In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.
Degenerative or inflammatory conditions affecting the central or peripheral nervous system that develop in association with a systemic neoplasm without direct invasion by tumor. They may be associated with circulating antibodies that react with the affected neural tissue. (Intern Med 1996 Dec;35(12):925-9)
A diffuse or multifocal peripheral neuropathy related to the remote effects of a neoplasm, most often carcinoma or lymphoma. Pathologically, there are inflammatory changes in peripheral nerves. The most common clinical presentation is a symmetric distal mixed sensorimotor polyneuropathy. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1334)
Cerebellar degeneration associated with a remote neoplasm. Clinical manifestations include progressive limb and GAIT ATAXIA; DYSARTHRIA; and NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC. The histologic type of the associated neoplasm is usually carcinoma or lymphoma. Pathologically the cerebellar cortex and subcortical nuclei demonstrate diffuse degenerative changes. Anti-Purkinje cell antibodies (anti-Yo) are found in the serum of approximately 50% of affected individuals. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p686)
An autoimmune disease characterized by weakness and fatigability of proximal muscles, particularly of the pelvic girdle, lower extremities, trunk, and shoulder girdle. There is relative sparing of extraocular and bulbar muscles. CARCINOMA, SMALL CELL of the lung is a frequently associated condition, although other malignancies and autoimmune diseases may be associated. Muscular weakness results from impaired impulse transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Presynaptic calcium channel dysfunction leads to a reduced amount of acetylcholine being released in response to stimulation of the nerve. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 1471)
Ocular manifestations secondary to various NEOPLASMS in which antibodies to antigens of the primary tumor cross-react with ocular antigens. This autoimmune response often leads to visual loss and other ocular dysfunctions.
Symmetrical osteitis of the four limbs, chiefly localized to the phalanges and the terminal epiphyses of the long bones of the forearm and leg, sometimes extending to the proximal ends of the limbs and the flat bones, and accompanied by dorsal kyphosis and joint involvement. It is often secondary to chronic conditions of the lungs and heart. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.
Syndromes resulting from inappropriate production of HORMONES or hormone-like materials by NEOPLASMS in non-endocrine tissues or not by the usual ENDOCRINE GLANDS. Such hormone outputs are called ectopic hormone (HORMONES, ECTOPIC) secretion.
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.
A characteristic symptom complex.
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.
A sarcoma, usually a liposarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma, with an abundant component of myxoid tissue resembling primitive mesenchyme containing connective tissue mucin. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A paraneoplastic syndrome marked by degeneration of neurons in the LIMBIC SYSTEM. Clinical features include HALLUCINATIONS, loss of EPISODIC MEMORY; ANOSMIA; AGEUSIA; TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY; DEMENTIA; and affective disturbance (depression). Circulating anti-neuronal antibodies (e.g., anti-Hu; anti-Yo; anti-Ri; and anti-Ma2) and small cell lung carcinomas or testicular carcinoma are frequently associated with this syndrome.
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.
Disorders that feature impairment of eye movements as a primary manifestation of disease. These conditions may be divided into infranuclear, nuclear, and supranuclear disorders. Diseases of the eye muscles or oculomotor cranial nerves (III, IV, and VI) are considered infranuclear. Nuclear disorders are caused by disease of the oculomotor, trochlear, or abducens nuclei in the BRAIN STEM. Supranuclear disorders are produced by dysfunction of higher order sensory and motor systems that control eye movements, including neural networks in the CEREBRAL CORTEX; BASAL GANGLIA; CEREBELLUM; and BRAIN STEM. Ocular torticollis refers to a head tilt that is caused by an ocular misalignment. Opsoclonus refers to rapid, conjugate oscillations of the eyes in multiple directions, which may occur as a parainfectious or paraneoplastic condition (e.g., OPSOCLONUS-MYOCLONUS SYNDROME). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p240)
A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.
Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
A neuronal calcium-sensor protein that is found in ROD PHOTORECEPTORS and CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It interacts with G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 in a Ca2+ dependent manner and plays an important role in PHOTOTRANSDUCTION.
A ubiquitously expressed, secreted protein with bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption activities that are similar to PARATHYROID HORMONE. It does not circulate in appreciable amounts in normal subjects, but rather exerts its biological actions locally. Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein by tumor cells results in humoral calcemia of malignancy.
Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.
Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.
A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.
A family of RNA-binding proteins that are homologues of ELAV protein, Drosophila. They were initially identified in humans as the targets of autoantibodies in patients with PARANEOPLASTIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. They are thought to regulate GENE EXPRESSION at the post-transcriptional level.
A condition characterized by persistent spasms (SPASM) involving multiple muscles, primarily in the lower limbs and trunk. The illness tends to occur in the fourth to sixth decade of life, presenting with intermittent spasms that become continuous. Minor sensory stimuli, such as noise and light touch, precipitate severe spasms. Spasms do not occur during sleep and only rarely involve cranial muscles. Respiration may become impaired in advanced cases. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1492; Neurology 1998 Jul;51(1):85-93)
A neurological condition that is characterized by uncontrolled rapid irregular movements of the eye (OPSOCLONUS) and the muscle (MYOCLONUS) causing unsteady, trembling gait. It is also known as dancing eyes-dancing feet syndrome and is often associated with neoplasms, viral infections, or autoimmune disorders involving the nervous system.
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.

