A villous structure of tangled masses of BLOOD VESSELS contained within the third, lateral, and fourth ventricles of the BRAIN. It regulates part of the production and composition of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID.
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Benign or malignant tumors which arise from the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain. Papillomas (see PAPILLOMA, CHOROID PLEXUS) and carcinomas are the most common histologic subtypes, and tend to seed throughout the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces. Clinical features include headaches, ataxia and alterations of consciousness, primarily resulting from associated HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2072; J Neurosurg 1998 Mar;88(3):521-8)
A usually benign neoplasm that arises from the cuboidal epithelium of the choroid plexus and takes the form of an enlarged CHOROID PLEXUS, which may be associated with oversecretion of CSF. The tumor usually presents in the first decade of life with signs of increased intracranial pressure including HEADACHES; ATAXIA; DIPLOPIA; and alterations of mental status. In children it is most common in the lateral ventricles and in adults it tends to arise in the fourth ventricle. Malignant transformation to choroid plexus carcinomas may rarely occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p667; DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2072)
A mucosal tumor of the urinary bladder or nasal cavity in which proliferating epithelium is invaginated beneath the surface and is more smoothly rounded than in other papillomas. (Stedman, 25th ed)
The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.
The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon.
A small, often impalpable benign papilloma arising in a lactiferous duct and frequently causing bleeding from the nipple. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Neoplasms located in the brain ventricles, including the two lateral, the third, and the fourth ventricle. Ventricular tumors may be primary (e.g., CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS and GLIOMA, SUBEPENDYMAL), metastasize from distant organs, or occur as extensions of locally invasive tumors from adjacent brain structures.
A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
One of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut. Its neurons project to the circular muscle, to other myenteric ganglia, to submucosal ganglia, or directly to the epithelium, and play an important role in regulating and patterning gut motility. (From FASEB J 1989;3:127-38)
A thin membrane that lines the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES and the central canal of the SPINAL CORD.
One of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the enteric nervous system. The submucous (Meissner's) plexus is in the connective tissue of the submucosa. Its neurons innervate the epithelium, blood vessels, endocrine cells, other submucosal ganglia, and myenteric ganglia, and play an important role in regulating ion and water transport. (From FASEB J 1989;3:127-38)
The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.
Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).
Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.
A complex network of nerve fibers including sympathetic and parasympathetic efferents and visceral afferents. The celiac plexus is the largest of the autonomic plexuses and is located in the abdomen surrounding the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries.
The lumbar and sacral plexuses taken together. The fibers of the lumbosacral plexus originate in the lumbar and upper sacral spinal cord (L1 to S3) and innervate the lower extremities.
A network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four CERVICAL SPINAL CORD segments. The cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head. It also distributes motor fibers to muscles of the cervical SPINAL COLUMN, infrahyoid muscles, and the DIAPHRAGM.
7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.
Any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an EPITHELIUM. Cysts can be of normal, abnormal, non-neoplastic, or neoplastic tissues.
A tetrameric protein, molecular weight between 50,000 and 70,000, consisting of 4 equal chains, and migrating on electrophoresis in 3 fractions more mobile than serum albumin. Its concentration ranges from 7 to 33 per cent in the serum, but levels decrease in liver disease.
Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
A family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses infecting birds and most mammals, especially humans. They are grouped into multiple genera, but the viruses are highly host-species specific and tissue-restricted. They are commonly divided into hundreds of papillomavirus "types", each with specific gene function and gene control regions, despite sequence homology. Human papillomaviruses are found in the genera ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; BETAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; GAMMAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; and MUPAPILLOMAVIRUS.
Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)
An irregularly shaped cavity in the RHOMBENCEPHALON, located between the MEDULLA OBLONGATA; the PONS; and the isthmus in front, and the CEREBELLUM behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the SUBARACHNOID SPACE.
Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; HEADACHE; lethargy; URINARY INCONTINENCE; and ATAXIA.
The type species of KAPPAPAPILLOMAVIRUS. It is reported to occur naturally in cottontail rabbits in North America.
Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (LATERAL VENTRICLES), in the midline (THIRD VENTRICLE) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA (FOURTH VENTRICLE).
Cavity in each of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES derived from the cavity of the embryonic NEURAL TUBE. They are separated from each other by the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM, and each communicates with the THIRD VENTRICLE by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses (CHOROID PLEXUS) of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle.
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
A type of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS causing recurrent respiratory PAPILLOMATOSIS; GENITAL WARTS; and other neoplasms.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.
A delicate membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord. It lies between the PIA MATER and the DURA MATER. It is separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid cavity which is filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.
A non-inherited congenital condition with vascular and neurological abnormalities. It is characterized by facial vascular nevi (PORT-WINE STAIN), and capillary angiomatosis of intracranial membranes (MENINGES; CHOROID). Neurological features include EPILEPSY; cognitive deficits; GLAUCOMA; and visual defects.
A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus ovine-caprine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, OVINE-CAPRINE), that can cause chronic pneumonia (maedi), mastitis, arthritis, and encephalomyelitis (visna) in sheep. Maedi is a progressive pneumonia of sheep which is similar to but not the same as jaagsiekte (PULMONARY ADENOMATOSIS, OVINE). Visna is a demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis of sheep which is similar to but not the same as SCRAPIE.
A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.
Pathophysiological conditions of the FETUS in the UTERUS. Some fetal diseases may be treated with FETAL THERAPIES.
Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.
Tumors or cancer of the NOSE.
Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses.
Mice selectively bred for hypersusceptibility to two-stage chemical skin carcinogenesis. They are also hypersusceptible to UV radiation tumorigenesis with single high-dose, but not chronic low-dose, exposures. SENCAR (SENsitive to CARcinogenesis) mice are used in research as an animal model for tumor production.
A complex network of nerve fibers in the pelvic region. The hypogastric plexus distributes sympathetic fibers from the lumbar paravertebral ganglia and the aortic plexus, parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve, and visceral afferents. The bilateral pelvic plexus is in its lateral extent.
Proteins that cotransport sodium ions and bicarbonate ions across cellular membranes.
Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.
Aquaporin 1 forms a water-specific channel that is constitutively expressed at the PLASMA MEMBRANE of ERYTHROCYTES and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL. It provides these cells with a high permeability to WATER. In humans polymorphisms of this protein result in the Colton blood group antigen.
Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.
Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.
A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.
Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)

Chromosomal imbalances in choroid plexus tumors. (1/23)

We studied 49 choroid plexus tumors by comparative genomic hybridization. Chromosomal imbalances were found in 32 of 34 choroid plexus papillomas and 15 of 15 choroid plexus carcinomas. Choroid plexus papillomas frequently showed +7q (65%), +5q (62%), +7p (59%), +5p (56%), +9p (50%), +9q (41%), +12p, +12q (38%), and +8q (35%) as well as -10q (56%), -10p, and -22q (47%); choroid plexus carcinomas mainly showed +12p, +12q, +20p (60%), +1, +4q, +20q (53%), +4p (47%), +8q, +14q (40%), +7q, +9p, +21 (33%) as well as -22q (73%), -5q (40%), -5p, and -18q (33%). Several chromosomal imbalance differences could be found that were characteristic for a tumor entity or age group. In choroid plexus papillomas +5q, +6q, +7q, +9q, +15q, +18q, and -21q were significantly more common whereas choroid plexus carcinomas were characterized by +1, +4q, +10, +14q, +20q, +21q, -5q, -9p, -11, -15q, and -18q. Among choroid plexus papillomas, children more often showed +8q, +14q, +12, and +20q; adults mainly presented with +5q, +6q, +15q, +18q, and -22q. Although the number of aberrations overall as well as of gains and losses on their own bore no significance on survival among choroid plexus tumors, a significantly longer survival among patients with choroid plexus carcinomas was associated with +9p and -10q. Our results show that aberrations differ between choroid plexus papillomas and choroid plexus carcinomas as well as between pediatric and adult choroid plexus papillomas, supporting the notion of different genetic pathways. Furthermore, gain of 9p and loss of 10q seem to be correlated with a more favorable prognosis in choroid plexus carcinomas.  (+info)

Choroid plexus papillomas of the cerebellopontine angle. (2/23)

The cerebellopontine angle (CPA) is a rare site for the growth of choroid plexus papilloma (CPP). The clinicoradiological diagnosis of this tumor in the CPA is difficult because of the nonspecific clinical presentation and radiological features. Five cases of choriod plexus papilloma (3 males, 2 females) operated upon at this center are reviewed. All the cases were operated upon by retromastoid suboccipital craniectomy. As they all presented with a typical CPA syndrome without any distinctive radiological feature, a clinicoradiological diagnosis of CPP could not be reached in any of these. The diagnosis of CPP could only be suspected at the operation table and established on histopathological examination. Two patients developed recurrences at the primary site following surgery. One patient developed recurrence twice despite gross total excision of tumor in each sitting. Subsequently, this patient remained symptom free for a follow-up period of 1 year. Another patient developed recurrence 2 years following surgery, but he died due to septicemia and aspiration pneumonitis. Therefore definitive surgery could not be performed. Radiotherapy was offered to one of the patients having residual mass post operatively, to render her symptom free for a 4 year follow-up. The remaining two patients have also showed progressive improvement in their symptoms following surgery for 4 years on follow-up. Hydrocephalus was a common feature in all the cases preoperatively, but only one required shunt CSF diversion, because of rapid deterioration in visual equity. In all other cases, hydrocephalus was managed conservatively. Surgery remains the main modality of treatment for CPP, both for primary and recurrent tumors, but radiotherapy may have a role in cases of recurrence, which are quite frequent.  (+info)

Choroid plexus papilloma and Aicardi syndrome: case report. (3/23)

A case of Aicardi syndrome associated with a choroid plexus papilloma of the third and both lateral ventricles in a 15 months old baby girl is repported. The tumor was completely removed via three craniotomies. Reports of the literature with the association of choroid plexus papilloma and Aicardi syndrome are rare. We suggest that children diagnosed with Aicardi syndrome should routinely undergo imaging studies of the brain, such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance.  (+info)

Choroid plexus papilloma of the fourth ventricle. (4/23)

