A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)
Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with MOTOR NEURON DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISEASES; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; injury to the PHRENIC NERVE; and other disorders.
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.
A heterogenous group of inherited disorders characterized by recurring attacks of rapidly progressive flaccid paralysis or myotonia. These conditions have in common a mutation of the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the sodium channel in skeletal muscle. They are frequently associated with fluctuations in serum potassium levels. Periodic paralysis may also occur as a non-familial process secondary to THYROTOXICOSIS and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1481)
Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. FACIAL NERVE DISEASES generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISEASES and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause facial paralysis or paresis.
A common condition characterized by transient partial or total paralysis of skeletal muscles and areflexia that occurs upon awakening from sleep or less often while falling asleep. Stimuli such as touch or sound may terminate the episode, which usually has a duration of seconds to minutes. This condition may occur in normal subjects or be associated with NARCOLEPSY; CATAPLEXY; and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS. The pathophysiology of this condition is closely related to the normal hypotonia that occur during REM sleep. (From Adv Neurol 1995;67:245-271)
Paralysis caused by a neurotropic toxin secreted by the salivary glands of ticks.
An autosomal dominant familial disorder which presents in infancy or childhood and is characterized by episodes of weakness associated with hyperkalemia. During attacks, muscles of the lower extremities are initially affected, followed by the lower trunk and arms. Episodes last from 15-60 minutes and typically occur after a period of rest following exercise. A defect in skeletal muscle sodium channels has been identified as the cause of this condition. Normokalemic periodic paralysis is a closely related disorder marked by a lack of alterations in potassium levels during attacks of weakness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1481)
A diminution of the skeletal muscle tone marked by a diminished resistance to passive stretching.
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.
A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that mediates the sodium ion PERMEABILITY of SKELETAL MYOCYTES. Defects in the SCN4A gene, which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel, are associated with several MYOTONIC DISORDERS.
A family of invertebrate RNA viruses in the order Picornavirales.
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A syndrome characterized by the acute onset of unilateral FACIAL PARALYSIS which progresses over a 2-5 day period. Weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscle and resulting incomplete eye closure may be associated with corneal injury. Pain behind the ear often precedes the onset of paralysis. This condition may be associated with HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN infection of the facial nerve. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1376)
Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation.
Drugs that interrupt transmission of nerve impulses at the skeletal neuromuscular junction. They can be of two types, competitive, stabilizing blockers (NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS) or noncompetitive, depolarizing agents (NEUROMUSCULAR DEPOLARIZING AGENTS). Both prevent acetylcholine from triggering the muscle contraction and they are used as anesthesia adjuvants, as relaxants during electroshock, in convulsive states, etc.
Severe or complete loss of motor function in all four limbs which may result from BRAIN DISEASES; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; or rarely MUSCULAR DISEASES. The locked-in syndrome is characterized by quadriplegia in combination with cranial muscle paralysis. Consciousness is spared and the only retained voluntary motor activity may be limited eye movements. This condition is usually caused by a lesion in the upper BRAIN STEM which injures the descending cortico-spinal and cortico-bulbar tracts.
Branches of the vagus (tenth cranial) nerve. The recurrent laryngeal nerves originate more caudally than the superior laryngeal nerves and follow different paths on the right and left sides. They carry efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid and carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.
Paralysis of an infant resulting from injury received at birth. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A species of ENTEROVIRUS which is the causal agent of POLIOMYELITIS in humans. Three serotypes (strains) exist. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route, pharyngeal secretions, or mechanical vector (flies). Vaccines with both inactivated and live attenuated virus have proven effective in immunizing against the infection.
A live vaccine containing attenuated poliovirus, types I, II, and III, grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture, used for routine immunization of children against polio. This vaccine induces long-lasting intestinal and humoral immunity. Killed vaccine induces only humoral immunity. Oral poliovirus vaccine should not be administered to immunocompromised individuals or their household contacts. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.
A serotype of botulinum toxins that has specificity for cleavage of SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25.
A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.
Restoration, reconstruction, or improvement of a defective or damaged LARYNX.
The musculofibrous partition that separates the THORACIC CAVITY from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding INHALATION.
Toxic proteins produced from the species CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. The toxins are synthesized as a single peptide chain which is processed into a mature protein consisting of a heavy chain and light chain joined via a disulfide bond. The botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon ENDOCYTOSIS into PRESYNAPTIC NERVE ENDINGS. Once inside the cell the botulinum toxin light chain cleaves specific SNARE proteins which are essential for secretion of ACETYLCHOLINE by SYNAPTIC VESICLES. This inhibition of acetylcholine release results in muscular PARALYSIS.
Enterovirus Infections are acute viral illnesses caused by various Enterovirus serotypes, primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, manifesting as a wide range of clinical symptoms, from asymptomatic or mild self-limiting fever to severe and potentially life-threatening conditions, such as meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and neonatal sepsis-like illness, depending on the age, immune status, and serotype of the infected individual.
A form of inherited long QT syndrome (or LQT7) that is characterized by a triad of potassium-sensitive periodic paralysis, VENTRICULAR ECTOPIC BEATS, and abnormal features such as short stature, low-set ears, and SCOLIOSIS. It results from mutations of KCNJ2 gene which encodes a channel protein (INWARD RECTIFIER POTASSIUM CHANNELS) that regulates resting membrane potential.
Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS.
Examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the larynx performed with a specially designed endoscope.
Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate. They prevent acetylcholine from triggering muscle contraction and are used as muscle relaxants during electroshock treatments, in convulsive states, and as anesthesia adjuvants.
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
Paralysis of one or more of the ocular muscles due to disorders of the eye muscles, neuromuscular junction, supporting soft tissue, tendons, or innervation to the muscles.
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.
The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.
A pair of cone-shaped elastic mucous membrane projecting from the laryngeal wall and forming a narrow slit between them. Each contains a thickened free edge (vocal ligament) extending from the THYROID CARTILAGE to the ARYTENOID CARTILAGE, and a VOCAL MUSCLE that shortens or relaxes the vocal cord to control sound production.
The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.
A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)
The sudden collapse and disappearance or diminution of a colony of organisms.
The synapse between a neuron and a muscle.
Viruses infecting insects, the largest family being BACULOVIRIDAE.
Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.
A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.
A syndrome associated with inflammation of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical features include severe pain in the shoulder region which may be accompanied by MUSCLE WEAKNESS and loss of sensation in the upper extremity. This condition may be associated with VIRUS DISEASES; IMMUNIZATION; SURGERY; heroin use (see HEROIN DEPENDENCE); and other conditions. The term brachial neuralgia generally refers to pain associated with brachial plexus injury. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1355-6)
Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.
Traumatic injuries to the RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE that may result in vocal cord dysfunction.
An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)
Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; SPINAL CORD; and ischemia (see also SPINAL CORD VASCULAR DISEASES). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction.
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).
A variety of neuromuscular conditions resulting from MUTATIONS in ION CHANNELS manifesting as episodes of EPILEPSY; HEADACHE DISORDERS; and DYSKINESIAS.
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)
An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.
The largest cartilage of the larynx consisting of two laminae fusing anteriorly at an acute angle in the midline of the neck. The point of fusion forms a subcutaneous projection known as the Adam's apple.
Vaccines used to prevent POLIOMYELITIS. They include inactivated (POLIOVIRUS VACCINE, INACTIVATED) and oral vaccines (POLIOVIRUS VACCINE, ORAL).
Diseases characterized by MYOTONIA, which may be inherited or acquired. Myotonia may be restricted to certain muscles (e.g., intrinsic hand muscles) or occur as a generalized condition.
Traumatic injuries to the facial nerve. This may result in FACIAL PARALYSIS, decreased lacrimation and salivation, and loss of taste sensation in the anterior tongue. The nerve may regenerate and reform its original pattern of innervation, or regenerate aberrantly, resulting in inappropriate lacrimation in response to gustatory stimuli (e.g., "crocodile tears") and other syndromes.
Diseases of the twelfth cranial (hypoglossal) nerve or nuclei. The nuclei and fascicles of the nerve are located in the medulla, and the nerve exits the skull via the hypoglossal foramen and innervates the muscles of the tongue. Lower brain stem diseases, including ischemia and MOTOR NEURON DISEASES may affect the nuclei or nerve fascicles. The nerve may also be injured by diseases of the posterior fossa or skull base. Clinical manifestations include unilateral weakness of tongue musculature and lingual dysarthria, with deviation of the tongue towards the side of weakness upon attempted protrusion.
A tubular organ of VOICE production. It is located in the anterior neck, superior to the TRACHEA and inferior to the tongue and HYOID BONE.
A condition characterized by transient weakness or paralysis of somatic musculature triggered by an emotional stimulus or physical exertion. Cataplexy is frequently associated with NARCOLEPSY. During a cataplectic attack, there is a marked reduction in muscle tone similar to the normal physiologic hypotonia that accompanies rapid eye movement sleep (SLEEP, REM). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p396)
A genus of poisonous snakes of the subfamily Elapinae of the family ELAPIDAE. They comprise the kraits. Twelve species are recognized and all inhabit southeast Asia. They are considered extremely dangerous. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p120)
Inherited myotonic disorders with early childhood onset MYOTONIA. Muscular hypertrophy is common and myotonia may impair ambulation and other movements. It is classified as Thomsen (autosomal dominant) or Becker (autosomal recessive) generalized myotonia mainly based on the inheritance pattern. Becker type is also clinically more severe. An autosomal dominant variant with milder symptoms and later onset is known as myotonia levior. Mutations in the voltage-dependent skeletal muscle chloride channel are associated with the disorders.
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)
Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.
A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225)
Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.
Difficulty and/or pain in PHONATION or speaking.
Traumatic injuries to the LARYNGEAL NERVE.
Insect members of the superfamily Apoidea, found almost everywhere, particularly on flowers. About 3500 species occur in North America. They differ from most WASPS in that their young are fed honey and pollen rather than animal food.
The resection or removal of the innervation of a muscle or muscle tissue.
Muscles of facial expression or mimetic muscles that include the numerous muscles supplied by the facial nerve that are attached to and move the skin of the face. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Diseases characterized by injury or dysfunction involving multiple peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process may primarily affect myelin or nerve axons. Two of the more common demyelinating forms are acute inflammatory polyradiculopathy (GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME) and POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DEMYELINATING. Polyradiculoneuritis refers to inflammation of multiple peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots.
Mechanical compression of nerves or nerve roots from internal or external causes. These may result in a conduction block to nerve impulses (due to MYELIN SHEATH dysfunction) or axonal loss. The nerve and nerve sheath injuries may be caused by ISCHEMIA; INFLAMMATION; or a direct mechanical effect.
Diseases of the cervical (and first thoracic) roots, nerve trunks, cords, and peripheral nerve components of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical manifestations include regional pain, PARESTHESIA; MUSCLE WEAKNESS, and decreased sensation (HYPESTHESIA) in the upper extremity. These disorders may be associated with trauma (including BIRTH INJURIES); THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME; NEOPLASMS; NEURITIS; RADIOTHERAPY; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1351-2)
A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.
The use of peripheral nerve stimulation to assess transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION, especially in the response to anesthetics, such as the intensity of NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKADE by NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS.
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.
Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)
An aspect of cholinesterases.
Respiratory muscles that arise from the lower border of one rib and insert into the upper border of the adjoining rib, and contract during inspiration or respiration. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
A family of small RNA viruses comprising some important pathogens of humans and animals. Transmission usually occurs mechanically. There are nine genera: APHTHOVIRUS; CARDIOVIRUS; ENTEROVIRUS; ERBOVIRUS; HEPATOVIRUS; KOBUVIRUS; PARECHOVIRUS; RHINOVIRUS; and TESCHOVIRUS.
A set of twelve curved bones which connect to the vertebral column posteriorly, and terminate anteriorly as costal cartilage. Together, they form a protective cage around the internal thoracic organs.
An idiopathic syndrome characterized by one or more of the following; recurrent orofacial swelling, relapsing facial paralysis, and fissured tongue (lingua plicata). The onset is usually in childhood and relapses are common. Cheilitis granulomatosa is a monosymptomatic variant of this condition. (Dermatol Clin 1996 Apr;14(2):371-9; Magalini & Magalini, Dictionary of Medical Syndromes, 4th ed, p531)
Branches of the VAGUS NERVE. The superior laryngeal nerves originate near the nodose ganglion and separate into external branches, which supply motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscles, and internal branches, which carry sensory fibers. The RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE originates more caudally and carries efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. The laryngeal nerves and their various branches also carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus".

Antitumor and immunotherapeutic effects of activated invasive T lymphoma cells that display short-term interleukin 1alpha expression. (1/1176)

Expression of cytokines in malignant cells represents a novel approach for therapeutic treatment of tumors. Previously, we demonstrated the immunostimulatory effectiveness of interleukin 1alpha (IL-1alpha) gene transfer in experimental fibrosarcoma tumors. Here, we report the antitumor and immunotherapeutic effects of short-term expression of IL-1alpha by malignant T lymphoma cells. Activation in culture of T lymphoma cells with lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages induces the expression of IL-1alpha. The short-term expression of IL-1alpha persists in the malignant T cells for a few days (approximately 3-6 days) after termination of the in vitro activation procedure and, thus, has the potential to stimulate antitumor immune responses in vivo. As an experimental tumor model, we used the RO1 invasive T lymphoma cell line. Upon i.v. inoculation, these cells invade the vertebral column and compress the spinal cord, resulting in hind leg paralysis and death of the mice. Activated RO1 cells, induced to express IL-1alpha in a short-term manner, manifested reduced tumorigenicity: approximately 75% of the mice injected with activated RO1 cells remained tumor free. IL-1 was shown to be essential for the eradication of activated T lymphoma cells because injection of activated RO1 cells together with IL-1-specific inhibitors, i.e., the IL-1 receptor antagonist or the M 20 IL-1 inhibitor, reversed reduced tumorigenicity patterns and led to progressive tumor growth and death of the mice. Furthermore, activated RO1 cells could serve as a treatment by intervening in the growth of violent RO1 cells after tumor take. Thus, when activated RO1 cells were injected 6 or 9 days after the inoculation of violent cells, mortality was significantly reduced. IL-1alpha, in its unique membrane-associated form, in addition to its cytosolic and secreted forms, may represent a focused adjuvant for potentiating antitumor immune responses at low levels of expression, below those that are toxic to the host. Further assessment of the immunotherapeutic potential of short-term expression of IL-1alpha in activated tumor cells may allow its improved application in the treatment of malignancies.  (+info)

Common peroneal nerve palsy: a clinical and electrophysiological review. (2/1176)

In a series of 70 patients (75 cases of common peroneal nerve palsy) the common causes were trauma about the knee or about the hip, compression, and underlying neuropathy. A few palsies occurred spontaneously for no apparent reason. The prognosis was uniformly good in the compression group; recovery was delayed but usually satisfactory in patients who had suffered stretch injuries. In the acute stage, when clinical paralysis appears to be complete, electrophysiological studies are a useful guide to prognosis. They may also indicate an underlying neuropathy and they detect early evidence of recovery. The anatomical peculiarities of the common peroneal nerve are noted and aspects of the clinical picture, management, and prognosis of palsy are discussed.  (+info)

Incidence of deep vein thrombosis and leg oedema in patients with strokes. (3/1176)

In a series of 26 patients with strokes 13 had deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the leg, demonstrated by fibrinogen scanning. In 10 patients the thrombosis was in the paralysed leg but the degree of paralysis was unrelated to the tendency to develop DVT, which usually occurred about the third day. Leg oedema in 10 patients was unrelated to the DVT.  (+info)

A five-year assessment of controlled trials of in-patient and out-patient treatment and of plaster-of-Paris jackets for tuberculosis of the spine in children on standard chemotherapy. Studies in Masan and Pusan, Korea. Fifth report of the Medical Research Council Working Party on tuberculosis of the spine. (4/1176)

