Albumins may also be used as a replacement therapy in patients with severe protein loss, such as those with nephrotic syndrome or burn injuries.

Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.

It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) is a type of assisted reproductive technology (ART) that involves the transfer of both sperm and eggs directly into a woman's fallopian tubes through a surgical procedure. This process allows for fertilization to occur naturally within the woman's body, increasing the chances of successful implantation and pregnancy.

In GIFT, mature eggs are collected from the woman's ovaries through a minor surgical procedure called follicular aspiration. These eggs are then mixed with prepared sperm from the partner or a donor in the laboratory. The mixture of eggs and sperm is then transferred into the fallopian tubes using a thin catheter, which is inserted through a small incision made in the woman's abdomen.

GIFT is typically recommended for couples who have unexplained infertility or mild to moderate male factor infertility and for whom other fertility treatments, such as intrauterine insemination (IUI), have been unsuccessful. However, due to the invasive nature of the procedure and the need for general anesthesia, GIFT is less commonly used than other ART procedures, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Drainage, in medical terms, refers to the removal of excess fluid or accumulated collections of fluids from various body parts or spaces. This is typically accomplished through the use of medical devices such as catheters, tubes, or drains. The purpose of drainage can be to prevent the buildup of fluids that may cause discomfort, infection, or other complications, or to treat existing collections of fluid such as abscesses, hematomas, or pleural effusions. Drainage may also be used as a diagnostic tool to analyze the type and composition of the fluid being removed.

Dopamine agonists are a class of medications that mimic the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that regulates movement, emotion, motivation, and reinforcement of rewarding behaviors. These medications bind to dopamine receptors in the brain and activate them, leading to an increase in dopaminergic activity.

Dopamine agonists are used primarily to treat Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. By increasing dopaminergic activity in the brain, dopamine agonists can help alleviate some of these symptoms.

Examples of dopamine agonists include:

1. Pramipexole (Mirapex)
2. Ropinirole (Requip)
3. Rotigotine (Neupro)
4. Apomorphine (Apokyn)

Dopamine agonists may also be used off-label to treat other conditions, such as restless legs syndrome or certain types of dopamine-responsive dystonia. However, these medications can have significant side effects, including nausea, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, compulsive behaviors (such as gambling, shopping, or sexual addiction), and hallucinations. Therefore, they should be used with caution and under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein hormone that belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) family. It is primarily produced by the granulosa cells of developing follicles in the ovaries of females. AMH plays an essential role in female reproductive physiology, as it inhibits the recruitment and further development of primordial follicles, thereby regulating the size of the primordial follicle pool and the onset of puberty.

AMH levels are often used as a biomarker for ovarian reserve assessment in women. High AMH levels indicate a larger ovarian reserve, while low levels suggest a decreased reserve, which may be associated with reduced fertility or an earlier onset of menopause. Additionally, measuring AMH levels can help predict the response to ovarian stimulation during assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).

A mammalian embryo is the developing offspring of a mammal, from the time of implantation of the fertilized egg (blastocyst) in the uterus until the end of the eighth week of gestation. During this period, the embryo undergoes rapid cell division and organ differentiation to form a complex structure with all the major organs and systems in place. This stage is followed by fetal development, which continues until birth. The study of mammalian embryos is important for understanding human development, evolution, and reproductive biology.

Oocyte donation is a medical procedure in which mature oocytes (or immature oocytes that are matured in the lab) are donated by one woman to another woman for the purpose of assisted reproduction. The recipient woman typically receives hormonal treatments to prepare her uterus for embryo implantation. The donated oocytes are then fertilized with sperm from the recipient's partner or a sperm donor in a laboratory, and the resulting embryos are transferred into the recipient's uterus.

Oocyte donation is often recommended for women who have poor ovarian function or who have a high risk of passing on genetic disorders to their offspring. It is also used in cases where previous attempts at in vitro fertilization (IVF) using the woman's own eggs have been unsuccessful.

The process of oocyte donation involves rigorous screening and evaluation of both the donor and recipient, including medical, psychological, and genetic evaluations, to ensure the safety and success of the procedure. The donor's ovaries are stimulated with hormonal medications to produce multiple mature oocytes, which are then retrieved through a minor surgical procedure.

Overall, oocyte donation is a complex and emotionally charged process that requires careful consideration and counseling for both the donor and recipient. It offers hope for many women who would otherwise be unable to conceive a biological child.

Artificial insemination, homologous is a medical procedure where sperm from a woman's partner (the husband or male partner in a heterosexual relationship) is collected, processed and then inserted into the woman's reproductive tract through various methods to achieve fertilization and pregnancy. This method is often used when the male partner has issues with infertility, such as low sperm count or poor sperm motility, or when there are physical barriers that prevent natural conception from occurring. It is a type of artificial insemination that utilizes sperm from a genetically related source, as opposed to artificial insemination with donor (AID) sperm, which uses sperm from an anonymous or known donor.