A 14 year old girl presented with a 6 months' history of headache with vomiting, ataxia and cerebellar signs. CT and MRI revealed obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to a large fourth ventricular mass which enhanced markedly on contrast administration. Histopathology of the resected mass revealed papillary structures lined by cuboidal cells confirming choroid plexus papilloma.  (+info)

Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging: impact on brain tumor surgery. (5/23)

BACKGROUND: Refinements in the imaging of intracranial tumors assist neurosurgeons in maximizing resections in a safe manner. Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) represents a recent addition to their therapeutic armamentaria. METHODS: The authors reviewed the development of iMRI and describe their experience with iMRI-guided resection of intracranial tumors in 112 patients. The PoleStar N-10 iMRI system was used in this series. RESULTS: Intraoperative imaging resulted in additional tumor removal in 40 (36%) of the patients. In another 35 (31%), imaging confirmed that the goals of surgery had been attained so potentially harmful dissection in and around the brain was avoided. For patients with lesions of the skull base, iMRI was possible in all but 2 patients who had a large body habitus. There was a decrease in length of hospital stay for patients who had surgery with iMRI. Lesion location did not play a role in this change. Brain tumor surgery was affected in 67% of patients. A potential for cost savings with iMRI was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative imaging with MRI is the latest evolution in the increasing precision of neurosurgery. The advantages of this technology will make it a ubiquitous feature in the neurosurgical operating room.  (+info)

Choroid plexus papilloma of the posterior third ventricle during infancy & childhood: report of two cases with management morbidities. (6/23)

We report two cases of posterior third ventricular choroid plexus papilloma, one in an 8-month-old infant and another in a two-year-old child. These cases presented with features of obstructive hydrocephalus. Both these patients underwent a ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt surgery prior to the tumor excision. Following the VP shunt surgery both patients developed ascitis requiring exteriorization of the abdominal end of the shunt. There was a clear proof of CSF overproduction: 1400-1500 ml/day in the eight-month-old infant and 900-1200 ml/day in the two-year-old child. In the former it was transient and could be treated with revision of the VP shunt whereas in the second case a ventriculo-arterial shunt had to be done. In the second case a staged reduction cranioplasty was also performed for an enormously enlarged head (head circumference--74 cm). Interesting clinical and radiological findings and useful management strategies are described.  (+info)

Papillomas and carcinomas of the choroid plexus: histological and immunohistochemical studies and comparison with normal fetal choroid plexus. (7/23)

BACKGROUND: Choroid plexus tumors are rare. Results on immunohistochemical features are scanty and controversial even regarding normal plexus. METHOD: Thirteen cases of choroid plexus tumors and five samples of normal fetal choroid plexus were submitted to immunohistochemical study using a panel of epithelial, neuronal and stromal markers. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Relevant histological findings were presence of clear cells in 3/5 papillomas (PP) and 7/8 carcinomas (CA) and all 5 fetal plexuses; rhabdoid cells, desmoplasia and vascular proliferation were found respectively in 3, 4 and 5 cases out of 6 poorly differentiated CA and were absent in PP and well differentiated CA. Pancytokeratin AE1/AE3 was strongly positive in all 13 cases, even in the undifferentiated component of poorly differentiated CA, where reactivity was focal in 3 and diffuse in 3 cases. Low molecular weight cytokeratin (35betaH11) was not expressed in any of the 8 CA, but was present in all 5 PP. In 4 of 6 poorly differentiated CA there was reactivity for smooth muscle actin (1A4) in 10 to 30% of the cells. This was true also for one case lacking rhabdoid cells. Laminin was undetectable in all 6 cases of poorly differentiated CA but was present in 4 PP and 2 well differentiated CA. All 5 fetal plexuses expressed GFAP.  (+info)

Choroid plexus papilloma expansion over 7 years in Aicardi syndrome. (8/23)

Choroid plexus papillomas have been reported in Aicardi syndrome. Management of these tumors is controversial because their natural progression in Aicardi syndrome has only been rarely documented. This report describes the progression of such a tumor over 7 years in a girl with Aicardi syndrome. A magnetic resonance imaging study at 2 months of age demonstrated a right ventricular mass that was consistent with a unilateral choroid plexus papilloma. The mass enlarged over the next 7 years without causing any clinically apparent symptoms, ventricular enlargement, hydrocephalus, or mass effect. The tumor was removed without change in behavior or development. The known cases of Aicardi syndrome associated with choroid plexus papillomas are reviewed. The heterogeneous nature of this lesion is highlighted.  (+info)

The choroid plexus is a network of blood vessels and tissue located within each ventricle (fluid-filled space) of the brain. It plays a crucial role in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provides protection and nourishment to the brain and spinal cord.

The choroid plexus consists of modified ependymal cells, called plexus epithelial cells, that line the ventricular walls. These cells have finger-like projections called villi, which increase their surface area for efficient CSF production. The blood vessels within the choroid plexus transport nutrients, ions, and water to these epithelial cells, where they are actively secreted into the ventricles to form CSF.

In addition to its role in CSF production, the choroid plexus also acts as a barrier between the blood and the central nervous system (CNS), regulating the exchange of substances between them. This barrier function is primarily attributed to tight junctions present between the epithelial cells, which limit the paracellular movement of molecules.

Abnormalities in the choroid plexus can lead to various neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus (excessive accumulation of CSF) or certain types of brain tumors.

A papilloma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor that grows on a stalk, often appearing as a small cauliflower-like growth. It can develop in various parts of the body, but when it occurs in the mucous membranes lining the respiratory, digestive, or genitourinary tracts, they are called squamous papillomas. The most common type is the skin papilloma, which includes warts. They are usually caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and can be removed through various medical procedures if they become problematic or unsightly.

Choroid plexus neoplasms are rare types of brain tumors that arise from the choroid plexus, which are clusters of blood vessels in the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) of the brain. These tumors can be benign (choroid plexus papilloma) or malignant (choroid plexus carcinoma). Choroid plexus neoplasms most commonly occur in children under the age of 2, but they can also affect adults. Symptoms may include increased head circumference, hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain), vomiting, and developmental delays. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy for malignant tumors.

A choroid plexus papilloma is a rare, benign (non-cancerous) tumor that develops in the choroid plexus, which are clusters of blood vessels and specialized cells in the ventricles of the brain. These tumors can occur at any age but are more common in children under the age of 10.

Choroid plexus papillomas arise from the ependymal cells that line the ventricular system and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The tumor grows slowly and tends to block the flow of CSF, leading to increased intracranial pressure and symptoms such as headaches, vomiting, irritability, and developmental delays in children.

The medical definition of choroid plexus papilloma is: "A benign, slow-growing tumor that arises from the ependymal cells of the choroid plexus in the ventricles of the brain. The tumor can obstruct the flow of cerebrospinal fluid and cause increased intracranial pressure."

It is important to note that while choroid plexus papillomas are generally benign, they can still cause significant symptoms due to their location in the brain and the obstruction of CSF flow. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy if necessary.

Inverted papilloma is a specific type of benign (non-cancerous) growth that occurs in the mucosal lining of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. It is also known as schneiderian papilloma or cylindrical cell papilloma.

This condition is characterized by the growth of finger-like projections (papillae) that invert or grow inward into the underlying tissue, hence the name "inverted." The lesions are usually composed of an outer layer of stratified squamous epithelium and an inner core of connective tissue.

Inverted papillomas can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion, nosebleeds, sinus pressure, and difficulty breathing through the nose. In some cases, they may also lead to more serious complications, including recurrence after removal and a small risk of malignant transformation into squamous cell carcinoma.

It is important to note that while inverted papillomas are benign, they can still cause significant problems due to their location and tendency to recur. Therefore, they typically require surgical removal and close follow-up with an otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat specialist).

The choroid is a layer of the eye that contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the retina. It lies between the sclera (the white, protective coat of the eye) and the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye). The choroid is essential for maintaining the health and function of the retina, particularly the photoreceptor cells that detect light and transmit visual signals to the brain. Damage to the choroid can lead to vision loss or impairment.

The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the spinal cord in the neck region and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb. It is formed by the ventral rami (branches) of the lower four cervical nerves (C5-C8) and the first thoracic nerve (T1). In some cases, contributions from C4 and T2 may also be included.

The brachial plexus nerves exit the intervertebral foramen, pass through the neck, and travel down the upper chest before branching out to form major peripheral nerves of the upper limb. These include the axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, median, and ulnar nerves, which further innervate specific muscles and sensory areas in the arm, forearm, and hand.

Damage to the brachial plexus can result in various neurological deficits, such as weakness or paralysis of the upper limb, numbness, or loss of sensation in the affected area, depending on the severity and location of the injury.

Intraductal papilloma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that develops within the breast ducts. It is called "papilloma" because of its characteristic growth pattern, which resembles a small sea anemone or a fern frond, with finger-like projections called papillae.

Intraductal papillomas are typically small and can be solitary (single) or multiple. They usually occur in the larger milk ducts just behind the nipple. When they become numerous or are located deeper within the breast, they are referred to as "multiple intraductal papillomas" or "papillomatosis."

These growths can cause various symptoms, such as a discharge from the nipple (often clear or blood-streaked), a lump in the breast, or pain. While intraductal papillomas are generally benign, they can sometimes undergo malignant transformation into papillary carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Therefore, it is essential to have any suspicious symptoms evaluated by a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and management.

Cerebral ventricle neoplasms refer to tumors that develop within the cerebral ventricles, which are fluid-filled spaces in the brain. These tumors can arise from various types of cells within the ventricular system, including the ependymal cells that line the ventricles, choroid plexus cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid, or other surrounding tissues.

Cerebral ventricle neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size and location, such as headaches, nausea, vomiting, vision changes, imbalance, weakness, or difficulty with mental tasks. The treatment options for these tumors may include surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the type and extent of the tumor. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a shock absorber for the central nervous system and provides nutrients to the brain while removing waste products. CSF is produced by specialized cells called ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) inside the brain. From there, it circulates through the ventricular system and around the outside of the brain and spinal cord before being absorbed back into the bloodstream. CSF analysis is an important diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, including infections, inflammation, and cancer.