In two centres in Korea 350 patients with a diagnosis of tuberculosis of the thoracic and/or lumbar spine were allocated at random: in Masan to in-patient rest in bed (IP) for six months followed by out-patient treatment or to ambulatory out-patient treatment (OP) from the start; in Pusan to out-patient treatment with a plaster-of-Paris jacket (J) for nine months or to ambulatory treatment without any support (No J). All patients recieved chemotherapy with PAS with isoniazid for eighteen months, either supplemented with streptomycin for the first three months (SPH) or without this supplement (PH), by random allocation. The main analysis of this report concerns 299 patients (eighty-three IP, eighty-three OP, sixty-three J, seventy No J; 143 SPH, 156 PH). Pre-treatment factors were similar in both centres except that the patients in Pusan had, on average, less extensive lesions although in a greater proportion the disease was radiographically active. One patient (J/SPH) died with active spinal disease and three (all No J/SPH) with paraplegia. A fifth patient (IP/PH) who died from cardio respiratory failure also had pulmonary tuberculosis. Twenty-three patients required operation and/or additional chemotherapy for the spinal lesion. A sinus or clinically evident abscess was either present initially or developed during treatment in 41 per cent of patients. Residual lesions persisted in ten patients (four IP, two OP, one J, three No J; six SPH, four PH) at five years. Thirty-two patients had paraparesis on admission or developing later. Complete resolution occurred in twenty on the allocated regimen and in eight after operation or additional chemotherapy or both. Of the remaining four atients, all of whom had operation and additional chemotherapy, three died and one still had paraparesis at five years. Of 295 patients assessed at five years 89 per cent had a favourable status. The proportions of the patients responding favourably were similar in the IP (91 per cent) and OP (89 per cent) series, in the J (90 per cent) and No J (84 per cent) series and in the SPH (86 per cent) and PH (92 per cent) series.  (+info)

Hypoglossal nerve injury as a complication of anterior surgery to the upper cervical spine. (5/1176)

Injury to the hypoglossal nerve is a recognised complication after soft tissue surgery in the upper part of the anterior aspect of the neck, e.g. branchial cyst or carotid body tumour excision. However, this complication has been rarely reported following surgery of the upper cervical spine. We report the case of a 35-year-old woman with tuberculosis of C2-3. She underwent corpectomy and fusion from C2 to C5 using iliac crest bone graft, through a left anterior oblique incision. She developed hypoglossal nerve palsy in the immediate postoperative period, with dysphagia and dysarthria. It was thought to be due to traction neurapraxia with possible spontaneous recovery. At 18 months' follow-up, she had a solid fusion and tuberculosis was controlled. The hypoglossal palsy persisted, although with minimal functional disability. The only other reported case of hypoglossal lesion after anterior cervical spine surgery in the literature also failed to recover. It is concluded that hypoglossal nerve palsy following anterior cervical spine surgery is unlikely to recover spontaneously and it should be carefully identified.  (+info)

Isolated dysarthria due to extracerebellar lacunar stroke: a central monoparesis of the tongue. (6/1176)

OBJECTIVES: The pathophysiology of dysarthria can preferentially be studied in patients with the rare lacunar stroke syndrome of "isolated dysarthria". METHODS: A single study was carried out on seven consecutive patients with sudden onset of isolated dysarthria due to single ischaemic lesion. The localisation of the lesion was identified using MRI. The corticolingual, cortico-orofacial, and corticospinal tract functions were investigated using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Corticopontocerebellar tract function was assessed using 99mTc hexamethylpropylene amine oxime-single photon emission computerised tomography (HMPAO-SPECT) in six patients. Sensory functions were evaluated clinically and by somatosensory evoked potentials. RESULTS: Brain MRI showed the lesions to be located in the corona radiata (n=4) and the internal capsule (n=2). No morphological lesion was identified in one patient. Corticolingual tract function was impaired in all patients. In four patients with additional cortico-orofacial tract dysfunction, dysarthria did not differ from that in patients with isolated corticolingual tract dysfunction. Corticospinal tract functions were normal in all patients. HMPAO-SPECT showed no cerebellar diaschisis, suggesting unimpaired corticopontocerebellar tract function. Sensory functions were not affected. CONCLUSION: Interruption of the corticolingual pathways to the tongue is crucial in the pathogenesis of isolated dysarthria after extracerebellar lacunar stroke.  (+info)

Awareness during anesthesia: a closed claims analysis. (7/1176)

BACKGROUND: Awareness during general anesthesia is a frightening experience, which may result in serious emotional injury and post-traumatic stress disorder. We performed an in-depth analysis of cases from the database of the American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims Project to explore the contribution of intraoperative awareness to professional liability in anesthesia. METHODS: The database of the Closed Claims Project is composed of closed US malpractice claims that have been collected in a standardized manner. All claims for intraoperative awareness were reviewed by the reviewers to identify patterns of causation and standard of care. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent patient and anesthetic factors associated with claims for recall during general anesthesia compared to other general anesthesia malpractice claims. RESULTS: Awareness claims accounted for 79 (1.9%) of 4,183 claims in the database, including 18 claims for awake paralysis, i.e., the inadvertent paralysis of an awake patient, and 61 claims for recall during general anesthesia, ie., recall of events while receiving general anesthesia. The majority of awareness claims involved women (77%), younger than 60 yr of age (89%), American Society of Anesthesiologists physical class I-II (68%), who underwent elective surgery (87%). Most (94%) claims for awake paralysis represented substandard care involving errors in labeling and administration, whereas care was substandard in only 43% of the claims for recall during general anesthesia (P < 0.001). Claims for recall during general anesthesia were more likely to involve women (odds ratio [OR] = 3.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.58, 6.06) and anesthetic techniques using intraoperative opioids (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.20, 3.74), intraoperative muscle relaxants (OR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.22, 4.25), and no volatile anesthetic (OR = 3.20, 95% CI = 1.88, 5.46). CONCLUSIONS: Deficiencies in labeling and vigilance were common causes for awake paralysis. Claims for recall during general anesthesia were more likely in women and with nitrous-narcotic-relaxant techniques.  (+info)

Golli-induced paralysis: a study in anergy and disease. (8/1176)

The Golli-MBP transcription unit contains three Golli-specific exons as well as the seven exons of the classical myelin basic protein (MBP) gene and encodes alternatively spliced proteins that share amino acid sequence with MBP. Unlike MBP, which is a late Ag expressed only in the nervous system, Golli exon-containing gene products are expressed both pre- and postnatally at many sites, including lymphoid tissue, as well as in the central nervous system. To investigate whether Golli-MBP peptides unique to Golli would result in neurological disease, we immunized rats and observed a novel neurological disease characterized by mild paralysis and the presence of groups of lymphocytes in the subarachnoid space but not in the parenchyma of the brain. Disease was induced by Th1-type T cells that displayed an unusual activation phenotype. Primary stimulation in vitro induced T cell proliferation with increased surface CD45RC that did not become down-regulated as it did in other Ag-stimulated cultures. Secondary stimulation of this CD45RChigh population with Ag, however, did not induce proliferation or IL-2 production, although an IFN-gamma-producing population resulted. Proliferation could be induced by secondary stimulation with IL-2 or PMA-ionomycin, suggesting an anergic T cell population. Cells could adoptively transfer disease after secondary stimulation with IL-2, but not with Ag alone. These responses are suggestive of a chronically stimulated, anergic population that can be transiently activated to cause disease, fall back into an anergic state, and reactivated to cause disease again. Such a scenario may be important in chronic human disease.  (+info)

Paralysis is a loss of muscle function in part or all of your body. It can be localized, affecting only one specific area, or generalized, impacting multiple areas or even the entire body. Paralysis often occurs when something goes wrong with the way messages pass between your brain and muscles. In most cases, paralysis is caused by damage to the nervous system, especially the spinal cord. Other causes include stroke, trauma, infections, and various neurological disorders.

It's important to note that paralysis doesn't always mean a total loss of movement or feeling. Sometimes, it may just cause weakness or numbness in the affected area. The severity and extent of paralysis depend on the underlying cause and the location of the damage in the nervous system.

Respiratory paralysis is a condition characterized by the inability to breathe effectively due to the failure or weakness of the muscles involved in respiration. This can include the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and other accessory muscles.

In medical terms, it's often associated with conditions that affect the neuromuscular junction, such as botulism, myasthenia gravis, or spinal cord injuries. It can also occur as a complication of general anesthesia, sedative drugs, or certain types of poisoning.

Respiratory paralysis is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention, as it can lead to lack of oxygen (hypoxia) and buildup of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) in the body, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

Vocal cord paralysis is a medical condition characterized by the inability of one or both vocal cords to move or function properly due to nerve damage or disruption. The vocal cords are two bands of muscle located in the larynx (voice box) that vibrate to produce sound during speech, singing, and breathing. When the nerves that control the vocal cord movements are damaged or not functioning correctly, the vocal cords may become paralyzed or weakened, leading to voice changes, breathing difficulties, and other symptoms.

The causes of vocal cord paralysis can vary, including neurological disorders, trauma, tumors, surgery, or infections. The diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, including a laryngoscopy, to assess the movement and function of the vocal cords. Treatment options may include voice therapy, surgical procedures, or other interventions to improve voice quality and breathing functions.

Familial periodic paralysis is a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis that recur over time. There are several types of familial periodic paralysis, including hypokalemic periodic paralysis, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, and normokalemic periodic paralysis, each with its own specific genetic cause and pattern of symptoms.

In general, these disorders are caused by mutations in genes that regulate ion channels in muscle cells, leading to abnormalities in the flow of ions such as potassium in and out of the cells. This can result in changes in muscle excitability and contractility, causing episodes of weakness or paralysis.

The episodes of paralysis in familial periodic paralysis can vary in frequency, duration, and severity. They may be triggered by factors such as rest after exercise, cold or hot temperatures, emotional stress, alcohol consumption, or certain medications. During an episode, the affected muscles may become weak or completely paralyzed, often affecting the limbs but sometimes also involving the muscles of the face, throat, and trunk.

Familial periodic paralysis is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder if one parent is affected. However, some cases may arise from new mutations in the affected gene and occur in people with no family history of the disorder.

Treatment for familial periodic paralysis typically involves avoiding triggers and managing symptoms during episodes. In some cases, medications such as potassium-binding agents or diuretics may be used to help prevent or reduce the severity of episodes. Lifestyle modifications, such as a low-carbohydrate or high-sodium diet, may also be recommended in some cases.

Facial paralysis is a loss of facial movement due to damage or dysfunction of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). This nerve controls the muscles involved in facial expressions, such as smiling, frowning, and closing the eyes. Damage to one side of the facial nerve can cause weakness or paralysis on that side of the face.

Facial paralysis can result from various conditions, including:

1. Bell's palsy - an idiopathic (unknown cause) inflammation of the facial nerve
2. Trauma - skull fractures, facial injuries, or surgical trauma to the facial nerve
3. Infections - Lyme disease, herpes zoster (shingles), HIV/AIDS, or bacterial infections like meningitis
4. Tumors - benign or malignant growths that compress or invade the facial nerve
5. Stroke - damage to the brainstem where the facial nerve originates
6. Congenital conditions - some people are born with facial paralysis due to genetic factors or birth trauma

Symptoms of facial paralysis may include:

* Inability to move one or more parts of the face, such as the eyebrows, eyelids, mouth, or cheeks
* Drooping of the affected side of the face
* Difficulty closing the eye on the affected side
* Changes in saliva and tear production
* Altered sense of taste
* Pain around the ear or jaw
* Speech difficulties due to weakened facial muscles

Treatment for facial paralysis depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, such as Bell's palsy, spontaneous recovery may occur within a few weeks to months. However, physical therapy, medications, and surgical interventions might be necessary in other situations to improve function and minimize complications.

Sleep paralysis is a temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up, often accompanied by frightening hallucinations. These episodes typically last a few seconds to several minutes. During sleep paralysis, a person's body is immobile and cannot perform voluntary muscle movements even though they are fully conscious and awake. This condition can be quite alarming, but it is generally harmless and does not pose any serious threat to one's health. Sleep paralysis is often associated with certain sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy, or other medical conditions, as well as stress, lack of sleep, and changes in sleep patterns.

Tick paralysis is a condition caused by the saliva of certain species of tick that contains neurotoxins. When the tick feeds on the host's blood, the toxin is absorbed, leading to progressive ascending muscle weakness and eventually respiratory failure if not promptly treated. The symptoms typically begin in the lower extremities and progress upward, often within 2-7 days after attachment of the tick. Removal of the attached tick usually leads to improvement in symptoms and full recovery within a few days. It is more commonly seen in children and pets than adults.

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HypPK) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis due to an abnormality in the ion channels that regulate the movement of potassium into and out of muscle fibers. This results in an excessive accumulation of potassium in the blood (hyperkalemia) during attacks, which can interfere with the ability of nerve cells to communicate with muscles and cause temporary muscle weakness or paralysis.

HypPK is caused by mutations in the SCN4A gene, which encodes a sodium channel protein found in skeletal muscle. These genetic changes disrupt the normal functioning of the ion channels, leading to an imbalance in the flow of ions across the muscle cell membrane and affecting muscle excitability.

Episodes of paralysis in HypPK typically begin in childhood or adolescence and can last from several hours to days. Triggers for attacks may include rest following exercise, cold or hot weather, stress, alcohol consumption, infection, or certain medications. Between episodes, individuals with HypPK usually have normal muscle strength and function.

Management of HypPK includes avoiding triggers, maintaining a low-potassium diet, and using medications to prevent or treat attacks. Medications such as thiazide diuretics, acetazolamide, or dichlorphenamide can help lower potassium levels in the blood and reduce the frequency and severity of episodes. In some cases, intravenous glucose and insulin may be used to drive potassium into cells during an attack, thereby reducing its concentration in the blood and alleviating symptoms.

Muscle hypotonia, also known as decreased muscle tone, refers to a condition where the muscles appear to be flaccid or lacking in tension and stiffness. This results in reduced resistance to passive movements, making the limbs feel "floppy" or "like a rag doll." It can affect any muscle group in the body and can be caused by various medical conditions, including neurological disorders, genetic diseases, and injuries to the nervous system. Hypotonia should not be confused with muscle weakness, which refers to the inability to generate normal muscle strength.

Hypokalemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low potassium levels in the blood, specifically when the concentration falls below 3.5 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). Potassium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate heart function, nerve signals, and muscle contractions.

Hypokalemia can result from various factors, including inadequate potassium intake, increased potassium loss through the urine or gastrointestinal tract, or shifts of potassium between body compartments. Common causes include diuretic use, vomiting, diarrhea, certain medications, kidney diseases, and hormonal imbalances.

Mild hypokalemia may not cause noticeable symptoms but can still affect the proper functioning of muscles and nerves. More severe cases can lead to muscle weakness, fatigue, cramps, paralysis, heart rhythm abnormalities, and in rare instances, respiratory failure or cardiac arrest. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and replenishing potassium levels through oral or intravenous (IV) supplementation, depending on the severity of the condition.

Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus that invades the body through the mouth, usually from contaminated water or food. The virus multiplies in the intestine and can invade the nervous system, causing paralysis.

The medical definition of Poliomyelitis includes:

1. An acute viral infection caused by the poliovirus.
2. Characterized by inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord (poliomyelitis), leading to muscle weakness, and in some cases, paralysis.
3. The disease primarily affects children under 5 years of age.
4. Transmission occurs through the fecal-oral route or, less frequently, by respiratory droplets.
5. The virus enters the body via the mouth, multiplies in the intestines, and can invade the nervous system.
6. There are three types of poliovirus (types 1, 2, and 3), each capable of causing paralytic polio.
7. Infection with one type does not provide immunity to the other two types.
8. The disease has no cure, but vaccination can prevent it.
9. Two types of vaccines are available: inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV).
10. Rare complications of OPV include vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) and circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs).

Thyrotoxicosis is a medical condition that results from an excess of thyroid hormones in the body, leading to an overactive metabolic state. It can be caused by various factors such as Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, Plummer's disease, or excessive intake of thyroid hormone medication. Symptoms may include rapid heart rate, weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, and increased sweating, among others. Thyrotoxicosis is not a diagnosis itself but a manifestation of various underlying thyroid disorders. Proper diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent complications and improve quality of life.

NAV1.4, also known as SCN4A, is a gene that encodes for the α subunit of the voltage-gated sodium channel in humans. This channel, specifically located in the skeletal muscle, is responsible for the rapid influx of sodium ions during the initiation and propagation of action potentials, which are critical for muscle contraction.

The NAV1.4 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel plays a crucial role in the functioning of skeletal muscles. Mutations in this gene can lead to various neuromuscular disorders such as hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, paramyotonia congenita, and potassium-aggravated myotonia, which are characterized by muscle stiffness, cramps, and episodes of weakness or paralysis.

Dicistroviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that infect insects. These viruses are characterized by having two open reading frames (ORFs) in their genome, separated by an intergenic region (IGR). The first ORF encodes for the non-structural proteins involved in replication, while the second ORF encodes for the structural proteins needed for virion assembly.