Superovulation, also known as controlled ovarian stimulation (COS), refers to the process of inducing the development and release of multiple mature ova (eggs) from the ovaries during a single reproductive cycle. This is achieved through the administration of exogenous gonadotropins or other fertility medications, which stimulate the ovarian follicles to grow and mature beyond the normal number. Superovulation is commonly used in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) to increase the chances of successful conception by obtaining a larger number of ova for fertilization and embryo transfer.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Hydropneumothorax is a medical condition that involves the presence of both air (pneumothorax) and fluid (hydrothorax) in the pleural space, which is the area between the lungs and the chest wall. This condition can result from various causes such as trauma, lung disease, or certain medical procedures. It can cause symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and coughing, and it may require prompt medical attention to prevent complications.

... (OHSS) is a medical condition that can occur in some women who take fertility medication to ... Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome Updated by: Linda J. Vorvick and Susan Storck Update. Also reviewed by David Zieve. Date: 7/ ... Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome~treatment at eMedicine Delvigne A, Rozenberg S (2002). "Epidemiology and prevention of ... Youssef, M. A.; Mourad, S. (2016). "Volume expanders for the prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome". The Cochrane ...
... and ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome. Ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome is a condition that involves enlargement of the ... Grade 4 and grade 5 encompass severe ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome and involve changes in blood volume and viscosity due ... The symptoms and severity of ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome can be classified amongst various grades. Grade 1 involves mild ... Kumar P, Sait SF, Sharma A, Kumar M (May 2011). "Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome". Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences. 4 ...
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Rome (ITA): SeronoFertility Series; 1999. Simón C ...
Some patients with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome may have mutations in the gene for FSHR, making them more sensitive to ... Delbaere A, Smits G, De Leener A, Costagliola S, Vassart G (Apr 2005). "Understanding ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome". ... "New insights into the pathophysiology of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. What makes the difference between spontaneous and ... Wunsch A, Sonntag B, Simoni M (Jun 2007). "Polymorphism of the FSH receptor and ovarian response to FSH". Annales ...
"Treatment of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome by antihistamine". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 47 (1): 83-85. ISSN 0029-7844. ...
It is also used to prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and to treat Parkinson's disease. Since the late 1980s it has been ... Tang H, Mourad SM, Wang A, Zhai SD, Hart RJ (14 Apr 2021). "Dopamine agonists for preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome ... After long-term use of dopamine agonists, a withdrawal syndrome may occur during dose reduction or discontinuation with the ... Nirenberg MJ (August 2013). "Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome: implications for patient care". Drugs & Aging. 30 (8): 587- ...
Perhaps the greatest risk associated with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). OHSS ... Advanced maternal age causes decreased success rates in ovarian hyperstimulation. In ovarian hyperstimulation combined with IUI ... This is an advantage in women expected to be high responders, thereby decreasing the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome ... Ovarian hyperstimulation does not seem to be associated with an elevated risk of cervical cancer, nor with ovarian cancer or ...
GnSAF could be used to influence ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Using GnSAF would potentially eliminate the need to use ... Delvigne, A. (2003-01-01). "Review of clinical course and treatment of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)". Human ... GnSAF has been implicated in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), one of the most common ovarian disorders responsible for causing ... is a nonsteroidal ovarian hormone produced by the granulosa cells of small antral ovarian follicles in females. GnSAF is ...
Although metformin has been used off-label to treat oligomenorrhea and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in women with ... Banker M, Garcia-Velasco JA (2015). "Revisiting ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome: Towards OHSS free clinic". J Hum Reprod Sci ... multiple follicles and other ovarian hormones leading to multiple birth and possible ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). ... FSH and recombinant FSH analogues are mainly used for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation as well as ovulation induction. There ...
HCG injection confers a risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Recombinant luteinizing hormone (rLH), recombinant HCG (rHCG ... because ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is associated with an increased risk of arterial thrombotic events such as stroke, ... use of GnRH agonists instead of hCG decreases the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome with no evidence of a difference in ... final oocyte maturation triggering with GnRH agonist instead of hCG decreases the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome but ...
There are no side-effects such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), bloating, mood changes or other concerns relating ... IVF without the use any ovarian hyperstimulation drugs. IVF using an ovarian hyperstimulation protocol with a GnRH antagonist ... Mild IVF reduces the risk of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS). IVF - Natural cycle IVF Archived 2012-05-12 at the ... This procedure can be called modified natural cycle-IVF (MNC-IVF). Frozen embryo transfer; IVF using ovarian hyperstimulation, ...
this therapy is recommended for avoiding multiple gestation and severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Specifically in ... ovarian failure, and hyperandrogenism including polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) must be excluded before a diagnosis of FHA ... This altering can impact brain health, and can lead to an increased risk in neurological aging syndromes, such as dementia and ... These are known to inhibit GnRH pulsations and shut down the pituitary-ovarian axis, and therefore, the effects of narcotics on ...