The myenteric plexus, also known as Auerbach's plexus, is a component of the enteric nervous system located in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. It is a network of nerve cells (neurons) and supporting cells (neuroglia) that lies between the inner circular layer and outer longitudinal muscle layers of the digestive system's muscularis externa.

The myenteric plexus plays a crucial role in controlling gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and blood flow, primarily through its intrinsic nerve circuits called reflex arcs. These reflex arcs regulate peristalsis (the coordinated muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract) and segmentation (localized contractions that mix and churn the contents within a specific region of the gut).

Additionally, the myenteric plexus receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, allowing for central nervous system regulation of gastrointestinal functions. Dysfunction in the myenteric plexus has been implicated in various gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, achalasia, and intestinal pseudo-obstruction.

The ependyma is a type of epithelial tissue that lines the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. These cells are specialized glial cells that help to form the blood-brain barrier, regulate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition, and provide support and protection for the nervous tissue.

Ependymal cells have a cuboidal or columnar shape and possess numerous cilia on their apical surface, which helps to circulate CSF within the ventricles. They also have tight junctions that help to form the blood-brain barrier and prevent the passage of harmful substances from the blood into the CSF.

In addition to their role in maintaining the integrity of the CNS, ependymal cells can also differentiate into other types of cells, such as neurons and glial cells, under certain conditions. This property has made them a topic of interest in regenerative medicine and the study of neurodevelopmental disorders.

The submucosal plexus, also known as Meissner's plexus, is a component of the autonomic nervous system located in the submucosa layer of the gastrointestinal tract. It is a network of nerve fibers and ganglia that primarily regulates local reflexes and secretions, contributing to the control of gut motility, blood flow, and mucosal transport.

Meissner's plexus is part of the enteric nervous system (ENS), which can operate independently from the central nervous system (CNS). The ENS consists of two interconnected plexuses: Meissner's submucosal plexus and Auerbach's myenteric plexus.

Meissner's plexus is responsible for regulating functions such as absorption, secretion, vasodilation, and local immune responses in the gastrointestinal tract. Dysfunction of this plexus can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and other motility-related conditions.

The meninges are the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. They consist of three layers: the dura mater (the outermost, toughest layer), the arachnoid mater (middle layer), and the pia mater (the innermost, delicate layer). These membranes provide protection and support to the central nervous system, and contain blood vessels that supply nutrients and remove waste products. Inflammation or infection of the meninges is called meningitis, which can be a serious medical condition requiring prompt treatment.

Choroid neoplasms are abnormal growths that develop in the choroid, a layer of blood vessels that lies between the retina and the sclera (the white of the eye). These growths can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Benign choroid neoplasms include choroidal hemangiomas and choroidal osteomas. Malignant choroid neoplasms are typically choroidal melanomas, which are the most common primary eye tumors in adults. Other types of malignant choroid neoplasms include metastatic tumors that have spread to the eye from other parts of the body. Symptoms of choroid neoplasms can vary depending on the size and location of the growth, but may include blurred vision, floaters, or a dark spot in the visual field. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and personal preferences.

The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a highly specialized, selective interface between the central nervous system (CNS) and the circulating blood. It is formed by unique endothelial cells that line the brain's capillaries, along with tight junctions, astrocytic foot processes, and pericytes, which together restrict the passage of substances from the bloodstream into the CNS. This barrier serves to protect the brain from harmful agents and maintain a stable environment for proper neural function. However, it also poses a challenge in delivering therapeutics to the CNS, as most large and hydrophilic molecules cannot cross the BBB.

The celiac plexus, also known as the solar plexus or autonomic plexus, is a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen, near the stomach and other digestive organs. It plays a crucial role in regulating various automatic functions of the body, such as digestion, absorption, and secretion.

The celiac plexus is formed by the union of several splanchnic nerves that arise from the spinal cord and pass through the diaphragm to reach the abdomen. These nerves carry sensory information from the organs in the abdomen to the brain, as well as motor impulses that control the function of these organs.

In some medical procedures, such as celiac plexus block or neurolysis, the celiac plexus may be targeted to relieve chronic pain associated with conditions like pancreatitis, cancer, or abdominal surgery. These procedures involve injecting anesthetic or neurolytic agents into the area around the celiac plexus to interrupt nerve signals and reduce pain.

The lumbosacral plexus is a complex network of nerves that arises from the lower part of the spinal cord, specifically the lumbar (L1-L5) and sacral (S1-S4) roots. This plexus is responsible for providing innervation to the lower extremities, including the legs, feet, and some parts of the abdomen and pelvis.

The lumbosacral plexus can be divided into several major branches:

1. The femoral nerve: It arises from the L2-L4 roots and supplies motor innervation to the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh, as well as sensation to the anterior and medial aspects of the leg and thigh.
2. The obturator nerve: It originates from the L2-L4 roots and provides motor innervation to the adductor muscles of the thigh and sensation to the inner aspect of the thigh.
3. The sciatic nerve: This is the largest nerve in the body, formed by the union of the tibial and common fibular (peroneal) nerves. It arises from the L4-S3 roots and supplies motor innervation to the muscles of the lower leg and foot, as well as sensation to the posterior aspect of the leg and foot.
4. The pudendal nerve: It originates from the S2-S4 roots and is responsible for providing motor innervation to the pelvic floor muscles and sensory innervation to the genital region.
5. Other smaller nerves, such as the ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and genitofemoral nerves, also arise from the lumbosacral plexus and supply sensation to various regions in the lower abdomen and pelvis.

Damage or injury to the lumbosacral plexus can result in significant neurological deficits, including muscle weakness, numbness, and pain in the lower extremities.

The cervical plexus is a network of nerves that arises from the ventral rami (anterior divisions) of the first four cervical spinal nerves (C1-C4) and a portion of C5. These nerves form a series of loops and anastomoses (connections) that give rise to several major and minor branches.

The main functions of the cervical plexus include providing sensory innervation to the skin on the neck, shoulder, and back of the head, as well as supplying motor innervation to some of the muscles in the neck and shoulders, such as the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius.

Some of the major branches of the cervical plexus include:

* The lesser occipital nerve (C2), which provides sensory innervation to the skin over the back of the head and neck.
* The great auricular nerve (C2-C3), which provides sensory innervation to the skin over the ear and lower part of the face.
* The transverse cervical nerve (C2-C3), which provides sensory innervation to the skin over the anterior and lateral neck.
* The supraclavicular nerves (C3-C4), which provide sensory innervation to the skin over the shoulder and upper chest.
* The phrenic nerve (C3-C5), which supplies motor innervation to the diaphragm, the major muscle of respiration.

Overall, the cervical plexus plays a crucial role in providing sensory and motor innervation to the neck, head, and shoulders, allowing for normal movement and sensation in these areas.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) is a synthetic, aromatic hydrocarbon that is commonly used in research as a carcinogenic compound. It is a potent tumor initiator and has been widely used to study chemical carcinogenesis in laboratory animals.

DMBA is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with two benzene rings fused together, and two methyl groups attached at the 9 and 10 positions. This structure allows DMBA to intercalate into DNA, causing mutations that can lead to cancer.

Exposure to DMBA has been shown to cause a variety of tumors in different organs, depending on the route of administration and dose. In animal models, DMBA is often applied to the skin or administered orally to induce tumors in the mammary glands, lungs, or digestive tract.

It's important to note that DMBA is not a natural compound found in the environment and is used primarily for research purposes only. It should be handled with care and appropriate safety precautions due to its carcinogenic properties.

A cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct membrane and division between the sac and its surrounding tissue, that contains fluid, air, or semisolid material. Cysts can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, internal organs, and bones. They can be caused by various factors, such as infection, genetic predisposition, or blockage of a duct or gland. Some cysts may cause symptoms, such as pain or discomfort, while others may not cause any symptoms at all. Treatment for cysts depends on the type and location of the cyst, as well as whether it is causing any problems. Some cysts may go away on their own, while others may need to be drained or removed through a surgical procedure.

Prealbumin, also known as transthyretin, is a protein produced primarily in the liver and circulates in the blood. It plays a role in transporting thyroid hormones and vitamin A throughout the body. Prealbumin levels are often used as an indicator of nutritional status and liver function. Low prealbumin levels may suggest malnutrition or inflammation, while increased levels can be seen in certain conditions like hyperthyroidism. It is important to note that prealbumin levels should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and laboratory tests for a more accurate assessment of a patient's health status.

Cefadroxil is a type of antibiotic known as a cephalosporin. It works by interfering with the bacteria's ability to form a cell wall, which is necessary for its survival. Without a functional cell wall, the bacteria eventually die. Cefadroxil is used to treat a variety of infections caused by bacteria, including skin infections, ear infections, and urinary tract infections.

Cefadroxil is available as a prescription medication and is typically taken by mouth in the form of a tablet or liquid suspension. It is usually taken one to two times a day, depending on the severity of the infection and the individual patient's needs.

As with all antibiotics, it is important to take cefadroxil exactly as directed by your healthcare provider and to finish the entire course of treatment, even if you start to feel better. This will help ensure that the infection is fully treated and reduce the risk of the bacteria becoming resistant to the antibiotic.

Some common side effects of cefadroxil include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pain. In rare cases, more serious side effects may occur, such as an allergic reaction or severe skin reactions. If you experience any unusual symptoms while taking cefadroxil, it is important to contact your healthcare provider right away.

Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the skin that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They result from uncontrolled multiplication of skin cells, which can form various types of lesions. These growths may appear as lumps, bumps, sores, patches, or discolored areas on the skin.

Benign skin neoplasms include conditions such as moles, warts, and seborrheic keratoses, while malignant skin neoplasms are primarily classified into melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. These three types of cancerous skin growths are collectively known as non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer, while NMSCs tend to be less invasive but more common.

It's essential to monitor any changes in existing skin lesions or the appearance of new growths and consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment if needed.

Papillomaviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that primarily infect the epithelial cells of mammals, birds, and reptiles. The name "papillomavirus" comes from the Latin word "papilla," which means nipple or small projection, reflecting the characteristic wart-like growths (papillomas) that these viruses can cause in infected host tissues.