The family Dicistroviridae includes several important insect pathogens, such as Cricket paralysis virus (CrPV), Rhopalisphum padi virus (RhPV), and Triatoma virus (TrV). These viruses can cause significant economic losses in agriculture by infecting and killing beneficial insects, such as honeybees and silkworms.

Dicistroviridae viruses are transmitted horizontally between hosts through various routes, including oral-fecal transmission, contact with contaminated surfaces, or via vectors such as parasitoids. They have a wide host range within the Insecta class, but they do not infect vertebrates or higher plants.

In terms of medical relevance, Dicistroviridae viruses are not known to infect humans or other mammals. However, understanding their replication and transmission strategies can provide valuable insights into the development of novel antiviral therapies and insect control methods.

Paraplegia is a medical condition characterized by partial or complete loss of motor function and sensation in the lower extremities, typically affecting both legs. This results from damage to the spinal cord, often due to trauma such as accidents, falls, or gunshot wounds, or from diseases like spina bifida, polio, or tumors. The specific area and extent of the injury on the spinal cord determine the severity and location of paralysis. Individuals with paraplegia may require assistive devices for mobility, such as wheelchairs, and may face various health challenges, including pressure sores, urinary tract infections, and chronic pain.

Hyperkalemia is a medical condition characterized by an elevated level of potassium (K+) in the blood serum, specifically when the concentration exceeds 5.0-5.5 mEq/L (milliequivalents per liter). Potassium is a crucial intracellular ion that plays a significant role in various physiological processes, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and heart rhythm regulation.

Mild to moderate hyperkalemia might not cause noticeable symptoms but can still have harmful effects on the body, particularly on the cardiovascular system. Severe cases of hyperkalemia (potassium levels > 6.5 mEq/L) can lead to potentially life-threatening arrhythmias and heart failure.

Hyperkalemia may result from various factors, such as kidney dysfunction, hormonal imbalances, medication side effects, trauma, or excessive potassium intake. Prompt identification and management of hyperkalemia are essential to prevent severe complications and ensure proper treatment.

Bell palsy is a peripheral facial nerve palsy, which means that it is a weakness or paralysis of the facial nerves (cranial nerve VII) that causes sudden asymmetric weakness on one side of the face. The symptoms can vary from mild to severe and may include:

* Sudden weakness or paralysis on one side of the face
* Drooping of the mouth, causing difficulty with smiling, eating, drinking, or speaking
* Inability to close one eye
* Dryness of the eye and mouth
* Changes in taste sensation
* Discomfort around the jaw and behind the ear
* Headache
* Increased sensitivity to sound

The exact cause of Bell palsy is not known, but it is believed to be related to inflammation or swelling of the facial nerve. It may also be associated with viral infections such as herpes simplex virus or HIV. In most cases, Bell palsy resolves on its own within a few weeks to months, although some people may experience residual symptoms such as facial weakness or asymmetry. Treatment typically involves corticosteroids and antiviral medications, which can help reduce inflammation and speed up recovery.

Facial nerve diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the function of the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve. This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression, and it also carries sensory information from the taste buds in the front two-thirds of the tongue, and regulates saliva flow and tear production.

Facial nerve diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the specific location and extent of the nerve damage. Common symptoms include:

* Facial weakness or paralysis on one or both sides of the face
* Drooping of the eyelid and corner of the mouth
* Difficulty closing the eye or keeping it closed
* Changes in taste sensation or dryness of the mouth and eyes
* Abnormal sensitivity to sound (hyperacusis)
* Twitching or spasms of the facial muscles

Facial nerve diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Infections such as Bell's palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and Lyme disease
* Trauma or injury to the face or skull
* Tumors that compress or invade the facial nerve
* Neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Guillain-Barre syndrome
* Genetic disorders such as Moebius syndrome or hemifacial microsomia

Treatment for facial nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the symptoms. In some cases, medication, physical therapy, or surgery may be necessary to restore function and relieve symptoms.

Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are a class of drugs that act on the neuromuscular junction, the site where nerve impulses transmit signals to muscles to cause contraction. NMBAs prevent the transmission of these signals, leading to muscle paralysis. They are used in medical settings during surgical procedures and mechanical ventilation to facilitate intubation, control ventilation, and prevent patient movement. It is important to note that NMBAs do not have any effect on consciousness or pain perception; therefore, they are always used in conjunction with anesthetics and analgesics.

NMBAs can be classified into two main categories based on their mechanism of action:

1. Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Agents: These drugs, such as succinylcholine, cause muscle fasciculations (brief, involuntary contractions) before inducing paralysis. They work by binding to the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction and depolarizing the membrane, which results in muscle paralysis. However, the continuous depolarization also causes desensitization of the receptors, leading to a loss of effectiveness over time. Depolarizing NMBAs have a relatively short duration of action.
2. Non-depolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Agents: These drugs, such as rocuronium, vecuronium, and pancuronium, do not cause muscle fasciculations. They work by binding to the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction without depolarizing the membrane, which prevents the transmission of nerve impulses to muscles and leads to paralysis. Non-depolarizing NMBAs have a longer duration of action compared to depolarizing NMBAs.

Close monitoring of neuromuscular function is essential when using NMBAs to ensure adequate reversal of their effects before the patient regains consciousness. This can be achieved through the use of nerve stimulators, which assess the degree of blockade and help guide the administration of reversal agents when necessary.

Quadriplegia, also known as tetraplegia, is a medical condition characterized by paralysis affecting all four limbs and the trunk of the body. It results from damage to the cervical spinal cord, typically at levels C1-C8, which controls signals to the muscles in the arms, hands, trunk, legs, and pelvic organs. The extent of quadriplegia can vary widely, ranging from weakness to complete loss of movement and sensation below the level of injury. Other symptoms may include difficulty breathing, bowel and bladder dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction. The severity and prognosis depend on the location and extent of the spinal cord injury.

The Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN) is a branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), which is a mixed sensory, motor, and autonomic nerve. The RLN has important functions in providing motor innervation to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle, which is supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.

The recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all the muscles that are responsible for adduction (bringing together) of the vocal cords, including the vocalis muscle, lateral cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and interarytenoid muscles. These muscles play a crucial role in voice production, coughing, and swallowing.

The right recurrent laryngeal nerve has a longer course than the left one. It loops around the subclavian artery in the chest before ascending to the larynx, while the left RLN hooks around the arch of the aorta. This anatomical course makes them vulnerable to injury during various surgical procedures, such as thyroidectomy and neck dissection, leading to potential voice impairment or vocal cord paralysis.

Obstetric paralysis is a specific type of paralysis that can occur as a result of complications during childbirth. It is also known as "birth paralysis" or "puerperal paralysis."

The condition is typically caused by nerve damage or trauma to the brachial plexus, which is a network of nerves that runs from the spinal cord in the neck and provides movement and sensation to the shoulders, arms, and hands. Obstetric paralysis can occur when the brachial plexus is stretched or compressed during childbirth, particularly in difficult deliveries where forceps or vacuum extraction may be used.

There are several types of obstetric paralysis, including:

* Erb's palsy: This type of obstetric paralysis affects the upper brachial plexus and can cause weakness or paralysis in the arm, particularly the shoulder and elbow.
* Klumpke's palsy: This type of obstetric paralysis affects the lower brachial plexus and can cause weakness or paralysis in the hand and forearm.
* Total brachial plexus injury: This is a rare but severe form of obstetric paralysis that involves injury to all of the nerves in the brachial plexus, resulting in complete paralysis of the arm.

The severity of obstetric paralysis can vary widely, from mild weakness to complete paralysis. In some cases, the condition may resolve on its own within a few months, while in other cases, surgery or physical therapy may be necessary to help restore function.

Poliovirus is a human enterovirus, specifically a type of picornavirus, that is the causative agent of poliomyelitis (polio). It is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. There are three serotypes of Poliovirus (types 1, 2 and 3) which can cause different degrees of severity in the disease. The virus primarily spreads through the fecal-oral route and infects the gastrointestinal tract, from where it can invade the nervous system and cause paralysis.

The Poliovirus has an icosahedral symmetry, with a diameter of about 30 nanometers. It contains a single stranded RNA genome which is encapsidated in a protein shell called capsid. The capsid is made up of 60 units of four different proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4).

Poliovirus has been eradicated from most countries of the world through widespread vaccination with inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) or oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). However, it still remains endemic in a few countries and is considered a major public health concern.

Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral (OPV) is a vaccine used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). It contains live attenuated (weakened) polioviruses, which stimulate an immune response in the body and provide protection against all three types of wild, infectious polioviruses. OPV is given by mouth, usually in drops, and it replicates in the gastrointestinal tract, where it induces a strong immune response. This response not only protects the individual who receives the vaccine but also helps to stop the spread of poliovirus in the community, providing indirect protection (herd immunity) to those who are not vaccinated. OPV is safe, effective, and easy to administer, making it an important tool for global polio eradication efforts. However, due to the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP), inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is recommended for routine immunization in some countries.

The phrenic nerve is a motor nerve that originates from the cervical spine (C3-C5) and descends through the neck to reach the diaphragm, which is the primary muscle used for breathing. The main function of the phrenic nerve is to innervate the diaphragm and control its contraction and relaxation, thereby enabling respiration.

Damage or injury to the phrenic nerve can result in paralysis of the diaphragm, leading to difficulty breathing and potentially causing respiratory failure. Certain medical conditions, such as neuromuscular disorders, spinal cord injuries, and tumors, can affect the phrenic nerve and impair its function.

Botulinum toxins type A are neurotoxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. These toxins act by blocking the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle paralysis. Botulinum toxin type A is used in medical treatments for various conditions characterized by muscle spasticity or excessive muscle activity, such as cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, strabismus, and chronic migraine. It is also used cosmetically to reduce the appearance of wrinkles by temporarily paralyzing the muscles that cause them. The commercial forms of botulinum toxin type A include Botox, Dysport, and Xeomin.

Pancuronium is defined as a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, which is used in anesthesia practice to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery. It works by competitively inhibiting the binding of acetylcholine to nicotinic receptors at the motor endplate, thereby preventing muscle contraction. Pancuronium has a intermediate duration of action and is often used for routine surgical procedures requiring muscle relaxation. It is administered intravenously and is typically reversed with an anticholinesterase agent such as neostigmine at the conclusion of surgery.

Laryngoplasty is a surgical procedure that involves reconstructing or reinforcing the larynx, specifically the vocal cords. The goal of this procedure can be to improve voice quality, restore breathing function, or manage airway obstructions caused by various conditions such as vocal cord paralysis, vocal fold bowing, or scarring.

There are different types of laryngoplasties, including:

1. Type I Thyroplasty (Medialization Laryngoplasty): This procedure involves placing an implant made of silicone, Gore-Tex, or other materials in the thyroid cartilage to medialize (move towards the midline) and support the paralyzed vocal cord. This helps improve voice quality and airway closure during speech and swallowing.
2. Arytenoid Adduction: In this procedure, the arytenoid cartilage is repositioned or fixed in place to help approximate (bring together) the vocal cords. It is often performed along with a Type I Thyroplasty for better voice and airway outcomes.
3. Laryngeal Framework Surgery: This is a more extensive procedure that involves reshaping the laryngeal framework, including the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, to improve voice, swallowing, or breathing function.

The choice of surgical technique depends on the underlying condition, its severity, and the patient's individual needs and goals.

A diaphragm is a thin, dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. It plays a vital role in the process of breathing as it contracts and flattens to draw air into the lungs (inhalation) and relaxes and returns to its domed shape to expel air out of the lungs (exhalation).

In addition, a diaphragm is also a type of barrier method of birth control. It is a flexible dome-shaped device made of silicone that fits over the cervix inside the vagina. When used correctly and consistently, it prevents sperm from entering the uterus and fertilizing an egg, thereby preventing pregnancy.

Botulinum toxins are neurotoxic proteins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. They are the most potent naturally occurring toxins, and are responsible for the paralytic illness known as botulism. There are seven distinct botulinum toxin serotypes (A-G), each of which targets specific proteins in the nervous system, leading to inhibition of neurotransmitter release and subsequent muscle paralysis.

In clinical settings, botulinum toxins have been used for therapeutic purposes due to their ability to cause temporary muscle relaxation. Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) is the most commonly used serotype in medical treatments, including management of dystonias, spasticity, migraines, and certain neurological disorders. Additionally, botulinum toxins are widely employed in aesthetic medicine for reducing wrinkles and fine lines by temporarily paralyzing facial muscles.

It is important to note that while botulinum toxins have therapeutic benefits when used appropriately, they can also pose significant health risks if misused or improperly handled. Proper medical training and supervision are essential for safe and effective utilization of these powerful toxins.

Enterovirus infections are viral illnesses caused by enteroviruses, which are a type of picornavirus. These viruses commonly infect the gastrointestinal tract and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the specific type of enterovirus and the age and overall health of the infected individual.

There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. Some enterovirus infections may be asymptomatic or cause only mild symptoms, while others can lead to more severe illnesses.

Common symptoms of enterovirus infections include fever, sore throat, runny nose, cough, muscle aches, and skin rashes. In some cases, enteroviruses can cause more serious complications such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), and paralysis.

Enterovirus infections are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or fecal-oral transmission. They can also be spread through contaminated surfaces or objects. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals.

There are no specific antiviral treatments for enterovirus infections, and most cases resolve on their own within a few days to a week. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as fluids and medication to manage symptoms. Prevention efforts include vaccination against poliovirus and surveillance for emerging enteroviruses.

Andersen Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the presence of three major features:

1. Periodic episodes of muscle weakness (periodic paralysis)
2. Potassium-sensitive ventricular arrhythmias
3. Physical deformities of the face and skeleton

The periodic paralysis in Andersen Syndrome is typically less severe than other forms of periodic paralysis, and it can be triggered by factors such as cold, emotional stress, or infection. The potassium-sensitive ventricular arrhythmias can be life-threatening and may require treatment with medications or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).

The physical deformities associated with Andersen Syndrome can include a short stature, low-set ears, a broad nose, widely spaced eyes, a cleft palate, and skeletal abnormalities such as scoliosis or clubfoot. These features may vary in severity among individuals with the disorder.

Andersen Syndrome is caused by mutations in the gene for the protein called the inward rectifier potassium channel (Kir2.1), which is involved in regulating the flow of potassium ions across cell membranes. This gene is located on chromosome 17 and is designated KCNJ2. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a person has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene from an affected parent. However, some cases of Andersen Syndrome are due to new (de novo) mutations and occur in people with no family history of the disorder.

Myotonia is a condition characterized by the delayed relaxation of a muscle after voluntary contraction or electrical stimulation, resulting in stiffness or difficulty with relaxing the muscles. It's often associated with certain neuromuscular disorders such as myotonic dystrophy and myotonia congenita. The prolonged muscle contraction can cause stiffness, especially after periods of rest, and may improve with repeated contractions (warm-up phenomenon).

Laryngoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the examination of the larynx, which is the upper part of the windpipe (trachea), and the vocal cords using a specialized instrument called a laryngoscope. The laryngoscope is inserted through the mouth or nose to provide a clear view of the larynx and surrounding structures. This procedure can be performed for diagnostic purposes, such as identifying abnormalities like growths, inflammation, or injuries, or for therapeutic reasons, such as removing foreign objects or taking tissue samples for biopsy. There are different types of laryngoscopes and techniques used depending on the reason for the examination and the patient's specific needs.

Neuromuscular non-depolarizing agents are a type of muscle relaxant medication used in anesthesia and critical care settings to facilitate endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, and to prevent muscle contractions during surgery. These agents work by competitively binding to the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, without activating them, thereby preventing the initiation of muscle contraction.

Examples of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents include:

* Vecuronium
* Rocuronium
* Pancuronium
* Atracurium
* Cisatracurium
* Mivacurium

These medications have a reversible effect and their duration of action can be prolonged in patients with impaired renal or hepatic function, acid-base imbalances, electrolyte abnormalities, or in those who are taking other medications that interact with these agents. Therefore, it is important to monitor the patient's neuromuscular function during and after the administration of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.

The spinal cord is a major part of the nervous system, extending from the brainstem and continuing down to the lower back. It is a slender, tubular bundle of nerve fibers (axons) and support cells (glial cells) that carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord primarily serves as a conduit for motor information, which travels from the brain to the muscles, and sensory information, which travels from the body to the brain. It also contains neurons that can independently process and respond to information within the spinal cord without direct input from the brain.

The spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column (spine) and is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a specific region of the body and gives rise to pairs of spinal nerves that exit through the intervertebral foramina at each level.

The spinal cord is responsible for several vital functions, including:

1. Reflexes: Simple reflex actions, such as the withdrawal reflex when touching a hot surface, are mediated by the spinal cord without involving the brain.
2. Muscle control: The spinal cord carries motor signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement and muscle tone regulation.
3. Sensory perception: The spinal cord transmits sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, and vibration, from the body to the brain for processing and awareness.
4. Autonomic functions: The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system originate in the thoracolumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord, respectively, controlling involuntary physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.

Damage to the spinal cord can result in various degrees of paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury, depending on the severity and location of the damage.

Ophthalmoplegia is a medical term that refers to the paralysis or weakness of the eye muscles, which can result in double vision (diplopia) or difficulty moving the eyes. It can be caused by various conditions, including nerve damage, muscle disorders, or neurological diseases such as myasthenia gravis or multiple sclerosis. Ophthalmoplegia can affect one or more eye muscles and can be partial or complete. Depending on the underlying cause, ophthalmoplegia may be treatable with medications, surgery, or other interventions.

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a medical condition that occurs when the kidneys are unable to properly excrete acid into the urine, leading to an accumulation of acid in the bloodstream. This results in a state of metabolic acidosis.

There are several types of RTA, but renal tubular acidosis type 1 (also known as distal RTA) is characterized by a defect in the ability of the distal tubules to acidify the urine, leading to an inability to lower the pH of the urine below 5.5, even in the face of metabolic acidosis. This results in a persistently alkaline urine, which can lead to calcium phosphate stones and bone demineralization.

Type 1 RTA is often caused by inherited genetic defects, but it can also be acquired due to various kidney diseases, drugs, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms of type 1 RTA may include fatigue, weakness, muscle cramps, decreased appetite, and vomiting. Treatment typically involves alkali therapy to correct the acidosis and prevent complications.

Neuromuscular blockade (NMB) is a pharmacological state in which the communication between nerves and muscles is interrupted by blocking the neuromuscular junction, thereby preventing muscle contraction. This condition can be achieved through the use of certain medications called neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs). These drugs are commonly used during surgical procedures to facilitate endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, and to prevent patient movement and minimize potential injury during surgery. NMBs are classified into two main categories based on their mechanism of action: depolarizing and non-depolarizing agents.

Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents, such as succinylcholine, work by activating the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, causing a sustained depolarization and muscle contraction followed by flaccid paralysis. Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents, such as rocuronium, vecuronium, pancuronium, and atracurium, bind to the receptors without activating them, thereby preventing acetylcholine from binding and transmitting the signal for muscle contraction.

Clinical monitoring of neuromuscular blockade is essential to ensure proper dosing and avoid complications such as residual curarization, which can lead to respiratory compromise in the postoperative period. Monitoring techniques include peripheral nerve stimulation and train-of-four (TOF) assessment to evaluate the depth of neuromuscular blockade and guide the administration of reversal agents when appropriate.

Vocal cords, also known as vocal folds, are specialized bands of muscle, membrane, and connective tissue located within the larynx (voice box). They are essential for speech, singing, and other sounds produced by the human voice. The vocal cords vibrate when air from the lungs is passed through them, creating sound waves that vary in pitch and volume based on the tension, length, and mass of the vocal cords. These sound waves are then further modified by the resonance chambers of the throat, nose, and mouth to produce speech and other vocalizations.

The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. Its functions include controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and secretomotor function to the lacrimal and salivary glands.

The facial nerve originates from the brainstem and exits the skull through the internal acoustic meatus. It then passes through the facial canal in the temporal bone before branching out to innervate various structures of the face. The main branches of the facial nerve include:

1. Temporal branch: Innervates the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi muscles responsible for eyebrow movements and eyelid closure.
2. Zygomatic branch: Supplies the muscles that elevate the upper lip and wrinkle the nose.
3. Buccal branch: Innervates the muscles of the cheek and lips, allowing for facial expressions such as smiling and puckering.
4. Mandibular branch: Controls the muscles responsible for lower lip movement and depressing the angle of the mouth.
5. Cervical branch: Innervates the platysma muscle in the neck, which helps to depress the lower jaw and wrinkle the skin of the neck.

Damage to the facial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as facial weakness or paralysis, loss of taste sensation, and dry eyes or mouth due to impaired secretion.

Botulism is a rare but serious condition caused by the toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The neurotoxin causes muscle paralysis, which can lead to respiratory failure and death if not treated promptly. Botulism can occur in three main forms: foodborne, wound, and infant.

Foodborne botulism is caused by consuming contaminated food, usually home-canned or fermented foods with low acid content. Wound botulism occurs when the bacterium infects a wound and produces toxin in the body. Infant botulism affects babies under one year of age who have ingested spores of the bacterium, which then colonize the intestines and produce toxin.

Symptoms of botulism include double vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, muscle weakness, and paralysis that progresses downward from the head to the limbs. Treatment typically involves supportive care such as mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit monitoring, and antitoxin therapy. Prevention measures include proper food handling and canning techniques, prompt wound care, and avoiding consumption of known sources of contaminated food.

Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) is a phenomenon in which the majority of worker bees in a honeybee colony disappear, leaving behind the queen, immature bees, and enough food to survive. The exact cause of CCD is unknown, but it's believed to be due to a combination of factors such as pests, pathogens, poor nutrition, and exposure to environmental stressors like pesticides. This disorder has been a major concern for the honeybee population and agriculture industry because honeybees play a crucial role in pollinating crops.

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the specialized synapse or chemical communication point, where the motor neuron's nerve terminal (presynaptic element) meets the muscle fiber's motor end plate (postsynaptic element). This junction plays a crucial role in controlling muscle contraction and relaxation.

At the NMJ, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic nerve terminal into the synaptic cleft, following an action potential. Acetylcholine then binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to the generation of an end-plate potential. If sufficient end-plate potentials are generated and summate, they will trigger an action potential in the muscle fiber, ultimately causing muscle contraction.

Dysfunction at the neuromuscular junction can result in various neuromuscular disorders, such as myasthenia gravis, where autoantibodies attack acetylcholine receptors, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue.

Insect viruses, also known as entomoviruses, are viruses that specifically infect and replicate in insect hosts. These viruses can be found in various insect species, including those of medical and agricultural importance. Insect viruses can cause diseases in insect populations, leading to significant impacts on their growth, development, and survival. Some insect viruses have been studied as potential biological control agents for managing pest insects that affect crops or transmit diseases. Examples of insect viruses include Baculoviridae, Reoviridae, and Picornaviridae families.

Motor neurons are specialized nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that play a crucial role in controlling voluntary muscle movements. They transmit electrical signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling us to perform actions such as walking, talking, and swallowing. There are two types of motor neurons: upper motor neurons, which originate in the brain's motor cortex and travel down to the brainstem and spinal cord; and lower motor neurons, which extend from the brainstem and spinal cord to the muscles. Damage or degeneration of these motor neurons can lead to various neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

Succinylcholine is a neuromuscular blocking agent, a type of muscle relaxant used in anesthesia during surgical procedures. It works by inhibiting the transmission of nerve impulses at the neuromuscular junction, leading to temporary paralysis of skeletal muscles. This facilitates endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation during surgery. Succinylcholine has a rapid onset of action and is metabolized quickly, making it useful for short surgical procedures. However, its use may be associated with certain adverse effects, such as increased heart rate, muscle fasciculations, and potentially life-threatening hyperkalemia in susceptible individuals.

Spinal cord diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the spinal cord, which is a part of the central nervous system responsible for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body. These diseases can cause damage to the spinal cord, leading to various symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, pain, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and difficulty with movement and coordination.

Spinal cord diseases can be congenital or acquired, and they can result from a variety of causes, including infections, injuries, tumors, degenerative conditions, autoimmune disorders, and genetic factors. Some examples of spinal cord diseases include multiple sclerosis, spina bifida, spinal cord injury, herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

The treatment for spinal cord diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Treatment options may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, and rehabilitation. In some cases, the damage to the spinal cord may be irreversible, leading to permanent disability or paralysis.

Brachial plexus neuritis, also known as Parsonage-Turner syndrome or neuralgic amyotrophy, is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the brachial plexus. The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the spinal cord in the neck and travels down the arm, controlling movement and sensation in the shoulder, arm, and hand.

In Brachial plexus neuritis, the insulating covering of the nerves (myelin sheath) is damaged or destroyed, leading to impaired nerve function. The exact cause of this condition is not fully understood, but it can be associated with viral infections, trauma, surgery, or immunological disorders.

Symptoms of Brachial plexus neuritis may include sudden onset of severe pain in the shoulder and arm, followed by weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles. There may also be numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation in the affected areas. In some cases, recovery can occur spontaneously within a few months, while others may experience persistent weakness or disability. Treatment typically involves pain management, physical therapy, and in some cases, corticosteroids or other medications to reduce inflammation.

Electromyography (EMG) is a medical diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscles during contraction and at rest. It involves inserting a thin needle electrode into the muscle to record the electrical signals generated by the muscle fibers. These signals are then displayed on an oscilloscope and may be heard through a speaker.

EMG can help diagnose various neuromuscular disorders, such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, and can distinguish between muscle and nerve disorders. It is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests, such as nerve conduction studies, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the nervous system.

EMG is typically performed by a neurologist or a physiatrist, and the procedure may cause some discomfort or pain, although this is usually minimal. The results of an EMG can help guide treatment decisions and monitor the progression of neuromuscular conditions over time.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma inflicted on the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which is a branch of the vagus nerve that supplies motor function to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle. This nerve plays a crucial role in controlling vocal fold movement and swallowing.

Injuries to this nerve can result in voice changes, hoarseness, or even complete loss of voice, depending on the severity and location of the injury. Additionally, it may also lead to breathing difficulties, coughing, and choking while swallowing due to impaired laryngeal function.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as surgical complications (particularly during thyroid or neck surgeries), tumors, infections, inflammation, or direct trauma to the neck region. In some cases, these injuries may be temporary and resolve on their own or through appropriate treatment; however, severe or prolonged injuries might require medical intervention, including possible surgical repair.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nervous system, leading to muscle weakness, tingling sensations, and sometimes paralysis. The peripheral nervous system includes the nerves that control our movements and transmit signals from our skin, muscles, and joints to our brain.

The onset of GBS usually occurs after a viral or bacterial infection, such as respiratory or gastrointestinal infections, or following surgery, vaccinations, or other immune system triggers. The exact cause of the immune response that leads to GBS is not fully understood.

GBS typically progresses rapidly over days or weeks, with symptoms reaching their peak within 2-4 weeks after onset. Most people with GBS experience muscle weakness that starts in the lower limbs and spreads upward to the upper body, arms, and face. In severe cases, the diaphragm and chest muscles may become weakened, leading to difficulty breathing and requiring mechanical ventilation.

The diagnosis of GBS is based on clinical symptoms, nerve conduction studies, and sometimes cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as pain management, physical therapy, and respiratory support if necessary. In addition, plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may be used to reduce the severity of symptoms and speed up recovery.

While most people with GBS recover completely or with minimal residual symptoms, some may experience long-term disability or require ongoing medical care. The prognosis for GBS varies depending on the severity of the illness and the individual's age and overall health.

Myelitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the spinal cord. This inflammation can cause damage to the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering of nerve fibers in the spinal cord. As a result, the transmission of nerve impulses along the spinal cord may be disrupted, leading to various neurological symptoms.

Myelitis can affect any part of the spinal cord and can have many different causes, including infections (such as viral or bacterial infections), autoimmune disorders (such as multiple sclerosis), and other conditions (such as spinal cord injuries or tumors). The specific symptoms of myelitis depend on the location and severity of the inflammation. They may include muscle weakness, numbness or tingling sensations, pain, bladder or bowel dysfunction, and difficulty with coordination and balance.

Myelitis can be a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention and treatment. Treatment typically focuses on addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation, as well as managing symptoms and supporting recovery.

Skeletal muscle, also known as striated or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is attached to bones by tendons or aponeuroses and functions to produce movements and support the posture of the body. It is composed of long, multinucleated fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles and are characterized by alternating light and dark bands, giving them a striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated through signals from the nervous system. It is responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting objects.

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) refer to damage to the spinal cord that results in a loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. This injury can be caused by direct trauma to the spine or by indirect damage resulting from disease or degeneration of surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels. The location and severity of the injury on the spinal cord will determine which parts of the body are affected and to what extent.

The effects of SCI can range from mild sensory changes to severe paralysis, including loss of motor function, autonomic dysfunction, and possible changes in sensation, strength, and reflexes below the level of injury. These injuries are typically classified as complete or incomplete, depending on whether there is any remaining function below the level of injury.

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal cord injuries to prevent further damage and improve the chances of recovery. Treatment usually involves immobilization of the spine, medications to reduce swelling and pressure, surgery to stabilize the spine, and rehabilitation to help regain lost function. Despite advances in treatment, SCI can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.

Channelopathies are genetic disorders that are caused by mutations in the genes that encode for ion channels. Ion channels are specialized proteins that regulate the flow of ions, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium, across cell membranes. These ion channels play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including the generation and transmission of electrical signals in the body.

Channelopathies can affect various organs and systems in the body, depending on the type of ion channel that is affected. For example, mutations in sodium channel genes can cause neuromuscular disorders such as epilepsy, migraine, and periodic paralysis. Mutations in potassium channel genes can cause cardiac arrhythmias, while mutations in calcium channel genes can cause neurological disorders such as episodic ataxia and hemiplegic migraine.

The symptoms of channelopathies can vary widely depending on the specific disorder and the severity of the mutation. Treatment typically involves managing the symptoms and may include medications, lifestyle modifications, or in some cases, surgery.

Muscular diseases, also known as myopathies, refer to a group of conditions that affect the functionality and health of muscle tissue. These diseases can be inherited or acquired and may result from inflammation, infection, injury, or degenerative processes. They can cause symptoms such as weakness, stiffness, cramping, spasms, wasting, and loss of muscle function.

Examples of muscular diseases include:

1. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD): A genetic disorder that results in progressive muscle weakness and degeneration due to a lack of dystrophin protein.
2. Myasthenia Gravis: An autoimmune disease that causes muscle weakness and fatigue, typically affecting the eyes and face, throat, and limbs.
3. Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM): A progressive muscle disorder characterized by muscle inflammation and wasting, typically affecting older adults.
4. Polymyositis: An inflammatory myopathy that causes muscle weakness and inflammation throughout the body.
5. Metabolic Myopathies: A group of inherited disorders that affect muscle metabolism, leading to exercise intolerance, muscle weakness, and other symptoms.
6. Muscular Dystonias: Involuntary muscle contractions and spasms that can cause abnormal postures or movements.

It is important to note that muscular diseases can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, mobility, and overall health. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing symptoms and improving outcomes.

Muscle weakness is a condition in which muscles cannot develop the expected level of physical force or power. This results in reduced muscle function and can be caused by various factors, including nerve damage, muscle diseases, or hormonal imbalances. Muscle weakness may manifest as difficulty lifting objects, maintaining posture, or performing daily activities. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment of muscle weakness.

Hoarseness is a condition characterized by an abnormal change in the quality of voice, making it sound rough, breathy, strained, or weak. Medically, it's described as a disorder of phonation, which is the process of producing sound by vibrating the vocal cords in the larynx (voice box). Hoarseness can be caused by various factors, such as inflammation, irritation, or injury to the vocal cords, and may result in symptoms like altered voice pitch, volume, and clarity. It's essential to consult a healthcare professional if hoarseness persists for more than two weeks, especially if it's accompanied by other concerning symptoms like difficulty swallowing or breathing.

Thyroid cartilage is the largest and most superior of the laryngeal cartilages, forming the front and greater part of the larynx, also known as the "Adam's apple" in humans. It serves to protect the vocal cords and provides attachment for various muscles involved in voice production. The thyroid cartilage consists of two laminae that join in front at an angle, creating a noticeable prominence in the anterior neck. This structure is crucial in speech formation and swallowing functions.

Poliovirus vaccines are preparations used for active immunization against poliomyelitis, a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. The two types of poliovirus vaccines available are:

1. Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine (IPV): This vaccine contains inactivated (killed) poliovirus strains of all three serotypes. IPV is typically administered through an injection, usually in combination with other vaccines. It provides a strong immune response and does not carry the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP), which is a rare but serious adverse event associated with the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV).

2. Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV): This vaccine contains live attenuated (weakened) poliovirus strains of all three serotypes. OPV is administered orally and induces both humoral and intestinal immunity, which helps prevent the spread of the virus in a community. However, there is a small risk of VAPP associated with this vaccine, especially after multiple doses. In rare cases, the weakened virus can revert to its virulent form and cause paralytic polio in the vaccinated individual or their close contacts.

Both IPV and OPV have been instrumental in global efforts to eradicate polio. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends using IPV in routine immunization programs, while using OPV during supplementary immunization activities in areas with a high risk of poliovirus transmission.

Myotonic disorders are a group of genetic muscle diseases characterized by the inability to relax muscles (myotonia) after contraction. Myotonia can cause symptoms such as stiffness, muscle spasms, and prolonged muscle contractions or cramps. These disorders may also be associated with other symptoms, including muscle weakness, wasting, and various systemic features.

The most common myotonic disorder is myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), which is caused by a mutation in the DMPK gene. Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is another form of myotonic dystrophy, resulting from a mutation in the CNBP gene. These two forms of myotonic dystrophy have distinct genetic causes but share similar clinical features, such as myotonia and muscle weakness.

Other less common myotonic disorders include:

1. Myotonia congenita - A group of inherited conditions characterized by muscle stiffness from birth or early childhood. There are two main types: Thomsen's disease (autosomal dominant) and Becker's disease (autosomal recessive).
2. Paramyotonia congenita - An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by muscle stiffness triggered by cold temperatures or physical exertion.
3. Potassium-aggravated myotonia (PAM) - A rare, autosomal dominant condition with symptoms similar to paramyotonia congenita but without the cold sensitivity.
4. Myotonia fluctuans - A rare, autosomal dominant disorder characterized by fluctuating muscle stiffness and cramps.
5. Acquired myotonia - Rare cases of myotonia caused by factors other than genetic mutations, such as medication side effects or underlying medical conditions.

Myotonic disorders can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making daily activities challenging. Proper diagnosis and management are essential to help alleviate symptoms and improve overall well-being.

Facial nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma inflicted on the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII). This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, eyelid movement, and taste sensation in the front two-thirds of the tongue.

There are two main types of facial nerve injuries:

1. Peripheral facial nerve injury: This type of injury occurs when damage affects the facial nerve outside the skull base, usually due to trauma from cuts, blunt force, or surgical procedures in the parotid gland or neck region. The injury may result in weakness or paralysis on one side of the face, known as Bell's palsy, and may also impact taste sensation and salivary function.

2. Central facial nerve injury: This type of injury occurs when damage affects the facial nerve within the skull base, often due to stroke, brain tumors, or traumatic brain injuries. Central facial nerve injuries typically result in weakness or paralysis only on the lower half of the face, as the upper motor neurons responsible for controlling the upper face receive innervation from both sides of the brain.

Treatment for facial nerve injuries depends on the severity and location of the damage. For mild to moderate injuries, physical therapy, protective eyewear, and medications like corticosteroids and antivirals may be prescribed. Severe cases might require surgical intervention, such as nerve grafts or muscle transfers, to restore function. In some instances, facial nerve injuries may heal on their own over time, particularly when the injury is mild and there is no ongoing compression or tension on the nerve.

The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the 12th cranial nerve (CN XII), is primarily responsible for controlling tongue movements. Hypoglossal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and result in various tongue-related symptoms. These disorders can be congenital or acquired, and they may stem from different causes such as trauma, tumors, infections, inflammation, or degenerative processes.

Hypoglossal nerve diseases can present with the following symptoms:

1. Weakness or paralysis of the tongue muscles on one or both sides.
2. Deviation of the tongue towards the affected side when protruded.
3. Fasciculations (involuntary muscle twitches) or atrophy (wasting) of the tongue muscles.
4. Difficulty with speaking, swallowing, and chewing due to tongue weakness.
5. Changes in taste and sensation on the back of the tongue and throat.

Some specific hypoglossal nerve diseases include:

1. Hypoglossal nerve palsy: A condition characterized by unilateral or bilateral weakness or paralysis of the tongue due to damage to the hypoglossal nerve. Causes can include trauma, tumors, stroke, multiple sclerosis, or other neurological disorders.
2. Hypoglossal neuritis: Inflammation of the hypoglossal nerve, often caused by viral infections or autoimmune processes, leading to tongue weakness and atrophy.
3. Congenital hypoglossal nerve anomalies: Abnormal development of the hypoglossal nerve during fetal growth can result in various tongue-related symptoms and difficulties with speech and swallowing.
4. Tumors affecting the hypoglossal nerve: Both benign and malignant tumors, such as schwannomas or neurofibromas, can compress or infiltrate the hypoglossal nerve, causing weakness or paralysis.
5. Hypoglossal-facial anastomosis: A surgical procedure that connects the hypoglossal nerve to the facial nerve to restore facial movement in cases of facial nerve palsy. This connection can lead to tongue weakness as a side effect.

The larynx, also known as the voice box, is a complex structure in the neck that plays a crucial role in protection of the lower respiratory tract and in phonation. It is composed of cartilaginous, muscular, and soft tissue structures. The primary functions of the larynx include:

1. Airway protection: During swallowing, the larynx moves upward and forward to close the opening of the trachea (the glottis) and prevent food or liquids from entering the lungs. This action is known as the swallowing reflex.
2. Phonation: The vocal cords within the larynx vibrate when air passes through them, producing sound that forms the basis of human speech and voice production.
3. Respiration: The larynx serves as a conduit for airflow between the upper and lower respiratory tracts during breathing.

The larynx is located at the level of the C3-C6 vertebrae in the neck, just above the trachea. It consists of several important structures:

1. Cartilages: The laryngeal cartilages include the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages, as well as the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages. These form a framework for the larynx and provide attachment points for various muscles.
2. Vocal cords: The vocal cords are thin bands of mucous membrane that stretch across the glottis (the opening between the arytenoid cartilages). They vibrate when air passes through them, producing sound.
3. Muscles: There are several intrinsic and extrinsic muscles associated with the larynx. The intrinsic muscles control the tension and position of the vocal cords, while the extrinsic muscles adjust the position and movement of the larynx within the neck.
4. Nerves: The larynx is innervated by both sensory and motor nerves. The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides motor innervation to all intrinsic laryngeal muscles, except for one muscle called the cricothyroid, which is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Sensory innervation is provided by the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

The larynx plays a crucial role in several essential functions, including breathing, speaking, and protecting the airway during swallowing. Dysfunction or damage to the larynx can result in various symptoms, such as hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, or stridor (a high-pitched sound heard during inspiration).

Cataplexy is a medical condition characterized by sudden and temporary loss of muscle tone or strength, typically triggered by strong emotions such as laughter, anger, or surprise. This can result in symptoms ranging from a slight slackening of the muscles to complete collapse. Cataplexy is often associated with narcolepsy, which is a neurological disorder that affects sleep-wake cycles. It's important to note that cataplexy is different from syncope (fainting), as it specifically involves muscle weakness rather than loss of consciousness.

'Bungarus' is a genus of venomous elapid snakes commonly known as kraits, which are native to South and Southeast Asia. The term 'Bungarus' comes from the natural history classification system used in biology, specifically in the field of herpetology (the study of amphibians and reptiles).

Kraits are known for their highly potent neurotoxic venom, which can cause respiratory failure and death if left untreated. They are typically nocturnal and have a distinctive pattern of alternating black, white, and yellow bands. Some of the more well-known species in this genus include the banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus) and the Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus).

It's worth noting that 'Bungarus' is not a medical term per se, but rather a taxonomic designation used by biologists to classify a group of related organisms. However, understanding the properties and behaviors of venomous snakes like kraits can be important for medical professionals who may encounter patients who have been bitten or envenomated by these creatures.

Myotonia Congenita is a genetic muscle disorder characterized by delayed relaxation after voluntary muscle contraction, leading to stiffness or difficulty in relaxing the muscles following use. This muscle stiffness is called myotonia and can be aggravated by voluntary muscle action, such as handgrip or walking, and also occurs after periods of rest.

There are two main forms of Myotonia Congenita: Thomsen's disease (autosomal dominant inheritance) and Becker's disease (autosomal recessive inheritance). The disorder is caused by mutations in the CLCN1 gene, which encodes a chloride channel that helps regulate muscle excitability.

Myotonia Congenita primarily affects skeletal muscles, causing stiffness and cramping, but it does not typically affect muscle strength or size. Symptoms usually begin in childhood and may improve with repeated muscle use (warm-up phenomenon). Treatment options include medication to reduce muscle stiffness and physical therapy to maintain muscle flexibility and strength.

Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects the control of sleep and wakefulness. It's characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), where people experience sudden, uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep during the day. These "sleep attacks" can occur at any time - while working, talking, eating, or even driving.

In addition to EDS, narcolepsy often includes cataplexy, a condition that causes loss of muscle tone, leading to weakness and sometimes collapse, often triggered by strong emotions like laughter or surprise. Other common symptoms are sleep paralysis (a temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up), vivid hallucinations during the transitions between sleep and wakefulness, and fragmented nighttime sleep.

The exact cause of narcolepsy is not fully understood, but it's believed to involve genetic and environmental factors, as well as problems with certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as hypocretin/orexin, which regulate sleep-wake cycles. Narcolepsy can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making it essential to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and management.

Sodium channels are specialized protein structures that are embedded in the membranes of excitable cells, such as nerve and muscle cells. They play a crucial role in the generation and transmission of electrical signals in these cells. Sodium channels are responsible for the rapid influx of sodium ions into the cell during the initial phase of an action potential, which is the electrical signal that travels along the membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber. This sudden influx of sodium ions causes the membrane potential to rapidly reverse, leading to the depolarization of the cell. After the action potential, the sodium channels close and become inactivated, preventing further entry of sodium ions and helping to restore the resting membrane potential.

Sodium channels are composed of a large alpha subunit and one or two smaller beta subunits. The alpha subunit forms the ion-conducting pore, while the beta subunits play a role in modulating the function and stability of the channel. Mutations in sodium channel genes have been associated with various inherited diseases, including certain forms of epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmias, and muscle disorders.

Doxapram is a central stimulant drug that acts on the respiratory system. It is primarily used to stimulate breathing and promote wakefulness in patients who have reduced levels of consciousness or are experiencing respiratory depression due to various causes, such as anesthesia or medication overdose.

Doxapram works by stimulating the respiratory center in the brainstem, increasing the rate and depth of breathing. It also has a mild stimulant effect on the central nervous system, which can help to promote wakefulness and alertness.

The drug is available in various forms, including injectable solutions and inhaled powders. It is typically administered under medical supervision in a hospital or clinical setting due to its potential for causing adverse effects such as agitation, anxiety, and increased heart rate and blood pressure.

It's important to note that doxapram should only be used under the direction of a healthcare professional, as improper use can lead to serious complications.

Cranial nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the cranial nerves, which are a set of 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and control various functions in the head and neck. These functions include vision, hearing, taste, smell, movement of the eyes and face, and sensation in the face.

Diseases of the cranial nerves can result from a variety of causes, including injury, infection, inflammation, tumors, or degenerative conditions. The specific symptoms that a person experiences will depend on which cranial nerve is affected and how severely it is damaged.

For example, damage to the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) can cause vision loss or visual disturbances, while damage to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) can result in weakness or paralysis of the face. Other common symptoms of cranial nerve diseases include pain, numbness, tingling, and hearing loss.

Treatment for cranial nerve diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause and relieve symptoms. Physical therapy or rehabilitation may also be recommended to help individuals regain function and improve their quality of life.

Dysphonia is a medical term that refers to difficulty or discomfort in producing sounds or speaking, often characterized by hoarseness, roughness, breathiness, strain, or weakness in the voice. It can be caused by various conditions such as vocal fold nodules, polyps, inflammation, neurological disorders, or injuries to the vocal cords. Dysphonia can affect people of all ages and may impact their ability to communicate effectively, causing social, professional, and emotional challenges. Treatment for dysphonia depends on the underlying cause and may include voice therapy, medication, surgery, or lifestyle modifications.

Laryngeal nerve injuries refer to damages or injuries to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and/or the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), which are the primary nerves that supply the larynx, or voice box. These nerves play crucial roles in controlling the vocal cord movements and protecting the airway during swallowing.

The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides motor function to all intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle, which is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve. The RLN also carries sensory fibers from a small area of the mucous membrane below the vocal folds.

Injuries to these nerves can result in voice changes, breathing difficulties, and swallowing problems. Depending on the severity and location of the injury, patients may experience hoarseness, weak voice, breathy voice, coughing while swallowing, or even complete airway obstruction in severe cases. Laryngeal nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as surgical complications (e.g., thyroid, esophageal, and cardiovascular surgeries), neck trauma, tumors, infections, or iatrogenic causes.

"Bees" are not a medical term, as they refer to various flying insects belonging to the Apidae family in the Apoidea superfamily. They are known for their role in pollination and honey production. If you're looking for medical definitions or information, please provide relevant terms.

Muscle denervation is a medical term that refers to the loss of nerve supply to a muscle or group of muscles. This can occur due to various reasons, such as injury to the nerves, nerve compression, or certain medical conditions like neuromuscular disorders. When the nerve supply to the muscle is interrupted, it can lead to muscle weakness, atrophy (wasting), and ultimately, paralysis.

In denervation, the communication between the nervous system and the muscle is disrupted, which means that the muscle no longer receives signals from the brain to contract and move. Over time, this can result in significant muscle wasting and disability, depending on the severity and extent of the denervation.

Denervation may be treated with various therapies, including physical therapy, medication, or surgical intervention, such as nerve grafting or muscle transfers, to restore function and prevent further muscle wasting. The specific treatment approach will depend on the underlying cause and severity of the denervation.

Facial muscles, also known as facial nerves or cranial nerve VII, are a group of muscles responsible for various expressions and movements of the face. These muscles include:

1. Orbicularis oculi: muscle that closes the eyelid and raises the upper eyelid
2. Corrugator supercilii: muscle that pulls the eyebrows down and inward, forming wrinkles on the forehead
3. Frontalis: muscle that raises the eyebrows and forms horizontal wrinkles on the forehead
4. Procerus: muscle that pulls the medial ends of the eyebrows downward, forming vertical wrinkles between the eyebrows
5. Nasalis: muscle that compresses or dilates the nostrils
6. Depressor septi: muscle that pulls down the tip of the nose
7. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi: muscle that raises the upper lip and flares the nostrils
8. Levator labii superioris: muscle that raises the upper lip
9. Zygomaticus major: muscle that raises the corner of the mouth, producing a smile
10. Zygomaticus minor: muscle that raises the nasolabial fold and corner of the mouth
11. Risorius: muscle that pulls the angle of the mouth laterally, producing a smile
12. Depressor anguli oris: muscle that pulls down the angle of the mouth
13. Mentalis: muscle that raises the lower lip and forms wrinkles on the chin
14. Buccinator: muscle that retracts the cheek and helps with chewing
15. Platysma: muscle that depresses the corner of the mouth and wrinkles the skin of the neck.

These muscles are innervated by the facial nerve, which arises from the brainstem and exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen. Damage to the facial nerve can result in facial paralysis or weakness on one or both sides of the face.

Polyradiculoneuropathy is a medical term that refers to a condition affecting multiple nerve roots and peripheral nerves. It's a type of neuropathy, which is damage or disease affecting the peripheral nerves, and it involves damage to the nerve roots as they exit the spinal cord.

The term "poly" means many, "radiculo" refers to the nerve root, and "neuropathy" indicates a disorder of the nerves. Therefore, polyradiculoneuropathy implies that multiple nerve roots and peripheral nerves are affected.

This condition can result from various causes, such as infections (like Guillain-Barre syndrome), autoimmune disorders (such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis), diabetes, cancer, or exposure to toxins. Symptoms may include weakness, numbness, tingling, or pain in the limbs, which can progress and become severe over time. Proper diagnosis and management are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing further nerve damage.

Nerve compression syndromes refer to a group of conditions characterized by the pressure or irritation of a peripheral nerve, causing various symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected area. This compression can occur due to several reasons, including injury, repetitive motion, bone spurs, tumors, or swelling. Common examples of nerve compression syndromes include carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, radial nerve compression, and ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist or elbow. Treatment options may include physical therapy, splinting, medications, injections, or surgery, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

Brachial plexus neuropathies refer to a group of conditions that affect the brachial plexus, which is a network of nerves that originates from the spinal cord in the neck and travels down the arm. These nerves are responsible for providing motor and sensory function to the shoulder, arm, and hand.