... has lower rates of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and of multi-fetal gestation. The advantages of the ... long-term ovarian function, developing hyperstimulation syndrome, adhesion formation, infertility and multiple births. ... Ovarian drilling for surgical treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome: a comprehensive review". Reproductive Biomedicine ... Ovarian drilling and ovarian wedge resection are treatment options to reduce the amount of androgen producing tissue in women ...
... may refer to: Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome This ... disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ovarian hyperstimulation. If an internal link led you here, you ...
This is a minimally invasive procedure, but it does carry some health risks, such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. One ... utilizing ovarian stimulation. The second being a somatic cell, referring to the cells of the human body. Skin cells, fat cells ...
The main risk associated with the administration of medications to stimulate the ovaries is ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome ... since it decreases the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome with no evidence of a difference in live birth rate (in ... One additional risk of the ovaries being temporarily increased in size is ovarian torsion. Ovarian torsion occurs when an ... In most cases the syndrome is mild, with symptoms such as abdominal bloating, mild discomfort and nausea. In moderate OHSS ...
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome occurs in 5-10% of cases. Symptoms depend on whether the case is mild, moderate, or severe, ... In vitro fertilization, including controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. In vitro maturation is letting ovarian follicles mature ... may need to be withheld because of increased risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. The starting dose of the inducing drug ... Ovarian Volume and Ovarian Reserve. Testing of egg supply and predicting response to ovarian stimulation drugs". Advanced ...
Injection of hCG as a trigger for ovulation confers a risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, especially in women with ... Oyawoye OA, Chander B, Hunter J, Gadir AA (2005). "Prevention of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome by Early Aspiration of Small ... Occurring more often in lean patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, ovarian hemorrhage after TVOR is a potentially ... TVOR is typically performed after ovarian hyperstimulation, where oocytes are pharmacologically stimulated to mature. When the ...
There is no evidence for an increased risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) with IVF when compared with ovarian ... However, the rate of twin birth increases substantially with IUI or ICI combined with ovarian stimulation, for IUI being 6% ... IUI and ICI has higher pregnancy rates when combined with ovarian stimulation in couples with unexplained infertility, for IUI ... According to NICE guidelines, oral ovarian stimulation agents should not be given to women with unexplained infertility. Rather ...
... and may potentially be used in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Ciglitazone is a potent and selective PPARγ ligand. It binds ...
... were achieved in 1961 and Gemzell recognized early that multiple pregnancy and the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome were major ...
A risk of ovarian stimulation is the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, particularly if hCG is used for inducing ... poor or hyper-response to ovarian hyperstimulation determines the protocol and dosage for ovarian hyperstimulation. Ovarian ... On the other hand, the GnRH antagonist protocol has a lower risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), which is a life- ... HCG injection confers a risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Using a GnRH agonist instead of hCG eliminates most of the ...
... oocytes and BMPR2 in cumulus cells of women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation". J. ... There is evidence that the BMPR2 signaling pathway is disrupted in the case of polycystic ovary syndrome, possibly by ...
... oocytes and BMPR2 in cumulus cells of women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. ... Reduced and delayed expression of GDF9 and BMP15 in ovarian tissues from women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of ... GDF9 mutations are present in women with premature ovarian failure, in addition to mothers of dizygotic twins. Three particular ... Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF9) is expressed in oocytes and is thought to be required for ovarian folliculogenesis. GDF9 ...
However, metformin was found to increase clinical pregnancy rates and reduce the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome ( ... ISBN 978-0-07-149868-5. Qiao, J.; Feng, H. L. (2010). "Extra- and intra-ovarian factors in polycystic ovary syndrome: impact on ... This usually includes controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with FSH injections, and oocyte release triggering with human ... Polycystic ovary syndrome causes more than 75% of cases of anovulatory infertility. Not all women with PCOS have difficulty ...
The use of in vivo maturation in ovarian culture would eliminate the risk of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome during IVF in ... Ovarian tissue can be harvested before ovarian damaging treatments and re-implanted at a later stage using cryopreservation. ... Principles of ovarian culture can be applied to women who are resistant to FSH or oestrogen sensitive tumours. In comparison to ... Ovarian culture is an in-vitro process that allows for the investigation of the development, toxicology and pathology of the ...
... and a lower risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) than hCG. Addition of other substances such as estrogen or hCG ... Wiweko, Budi (2016). "Luteal Phase Support in Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation". Ovarian Stimulation Protocols. Springer. pp ... alone or as a supplement to progesterone has been associated with a higher risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). ...
... terms of live birth or risk of miscarriage but GnRH antagonists probably reduce the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. ... affecting oocyte maturation in women pretreated with leuprolide acetate who are at risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. ... When used in fertility treatment they can also be associated with abdominal pain and ovarian hyperstimulation. Subcutaneously ... La Marca, A.; Sunkara, S. K. (2013). "Individualization of controlled ovarian stimulation in IVF using ovarian reserve markers ...