The family Papillomaviridae includes more than 200 distinct papillomavirus types, with each type being defined by its specific DNA sequence. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which are the most well-studied members of this family, are associated with a range of diseases, from benign warts and lesions to malignant cancers such as cervical, anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers.

Papillomaviruses have a circular, double-stranded DNA genome that is approximately 8 kbp in size. The viral genome encodes several early (E) proteins involved in viral replication and oncogenesis, as well as late (L) proteins that form the viral capsid. The life cycle of papillomaviruses is tightly linked to the differentiation program of their host epithelial cells, with productive infection occurring primarily in the differentiated layers of the epithelium.

In summary, Papillomaviridae is a family of DNA viruses that infect epithelial cells and can cause a variety of benign and malignant diseases. Human papillomaviruses are a significant public health concern due to their association with several cancer types.

Ependymoma is a type of brain or spinal cord tumor that develops from the ependymal cells that line the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) in the brain, or the central canal of the spinal cord. These tumors can be benign or malignant, and they can cause various symptoms depending on their location and size.

Ependymomas are relatively rare, accounting for about 2-3% of all primary brain and central nervous system tumors. They most commonly occur in children and young adults, but they can also affect older individuals. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy, depending on the grade and location of the tumor. The prognosis for ependymomas varies widely, with some patients experiencing long-term survival and others having more aggressive tumors that are difficult to treat.

The fourth ventricle is a part of the cerebrospinal fluid-filled system in the brain, located in the posterior cranial fossa and continuous with the central canal of the medulla oblongata and the cerebral aqueduct. It is shaped like a cavity with a roof, floor, and lateral walls, and it communicates rostrally with the third ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct and caudally with the subarachnoid space through the median and lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka and Magendie). The fourth ventricle contains choroid plexus tissue, which produces cerebrospinal fluid. Its roof is formed by the cerebellar vermis and the superior medullary velum, while its floor is composed of the rhomboid fossa, which includes several important structures such as the vagal trigone, hypoglossal trigone, and striae medullares.

Hydrocephalus is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain, leading to an increase in intracranial pressure and potentially causing damage to the brain tissues. This excessive buildup of CSF can result from either overproduction or impaired absorption of the fluid, which typically causes the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) inside the brain to expand and put pressure on surrounding brain structures.

The condition can be congenital, present at birth due to genetic factors or abnormalities during fetal development, or acquired later in life as a result of injuries, infections, tumors, or other disorders affecting the brain's ability to regulate CSF flow and absorption. Symptoms may vary depending on age, severity, and duration but often include headaches, vomiting, balance problems, vision issues, cognitive impairment, and changes in behavior or personality.

Treatment for hydrocephalus typically involves surgically implanting a shunt system that diverts the excess CSF from the brain to another part of the body where it can be absorbed, such as the abdominal cavity. In some cases, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) might be an alternative treatment option, creating a new pathway for CSF flow within the brain. Regular follow-ups with neurosurgeons and other healthcare professionals are essential to monitor the condition and make any necessary adjustments to the treatment plan.

Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) is a type of virus that belongs to the family Papovaviridae and the genus *Alpha papillomavirus*. It primarily infects cottontail rabbits, causing the development of warts or papillomas on their skin. These growths are typically found on the ears, face, and genital areas of the rabbits.

The CRPV virus is transmitted through direct contact with an infected rabbit or through contaminated environments. The virus enters the body through small cuts or abrasions in the skin and infects the epithelial cells, leading to the development of warts.

While CRPV primarily affects cottontail rabbits, it has been used as a model system for studying papillomavirus infections and related diseases in humans. The virus shares many similarities with human papillomaviruses (HPVs), including the ability to cause cancer in certain circumstances.

It is important to note that CRPV is not a threat to humans or other animals outside of its natural host range, which includes cottontail rabbits.

The cerebral ventricles are a system of interconnected fluid-filled cavities within the brain. They are located in the center of the brain and are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provides protection to the brain by cushioning it from impacts and helping to maintain its stability within the skull.

There are four ventricles in total: two lateral ventricles, one third ventricle, and one fourth ventricle. The lateral ventricles are located in each cerebral hemisphere, while the third ventricle is located between the thalami of the two hemispheres. The fourth ventricle is located at the base of the brain, above the spinal cord.

CSF flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle through narrow passageways called the interventricular foramen. From there, it flows into the fourth ventricle through another narrow passageway called the cerebral aqueduct. CSF then leaves the fourth ventricle and enters the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord, where it can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Abnormalities in the size or shape of the cerebral ventricles can indicate underlying neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus (excessive accumulation of CSF) or atrophy (shrinkage) of brain tissue. Imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are often used to assess the size and shape of the cerebral ventricles in clinical settings.

The lateral ventricles are a pair of fluid-filled cavities located within the brain. They are part of the ventricular system, which is a series of interconnected spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The lateral ventricles are situated in the left and right hemispheres of the brain and are among the largest of the ventricles.

Each lateral ventricle has a complex structure and can be divided into several parts:

1. Anterior horn: This is the front part of the lateral ventricle, located in the frontal lobe of the brain.
2. Body: The central part of the lateral ventricle, which is continuous with the anterior horn and posterior horn.
3. Posterior horn: The back part of the lateral ventricle, located in the occipital lobe of the brain.
4. Temporal horn: An extension that projects into the temporal lobe of the brain.

The lateral ventricles are lined with ependymal cells, which produce cerebrospinal fluid. CSF circulates through the ventricular system, providing buoyancy and protection to the brain, and is eventually absorbed into the bloodstream. Abnormalities in the size or shape of the lateral ventricles can be associated with various neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus, brain tumors, or neurodegenerative diseases.

Brain diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or structural abnormalities. They can affect different parts of the brain, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Some examples of brain diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease - a progressive degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease - a movement disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
3. Multiple sclerosis - a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
4. Epilepsy - a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
5. Brain tumors - abnormal growths in the brain that can be benign or malignant.
6. Stroke - a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause paralysis, speech difficulties, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Meningitis - an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
8. Encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune disorders.
9. Huntington's disease - a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination, cognitive function, and mental health.
10. Migraine - a neurological condition characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.

Brain diseases can range from mild to severe and may be treatable or incurable. They can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life.

Human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) is a specific type of human papillomavirus that is known to cause benign, or noncancerous, growths called papillomas or warts on the skin and mucous membranes. HPV-11 is one of several types of HPV that are classified as low-risk because they are rarely associated with cancer.

HPV-11 is primarily transmitted through sexual contact and can infect the genital area, leading to the development of genital warts. In some cases, HPV-11 infection may also cause respiratory papillomatosis, a rare condition in which benign growths develop in the airways, including the throat and lungs.

HPV-11 is preventable through vaccination with the human papillomavirus vaccine, which protects against several low-risk and high-risk types of HPV. It is important to note that while HPV-11 is not associated with cancer, other high-risk types of HPV can cause cervical, anal, and oral cancers, so vaccination is still recommended for individuals who are sexually active or plan to become sexually active.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Epithelium is the tissue that covers the outer surface of the body, lines the internal cavities and organs, and forms various glands. It is composed of one or more layers of tightly packed cells that have a uniform shape and size, and rest on a basement membrane. Epithelial tissues are avascular, meaning they do not contain blood vessels, and are supplied with nutrients by diffusion from the underlying connective tissue.

Epithelial cells perform a variety of functions, including protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensation. They can be classified based on their shape and the number of cell layers they contain. The main types of epithelium are:

1. Squamous epithelium: composed of flat, scalelike cells that fit together like tiles on a roof. It forms the lining of blood vessels, air sacs in the lungs, and the outermost layer of the skin.
2. Cuboidal epithelium: composed of cube-shaped cells with equal height and width. It is found in glands, tubules, and ducts.
3. Columnar epithelium: composed of tall, rectangular cells that are taller than they are wide. It lines the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts.
4. Pseudostratified epithelium: appears stratified or layered but is actually made up of a single layer of cells that vary in height. The nuclei of these cells appear at different levels, giving the tissue a stratified appearance. It lines the respiratory and reproductive tracts.
5. Transitional epithelium: composed of several layers of cells that can stretch and change shape to accommodate changes in volume. It is found in the urinary bladder and ureters.

Epithelial tissue provides a barrier between the internal and external environments, protecting the body from physical, chemical, and biological damage. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the exchange of substances between the body and its environment.

Papillomavirus infections are a group of diseases caused by various types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs). These viruses infect the skin and mucous membranes, and can cause benign growths such as warts or papillomas, as well as malignant growths like cervical cancer.

There are more than 100 different types of HPVs, and they can be classified into low-risk and high-risk types based on their potential to cause cancer. Low-risk HPV types, such as HPV-6 and HPV-11, commonly cause benign genital warts and respiratory papillomas. High-risk HPV types, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, are associated with an increased risk of developing cancer, including cervical, anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers.

HPV infections are typically transmitted through sexual contact, and most sexually active individuals will acquire at least one HPV infection during their lifetime. In many cases, the immune system is able to clear the virus without any symptoms or long-term consequences. However, persistent high-risk HPV infections can lead to the development of cancer over time.

Prevention measures for HPV infections include vaccination against high-risk HPV types, safe sex practices, and regular screening for cervical cancer in women. The HPV vaccine is recommended for both boys and girls aged 11-12 years old, and can also be given to older individuals up to age 45 who have not previously been vaccinated or who have not completed the full series of shots.

The arachnoid is one of the three membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord, known as the meninges. It is located between the dura mater (the outermost layer) and the pia mater (the innermost layer). The arachnoid is a thin, delicate membrane that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which provides protection and nutrition to the central nervous system.

The arachnoid has a spider-web like appearance, hence its name, and it is composed of several layers of collagen fibers and elastic tissue. It is highly vascularized, meaning that it contains many blood vessels, and it plays an important role in regulating the flow of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord.