Brachial plexus neuropathies can occur due to various reasons, including trauma, compression, inflammation, or tumors. The condition can cause symptoms such as pain, numbness, weakness, or paralysis in the affected arm and hand.

The specific medical definition of brachial plexus neuropathies is:

"A group of conditions that affect the brachial plexus, characterized by damage to the nerves that results in motor and/or sensory impairment of the upper limb. The condition can be congenital or acquired, with causes including trauma, compression, inflammation, or tumors."

Tubocurarine is a type of neuromuscular blocking agent, specifically a non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant. It works by competitively binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the motor endplate, thereby preventing the binding of acetylcholine and inhibiting muscle contraction. Tubocurarine is derived from the South American curare plant and has been used in anesthesia to facilitate intubation and mechanical ventilation during surgery. However, its use has largely been replaced by newer, more selective agents due to its potential for histamine release and cardiovascular effects.

Neuromuscular monitoring is a medical procedure that involves the assessment and measurement of the functioning of the neuromuscular junction, which is the site where nerve impulses are transmitted to muscles. This type of monitoring is often used during surgeries that require the use of muscle relaxants, such as during certain types of orthopedic or neurological procedures.

During neuromuscular monitoring, electrodes are placed on the skin over a peripheral nerve and a muscle that is innervated by that nerve. The electrical stimulation of the nerve causes a contraction of the muscle, which is then measured and displayed on a monitor. This allows the anesthesiologist to assess the degree of neuromuscular blockade (the suppression of nerve impulses) caused by the muscle relaxant and adjust the dosage as needed to ensure that the patient receives an adequate amount of relaxation while avoiding overdose.

Neuromuscular monitoring is important for ensuring the safety and efficacy of muscle relaxants during surgery, as it helps prevent complications such as respiratory failure, prolonged paralysis, and nerve damage. It can also be used in the intensive care unit to monitor patients who are receiving mechanical ventilation and have been administered muscle relaxants.

Encephalomyelitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and spinal cord (myelitis). This condition can be caused by various infectious agents, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, or it can be due to an autoimmune response where the body's own immune system attacks the nervous tissue.

The symptoms of encephalomyelitis can vary widely depending on the extent and location of the inflammation, but they may include fever, headache, stiff neck, seizures, muscle weakness, sensory changes, and difficulty with coordination or walking. In severe cases, encephalomyelitis can lead to permanent neurological damage or even death.

Treatment for encephalomyelitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as administering antiviral medications for viral infections or immunosuppressive drugs for autoimmune reactions. Supportive care, such as pain management, physical therapy, and rehabilitation, may also be necessary to help manage symptoms and promote recovery.

A muscle is a soft tissue in our body that contracts to produce force and motion. It is composed mainly of specialized cells called muscle fibers, which are bound together by connective tissue. There are three types of muscles: skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac. Skeletal muscles attach to bones and help in movement, while smooth muscles are found within the walls of organs and blood vessels, helping with functions like digestion and circulation. Cardiac muscle is the specific type that makes up the heart, allowing it to pump blood throughout the body.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements, such as speaking, walking, breathing, and swallowing. The condition is characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons in the brain (upper motor neurons) and spinal cord (lower motor neurons), leading to their death.

The term "amyotrophic" comes from the Greek words "a" meaning no or negative, "myo" referring to muscle, and "trophic" relating to nutrition. When a motor neuron degenerates and can no longer send impulses to the muscle, the muscle becomes weak and eventually atrophies due to lack of use.

The term "lateral sclerosis" refers to the hardening or scarring (sclerosis) of the lateral columns of the spinal cord, which are primarily composed of nerve fibers that carry information from the brain to the muscles.

ALS is often called Lou Gehrig's disease, named after the famous American baseball player who was diagnosed with the condition in 1939. The exact cause of ALS remains unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is currently no cure for ALS, and treatment primarily focuses on managing symptoms and maintaining quality of life.

The progression of ALS varies from person to person, with some individuals experiencing rapid decline over just a few years, while others may have a more slow-progressing form of the disease that lasts several decades. The majority of people with ALS die from respiratory failure within 3 to 5 years after the onset of symptoms. However, approximately 10% of those affected live for 10 or more years following diagnosis.

Pseudocholinesterase, also known as butyrylcholinesterase or plasma cholinesterase, is an enzyme found in the blood plasma. It is responsible for breaking down certain types of drugs and muscle relaxants that are used during general anesthesia, such as succinylcholine and mivacurium.

Pseudocholinesterase deficiency can lead to prolonged neuromuscular blockade and difficulty in reversing the effects of these muscle relaxants, which can result in respiratory complications and other adverse effects during or after surgery. This deficiency can be inherited or acquired due to various factors such as liver disease, malnutrition, or exposure to certain chemicals.

It is important to test the patient's pseudocholinesterase levels before administering succinylcholine or mivacurium to ensure that they have adequate enzyme activity to metabolize these drugs properly.

The intercostal muscles are a group of muscles located between the ribs (intercostal spaces) in the thoracic region of the body. They play a crucial role in the process of breathing by assisting in the expansion and contraction of the chest wall during inspiration and expiration.

There are two sets of intercostal muscles: the external intercostals and the internal intercostals. The external intercostals run from the lower edge of one rib to the upper edge of the next lower rib, forming a layer that extends from the tubercles of the ribs down to the costochondral junctions (where the rib meets the cartilage). These muscles help elevate the ribcage during inspiration.

The internal intercostals are deeper and run in the opposite direction, originating at the lower edge of a rib and inserting into the upper edge of the next higher rib. They assist in lowering the ribcage during expiration.

Additionally, there is a third layer called the innermost intercostal muscles, which are even deeper than the internal intercostals and have similar functions. The intercostal membranes connect the ends of the ribs and complete the muscle layers between the ribs. Together, these muscles help maintain the structural integrity of the chest wall and contribute to respiratory function.

Picornaviridae is a family of small, single-stranded RNA viruses that are non-enveloped and have an icosahedral symmetry. The name "picornavirus" is derived from "pico," meaning small, and "RNA." These viruses are responsible for a variety of human and animal diseases, including the common cold, poliomyelitis, hepatitis A, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and myocarditis. The genome of picornaviruses is around 7.5 to 8.5 kilobases in length and encodes a single polyprotein that is processed into structural and nonstructural proteins by viral proteases. Picornaviridae includes several important genera, such as Enterovirus, Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus, Cardiovirus, Aphthovirus, and Erbovirus.

In medical terms, ribs are the long, curved bones that make up the ribcage in the human body. They articulate with the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly and connect to the sternum anteriorly via costal cartilages. There are 12 pairs of ribs in total, and they play a crucial role in protecting the lungs and heart, allowing room for expansion and contraction during breathing. Ribs also provide attachment points for various muscles involved in respiration and posture.

Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome is a rare neurological disorder characterized by recurrent orofacial swelling, most commonly involving the lips (cheilitis granulomatosa), facial nerve palsy (usually unilateral), and fissured tongue (scrotal tongue). These symptoms may not always occur together, and some individuals may only experience one or two of these features. The onset typically occurs in young adults, and it can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life due to its chronic and relapsing nature.

The exact cause of Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome is unknown, but it is believed to be related to an abnormal immune response or genetic factors. Treatment usually involves managing the symptoms with medications such as corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory drugs, or immunomodulatory therapies. In some cases, surgery may be required to relieve severe swelling or nerve compression.

The laryngeal nerves are a pair of nerves that originate from the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) and provide motor and sensory innervation to the larynx. There are two branches of the laryngeal nerves: the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

The superior laryngeal nerve has two branches: the external branch, which provides motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle and sensation to the mucous membrane of the laryngeal vestibule; and the internal branch, which provides sensory innervation to the mucous membrane of the laryngeal vestibule.

The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides motor innervation to all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle, and sensation to the mucous membrane below the vocal folds. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve has a longer course than the left one, as it hooks around the subclavian artery before ascending to the larynx.

Damage to the laryngeal nerves can result in voice changes, difficulty swallowing, and respiratory distress.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

An enterovirus is a type of virus that primarily infects the gastrointestinal tract. There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. These viruses are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, or by consuming food or water contaminated with the virus.

While many people infected with enteroviruses may not experience any symptoms, some may develop mild to severe illnesses such as hand, foot and mouth disease, herpangina, meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and paralysis (in case of poliovirus). Infection can occur in people of all ages, but young children are more susceptible to infection and severe illness.

Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently with soap and water, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and not sharing food or drinks with someone who is ill. There are also vaccines available to prevent poliovirus infection.