... engraftment syndrome, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, viral hemorrhagic fevers, and ... Capillary leak syndrome, or vascular leak syndrome, is characterized by the escape of blood plasma through capillary walls, ... Systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS), also called Clarkson's disease, or primary capillary leak syndrome, is a rare, grave ... It is a phenomenon most commonly witnessed in sepsis, and less frequently in autoimmune diseases, differentiation syndrome, ...
... and this effect on granulosa cells gives the potential of thiazolidinediones to be used in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. A ... "Cediranib in patients with relapsed platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer (ICON6): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled ...
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a medical condition that can occur in some women who take fertility medication to ... Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome Updated by: Linda J. Vorvick and Susan Storck Update. Also reviewed by David Zieve. Date: 7/ ... Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome~treatment at eMedicine Delvigne A, Rozenberg S (2002). "Epidemiology and prevention of ... Youssef, M. A.; Mourad, S. (2016). "Volume expanders for the prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome". The Cochrane ...
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a problem that is sometimes seen in women who take fertility medicines that ... Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a problem that is sometimes seen in women who take fertility medicines that ... Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a problem that is sometimes seen in women who take fertility medicines that ... These activities can cause ovarian discomfort and may cause ovarian cysts to rupture or leak, or cause the ovaries to twist and ...
2019). Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ovarian-hyperstimulation-syndrome- ... Some women may develop complications like ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in response to all the extra hormones ... Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). (2020).. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17972-ovarian- ... The management of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. (2016).. https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/green- ...
... iatrogenic complication for ovarian stimulation by assisted reproduction technology and other infertility treatments. Following ... encoded search term (Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome) and Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome What to Read Next on Medscape ... Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a rare, iatrogenic complication of ovarian stimulation by assisted reproduction ... Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. Updated: Apr 09, 2021 * Author: Richard Scott Lucidi, MD, FACOG; Chief Editor: Richard Scott ...
... ... calcium and aromatase inhibitors in an ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) rat model was tested. ... Furthermore, lower graafian follicle formation was observed in the above groups, while the ovarian weight and the hormonal ...
... ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome can occur during an IVF cycle. However, our Austin fertility center works to prevent it. ... TFC works hard to prevention ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is an over response to ... Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome treatment. Treatment of OHSS would consist of increasing fluids, electrolyte supplementation ... Some risk factors for OHSS include being young, having a low body weight and having polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS.) ...
EXPERT ADVICE: Why do women undergoing fertility treatment get Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome? You may be at risk of getting ...
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is usually iatrogenic secondary to ovarian stimulant drug therapy for infertility but may ... Directions to Hospitals Treating Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome Risk calculators and risk factors for Ovarian ... Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a complication from some forms of fertility medication. Most cases are mild, but a ... Familiarity with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and the appropriate clinical setting should help avoid the incorrect ...
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational Spontaneous*Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational ... "Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome" by people in this website by year, and whether "Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome" was a ... Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome*Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. *Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Ovarian. *Hyperstimulation ... "Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ...
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome An Ode To My Ovaries. 27/08/2015. alicebyron 5 Comments ... MDS Updates fertility, fertility treatment, haematology, hospital, leukaemia, MDS, ohss, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, ...
Treating Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. Treating Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. What is Ovarian Hyperstimulation ... The majority of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome cases are mild and require no treatment except for drinking extra fluids. ... When the overstimulation causes severe symptoms, the condition is referred to as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). ... Typically, OHSS will go away about a week after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is stopped, but if you are pregnant, the ...
In the algorithm, we face the serious complication of pharmacological ovarian stimulation. ... Management of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome with abdominal compartment syndrome, based on intravesical pressure measurement ... Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Petr Zámečník, MD, Jitka Kotolová, MD, Michal Matava, Barbara Szilárdyová. Illustration: ... Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is an iatrogenic complication of stimulated ovulation within modern procedures of ...
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) is one such condition that can arise as a result of fertility treatments. In this blog ... Understanding Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS). OHSS is a medical condition that can occur as a response to fertility ... its important to aware potential complications Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS).Being informed about causes symptoms, ... Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS): Causes and Symptoms. ... Tenderness: Ovarian tenderness or pain.. Managing and ...