In some cases, the arachnoid can become inflamed or irritated, leading to a condition called arachnoiditis. This can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, muscle weakness, and sensory changes, and it may require medical treatment to manage.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Warts are small, rough growths on the skin or mucous membranes caused by one of several types of human papillomavirus (HPV). They can appear anywhere on the body but most often occur on the hands, fingers, and feet. Warts are benign, non-cancerous growths, but they can be unsightly, uncomfortable, or painful, depending on their location and size.

Warts are caused by HPV infecting the top layer of skin, usually through a small cut or scratch. The virus triggers an overproduction of keratin, a protein in the skin, leading to the formation of a hard, rough growth. Warts can vary in appearance depending on their location and type, but they are generally round or irregularly shaped, with a rough surface that may be flat or slightly raised. They may also contain small black dots, which are actually tiny blood vessels that have clotted.

Warts are contagious and can spread from person to person through direct skin-to-skin contact or by sharing personal items such as towels or razors. They can also be spread by touching a wart and then touching another part of the body. Warts may take several months to develop after exposure to HPV, so it may not always be clear when or how they were contracted.

There are several types of warts, including common warts, plantar warts (which occur on the soles of the feet), flat warts (which are smaller and smoother than other types of warts), and genital warts (which are sexually transmitted). While most warts are harmless and will eventually go away on their own, some may require medical treatment if they are causing discomfort or are unsightly. Treatment options for warts include topical medications, cryotherapy (freezing the wart with liquid nitrogen), and surgical removal.

Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare neurocutaneous disorder characterized by the combination of a facial port-wine birthmark and neurological abnormalities. The facial birthmark, which is typically located on one side of the face, occurs due to the malformation of small blood vessels (capillaries) in the skin and eye.

Neurological features often include seizures that begin in infancy, muscle weakness or paralysis on one side of the body (hemiparesis), developmental delay, and intellectual disability. These neurological symptoms are caused by abnormal blood vessel formation in the brain (leptomeningeal angiomatosis) leading to increased pressure, reduced blood flow, and potential damage to the brain tissue.

Sturge-Weber syndrome can also affect the eyes, with glaucoma being a common occurrence due to increased pressure within the eye. Early diagnosis and appropriate management of this condition are crucial for improving the quality of life and reducing potential complications.

Visna-maedi virus (VMV) is an retrovirus that belongs to the genus Lentivirus, which is part of the family Retroviridae. This virus is the causative agent of a slowly progressive, fatal disease in sheep known as maedi-visna. The term "visna" refers to a inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and "maedi" refers to a progressive interstitial pneumonia.

The Visna-Maedi virus is closely related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, as well as to other lentiviruses that affect animals such as caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV).

Visna-maedi virus primarily targets the immune system cells, specifically monocytes/macrophages, leading to a weakened immune response in infected animals. This makes them more susceptible to other infections and diseases. The virus is transmitted through the respiratory route and infection can occur through inhalation of infectious aerosols or by ingestion of contaminated milk or colostrum from infected ewes.

There is no effective treatment or vaccine available for Visna-maedi virus infection, and control measures are focused on identifying and isolating infected animals to prevent the spread of the disease within sheep flocks.

Lethargy is a state of extreme fatigue, drowsiness, and/or lack of energy. In a medical context, lethargy may refer to a reduced level of consciousness or awareness where an individual has difficulty staying awake or responding to stimuli. It can be a symptom of various medical conditions such as infections, neurological disorders, metabolic imbalances, or psychological issues. However, it is important to note that lethargy should be evaluated by a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Fetal diseases are medical conditions or abnormalities that affect a fetus during pregnancy. These diseases can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. They can range from mild to severe and may impact various organ systems in the developing fetus. Examples of fetal diseases include congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, and infectious diseases such as toxoplasmosis or rubella. Fetal diseases can be diagnosed through prenatal testing, including ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or delivery of the fetus, depending on the nature and severity of the disease.

The choroid is a part of the eye located between the retina and the sclera, which contains a large number of blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the retina. Choroid diseases refer to various medical conditions that affect the health and function of the choroid. Here are some examples:

1. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV): This is a condition where new blood vessels grow from the choroid into the retina, leading to fluid accumulation, bleeding, and scarring. CNV can cause vision loss and is often associated with age-related macular degeneration, myopia, and inflammatory eye diseases.
2. Chorioretinitis: This is an infection or inflammation of the choroid and retina, which can be caused by various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Symptoms may include blurred vision, floaters, light sensitivity, and eye pain.
3. Choroidal hemorrhage: This is a rare but serious condition where there is bleeding into the choroid, often caused by trauma, high blood pressure, or blood clotting disorders. It can lead to sudden vision loss and requires urgent medical attention.
4. Choroideremia: This is a genetic disorder that affects the choroid, retina, and optic nerve, leading to progressive vision loss. It is caused by mutations in the CHM gene and primarily affects males.
5. Central serous retinopathy (CSR): This is a condition where fluid accumulates under the retina, often in the macula, causing distortion or blurring of vision. While the exact cause is unknown, CSR is thought to be related to stress, steroid use, and other factors that affect the choroid's ability to regulate fluid.
6. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV): This is a condition where abnormal blood vessels form in the choroid, leading to serous or hemorrhagic detachment of the retina. PCV is often associated with age-related macular degeneration and can cause vision loss if left untreated.

These are just a few examples of choroidal disorders that can affect vision. If you experience any sudden changes in your vision, it's important to seek medical attention promptly.

Nose neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms can invade surrounding tissues and have the potential to metastasize.

Nose neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as nasal congestion, nosebleeds, difficulty breathing through the nose, loss of smell, facial pain or numbness, and visual changes if they affect the eye. The diagnosis of nose neoplasms usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans), and biopsy to determine the type and extent of the growth. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the neoplasm and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

A tumor virus infection is a condition in which a person's cells become cancerous or transformed due to the integration and disruption of normal cellular functions by a viral pathogen. These viruses are also known as oncoviruses, and they can cause tumors or cancer by altering the host cell's genetic material, promoting uncontrolled cell growth and division, evading immune surveillance, and inhibiting apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Examples of tumor viruses include:

1. DNA tumor viruses: These are double-stranded DNA viruses that can cause cancer in humans. Examples include human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV).
2. RNA tumor viruses: Also known as retroviruses, these single-stranded RNA viruses can cause cancer in humans. Examples include human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Tumor virus infections are responsible for approximately 15-20% of all cancer cases worldwide, making them a significant public health concern. Prevention strategies, such as vaccination against HPV and HBV, have been shown to reduce the incidence of associated cancers.

SENCAR (skin tumor-prone, cancer-prone) mice are an inbred strain of laboratory mice that were developed through selective breeding for their high susceptibility to developing skin tumors when exposed to certain chemical carcinogens. They are particularly sensitive to two-stage chemical carcinogenesis, making them a valuable tool in cancer research.

The SENCAR mouse strain was developed at the Southern Research Institute (SRI) in Birmingham, Alabama, by crossing various strains of mice and then selectively breeding the offspring for high tumor susceptibility. The resulting SENCAR mice are highly sensitive to both initiation and promotion stages of carcinogenesis, displaying rapid tumor development when exposed to tumor-promoting agents.

These mice have been widely used in dermatology and oncology research to study the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis, skin tumor development, and potential chemopreventive agents. They are also used to investigate the genetic factors contributing to cancer susceptibility and the role of the immune system in tumor development.

It is important to note that SENCAR mice are specifically bred for research purposes and should not be confused with wild mice or other strains of laboratory mice.

The hypogastric plexus is a complex network of nerves located in the lower abdomen, near the aortic bifurcation. It plays a crucial role in the autonomic nervous system, primarily controlling the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to the pelvic viscera, including the descending colon, rectum, bladder, and reproductive organs. The hypogastric plexus is formed by the fusion of the superior and inferior hypogastric nerves, which originate from the lumbar and sacral spinal cord levels, respectively. Damage to this plexus can lead to various pelvic autonomic dysfunctions, such as urinary and fecal incontinence or sexual impairment.

Sodium-bicarbonate symporters, also known as sodium bicarbonate co-transporters, are membrane transport proteins that facilitate the movement of both sodium ions (Na+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) across the cell membrane in the same direction. These transporters play a crucial role in maintaining acid-base balance in the body by regulating the concentration of bicarbonate ions, which is an important buffer in the blood and other bodily fluids.

The term "symporter" refers to the fact that these proteins transport two or more different molecules or ions in the same direction across a membrane. In this case, sodium-bicarbonate symporters co-transport one sodium ion and one bicarbonate ion together, usually using a concentration gradient of sodium to drive the uptake of bicarbonate.

These transporters are widely expressed in various tissues, including the kidneys, where they help reabsorb bicarbonate ions from the urine back into the bloodstream, and the gastrointestinal tract, where they contribute to the absorption of sodium and bicarbonate from food and drink. Dysfunction of sodium-bicarbonate symporters has been implicated in several diseases, including renal tubular acidosis and hypertension.

Carcinogens are agents (substances or mixtures of substances) that can cause cancer. They may be naturally occurring or man-made. Carcinogens can increase the risk of cancer by altering cellular DNA, disrupting cellular function, or promoting cell growth. Examples of carcinogens include certain chemicals found in tobacco smoke, asbestos, UV radiation from the sun, and some viruses.

It's important to note that not all exposures to carcinogens will result in cancer, and the risk typically depends on factors such as the level and duration of exposure, individual genetic susceptibility, and lifestyle choices. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies carcinogens into different groups based on the strength of evidence linking them to cancer:

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans
Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans
Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans
Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans

This information is based on medical research and may be subject to change as new studies become available. Always consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is a type of aquaporin, which is a family of water channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water molecules across biological membranes. Aquaporin 1 is primarily responsible for facilitating water movement in various tissues, including the kidneys, red blood cells, and the brain.

In the kidneys, AQP1 is located in the proximal tubule and descending thin limb of the loop of Henle, where it helps to reabsorb water from the filtrate back into the bloodstream. In the red blood cells, AQP1 aids in the regulation of cell volume by allowing water to move in and out of the cells in response to osmotic changes. In the brain, AQP1 is found in the choroid plexus and cerebral endothelial cells, where it plays a role in the formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.

Defects or mutations in the AQP1 gene can lead to various medical conditions, such as kidney disease, neurological disorders, and blood disorders.