... (PL: paralyses; also known as plegia) is a loss of motor function in one or more muscles. Paralysis can also be ... Tick paralysis Ascending paralysis contrasts with descending paralysis, which occurs in conditions such as botulism. Many ... some forms of periodic paralysis, including sleep paralysis, are caused by other factors. Paralysis can occur in newborns due ... Paralysis can occur in localised or generalised forms, or it may follow a certain pattern. Most paralyses caused by nervous- ...
... is a neurological condition characterized by weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone without other ... Flaccid paralysis can be associated with a lower motor neuron lesion. This is in contrast to an upper motor neuron lesion, ... The term acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is often used to describe an instance with a sudden onset, as might be found with polio ... For example, if the somatic nerves to a skeletal muscle are severed, then the muscle will exhibit flaccid paralysis. When ...
Exclaim! named Option Paralysis the No. 2 Metal Album of 2010. Option Paralysis was very well received by the public. On Rate ... Option Paralysis at AllMusic Option Paralysis at the Dillinger Escape Plan's official website Track-by-track with Liam Wilson ... "Option Paralysis MetaScore". Metacritic. Retrieved April 4, 2010. "Year in Review: Metal". Exclaim!. "Option Paralysis by The ... Option Paralysis at Metacritic Pfleider, Adam (March 11, 2010). "Review: Option Paralysis". AbsolutePunk. Retrieved March 11, ...
There is no reference to Polynesian paralysis on the Center for Disease Control (CDC) website because Polynesian paralysis is ... "Photo: Polynesian Paralysis Moco". Tripadvisor. Celine C. (August 23, 2019). "Polynesian Paralysis Moco". Yelp. (Orphaned ... "Polynesian Paralysis" . The lyrics of this song describes a person with Polynesian Paralysis as someone who might be sitting by ... "Polynesian Paralysis." A YouTube video posted on September 19, 2019, shows the band performing "Polynesian Paralysis". In 2011 ...
Paralysis is a 1967 Gujarati novel by Indian writer Chandrakant Bakshi. The novel tells the story of a widowed professor, and ... Paralysis' plot includes themes such as loneliness, defeat, detachment and ennui. Gujarati critic Chandrakant Topiwala praised ... cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) Topiwala, Chandrakant (1997). "Paralysis". In George, K. M. (ed.). ...
... is a group of rare genetic diseases that lead to weakness or paralysis from common triggers such as cold, ... The symptoms of periodic paralysis can also be caused by hyperthyroidism, and are then labeled thyrotoxic periodic paralysis; ... However, treatment should be tailored to the particular type of periodic paralysis. Treatment of periodic paralysis in Andersen ... If a patient has hypo or hyper periodic paralysis they have a 50% chance of getting Andersen-Tawil. They just have to have the ...
Klumpke's paralysis is a form of paralysis involving the muscles of the forearm and hand, resulting from a brachial plexus ... Klumpke's paralysis is a variety of partial palsy of the lower roots of the brachial plexus. The brachial plexus is a network ... The subsequent paralysis affects, principally, the intrinsic muscles of the hand (notably the interossei, thenar and hypothenar ... ISBN 978-0-8016-3227-3. pp.576, 667 Page 512: Lower Radicular Syndrome (Klumpke Paralysis) in: Pedley, Timothy A.; Rowland, ...
Paralysis may also refer to: Paralysis (album), a 2001 death metal album Paralysis (band), a gothic metal band Paralysis (novel ... Look up paralysis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Paralysis is the complete loss of muscle function for one or more muscle ... This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Paralysis. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to ...
... is a type of paralysis caused by specific types of attached ticks. Unlike tick-borne diseases caused by ... "Australian Paralysis Tick" (PDF). Retrieved June 9, 2018. Doube B. M. (1975). "Cattle and Paralysis Tick Ixodes-Holocyclus". ... The toxin causes symptoms within 2-7 days, beginning with weakness in both legs that progresses to paralysis. The paralysis ... a young girl returning from Australia with increasing paralysis is diagnosed with tick paralysis. Polyneuropathy in dogs and ...
... (or paralysis by analysis) describes an individual or group process where overanalyzing or overthinking a ... "Analysis Paralysis". Sourcemaking. Retrieved 14 May 2016. "Board Game Resource - How to deal with Analysis Paralysis?". Board ... "analysis paralysis: definition of analysis paralysis in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)". Oxford Dictionaries. ... Analysis paralysis is a critical problem in athletics. It can be explained in simple terms as "failure to react in response to ...
... in dogs and horses Laryngeal Paralysis Archived 2007-11-26 at the Wayback Machine by Katharine Hillestad, ... "Idiopathic laryngeal paralysis" ("ILP") to "Geriatric onset laryngeal paralysis polyneuropathy" ("GOLPP"). Animals affected by ... Laryngeal paralysis in animals is a condition in which the nerves and muscles that control the movements of one or both ... Laryngeal paralysis is fairly common in large breed and geriatric dogs, particularly in the Labrador retriever, is rarely found ...
... is a form of paralysis which can occur when either the radial nerve or part of the brachial plexus, containing ... "Crutch paralysis - definition of crutch paralysis in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus ... This can lead to paralysis of the muscles innervated by the compressed nerve. Generally, crutches that are not adjusted to the ... or wrist is chronically in a flexed position because the radial nerve cannot innervate the extensor muscles due to paralysis. ...
... is paralysis of one of the body's many sphincters, preventing it from constricting normally. Case studies ... Rectal prolapse Wakeman, R.; Allen-Mersh, T. G. (1989). "Puborectalis and external anal sphincter paralysis with preservation ... have shown patients may remain continent for many years despite being affected by anal sphincter paralysis. ...
"Sleep paralysis". nhs.uk. 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2023-02-06. Brown, Neil. "Sleep Paralysis". Sleep paralysis can be a porthole ... Rates of recurrent sleep paralysis are not as well known, but 15-45% of those with a lifetime history of sleep paralysis may ... According to some scientists, culture may be a major factor in shaping sleep paralysis. When sleep paralysis is interpreted ... "the paralysis will be permanent"), and psychoeducation about the nature of sleep paralysis. Prevention techniques include ISP- ...
In human sexuality, paralysis, also known as rape paralysis, involuntary paralysis, fright (or faint), or tonic immobility, is ... Because of a lack of public awareness about paralysis, potential perpetrators often do not recognise paralysis in a person they ... of all women who knew what paralysis was) and the 91 men who had never heard of paralysis and found that you should clearly say ... During this paralysis, one cannot move and cannot say anything, until one feels safe enough again. This survival reaction is a ...
Flaccid paralysis is a term used in tactical shooting when a headshot is taken and the bullet enters the cranial cavity in the ... The bullet strikes and severs the spinal column causing flaccid paralysis and eliminates the possibility of involuntary muscle ... The advantage of flaccid paralysis is the subject is rendered incapacitated instantaneously preventing involuntary muscle ...
... is a common problem that involves the paralysis of any structures innervated by the facial nerve. The ... Six months after the onset of paralysis, two-thirds of the patients had fully recovered or only had mild facial paralysis. In ... Patients with facial nerve paralysis resulting from tumours usually present with a progressive, twitching paralysis, other ... The facial paralysis can follow immediately the trauma due to direct damage to the facial nerve, in such cases a surgical ...
... (/ ðiː mɛˈdʌləri pəˈræl ə sɪs/) is an Italian alternative glam rock band formed in the province of ... The name of the band, Medullary Paralysis, is the last stage described by the journal, though it was not chosen to be macabre ... We Don't Drink, We Don't Take Drugs, We Don't Have Sex, We Feel Compassion (The Medullary Paralysis EP),We Don't Drink, We ... The band has the following quote about their concept and main slogan: The Medullary Paralysis is an idiosyncratic lifestyle. We ...
... (CrPV) is a paralytic disease affecting crickets. It was initially discovered in Australian field ... Manousis, T. and Moore, N.F. (1987). "Cricket paralysis virus, a potential control agent for the olive fruit fly, Dacus oleo ... Tate, J. Liljas, L., Scotti, P., Christian, P., Lin, T. and Johnson, J.E. (1999). "The crystal structure of cricket paralysis ... A similar report from the UK and European cricket breeders, however, refers to a "cricket paralysis virus" but has identified ...
... is a paralysis on common fibular nerve that affects patient's ability to lift the foot at the ankle. ... More than 70 to 80 percent of patients with partial paralysis recovered completely, but those with complete paralysis have ... Usually paralysis occurs at the outside of the leg and the top of the foot. Palsy causes decrease of muscle strength to lift ... Peroneal nerve paralysis usually leads to neuromuscular disorder, peroneal nerve injury, or foot drop which can be symptoms of ...
... GeneReview/NIH/UW entry on Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis Type 1 (Articles with short ... Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (equine) MedlinePlus: Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis Update Date: 7/25/2006. Updated by: David ... Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP, HyperKPP) is an inherited autosomal dominant disorder that affects sodium channels in ... This can be caused by the same things that trigger the paralysis, dependent on the type of myotonia. Some people with ...
... (hypoKPP), also known as familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis (FHPP), is a rare, autosomal ... and the diagnosis is instead called thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is a condition that causes ... People with hypokalemic periodic paralysis are often misdiagnosed as having a conversion disorder or hysterical paralysis since ... Paralysis attacks can be managed by drinking one of various potassium salts dissolved in water (debate exists over which, if ...
TPP is distinguished from other forms of periodic paralysis (especially hypokalemic periodic paralysis) with thyroid function ... In 1937 periodic paralysis was linked with hypokalemia, as well as precipitation of attacks with glucose and insulin. This ... Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a rare condition featuring attacks of muscle weakness in the presence of hyperthyroidism ... This is followed by weakness or paralysis that tends to develop rapidly, usually in late evening or the early hours of the ...
... is the fifth studio album by New Zealand death metal band Ulcerate. The album was released on October 28, ... Shrines of Paralysis has received very positive reviews from music critics. Sputnik Music described the album as a "masterpiece ... "Shrines of Paralysis - Ulcerate - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 June 2017. Falzon, Denise (26 ... "Shrines of Paralysis - Ulcerate , Songs, Reviews, Credits , AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 June 2017. Buchanan, John. " ...
Over 50% of people with paralysis and over 62% of people with spinal cord injury live in poverty. Paralysis and spinal cord ... Sam Schmidt Paralysis Foundation Sam Schmidt Motorsports Great NonProfits Reviews of the Sam Schmidt Paralysis Foundation ( ... To cure paralysis and loss of function that spinal cord injuries cause, doctors will need a carefully orchestrated series of ... Paralysis is caused by injury, stroke and disease. According to recent research, of the almost 6 million people living with ...
As the name suggests, slow bee paralysis virus induces paralysis to the anterior legs ten to twelve days after infection. The ... The virus causes paralysis in the front two pairs of legs of adult bees eventually killing its hosts. The virus is in the ... Slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV) is a virus discovered in England in 1974 that infects honeybees (Apis mellifera), bumblebees ( ... "Slow Bee Paralysis Virus". Protein Data Bank in Europe. Joachim, de Miranda (2010). "Genetic characterization of slow bee ...
... (DcPV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus of insects, in the picorna-like ... In beetles that recover from paralysis, the level of virus declines significantly. Virus particles, together with lipid ... multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus Polydnavirus Wikispecies has information related to Dinocampus coccinellae paralysis ...
Equine hyperkalemic periodic paralysis occurs in 1 in 50 Quarter Horses and can be traced to a single ancestor, a stallion ... Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP, HyperKPP) is a genetic disorder that occurs in horses. It is also known as Impressive ... Horses may suffocate during an HYPP attack due to paralysis of the respiratory system. Horses that collapse during an episode ... Horsetalk.co.nz: HYPP: getting to grips with Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis UC Davis VGL: HYPP genetic test information page ...
Slow bee paralysis, in contrast to Chronic bee paralysis virus, causes paralysis of the front two pairs of legs on honey bees ( ... Chronic bee paralysis virus is also similar to slow bee paralysis virus and acute bee paralysis virus. Though CBPV does not ... Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) commonly affects adult Apis mellifera honey bees and causes a chronic paralysis that can ... "Relationships between the RNA Components of Chronic Bee-Paralysis Virus and those of Chronic Bee-Paralysis Virus Associate". ...
The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis is a spinal cord injury research center and a designated Center of Excellence at the ... The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, a Center of Excellence at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, has received ... The Buoniconti family established The Buoniconti Fund to Cure Paralysis in 1992, a non-profit organization devoted to assisting ...
Paralysis (PL: paralyses; also known as plegia) is a loss of motor function in one or more muscles. Paralysis can also be ... Tick paralysis Ascending paralysis contrasts with descending paralysis, which occurs in conditions such as botulism. Many ... some forms of periodic paralysis, including sleep paralysis, are caused by other factors. Paralysis can occur in newborns due ... Paralysis can occur in localised or generalised forms, or it may follow a certain pattern. Most paralyses caused by nervous- ...
"Sleep paralysis". nhs.uk. 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2023-02-06.. *^ Brown, Neil. "Sleep Paralysis". Sleep paralysis can be a ... According to some scientists, culture may be a major factor in shaping sleep paralysis.[38] When sleep paralysis is interpreted ... of those with a lifetime history of sleep paralysis may meet diagnostic criteria for Recurrent Isolated Sleep Paralysis.[18][11 ... In Newfoundland, sleep paralysis is referred to as the Old Hag,[35][46] and victims of a hagging are said to be hag-ridden upon ...
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis causes episodes of extreme muscle weakness or paralysis, usually beginning in infancy or early ... Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is a condition that causes episodes of extreme muscle weakness or paralysis, usually beginning ... Mutations in the SCN4A gene can cause hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. The SCN4A gene provides instructions for making a ... Fontaine B. Periodic paralysis. Adv Genet. 2008;63:3-23. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2660(08)01001-8. Citation on PubMed ...
Diaphragmatic paralysis is more likely to affect the left hemidiaphragm. [9] The patients with unilateral diaphrmatic paralysis ... Unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. Depending on the etiology of the diaphragmatic paralysis, the prognosis of unilateral ... encoded search term (Diaphragmatic Paralysis) and Diaphragmatic Paralysis What to Read Next on Medscape ... known as unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis (UDP), and that involving both leaflets, known as bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis ...
Science News was founded in 1921 as an independent, nonprofit source of accurate information on the latest news of science, medicine and technology. Today, our mission remains the same: to empower people to evaluate the news and the world around them. It is published by the Society for Science, a nonprofit 501(c)(3) membership organization dedicated to public engagement in scientific research and education (EIN 53-0196483).. ...
William Roscoe was born March 8, 1753, in Liverpool. In 1774 he became an attorney and during his long life proved a great supporter of the city and its arts. Of the several volumes of poetry that he published, some on the slavery trade, others on Liverpool and its environs, only one poem, The Butterflys Ball and the Grasshoppers Feast, which he wrote for his son Robert, had lasting popularity. It first appeared in Gentlemans Magazine in November 1806 and in a volume of its own, in 1807, issued by John Harris, who initiated with it a series of childrens books. He died on June 30, 1831, in Liverpool. His Poetical Works were published posthumously in London in 1853. For a life, see George Chandler, William Roscoe of Liverpool (London: B. T. Batsford, 1953; PR 5236 R56 1953 Robarts Library).. ...
... can affect different parts of a childs body, and it can be temporary or permanent. Learn more from ... What is Pediatric Paralysis?. Pediatric paralysis means a child cannot move one or more muscles, such as a finger, an arm or ... Paralysis in children is rare.. Pediatric paralysis is a syndrome, not a specific disease. That means that a child can lose the ... Subacute, if the paralysis started over a period of days. *Chronic, if the paralysis is persistent over weeks, months or longer ...
A treatment plan and outlook for the condition will depend on the underlying cause of paralysis, as well as symptoms ... Learn about common symptoms, causes, and treatments for paralysis. ... Paralysis is a loss of muscle function in part of your body. It can affect any part of your body at any time in your life. ... Your paralysis may be temporary. For example, Bells palsy is a condition that can cause temporary paralysis of your face. ...
Facial paralysis can result from nerve damage due to congenital conditions, trauma or disease. ... Treatment for Facial Paralysis. Paralysis of the face may be temporary or permanent. The facial plastic surgery team determines ... Facial Paralysis Surgery. Facial paralysis surgery is also called facial reanimation surgery. A facial plastic surgeon can use ... An inability to move the muscles of the face on one or both sides is known as facial paralysis. Facial paralysis can result ...
Sleep paralysis is a temporary loss of muscle function while youre sleeping that can be frightening but is harmless. ... Paralysis is a loss of muscle function in part of your body. It can affect any part of your body at any time in your life. A ... Sleep paralysis, or waking up with an inability to move or speak, can be anxiety-inducing but it isnt generally considered ... Sleep paralysis is a common condition, and while it isnt dangerous, it can be scary and unsettling for some people. ...
When patients have facial paralysis, many rehabilitation specialists and facial reanimation surgeons use the time-tested ... Facial grading systems for patients with facial paralysis. Date:. April 21, 2016. Source:. The JAMA Network Journals. Summary: ... "Facial grading systems for patients with facial paralysis." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com. /. releases. /. 2016. /. 04. / ... Emerging vs Time-Tested Methods of Facial Grading Among Patients With Facial Paralysis. JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery, 2016; DOI ...
Bells palsy is also known as unilateral facial paralysis or idiopathic facial paralysis. Person affected by Bells palsy cant ... Bells palsy is also known as unilateral facial paralysis or idiopathic facial paralysis. Person affected by Bells palsy cant ... Mustak is used to treat facial paralysis as well. Devdaru (Cedrus deodara) The oil extracted from the inner wood of the tree ... It increases appetite and helps in the treatment of facial paralysis. Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) is a rejuvenating herb. It ...
"The mental paralysis of not seeing any hope.". When it comes to flight, Montoya now has a variation on his original dream. With ... With determination and new therapies, theres hope for paralysis patients Ignacio Montoya uses a walker, an exoskeleton suit ... But there are interventions, such as the ones hes undergoing, that can help treat "the mental paralysis" as well as the ... LA Times Today: With determination and new therapies, theres hope for paralysis patients ...
During this paralysis, have you seen or heard things which were no longer present when fully awake? ... These symptoms are common experiences within sleep paralysis (SP), which is the feeling of not being able to move, either as ... This study concerns your experiences of sleep paralysis, so if you answered yes to either of the questions above, we would ...
Did you know that about 40 percent of you have experienced some degree of the old hag syndrome and you ...
... paralysis - Sharing our stories on preparing for and responding to public health events ... Viral Lessons: What Paralysis Taught Me About Preparedness and Response. Sometime in mid-August of 2010, I was bitten by a ... Tags #prepyourhealth, Center for Preparedness and Response (CPR), fight the bite, mosquitoes, paralysis, protect yourself, ... Tags Center for Preparedness and Response (CPR), COVID-19, NCIRD, Neurolig Disease, pandemic, paralysis ...
Colorado health officials have confirmed a 10th case of paralysis-like symptoms in a child. ... 10th child showing paralysis, muscle weakening. By The Associated Press , Posted - Sept. 29, 2014 at 5:50 p.m. ... DENVER (AP) - Colorado health officials have confirmed a 10th case of paralysis-like symptoms in a child. ... The cases come amid an unusual wave of enterovirus 68, which can cause paralysis. ...
The heterogeneous group of muscle diseases known as periodic paralyses (PP) is characterized by episodes of flaccid muscle ... encoded search term (Periodic Paralyses) and Periodic Paralyses What to Read Next on Medscape ... Periodic Paralyses. Updated: Apr 30, 2018 * Author: Naganand Sripathi, MD; Chief Editor: Nicholas Lorenzo, MD, CPE, MHCM, FAAPL ... The primary periodic paralyses: diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment. Brain. 2006 Jan. 129(Pt 1):8-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
... Nobodys calling this a miracle, exactly - more like testimony to the power of concerted ...
A man who has paralysis has managed to walk again using an exoskeleton he controls with his mind. The suit is directed by ... A mind-controlled exoskeleton helped a man with paralysis walk again. By Clare Wilson ...
Laryngeal paralysis can be unilateral or bilateral. Etiology. Congenital and acquired forms of laryngeal paralysis have been ... Congenital laryngeal paralysis has been reported in Bouvier des Flandres, bull terrier, Dalmatian, Rottweiller and Huskies. ... lesions or lesions to the laryngeal recurrent nerve or to the dorsal cricoarytenoide muscle result in laryngeal paralysis in ... Available at: https://www.ivis.org/library/ecvs/ecvs-annual-scientific-meeting-hungary-2019/laryngeal-paralysis-update-on- ...
Learn how to recognize the signs of facial paralysis in dogs, understand its causes and how the condition can be managed with ... Causes of Facial Paralysis. Facial paralysis results from damage to a facial nerve called cranial nerve VII. This nerve is ... Uncomplicated facial paralysis in dogs is not typically life-threatening. Even dogs who are challenged by facial paralysis and ... Idiopathic facial paralysis in dogs does not have a prescribed treatment except for supportive care. An important part of ...