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome). So let us start with what its all about? OHSS Symptoms, Causes & Treatments. ... Symptoms of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome:. Symptoms of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome often start within a week of ... Causes of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome:. In most cases, OHSS develops because of high levels of the pregnancy hormone hCG ... Treatments for Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome:. The type of treatment one receives in such cases depends on the severity of ...
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a well recognized iatrogenic complication of assisted conception techniques, which ... Five cases in their early thirties with a history of nausea, vomiting, breathlessness and bloating after ovarian stimulation ... uses pharmacological ovarian stimulation during assisted reproductive technology (ART). However, in most cases OHSS is self- ...
... of the ovaries and a fluid shift from the intravascular to the third space due to increased capillary permeability and ovarian ... Classification of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). , Pharmacotherapy of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome - Scientific ... Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Iatrogenic complication of assisted reproduction technology characterized by cystic ... Treatment of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome , Rizk, B., Holliday, C., Albasha, S., & Antonious, D. (2017). Treatment of ...
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a rare but serious condition that can occur as a result of fertility treatments. It ... What Is Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome?. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome is a condition where the womans ovaries swell up ... The Risks of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome Include:. *Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): This condition includes the ... Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome is one such condition.. Is OHSS Common?. Mild OHSS is considered quite a normal reaction to ...
Copy For Citation YILDIZHAN R., ADALI E., Kolusari A., KURDOGLU M., OZGOKCE C., ADALI F. Cases journal, vol.1, pp.323, 2008 (Peer-Reviewed Journal) ...
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a potential side effect of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Lets look at the signs ... About Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS). Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a condition that can occur as a ... Causes of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS). While the exact cause and mechanism behind OHSS isnt fully understood at ... Treatments for Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS). When dealing with mild to moderate cases of OHSS, treatments are ...
OHSS - Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. A potentially dangerous condition caused by excessive response to fertility drugs. ...
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is a serious complication of ovarian stimulation and is characterised by enlarged ovaries, ... Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is a serious complication of ovarian stimulation and is characterised by enlarged ovaries, ...
... with right pleural effusion following controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. A 24-year-old woman had severe OHSS as a ... To report a case of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) ... Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is the most serious complication of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. OHSS is ... Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is an iatrogenic, serious complication of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, usually ...
With logical monitoring during the stimulation, wecan prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome using the cancellation of the ... It is important to select patients withhigh risk of hyperstimulation and individualise ovarian stimulation. ... While the exact aetiological factor responsible for the pathogenesis ofovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is still unknown, the ... numerous vasoactive substances have been implicated in the pathophysiology of the ovarianhyperstimulation, while vascular ...
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a well recognized iatrogenic complication of assisted conception techniques, which ... Five cases in their early thirties with a history of nausea, vomiting, breathlessness and bloating after ovarian stimulation ... uses pharmacological ovarian stimulation during assisted reproductive technology (ART). However, in most cases OHSS is self- ...
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. A possible complication of ovarian stimulation or ovulation induction that can cause ... It includes polycystic ovary syndrome and multiple ovarian cysts.. Patient (nondonor) cycle. An ART cycle in which an embryo is ... Diminished ovarian reserve. This diagnosis means that the ability of the ovary to produce eggs is reduced. Reasons include ... Ovarian monitoring. The use of ultrasound or blood or urine tests to monitor follicle development and hormone production. ...
An antioxidant may lower ovarian androgen production without the drawbacks of conventional treatments, authors say, although ... Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome * 2001/viewarticle/compelling-case-skipping-rt-some-early-breast-cancers-2023a1000uje ... in ovarian cell cultures for several years. "We have shown that resveratrol and other antioxidants reduced growth of ovarian ... The findings suggest that resveratrol has "effects at both the ovarian and adrenal level," without significant changes in body ...
Background The aim of the current study is to compare quinagolide with cabergoline in prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation ... syndrome (OHSS) among high risk women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Materials and Methods This randomized ... Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) could be a life-threatening complication of assisted reproduction treatment (ART) (. 1 ... The aim of the current study is to compare quinagolide with cabergoline in prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome ( ...
The Scientific Meeting of the IVF Unit "Institute of Life - IASO" on the topic "Ovarian Hyperstimulation syndrome and other IVF ...
PREVENTING OVARIAN HYPERSTIMULATION SYNDROME. Of all the risks facing women undergoing in vitro fertilization, the most common ... Rosenwaks explained, the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome depends on a large number of follicles in the ovary ... the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome caused by hormones used to stimulate the ovaries to produce more eggs. ... polycystic ovarian syndrome], uterine myomas, familial thrombophilia, ovarian tumors, and any other medical condition that we ...