Paranasal sinus neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the paranasal sinuses, which are air-filled cavities located inside the skull near the nasal cavity. These tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from various types of tissue within the sinuses, such as the lining of the sinuses (mucosa), bone, or other soft tissues.

Paranasal sinus neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including nasal congestion, nosebleeds, facial pain or numbness, and visual disturbances. The diagnosis of these tumors typically involves a combination of imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans) and biopsy to determine the type and extent of the tumor. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the specific type and stage of the neoplasm.

Epithelial cells are types of cells that cover the outer surfaces of the body, line the inner surfaces of organs and glands, and form the lining of blood vessels and body cavities. They provide a protective barrier against the external environment, regulate the movement of materials between the internal and external environments, and are involved in the sense of touch, temperature, and pain. Epithelial cells can be squamous (flat and thin), cuboidal (square-shaped and of equal height), or columnar (tall and narrow) in shape and are classified based on their location and function.

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a molecular biology technique used to detect and localize specific nucleic acid sequences, such as DNA or RNA, within cells or tissues. This technique involves the use of a labeled probe that is complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence. The probe can be labeled with various types of markers, including radioisotopes, fluorescent dyes, or enzymes.

During the ISH procedure, the labeled probe is hybridized to the target nucleic acid sequence in situ, meaning that the hybridization occurs within the intact cells or tissues. After washing away unbound probe, the location of the labeled probe can be visualized using various methods depending on the type of label used.

In situ hybridization has a wide range of applications in both research and diagnostic settings, including the detection of gene expression patterns, identification of viral infections, and diagnosis of genetic disorders.

Manganese poisoning, also known as manganism, is a condition that results from excessive exposure to manganese. Manganese is an essential nutrient, but at high levels, it can become toxic to the body. The symptoms of manganese poisoning can be similar to those of Parkinson's disease and may include tremors, difficulty walking, and mood changes. In severe cases, manganese poisoning can lead to irreversible neurological damage. Exposure to manganese can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, and is often associated with occupational exposure in industries such as welding, mining, and manufacturing of batteries and fertilizers.