Carl Yankowski: Paralysis in Washington means paralysis in business. And thats because Washington is not getting credit ... https://www.marketplace.org/2010/03/30/govt-gridlock-leads-biz-paralysis/. COPY THE LINK ... https://www.marketplace.org/2010/03/30/govt-gridlock-leads-biz-paralysis/. COPY THE LINK ...
Lets remember that the economy -- which is to say, us -- is already burdened by byzantine bureaucratic impositions. Every week, the feds add another thousand pages of rules and proposals for rules. Local governments add their own. My mayor, in New York City, even proposes micromanaging the size of the drinks restaurants may sell.. On top of the existing mountain of red tape, the Obama administration has piled on more, with more to come. Obamacare was less a specific prescription than a license for the Department of Health and Human Services to write new rules, lots of which are yet to be written. No one knows how the bureaucrats will micromanage health insurance.. Then theres Dodd-Frank, the 2,300-page revamp of finance industry regulation. Again, the bill left the rule-writing to regulatory agencies. Who knows what they will come up with?. Every year, Congress makes thousands of changes to tax laws. And no one can guess what will happen in 2013 if the 2001 and 2003 rate cuts expire.. There is ...
This is Buds story, or should I say our story, as they are so interwoven I couldnt begin to separate our journey. Continue…. ...
The Buoniconti Fund to Cure Paralysis has earned a 4/4 Star rating on Charity Navigator. This Charitable Organization is ... The Buoniconti Fund to Cure Paralysis. The Buoniconti Fund to Cure Paralysis. ... Those living with paralysis and their caregivers were exceptionally challenged to help their loved ones. A few major ... In 1985, Barth A. Green, MD and NFL Hall of Fame linebacker Nick Buoniconti helped found The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis ...
This creative paralysis sees us staring at a blank page, unable to come up with ideas, and the knowledge that time is slowly ... This creative paralysis sees us staring at a blank page, unable to come up with ideas, and the knowledge that time is slowly ... If youre suffering from blank page paralysis, its probably a sign that youre starting to get burnt out. Try setting an alarm ... But dont fear! Because there are ways to move past blank page paralysis and get back to productivity. ...
  • The heterogeneous group of muscle diseases known as periodic paralyses (PP) is characterized by episodes of flaccid muscle weakness occurring at irregular intervals. (medscape.com)
  • Familial periodic paralysis is a rare autosomal dominant condition with considerable variation in penetrance characterized by episodes of flaccid paralysis with loss of deep tendon reflexes and failure of muscle to respond to electrical stimulation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Or they might have complete paralysis, which means the given muscle can't move at all. (childrens.com)
  • If you have complete paralysis, you'll have no control over the muscles in the affected areas. (healthline.com)
  • The facial plastic surgery team determines the best treatment based on how long the paralysis has been present, the cause and whether it is a complete paralysis, or an incomplete (or partial) paralysis. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Specifically, electrical stimulation at the base of the spine, or epidural electrical stimulation (EES), can restore bladder movements and even walking in some patients with previously complete paralysis. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • The pathophysiology of sleep paralysis has not been concretely identified, although there are several theories about its cause. (wikipedia.org)
  • Flaccid paralysis causes your muscles to shrink and become flabby. (healthline.com)
  • Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a serious neurologic condition that causes limb weakness and paralysis. (cdc.gov)
  • the altered potassium metabolism is a result of the PP. In primary and thyrotoxic PP, flaccid paralysis occurs with relatively small changes in the serum potassium level, whereas in secondary PP, serum potassium levels are markedly abnormal. (medscape.com)
  • Psychologist Barry Schwartz coined the phrase ' Paradox of Choice ' to describe his consistent findings that, while increased choice allows us to achieve objectively better results, it also leads to greater anxiety, indecision, analysis paralysis, and dissatisfaction. (todoist.com)
  • Rather than empowering us to make better choices, our virtually unlimited access to information often leads to greater fear of making the wrong decision, which in turn leads to us spinning our wheels in a seemingly inescapable purgatory of analysis paralysis, all the while getting nowhere on our important projects. (todoist.com)
  • Ironically, a quick Google search of 'analysis paralysis' pulls up no less than 1,330,000 resources. (todoist.com)
  • Studies in psychology and neuroscience reveal that analysis paralysis takes a far greater toll on your productivity and well-being than just lost time. (todoist.com)
  • Because most cases of unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis are found incidentally during imaging studies, many patients have no symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • [ 9 ] The patients with unilateral diaphrmatic paralysis that do have symptoms and decreased quality of life are those who have concurrent underlying lung diseases. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis are usually symptomatic and, when symptoms are severe or in the presence of underlying lung pathology, may develop ventilatory failure without medical intervention. (medscape.com)
  • What are the signs and symptoms of Pediatric Paralysis? (childrens.com)
  • The signs and symptoms can vary depending on the type of paralysis and what caused it. (childrens.com)
  • A treatment plan and outlook for the condition will depend on the underlying cause of paralysis, as well as symptoms experienced. (healthline.com)
  • The symptoms of paralysis are usually easy to identify. (healthline.com)
  • Symptoms of sleep paralysis typically resolve within a matter of minutes and don't cause any lasting physical effects or trauma. (healthline.com)
  • The study results will help your doctor make a diagnosis, if you're experiencing sleep paralysis and other symptoms of narcolepsy. (healthline.com)
  • These symptoms are common experiences within sleep paralysis (SP), which is the feeling of not being able to move, either as you are going to sleep or as you are waking up. (gold.ac.uk)
  • DENVER (AP) - Colorado health officials have confirmed a 10th case of paralysis-like symptoms in a child. (ksl.com)
  • Apart from the way that anxiety can affect our emotions, this disorder can also cause physical symptoms that resemble paralysis. (calmclinic.com)
  • however, some forms of periodic paralysis, including sleep paralysis, are caused by other factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other conditions that can present similarly include narcolepsy, atonic seizure , and hypokalemic periodic paralysis . (wikipedia.org)
  • Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is a condition that causes episodes of extreme muscle weakness or paralysis, usually beginning in infancy or early childhood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most people with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis have increased levels of potassium in their blood (hyperkalemia) during attacks. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis affects an estimated 1 in 200,000 people. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutations in the SCN4A gene can cause hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In 30 to 40 percent of cases, the cause of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is unknown. (medlineplus.gov)
  • An expanding view for the molecular basis of familial periodic paralysis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Fontaine B. Periodic paralysis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Jurkat-Rott K, Lehmann-Horn F. Genotype-phenotype correlation and therapeutic rationale in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP) is an ion channelopathy of skeletal muscle characterized by attacks of muscle weakness associated with low serum K + . HypoPP results from a transient failure of muscle fiber excitability. (jci.org)
  • Mutations of Na V 1.4 give rise to a heterogeneous group of muscle disorders, with gain-of-function defects causing myotonia or hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. (jci.org)
  • Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a potentially life-threatening complication of Graves' disease (GD). (hindawi.com)
  • Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of thyrotoxicosis characterized by muscle paralysis and serum hypokalemia due to massive shifting of potassium into the intracellular space [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Each form of familial periodic paralysis involves a different gene and electrolyte channel. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although the hypokalemic form is the most common form of familial periodic paralysis, it is nonetheless quite rare, with a prevalence of 1/100,000. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Temporary paralysis occurs during REM sleep, and dysregulation of this system can lead to episodes of waking paralysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • These changes in ion transport reduce the ability of skeletal muscles to contract, leading to episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Episodes of sleep paralysis may occur along with another sleep disorder known as narcolepsy. (healthline.com)
  • They may also ask you to keep a sleep diary , documenting your experience during sleep paralysis episodes. (healthline.com)
  • Central lesions or lesions to the laryngeal recurrent nerve or to the dorsal cricoarytenoide muscle result in laryngeal paralysis in dogs and cats. (ivis.org)
  • Congenital and acquired forms of laryngeal paralysis have been recognized in dogs and cats. (ivis.org)
  • Congenital laryngeal paralysis has been reported in Bouvier des Flandres, bull terrier, Dalmatian, Rottweiller and Huskies. (ivis.org)
  • Other paralytic conditions such as tick paralysis or laryngeal paralysis (difficulty breathing), are covered in separate articles. (lortsmith.com)
  • In bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis, accessory muscles assume some or all of the work of breathing by contracting more intensely. (medscape.com)
  • Pediatric paralysis means a child cannot move one or more muscles, such as a finger, an arm or both legs. (childrens.com)
  • Children can have partial paralysis, which means they might not be able to move their muscles with full strength. (childrens.com)
  • Paralysis will also make it difficult or impossible to control muscles in the affected body parts. (healthline.com)
  • If you have partial paralysis, you'll have some control over the muscles in the affected body parts. (healthline.com)
  • Spastic paralysis involves tight and hard muscles. (healthline.com)
  • An inability to move the muscles of the face on one or both sides is known as facial paralysis. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • This study supports the observation that disturbance of regular sleeping patterns can precipitate an episode of sleep paralysis, because fragmentation of REM sleep commonly occurs when sleep patterns are disrupted and has now been seen in combination with sleep paralysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most common characteristic of an episode of sleep paralysis is the inability to move or speak. (healthline.com)
  • Drugs that interfere with nerve function, such as curare, can also cause paralysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Facial paralysis can result from nerve damage due to congenital (present at birth) conditions, trauma or disease, such as stroke , brain tumor or Bell's palsy . (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Facial paralysis results from damage to a facial nerve called cranial nerve VII. (hillspet.com)
  • Pet parents familiar with Bell's Palsy, a form of facial paralysis in people that the Mayo Clinic notes also includes nerve damage, will notice a similar change in the appearance of their dog's face. (hillspet.com)
  • If you suspect your dog has facial nerve paralysis, contact your veterinarian. (hillspet.com)
  • Pet Health Network notes that a significant risk of facial nerve paralysis in dogs is keratoconjunctivitis sicca, commonly known as dry eye. (hillspet.com)
  • Bell's palsy , the most common cause of facial paralysis, is a form of temporary paralysis or weakness on one side of the face that stems from dysfunction of cranial nerve VII (facial nerve). (medpagetoday.com)
  • These included 683 cases of facial paralysis, 168 cases of facial paresis, 25 cases of facial spasms, and 13 cases of facial nerve disorders (some adverse events were co-reported). (medpagetoday.com)
  • Because speech, mastication, and expression of moods and emotions are based on the ability to move facial musculature-be it voluntary or involuntary-successful treatment of facial nerve paralysis is a vital concern. (medscape.com)
  • This article informs the reader about the extracranial etiology of facial nerve paralysis and its current reconstructive options.The diagram below presents a treatment algorithm for facial nerve paralysis according to facial region involvement. (medscape.com)
  • The keystone of successful surgical treatment for facial paralysis, the details of facial nerve anatomy, is recapitulated briefly to review topographic anatomy of the facial nerve and to enable the physician to localize the suspected site of injury. (medscape.com)
  • Committed to finding a cure for paralysis resulting from spinal cord injury and to seeing millions worldwide walk again, the Buoniconti family established The Buoniconti Fund to Cure Paralysis in 1992, devoted to assisting The Miami Project achieve its national and international goals. (charitynavigator.org)
  • Our mission is to facilitate a cure for paralysis caused by injury to the spinal cord and/or brain. (igive.com)
  • What is the outlook for people with paralysis? (healthline.com)
  • Many people with paralysis never regain mobility or sensation in the affected areas of their bodies. (healthline.com)
  • These experiments, the startup has claimed, are early steps that could one day enable people with paralysis to operate computers and mobile devices with ease only using their neural activity. (independent.co.uk)
  • Between 8% and 50% of people experience sleep paralysis at some point during their life. (wikipedia.org)
  • [12] Polysomnographic studies found that individuals who experience sleep paralysis have shorter REM sleep latencies than normal along with shortened NREM and REM sleep cycles, and fragmentation of REM sleep. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, many people who don't have narcolepsy can still experience sleep paralysis. (healthline.com)
  • Children and adults of all ages can experience sleep paralysis. (healthline.com)
  • Depending on the etiology of the diaphragmatic paralysis, the prognosis of unilateral disease usually is excellent unless the patient has significant underlying pulmonary disease. (medscape.com)
  • The morbidity of the unilateral paralysis is mainly based on the underlying pulmonary functional status and the etiology of the paralysis. (medscape.com)
  • Paralysis can occur in localised or generalised forms, or it may follow a certain pattern. (wikipedia.org)
  • Paralysis can occur in newborns due to a congenital defect known as spina bifida. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sometimes a tingling or numbing sensation can occur before total paralysis sets in. (healthline.com)
  • In short: choice paralysis set in. (addyosmani.com)
  • Rather than make us happy, the very lack of limits in gameplay means that the playerbase is regularly confronted with choice paralysis - a phenomenon in gaming circles almost exclusive to EVE. (tentonhammer.com)
  • While rare in gaming, choice paralysis is a problem endemic to modern life in industrialized societies. (tentonhammer.com)
  • For ventilated preterm infants with evidence of asynchronous respiratory effort, neuromuscular paralysis with pancuronium seems to have a favourable effect on intraventricular haemorrhage and possibly on pneumothorax. (cochrane.org)
  • The neuromuscular effects can progress to frank paralysis with respiratory failure and death. (cdc.gov)
  • It can be associated with: Guillain-Barré syndrome (another name for this condition is Landry's ascending paralysis) Tick paralysis Ascending paralysis contrasts with descending paralysis, which occurs in conditions such as botulism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tick paralysis is a rare cause of paralysis in the general population. (acponline.org)
  • Other signs might include difficulty breathing or eating (for example, in cases of tick paralysis) or other signs of trauma (bleeding or wounds). (lortsmith.com)
  • Jurkat-Rott K, Lehmann-Horn F. Paroxysmal muscle weakness: the familial periodic paralyses. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Severe weakness may mimic paralysis. (lortsmith.com)
  • The intermediate syndrome is a delayed-onset of muscular weakness and paralysis following an episode of acute cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning. (cdc.gov)
  • Microbracon (wasp genus) venom causes paralysis of the neuromuscular system by acting at a presynaptic site. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neuromuscular paralysis, which eliminates the spontaneous breathing efforts of the infant, creates complete synchronization with the ventilator and may minimize these risks. (cochrane.org)
  • However, complications have been reported with prolonged neuromuscular paralysis in newborn infants. (cochrane.org)
  • To determine whether routine neuromuscular paralysis compared with no routine paralysis results in clinically important benefits or harms in newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation. (cochrane.org)
  • All trials using random or quasi-random patient allocation in which the use of neuromuscular blocking agents during mechanical ventilation were compared to no paralysis or selective paralysis in newborn infants. (cochrane.org)
  • The researcher tested this tissue both in animals with acute paralysis (recently caused), and animals with chronic paralysis (equivalent to a year of a human's life). (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • The first study, published in Nature Medicine, announces the success of a personalised electrical stimulation treatment in three patients with paralysis from spinal-cord injuries. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • Paralysis is a loss of muscle function in part of your body. (healthline.com)
  • Diagnosing paralysis is often easy, especially when your loss of muscle function is obvious. (healthline.com)
  • Sleep paralysis is a temporary loss of muscle function while you're sleeping. (healthline.com)
  • And if you've had unsuccessful treatment for facial paralysis elsewhere, we can get you back on track. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Sleep paralysis that occurs in isolation doesn't typically require treatment. (healthline.com)
  • Localized paralysis only affects a single area of the body. (childrens.com)
  • Localized paralysis affects only one part of your body, such as your face or hand. (healthline.com)
  • For example, Bell's palsy is a condition that can cause temporary paralysis of your face. (healthline.com)
  • We can also quickly consult with other Cleveland Clinic specialists when needed, including oncologists for cancer-related palsy and neurosurgeons if we think something in your brain is causing your paralysis. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • During the phase III Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna trials, seven cases of facial paralysis or Bell's palsy were reported in the vaccine groups (7 of 35,654), and one case was seen in the placebo groups (1 of 35,611). (medpagetoday.com)
  • Diaphragmatic paralyses encompass a spectrum of diseases involving a single leaflet, known as unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis (UDP), and that involving both leaflets, known as bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis (BDP). (medscape.com)
  • Paralysis can be caused by genetic conditions or acquired conditions. (childrens.com)
  • As a consequence, the incidence fl uctuated (106-109 copies/mL in the greater genetic diversity), the patient of vaccine-like poliovirus detection in paralysis-affected person), decreasing had a more active infection (that re- recently vaccinated children, which after each immunoglobulin therapy sponded to the therapy) than did the was relatively common up to that time dose (Figure 1 in online Technical Ap- contacts. (cdc.gov)
  • When patients have facial paralysis, many rehabilitation specialists and facial reanimation surgeons use the time-tested Sunnybrook Facial Grading System (FGS) to measure and look for changes in facial function. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This case reminds us that spine surgeons should be aware of possible conversion paralysis , especially in patients who develop a new neurological deficit after spinal surgery . (bvsalud.org)
  • A clinically useful classification of primary periodic paralyses, shown in Table 1, includes hypokalemic, hyperkalemic, and paramyotonic forms. (medscape.com)
  • Documented cases of paralysis of the anal sphincter in newborns have been observed when spina bifida has gone untreated. (wikipedia.org)
  • In other cases, your paralysis may be permanent. (healthline.com)
  • In many cases, paralysis isn't curable. (healthline.com)
  • In some cases, sleep paralysis seems to run in families. (healthline.com)
  • While spontaneously reversible in the vast majority of cases, facial paralyses are serious and debilitating adverse drug reactions," Khouri told MedPage Today . (medpagetoday.com)
  • Of 133,883 cases of adverse reactions with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines reported by March 9, the researchers identified 844 (0.6%) events related to facial paralysis. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The researchers also identified 5,734 (0.5%) cases of facial paralysis among 1,265,182 cases of adverse drug reactions reported with other viral vaccines, and 2,087 (0.7%) cases among 314,980 reports for influenza vaccines. (medpagetoday.com)
  • A total of 1,655 WPV cases with onset of paralysis during 2008 were reported worldwide ( Table , Figure ), a 26% increase from 1,315 cases reported in 2007. (cdc.gov)
  • During an acute attack of TPP with marked hypokalemia, cautious potassium supplementation is of paramount importance as it prevents major cardiopulmonary complications [ 6 ] but, at the same time, one must bear in mind that overadministration of potassium could lead to rebound hyperkalemia and fatal dysrhythmia during recovery from paralysis [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Sleep paralysis may include hallucinations, such as an intruding presence or dark figure in the room, suffocating or the individual feeling a sense of terror, accompanied by a feeling of pressure on one's chest and difficulty breathing . (wikipedia.org)
  • If you're seeking treatment for paralysis, ask your doctor for more information about your specific diagnosis, treatment plan, and long-term outlook. (healthline.com)
  • You were right to consult a neurologist, even if epilepsy (or sleep paralysis) is not an appropriate diagnosis for you. (skepdic.com)
  • The purpose of this clinical vignette is to broaden our differential diagnosis for ataxia and explore a rare presentation of paralysis. (acponline.org)
  • Our specialists are available 24/7 to offer comprehensive care for children with any type of paralysis. (childrens.com)
  • Our specialists can find out what's causing your facial paralysis and begin therapy quickly. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Chronic, if the paralysis is persistent over weeks, months or longer. (childrens.com)
  • Neurologic conditions facing the dentist include abnormalities associated with the cranial nerves, facial sensory loss, facial paralysis, and conditions such as epilepsy, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and myasthenia gravis. (medscape.com)
  • Other tests they might prescribe include a complete blood count, a chemistry profile and a thyroid function profile, which are helpful in evaluating various hormonal disorders associated with facial paralysis. (hillspet.com)