During post-marketing surveillance, cases of mild to moderate Ovarian Hyperstimulation syndrome and infrequent cases of ... an excessive response to the treatment with gonadotropins to reduce the chance of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome ... The studies excluded subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), subjects with low or no ovarian reserve, and subjects with ... Ovarian stimulation therapy is started on cycle Day 2 or 3. Cetrorelix acetate for injection 0.25 mg is injected under the skin ...
  • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a medical condition that can occur in some women who take fertility medication to stimulate egg growth, and in other women in very rare cases. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] OHSS may be complicated by ovarian torsion, ovarian rupture, venous thromboembolism, acute respiratory distress syndrome, electrolytes imbalance, thrombophlebitis and chronic kidney disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • OHSS has been characterized by the presence of multiple luteinized cysts within the ovaries leading to ovarian enlargement and secondary complications, but that definition includes almost all women undergoing ovarian stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a problem that is sometimes seen in women who take fertility medicines that stimulate egg production. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A 24-year-old woman with polycystic ovaries on urinary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) for controlled ovarian stimulation who did ovulate and was following a planned protocol developed severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) 7 days after ovulation. (medscape.com)
  • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS): diagnosis and management. (medscape.com)
  • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a condition that may develop as a result of treatment with injectable gonadotropins, or less commonly as a result of other medications or conditions. (ivf1.com)
  • Severe OHSS can lead to extremely serious side effects like ovarian cyst rupture, blood clots, lung problems, or liver problems. (ivf1.com)
  • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is one potential side effect of treatment with injectable gonadotropins, which are commonly used to stimulate the ovaries to produce more egg follicles. (ivf1.com)
  • One such risk of IVF is the Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome or OHSS. (coastalfertility.com)
  • These hormones and medications can lead to complications like ovarian stimulation syndrome (OHSS). (coastalfertility.com)
  • How common is ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)? (coastalfertility.com)
  • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is an "iatrogenic" complication. (coastalfertility.com)
  • It only becomes an issue when the ovaries are too stimulated, leading to OHSS (ovarian hyperstimulation). (coastalfertility.com)
  • Some things can increase your chances of developing OHSS, for example, having PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) or a lot of follicles in one cycle. (coastalfertility.com)
  • Approximately 1% of women have severe cases of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). (coastalfertility.com)
  • We report the case of a 32-year-old woman suffering from severe liver dysfunction in the course of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). (nih.gov)
  • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is an undesirable complication in the course of ovarian stimulation. (nih.gov)
  • Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples of patients with a normal ovarian response (NOR) or with OHSS. (nih.gov)
  • When the overstimulation causes severe symptoms, the condition is referred to as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). (progyny.com)
  • Typically, OHSS will go away about a week after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is stopped, but if you are pregnant, the symptoms may last anywhere from 10 to 30 days. (progyny.com)
  • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is still a severe complication due to controlled ovarian stimulation for artificial reproductive technology. (longdom.org)
  • In a retrospective analysis of 370 cycles of controlled ovarian stimulation for ART at our Department of Gynecology and obstetrics we analyzed the risk of OHSS. (longdom.org)
  • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a rare, iatrogenic complication of ovarian stimulation by assisted reproduction technology and other infertility treatments. (medscape.com)
  • Other possible causes of dyspnea are the relatively rare manifestations of OHSS, such as pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, atelectasis, pulmonary embolism, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and pericardial effusion. (medscape.com)
  • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) has intrigued clinicians for many years because of its devastating consequences. (ijrcog.org)
  • This medication may cause a condition known as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). (webmd.com)
  • Incidence and severity of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in high responders after gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist trigger in "freeze-all" approach. (amedeo.com)
  • There was a slight increase in the number of severe ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome (OHSS) cases reported. (hfea.gov.uk)
  • If you experience lower stomach pain with nausea or vomiting, please consult a doctor immediately as these might be signs of the ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome (OHSS). (apollopharmacy.in)
  • These patients are very sensitive to gonadotropins during conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) and the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is high. (centerwatch.com)
  • Because ovarian stimulation is not utilized, OHSS risk is preventable and cost is effective in IVM procedure. (centerwatch.com)
  • There is a very minimal risk of a condition called ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) which can occur any time a person takes fertility drugs. (carolinaconceptions.com)
  • Patients at high risk for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) underwent a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol with LA trigger. (nih.gov)
  • Risk factors include polycystic ovary syndrome, young age, low BMI, high antral follicle count, the development of many ovarian follicles under stimulation, extreme elevated serum estradiol concentrations, the use of hCG for final oocyte maturation and/or release, the continued use of hCG for luteal support, and the occurrence of a pregnancy (resulting in hCG production). (wikipedia.org)
  • Thromboembolic disease associated with ovarian stimulation and assisted conception techniques. (medscape.com)