... , also known as papilloma of the choroid plexus, is a rare benign neuroepithelial intraventricular WHO ... Media related to Choroid plexus papilloma at Wikimedia Commons Choroid Plexus Papilloma MRI, CT, and pathology images from ... and 9p duplication are syndromic correlations of choroid plexus papilloma. Micrograph of a choroid plexus papilloma. H&E stain ... Recent researches have shown that choroid plexus papilloma and choroid plexus cancer may be distinguished from one another ...
PRPH2 Choroid plexus papilloma; 260500; TP53 Choroideremia; 303100; CHM Chromosome 22q13.3 deletion syndrome; 606232; SHANK3 ... HOXA13 Gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina with or without ornithinemia; 258870; OAT Haddad syndrome; 209880; ASCL1 Hailey- ...
Choroid Plexus Papilloma - Palmer, Cheryl Ann and Daniel Keith Harrison; EMedicine; Jun 5, 2008 (CS1 errors: periodical ignored ... Skin tag Inverted papilloma Squamous cell papilloma Urothelial papilloma Intraductal papilloma of breast Wart Genital wart ... A papilloma (plural papillomas or papillomata) (papillo- + -oma) is a benign epithelial tumor growing exophytically (outwardly ... of cases of squamous cell papilloma. There is no evidence that papillomas are premalignant. Intraoral verruca vulgaris, ...
... choroid plexus papillomas, craniopharyngiomas, teratomas); even when they present, they are different from the inflammatory ...
Examples of these include: meningiomas, astrocytomas, glioblastomas, oligodendromas, choroid plexus papillomas, and pituitary ... "Merck Veterinary Manual". Westworth DR, Dickinson PJ, Vernau W, Johnson EG, Bollen AW, Kass PH et al (2008). Choroid plexus ...
Choroid plexus carcinoma (WHO grade III) Choroid atypical plexus papilloma (WHO grade II) Choroid plexus papilloma (WHO grade I ... Choroid plexus papilloma, atypical choroid plexus papilloma, and choroid plexus carcinoma are the three World Health ... Together, atypical choroid plexus papilloma, and choroid plexus carcinoma make up around 25% of all choroid plexus tumors. ... "Choroid Plexus Tumor". Retrieved 2017-12-13. T. Tomita, D.G. McLone, A.M. Flannery, Choroid plexus papillomas of neonates, ...
"Single-stage bilateral choroid plexectomy for choroid plexus papilloma in a patient presenting with high cerebrospinal fluid ... Hydrocephalus can also be caused by overproduction of CSF (relative obstruction) (e.g., choroid plexus papilloma, villous ... Another complication can occur when CSF drains more rapidly than it is produced by the choroid plexus, causing symptoms of ... For infants, ETV is sometimes combined with choroid plexus cauterization, which reduces the amount of cerebrospinal fluid ...
Most cases described were of non-neuronal origin such as oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, meningioma, choroid plexus papilloma ...
On 14 April 2017, Gaffigan was diagnosed with a benign brain tumor known as papilloma of the choroid plexus. The tumor was the ...
It has also been reported to be caused by a cystic choroid plexus papilloma of the third ventricle and obstructive ... "Bobble-head doll syndrome and drop attacks in a child with a cystic choroid plexus papilloma of the third ventricle: Case ... In the case of choroid plexus papilloma, surgical removal of the cyst-containing lesion from within the third ventricle caused ... CSF is secreted by choroid plexuses located on the roofs of the ventricles. After travelling through each ventricle, the CSF ...
PTAH stains ependymomas while it does not stain choroid plexus papillomas, providing one means of differentiating these tumors ...
... the tumors appeared to be less differentiated than a choroid plexus papilloma and more differentiated than a choroid plexus ... choroid plexus papilloma, and metastatic papillary carcinoma. Papillary tumors characteristically show a discrete, compressive ... These tumors were tested immunohistochemically with a profile similar to that of a choroid plexus tumor; however, ...
... it can be used as an immunohistochemical marker for choroid plexus papillomas as well as carcinomas.[citation needed] As of ... The liver secretes TTR into the blood, and the choroid plexus secretes TTR into the cerebrospinal fluid. TTR was originally ... Certain mutations, however, cause CNS amyloidosis, and due to their production by the choroid plexus, the CNS TTR amyloid ... Because transthyretin is made in part by the choroid plexus, ... choroid plexus and retinal pigment epithelium for secretion ...
... which was diagnosed as a choroid plexus papilloma. Marsh experienced the anguish that parents endure when their children are ...
Uncommon presentation of choroid plexus papilloma in an infant Supranational haemangioblastoma without von Hippel-Lindau ...
... having a much poorer prognosis than choroid atypical plexus papilloma (WHO grade II) and choroid plexus papilloma (WHO grade I ... A choroid plexus carcinoma (WHO grade III) is a type of choroid plexus tumor that affects the choroid plexus of the brain. It ... Choroid plexus Brain tumor Cancer of the brain Gopal P, Parker JR, Debski R, Parker JC (August 2008). "Choroid plexus carcinoma ... Although choroid plexus carcinomas are significantly more aggressive and have half the survival rate as choroid plexus ...
... choroid plexus neoplasms MeSH C04.588.614.250.195.205.200.500 - papilloma, choroid plexus MeSH C04.588.614.250.195.411 - ... papilloma MeSH C04.557.470.700.600.610 - papilloma, inverted MeSH C04.557.475.395 - gonadoblastoma MeSH C04.557.475.750 - sex ... choroid neoplasms MeSH C04.588.364.978.400 - iris neoplasms MeSH C04.588.443.353 - esophageal neoplasms MeSH C04.588.443.392 - ... papilloma, intraductal MeSH C04.557.470.625 - neoplasms, fibroepithelial MeSH C04.557.470.625.050 - adenofibroma MeSH C04.557. ...
... choroid plexus papilloma, middle ear adenocarcinoma, and ceruminous adenoma. Wide excision is the treatment of choice, although ...
... Histology 40x Choroid plexus Choroid plexus Choroid plexus Choroid plexus papilloma Tela choroidea This article ... The choroid plexus, or plica choroidea, is a plexus of cells that arises from the tela choroidea in each of the ventricles of ... A choroid plexus is in part of the roof of the fourth ventricle. The choroid plexus consists of a layer of cuboidal epithelial ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Choroid plexus. 3-Dimensional images of choroid plexus (marked red) "Anatomy diagram: ...
... ependymoma 1.6.5 Subependymoma 2.1 Choroid plexus papilloma 2.2 Atypical choroid plexus papilloma 2.3 Choroid plexus carcinoma ...
A number of tumors have been reported in association with Aicardi syndrome: choroid plexus papilloma (the most common), ... Other changes can occur at the same time, for example fluid bubbles (cysts) in the brain's fluid-producing structures (plexus ...
... choroid plexus neoplasms MeSH C10.228.140.211.280.300.500 - papilloma, choroid plexus MeSH C10.228.140.211.500 - infratentorial ... choroid plexus neoplasms MeSH C10.551.240.250.200.200.500 - papilloma, choroid plexus MeSH C10.551.240.250.400 - infratentorial ... brachial plexus neuropathies MeSH C10.668.829.100.500 - brachial plexus neuritis MeSH C10.668.829.250 - complex regional pain ... brachial plexus neuritis MeSH C10.668.829.650.500 - neuritis, autoimmune, experimental MeSH C10.668.829.675 - neurofibromatosis ...
Choroid plexus carcinoma, Choroid plexus papilloma, Choroid plexus tumor, Colloid cyst, Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour ...
Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome Papillitis of the lingual papillae Papillitis of the optic nerve Papilloma of choroid plexus Papular ...
Choroid plexus papilloma, Ependymoma, Astrocytoma (Pilocytic astrocytoma, Glioblastoma multiforme), Dysembryoplastic ...
NOS M9390/1 Atypical choroid plexus papilloma M9390/3 Choroid plexus carcinoma Choroid plexus papilloma, anaplastic or ... benign Transitional papilloma M8120/1 Urothelial papilloma, NOS Papilloma of bladder (C67._) Transitional cell papilloma, NOS ... NOS Transitional papilloma, inverted, NOS Schneiderian papilloma, inverted Columnar cell papilloma Cylindrical cell papilloma ... Sinonasal papilloma, NOS Sinonasal papilloma, exophytic Sinonasal papilloma, fungiform Transitional cell papilloma, inverted, ...
... choroid plexus tumor - CHPP - chronic granulocytic leukemia - chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis - chronic leukemia - chronic ... inverted papilloma - investigational - inviable - iodine I 131 tositumomab - iododoxorubicin - ionomycin - IORT - Incontinentia ... brachial plexus - brachytherapy - brain metastasis - brainstem glioma - brain stem tumor - brain tumor - BRCA1 - BRCA2 - ...
Choroid plexus papilloma, also known as papilloma of the choroid plexus, is a rare benign neuroepithelial intraventricular WHO ... Media related to Choroid plexus papilloma at Wikimedia Commons Choroid Plexus Papilloma MRI, CT, and pathology images from ... and 9p duplication are syndromic correlations of choroid plexus papilloma. Micrograph of a choroid plexus papilloma. H&E stain ... Recent researches have shown that choroid plexus papilloma and choroid plexus cancer may be distinguished from one another ...
... are benign neoplasms of the choroid plexus, a structure made from tufts of villi within the ventricular system that produces ... encoded search term (Choroid Plexus Papilloma) and Choroid Plexus Papilloma What to Read Next on Medscape ... Choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) is a benign but rare central nervous system (CNS) neoplasm of the choroid plexus-a structure ... Choroid plexus papillomas arise from the single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells lining the papillae of the choroid plexus. ...
... "choroid-plexus-papilloma-13","modality":"MRI","series":[{"id":53976850,"content_type":"image/png","frames":[{"id":53976838," ... Kabra U, Choroid plexus papilloma. Case study, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 02 Dec 2023) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-84612 ...
atypical choroid plexus papilloma: indistinguishable, but far less common. * choroid plexus carcinoma: can be very difficult on ... but far more frequently seen in higher-grade tumors such as atypical choroid plexus papillomas and choroid plexus carcinomas 10 ... histological features distinguish them from atypical choroid plexus papillomas (WHO grade 2) and choroid plexus carcinomas (WHO ... Choroid plexus papillomas are WHO grade I lesions. Their low mitotic rate (,2 mitoses are present per 10 high-power field) and ...
Choroid plexus papillomas of the foramen of Luschka: MR appearance.. J G Ken, D F Sobel, B Copeland, J Davis and K E Kortman ... Choroid plexus papillomas of the foramen of Luschka: MR appearance. Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from ... Choroid plexus papillomas of the foramen of Luschka: MR appearance.. J G Ken, D F Sobel, B Copeland, J Davis, K E Kortman ... Choroid plexus papillomas of the foramen of Luschka: MR appearance.. J G Ken, D F Sobel, B Copeland, J Davis, K E Kortman ...
Choroid plexus papillomas (CPPs) are benign neoplasms of the choroid plexus, a structure made from tufts of villi within the ... including choroid plexus papillomas (CPP), atypical CPPs (aCPP), and choroid plexus carcinomas (CPC). A total of 349 patients ... The Surveillance and End Results (SEER) database was reviewed for population-based outcomes of choroid plexus tumors (CPTs), ... An image depicting a choroid plexus papilloma can be seen below.. Imaging appearance of a fourth ventricular choroid plexus ...
... Cristina ... Factor XI deficiency and delayed hemorrhages after resection of choroid plexus papilloma: illustrative case / Mancarella, ... Factor XI deficiency and delayed hemorrhages after resection of choroid plexus papilloma: illustrative case / Mancarella, ... LESSONS The known association between choroid plexus tumors and intracranial bleeding raised differential diagnosis issues. ...
From: Ureaplasma parvum meningitis following atypical choroid plexus papilloma resection in an adult patient: a case report and ...
Proton therapy, Chordoma, Choroid plexus papilloma, Pituitary tumor, Astrocytoma, Acoustic neuroma, Glioblastoma, Brain... ... Choroid plexus papilloma, Meningioma, Chordoma, Oligodendroglioma, Acoustic neuroma, Spinal cord tumor, Brain metastasis, ...
Choroid Plexus Papilloma 11/01/2013 - "In this study, the contribution of SVCT2 and GLUT1 to vitamin C uptake in human choroid ... plexus papilloma (HCPP) cells in culture was examined. ". 11/01/2013 - "In choroid plexus papilloma cells, the vitamin C ... 11/01/2013 - "Thus, vitamin C can be incorporated by epithelial choroid plexus papilloma cells using the basolateral ...
Choroid plexus papilloma: detection by real-time and Doppler sonography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1986;7:168-170. ... Tumors such as choroid plexus papilloma, optic pathway gliomas, and gangliogliomas were regarded very differently based on what ... Choroid plexus hemorrhage in premature neonates. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1982;3:615-618. ...
tumor type: choroid plexus papilloma. Treatment protocol. Tumor samples were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen upon resection and ... DNA from choroid plexus tumor (CPT) tissue was obtained by proteinase K digestion and phenol/chloroform extraction. ...
Choroid plexus tumors. Choroid plexus papilloma. 1. Atypical choroid plexus papilloma. 2 ...
A case of atypical choroid plexus papilloma. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2017, 37, 525-527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] ...
Spinal ectopic choroid plexus papilloma in a cat. Research authors: Joana Tabanez, Samuel Beck, Colin Driver, Clare Rusbridge ...
Defects in TP53 are a cause of choroid plexus papilloma (CPLPA) [MIM:260500]. Choroid plexus papilloma is a slow-growing benign ... If it undergoes malignant transformation it is called a choroid plexus carcinoma. Primary choroid plexus tumors are rare and ... Less frequent tumors include choroid plexus carcinoma or papilloma before the age of 15, rhabdomyosarcoma before the age of 5, ... tumor of the choroid plexus that often invades the leptomeninges. In children it is usually in a lateral ventricle but in ...
17. Choroid plexus papilloma in a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). 461-3页 作者:Christian,Thomas; June,Mergl; Erica,Gehring; ... 19. Kir7.1 immunoreactivity in canine choroid plexus tumors. 464-8页 作者:Eun Ju,Choi; Erica A,Sloma; Andrew D,Miller ...
Extracerebral choroid plexus papilloma in a newborn: a rare presentation Santosh Kumar Singh, Saikat Patra, Nadia Shirazi, ...