  • Complications occurred after successful fertilization subsequent to ovarian stimulation with human menopausal gonadotropin followed by ovulation induction with human chorionic gonadotropin. (nih.gov)
  • ART cycles include any process in which (1) an ART procedure is performed, (2) a woman has undergone ovarian stimulation or monitoring with the intent of having an ART procedure, or (3) frozen embryos have been thawed with the intent of transferring them to a woman. (cdc.gov)
  • An ART cycle in which ovarian stimulation was performed but the cycle was stopped before eggs were retrieved or before embryos were transferred. (cdc.gov)
  • Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome is caused by excessive stimulation of one or both ovaries. (justmommies.com)
  • As an iatrogenic condition resulting from elective ovarian stimulation in the quest for pregnancy, the need to completely prevent the syndrome is evident. (ijrcog.org)
  • The study includes total 102 patients undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation COS for IVF/ICSI. (ijrcog.org)
  • Griesinger G, Felberbaum R, Diedrich K. GnRH antagonists in ovarian stimulation: a treatment regimen of clinicians' second choice data from the German national IVF registry. (ijrcog.org)
  • For ideal results, the procedure is done before Ovarian Stimulation/Ovulation Induction by giving fertility enhancing medications. (indiaprofile.com)
  • These are then used without even requiring ovarian stimulation or egg retrieval. (indiaprofile.com)
  • Comparison the effects of progestin-primed ovarian stimulation (PPOS) protocol and GnRH-a long protocol in patients with normal ovarian reserve function. (amedeo.com)
  • 1. A novel oocyte maturation trigger using 1500 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin plus 450 IU of follicle-stimulating hormone may decrease ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome across all in vitro fertilization stimulation protocols. (nih.gov)
  • 2. GnRHa trigger and individualized luteal phase hCG support according to ovarian response to stimulation: two prospective randomized controlled multi-centre studies in IVF patients. (nih.gov)
  • All incidents, whether it's a letter sent to the wrong address, or a case of ovarian hyper-stimulation, can have serious consequences for patients, and more has got to be done to make sure that fewer people are affected in the future. (hfea.gov.uk)
  • IVF is a multistep process involving ovarian stimulation, ovulation induction, collection of oocytes, fertilization with sperm, and transfer of the fertilized oocytes to the uterus for implantation and maturation. (uspharmacist.com)
  • 1 Controlled ovarian stimulation is achieved with the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues and inhibitors of natural steroid hormones, such as clomiphene citrate, recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). (uspharmacist.com)
  • To study the actual controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) management in women with suboptimal response, comparing clinical outcomes to the gonadotropins consume, considering potential role of luteinizing hormone (LH) addition to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). (frontiersin.org)
  • ART starts with a controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) phase, in which the ovary is exogenously stimulated with gonadotropins at producing the largest number of oocytes to be used in embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • In 2012, NICHD sponsored the Evidence-based Methodology Workshop on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • Protective effect of wuzibushen recipe on follicular development via regulating androgen receptor in polycystic ovary syndrome model rats. (amedeo.com)
  • Diagnostic value of anti-Mullerian hormone combined with androgen-levels in Chinese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. (amedeo.com)
  • Correlation between kisspeptin and biochemical markers in obese and non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. (amedeo.com)
  • Correlation between different endometrial preparation protocols and pregnancy outcome of frozen embryo transfer in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a retrospective study. (amedeo.com)
  • Ovulation problems can result from dysfunction of the part of the brain and the glands that control ovulation, from dysfunction of the ovaries, or from polycystic ovary syndrome. (msdmanuals.com)
  • For instance, our fertility hormones play an important role in regulating other health issues such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), irregular menstruation, insulin resistance, and diabetes. (blossapp.com)
  • A procedure to collect the eggs contained in the ovarian follicles. (cdc.gov)
  • For most programs, the minimum criteria to induce ovulation are the presence of three ovarian follicles that are 1.7 to 2 cm in diameter and an estradiol level of 500 ng/L. The number of ovarian follicles and the ovarian volume are monitored via ultrasonography. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Every cycle, 10-20 eggs are fertilized in the ovarian follicles, but only one of them matures to ovulation. (spasifikmag.com)
  • If an ovarian cyst ruptures, surgery may be required. (ivf1.com)
  • Issues such as difficulty breathing, intense pain, and blood clots can result in more severe complications, .i.e., an ovarian cyst burst, causing excessive bleeding. (coastalfertility.com)
  • These activities can cause ovarian discomfort and may cause ovarian cysts to rupture or leak, or cause the ovaries to twist and cut off blood flow (ovarian torsion). (medlineplus.gov)
  • This syndrome is characterized by ovarian enlargement due to multiple ovarian cysts and an acute fluid shift into the extravascular space. (medscape.com)
  • Acute abdominal pain may be due to ovarian torsion , intraperitoneal hemorrhage, or rupture of cysts secondary to enlarged ovaries with fragile walls. (medscape.com)
  • 6 The live donor was a 46-year-old woman with multiloculated ovarian cysts who agreed to donate her normal uterus after having a hysterectomy, while the recipient was a 26-year-old woman who had acquired UFI six years earlier through enduring a postpartum hemorrhage after a Cesarean section, which resulted in a hysterectomy. (ispub.com)
  • There's the risk of developing a potentially deadly condition called ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, Wired points out. (smithsonianmag.com)
  • During ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, the ovaries become larger than normal. (ivf1.com)
  • It should not be used in women whose ovaries no longer make eggs properly (primary ovarian failure).This medication has not been shown to be effective for weight loss and should not be used for this purpose due to risk of serious side effects. (webmd.com)
  • Spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome concomitant with spontaneous pregnancy in a woman with polycystic ovary disease. (medscape.com)
  • She has ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.The ovary measures 14.7 cm X 9.38 cm.It is polycystic. (criticalcare-sonography.com)
  • The Ovarian Kaleidoscope Database provides information about the biological function, expression pattern, and regulation of genes expressed in the ovary. (nih.gov)
  • The four main components of IVF include pituitary downregulation, controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, induction of ovulation, and luteal-phase support. (uspharmacist.com)
  • The syndrome is characterized by ovarian enlargement, abdominal/gastrointestinal discomfort, and fluid shift into the third space with intravascular volume depletion. (medscape.com)
  • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome after assisted reproductive technologies: trends, predictors, and pregnancy outcomes. (medscape.com)
  • Early and late ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: Early pregnancy outcome and profile. (ijrcog.org)
  • 14. Consistent high clinical pregnancy rates and low ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome rates in high-risk patients after GnRH agonist triggering and modified luteal support: a retrospective multicentre study. (nih.gov)
  • He has published many innovative surveys in well known international scientific magazines and conferences which contribute in the improvement of pharmaceutical protocols and the precaution of severe complications such as the ovarian rejuvenation in In Vitro Fertilisation - IVF. (fertilitycrete.eu)
  • The ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in in-vitro fertilization: a Belgian multicentric study. (medscape.com)
  • Live births following Jamaica's first in-vitro fertilization employing donor-egg sharing, performed for premature ovarian failure following treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma and tubal factor infertility. (uwi.edu)
  • GnRH antagonist rescue protocol combined with cabergoline versus cabergoline alone in the prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. (ijrcog.org)
  • Lainas T, Sfontouris I, Zorzovilis I, Petsas G, Lainas G, Kolibianakis E. Management of severe early ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome by reinitiation of GnRH antagonist. (ijrcog.org)
  • The effect of adding L-Carnitine to the GnRH-antagonist protocol on assisted reproductive technology outcome in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. (amedeo.com)
  • 11. GnRH agonist with low-dose hCG (dual trigger) is associated with higher risk of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome compared to GnRH agonist alone. (nih.gov)
  • An algorithm for choosing the starting dose of gonadotropins is presented, which is based on individual parameters as AMH, younger age, higher ovarian reserve for women with the diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome. (longdom.org)
  • Navot D, Bergh PA, Laufer N. Ovarian Hyperstimulation syndrome in novel reproductive technologies: Prevention and treatment. (ijrcog.org)
  • The pathophysiology of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome--views and ideas. (medscape.com)
  • For example, she states categorically that women should be paid for their eggs, even after setting her endorsement up by listing the realities that face the egg donor: possible increased risk of ovarian cancer, 1 in 100 chance of infection, and Dr. Nachtigall stating, "One of them (egg donors) is going to die one day. (cbc-network.org)
  • Furthermore, due to the truly unique environment of the NIH, the fellow will gain invaluable exposure to rare endocrine disorders such as Cushing's syndrome, McCune-Albright syndrome, precocious puberty of many etiologies, acromegaly, pituitary tumors, and varied syndromes of multiple endocrine neoplasias. (nih.gov)
  • 12. The prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • Does cabergoline administration affect endometrial VEGFR-2 expression in a rat model of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome? (amedeo.com)
  • This service provides fellows with experience and didactic training in the fundamentals of reproductive endocrinology and the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. (nih.gov)
  • Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). (nih.gov)
  • Objectives Develop recommendations for women's health issues and family planning in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and/or antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). (bmj.com)
  • His areas of interest include: Quality control in IVF, Long term outcomes of Endometrial ablation and Hysterectomy with ovarian conservation as well as molecular understanding of development and progression of Endometriosis. (centerforendo.com)
  • Applied treatment resulted in gradual reduction of ovarian size and resolution of ascites, as well as pleural and pericardial effusions. (nih.gov)
  • citation needed] Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is particularly associated with injection of a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which is used for inducing final oocyte maturation and/or triggering oocyte release. (wikipedia.org)
  • If you notice severe symptoms and have risk factors for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, it is important to seek medical treatment as soon as possible . (coastalfertility.com)
  • Risk factors and prognostic variables in the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Early and late presentation of the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: two distinct entities with different risk factors. (medscape.com)
  • Lyons CA, Wheeler CA, Frishman GN, Hackett RJ, Seifer DB, Haning RV, early and late resentation of the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: two distinct entities with different risk factors. (ijrcog.org)
  • 13. Low dose human chorionic gonadotropin administration at the time of gonadotropin releasing-hormone agonist trigger versus 35 h later in women at high risk of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome - a prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial. (nih.gov)
  • Cardiovascular risk factors and diseases in women undergoing hysterectomy with ovarian conservation. (centerforendo.com)
  • Hepatic dysfunction associated with moderate ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • Best Poster Presentation AT SGI Meeting for Long-term Surgical Outcomes after Hysterectomy with Ovarian Conservation. (centerforendo.com)
  • Pulmonary manifestations of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a multicenter study. (medscape.com)
  • Women who are pregnant sustain the ovarian luteinization process through the production of hCG. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mutational analysis of minichromosome maintenance complex component (MCM) family genes in Chinese Han women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. (amedeo.com)