Surgical outcomes in choroid plexus papillomas: an institutional experience. J Neurooncol. 2013 May; 113(1):117-25. Safaee M, ... Effects of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation on overall survival in children with choroid plexus carcinoma. J Neurooncol. ... Gross total resection improves overall survival in children with choroid plexus carcinoma. J Neurooncol. 2014 Jan; 116(1):179- ... Minimally Invasive Lateral Retroperitoneal Approach for Resection of Extraforaminal Lumbar Plexus Schwannomas: Operative ...
Chemotaxis of T-cells after infection of human choroid plexus papilloma cells with Echovirus 30 in an in vitro model of the ... Schwerk, C.; Tenenbaum, T.; Kim, K.S.; Schroten, H. The choroid plexus-a multi-role player during infectious diseases of the ... in the choroid plexus (CP) located in the ventricles of the brain, or leukocytes that will serve as a vector for dissemination ...
choroid plexus. *choroid plexus papilloma. *chronic. *cingulate gyrus. *circling. *cisterna. *clonic seizure ...
Tumor DNA was extracted from 36 frozen choroid plexus tumors (15 CPCs, 16 choroid plexus papillomas, 5 achoroid plexus ... The methylation status of a cohort of choroid plexus tumors was examined and unsupervised hierarchical clustering was used to ... papillomas). Samples were bisulfite converted and analyzed on Illumina 450K Infinium methylation bead arrays. No replicates ...
... choroid plexus papilloma, pineal germinoma, and malformations such as Dandy‐Walker and Arnold‐Chiari malformations) findings ...
She was just a few months old when she underwent emergency surgery to remove a choroid plexus papilloma. Happily, she is doing ...
An earlier retrospective evaluation study8 found that gliomas (n = 11), choroid plexus papillomas (5), and pituitary adenomas ( ... Choroid plexus tumors in 56 dogs (1985-2007). J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:1157-1165. ... Choroid plexus tumors in 56 dogs (1985-2007). J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:1157-1165. ... Choroid plexus tumors in 56 dogs (1985-2007). J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:1157-1165. ...
... congenital choroid plexus papillomas, and tumors (1,3). Pinhead is the principle character and antagonist, as Doomsdayer ...
AT/RT, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor; CPP, choroid plexus papilloma; MPNST, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor; GBM, ... 5 choroid plexus papilloma (CPP), 46 ependymoma (EPN), 12 glioblastoma (GBM), 22 medulloblastoma (MED), 9 meningioma (MEN), 15 ... choroid plexus papilloma (CPP), ependymoma (EPN), glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), medulloblastoma (MED), meningioma (MEN), ... and normal brain and choroid plexus (N_B and N_CP respectively). Dasatinib targets, LCK (lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine ...
Chemotaxis of T-cells after infection of human choroid plexus papilloma cells with Echovirus 30 in an in vitro model of the ...
  • Simian virus (SV) 40 has been linked in studies to the development of choroid plexus tumors (CPTs). (wikipedia.org)
  • In people with choroid plexus tumors, complexes formed by the big T antigen and the tumor suppressor proteins p53 and pRb have been shown to develop. (wikipedia.org)
  • Choroid plexus tumors are divided into three categories by the World Health Organization (2016): papillomas (grade I), atypical tumors (grade II), and carcinomas (grade III). (wikipedia.org)
  • Choroid plexus papillomas account for about 1% of all brain tumors, 2-4% of brain tumors in children younger than 15 years, 10-20% of brain tumors that occur in the first year of life, and 0.5% of adult brain tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Symptoms seen with choroid plexus tumors generally result from blocking of the CSF pathways and debatably by secretion of CSF by tumor cells, both leading to increased fluid and, eventually, to hydrocephalus . (medscape.com)
  • As choroid plexus tumors grow, resulting hydrocephalus and other complications usually lead to greater morbidity than that which occurs if tumors are removed when they are first discovered and are smaller. (medscape.com)
  • The Surveillance and End Results (SEER) database was reviewed by Cannon et al for population-based outcomes of choroid plexus tumors (CPTs), including choroid plexus papillomas (CPPs), atypical CPPs (aCPPs), and choroid plexus carcinomas (CPCs). (medscape.com)
  • The Surveillance and End Results (SEER) database was reviewed for population-based outcomes of choroid plexus tumors (CPTs), including choroid plexus papillomas (CPP), atypical CPPs (aCPP), and choroid plexus carcinomas (CPC). (naqlafshk.com)
  • LESSONS The known association between choroid plexus tumors and intracranial bleeding raised differential diagnosis issues. (uniroma1.it)
  • The methylation status of a cohort of choroid plexus tumors was examined and unsupervised hierarchical clustering was used to identify molecular distinct clusters of samples. (nih.gov)
  • Tumor DNA was extracted from 36 frozen choroid plexus tumors (15 CPCs, 16 choroid plexus papillomas, 5 achoroid plexus papillomas). (nih.gov)
  • Much less common causes of hydrocephalus within the neonatal interval Page 578 include arachnoid cysts, congenital choroid plexus papillomas, and tumors (1,3). (ehd.org)
  • Background: Choroid plexus tumors are uncommon neoplasms derived from the neuroepithelium that covers the ventricular cavity and the central canal of the spinal cord that are characterized by papillar aspect and intraventricular growth. (unesp.br)
  • After the meningiomas and gliomas, choroid plexus tumors are the third encephalic tumors in dogs. (unesp.br)
  • Discussion: Choroid plexus papillomas are tumors that originate in the choroid plexus epithelium. (unesp.br)
  • The clinical signs in patients with choroid plexus tumors are varied depending on the location of the tumor in the central nervous system, but may include behavioral changes, ataxia, paresis, seizures, circling, cranial nerve and proprioceptive refl exes changes. (unesp.br)
  • Congenital melanocytic nevi may be linked with neurologic melanocytic (neuromelanocytosis, melanoma) and nonmelanocytic (syringomyelia, related hydrocephalus, ependymoma, meningioma, astrocytoma, choroid plexus papilloma, pineal germinoma, and malformations such as Dandy‐Walker and Arnold‐Chiari malformations) findings and possibly hypophosphatemic rickets. (medscape.com)
  • Other less frequent neurological diagnoses include syringomyelia, nonmalignancy-related hydrocephalus, tumours (including ependymoma, meningioma, astrocytoma, choroid plexus papilloma and pineal germinoma) and malformations such as Dandy-Walker and Arnold-Chiari malformations. (medscape.com)
  • If there is markedly heterogeneous contrast enhancement, a choroid plexus carcinoma should be suspected 4 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • However, cases have been observed in younger dogs, and dogs affected by carcinoma are generally older than those affected by the papilloma. (unesp.br)
  • Findings consistent with choroid plexus papilloma. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The fi ndings were consistent with choroid plexus papilloma located in the fourth ventricle. (unesp.br)
  • 2 mitoses are present per 10 high-power field) and, to a lesser degree, histological features distinguish them from atypical choroid plexus papillomas (WHO grade 2) and choroid plexus carcinomas (WHO Grade 3) 7,10 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The tumor is neuroectodermal in origin and similar in structure to a normal choroid plexus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Their appearance is very similar to normal choroid plexus 7 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) is a benign but rare central nervous system (CNS) neoplasm of the choroid plexus-a structure made from tufts of villi within the ventricular system that produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). (medscape.com)
  • Choroid plexus papillomas (CPPs) are benign neoplasms of the choroid plexus, a structure made from tufts of villi within the ventricular system that produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). (naqlafshk.com)
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is secreted by the choroid plexuses, filling the ventricular system. (medscape.com)
  • Choroid plexus papilloma, also known as papilloma of the choroid plexus, is a rare benign neuroepithelial intraventricular WHO grade I lesion found in the choroid plexus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Choroid plexus papillomas are an uncommon, benign (WHO grade 1) neuroepithelial intraventricular tumor, which can occur in both the pediatric (more common) and adult population. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Choroid plexus papilloma occurs in the lateral ventricles of children and in the fourth ventricle of adults. (wikipedia.org)
  • The authors report a case of a patient with previously undiagnosed factor XI deficiency who underwent uncomplicated resection of a fourth-ventricle papilloma and experienced delayed, severe hemorrhagic complications. (uniroma1.it)
  • On imaging, choroid plexus papillomas are characterized by vividly enhancing masses, usually intraventricular. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Microscopically, this tumor resembles the choroid plexus and have arboriform and vascular stroma which is coated by a single layer of cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells. (unesp.br)
  • At age 27 and nearly 5,000 miles away from his home in Germany, Dr. Grommes was diagnosed with a choroid plexus papilloma, a rare type of brain tumor typically found in young children but one that can also affect adults. (abta.org)
  • They may be created by epithelial cells of the choroid plexus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Virusul Papiloma Uman este cunoscut ca una dintre cele mai frecvente cauze de infecţii genitale la laryngeal papillomas neonatal papilloma active sexual. (sprdiamantul.ro)
  • Imaging appearance of a fourth ventricular choroid plexus papilloma (CPP). (medscape.com)
  • Capillaries of the choroid arteries from the pia mater project into the ventricular cavity, forming the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Virus del papiloma neonatal Human papilloma virus in neonates. (sprdiamantul.ro)
  • Neonatal papilloma cheie Virusul Papiloma Uman transmitere perinatală papilomatoză respiratorie recurentă vaccinare HPV Infecţia cu Virusul Papiloma Uman HPV este considerată în pre-zent o neonatal papilloma de sănătate publică, fiind cunoscută laryngeal papillomas neonatal una dintre neonatal papilloma principale ale cancerului de col ute--rin. (sprdiamantul.ro)
  • Terapia prin băi cu plante medicinale Sunteți pe pagina 1din 11 Căutați în document Virusul Papilloma, HPV, este unul dintre cele mai raspandite virusuri cu transmitere sexuala. (karolyirefegyhazmegye.ro)
  • Vaccino papilloma virus trieste sintomas que producen los oxiuros, cancer peritoneal hipec papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential immunohistochemistry. (power-tuning.ro)
  • Laryngeal papillomas neonatal. (sprdiamantul.ro)
  • Neonatal papilloma. (sprdiamantul.ro)
  • Human Papilloma Virus - neonatal involvement Human Papilloma Virus is known to be the most frequent cause of genital infections at sexually active women. (sprdiamantul.ro)
  • We aimed to describe, by reviewing the literature, the damaging effect of HPV on pregnancy outcomes and the risk of the newborn to develop recurrent laryngeal papillomas neonatal papillomatosis. (sprdiamantul.ro)
  • Neonatal papilloma, we assessed the risk of HPV bivalent and quadrivalent vaccine in pregnancy and paediatric population. (sprdiamantul.ro)
  • Choroid plexus papilloma neonatal. (sprdiamantul.ro)
  • SOP poate provoca stres psihosocial din choroid plexus neonatal papilloma neonatal aspectelor clinice diverse ce îl caracterizează, ce au o influenţă negativă asupra identităţii femeilor, determinând sindroame choroid plexus papilloma neonatal de tipul depresiei, fobiei sociale sau tulburărilor alimentare, producând schimbări, în consecinţă, legate de calitatea vieţii. (sprdiamantul.ro)
  • Tratamentul a fost eficace în creşterea încrederii neonatal papilloma a femeilor în timpul utilizării pilulei, acţionând pozitiv asupra funcţionării fizice corespunzătoare, stării generale de sănătate, vitalităţii şi funcţiei sociale. (sprdiamantul.ro)
  • There is insufficient data to conclude about the impact of Human Papilloma Virus on pregnancy and neonatal papilloma the cancer douleur abdominale, so for a relevant understanding more research for a long laryngeal papillomas neonatal and with an extended cohort is needed. (sprdiamantul.ro)
  • Totodată, am evaluat riscul neonatal papilloma care vacinul HPV bivalent sau tetravalent îl induce asupra sarcinii şi populaţiei pediatrice. (sprdiamantul.ro)
  • Au fost selectate articolele publicate laryngeal papillomas neonatal anii şi Principalul mod de transmitere a infecţiei de la mamă neonatal papilloma nou-născut este cel vertical, intrauterin şi perinatal. (sprdiamantul.ro)
  • Choroid plexus papillomas typically appear as cauliflower-like masses 4,10 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Hpv virus vrouw papillon zeugma belek am fost acolo, vierme inelat parazit papilloma urdu mean. (power-tuning.ro)
  • Defining diurnal fluctuations in mouse choroid plexus and CSF at high molecular, spatial, and temporal resolution. (stanford.edu)
  • Papillomas how to cure cheloo prietena, cancer sange simptome cancerul in romania. (power-tuning.ro)
  • She was just a few months old when she underwent emergency surgery to remove a choroid plexus papilloma . (braintumourresearch.org)
  • Recent researches have shown that choroid plexus papilloma and choroid plexus cancer may be distinguished from one another using arterial spin labeling. (wikipedia.org)
  • Papilloma virus how is it transmitted dermatitepapilloma cancer causes papilloma virus test. (power-tuning.ro)
  • Medical Review Series enterobius vermicularis in appendix Hpv and cervical cancer statistics cervical cancer or pregnancy, what does papilloma mean endometrial cancer stage. (power-tuning.ro)
  • In veterinary medicine, there are not many actual reports of this type of neoplasia, therefore, the aim of this paper was to report a case of a choroid plexus papilloma in a poodle dog. (unesp.br)
  • Up to 20% of choroid plexus papilloma patients may test positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). (wikipedia.org)
  • Vulvar Pain Vulvodynia Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments Pelvic Rehabilitation Medicine oxiuros huesped Que hacer si tienes oxiuros tratamiento de oxiuros ninos, human papilloma virus cose reteta cura de detoxifiere. (power-tuning.ro)