Elderly-onset neuromyelitis optica which developed after the diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma and relapsed after a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination. (1/8)

We report a case of elderly-onset neuromyelitis optica (NMO) positive for the anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) antibody; symptoms developed after the diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma and relapsed after a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination. We suggest that activation of CD4-positive T cells and secretion of interferon-gamma induced by adenocarcinoma and complement activation induced by vaccination are responsible for the onset and relapse of NMO, even if a patient is positive for the anti-AQP-4 antibody. This case supports the previous experimental finding that the anti-AQP-4 antibody does not cause NMO-like lesions when injected alone, but does so after the induction of T cell-mediated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis or when co-injected with human complement.  (+info)

Retinopathy associated with adjuvant high-dose interferon-alpha2b in a patient with resected melanoma: a case report and review of the literature. (2/8)

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Bilateral paraneoplastic optic neuropathy and unilateral retinal compromise in association with prostate cancer: a differential diagnostic challenge in a patient with unexplained visual loss. (3/8)

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Paraneoplastic vitelliform retinopathy: clinicopathologic correlation and review of the literature. (4/8)

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SOCS3 is an endogenous inhibitor of pathologic angiogenesis. (5/8)

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Autoimmune retinopathy. (6/8)

Autoimmune retinopathy encompasses a spectrum of rare autoimmune diseases that primarily affect retinal photoreceptor function, and include cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR), melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR) and presumed non-paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy (npAIR). Autoimmune retinopathy typically presents in the fifth and sixth decades with rapidly progressive, bilateral, painless visual deterioration but an unremarkable fundus examination. CAR, MAR and npAIR have an overlapping clinical phenotype, and extensive investigation is required to exclude other causes of retinopathy, and to identify any occult malignancy, before a presumptive diagnosis can be made. Delayed diagnosis, and treatment initiation relatively late in the disease course, may contribute to the poor visual prognosis. Various treatments have been attempted, including systemic immunosuppression with steroid and steroid-sparing agents, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasmapheresis, but these lack an evidence base. A variety of antiretinal antibodies have been identified in patients with autoimmune retinopathy, including antibodies to recoverin, alpha-enolase and transducin-alpha, but seronegative disease is also common. Clinical access to specialised serological investigation is very limited internationally, and this exacerbates the management challenge presented by patients with suspected autoimmune retinopathy. Several decades of experimental research have resulted in very considerable advances in our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms that may underlie autoimmune retinopathy. However, the precise triggers which result in loss of ocular immune privilege and sudden autoimmune attack on retinal cells have yet to be elucidated. This review summarizes the classification, investigation and management of autoimmune retinopathy, and considers the evolving concepts about its immunological aetiology.  (+info)

Autoantibody against transient receptor potential M1 cation channels of retinal ON bipolar cells in paraneoplastic vitelliform retinopathy. (7/8)

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Serum TRPM1 autoantibodies from melanoma associated retinopathy patients enter retinal on-bipolar cells and attenuate the electroretinogram in mice. (8/8)

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Paraneoplastic syndromes refer to a group of rare disorders that are caused by an abnormal immune system response to a cancerous (malignant) tumor. These syndromes are characterized by symptoms or signs that do not result directly from the growth of the tumor itself, but rather from substances produced by the tumor or the body's immune system in response to the tumor.

Paraneoplastic syndromes can affect various organs and systems in the body, including the nervous system, endocrine system, skin, and joints. Examples of paraneoplastic syndromes include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), which affects nerve function and causes muscle weakness; cerebellar degeneration, which can cause difficulty with coordination and balance; and dermatomyositis, which is an inflammatory condition that affects the skin and muscles.

Paraneoplastic syndromes can occur in association with a variety of different types of cancer, including lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and lymphoma. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cancer, as well as managing the symptoms of the paraneoplastic syndrome.

Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are a group of rare disorders that occur in some individuals with cancer. These syndromes are caused by an immune system response to the cancer tumor, which can lead to the damage or destruction of nerve cells. The immune system produces antibodies and/or activated immune cells that attack the neural tissue, leading to neurological symptoms.

Paraneoplastic syndromes can affect any part of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and muscles. Symptoms vary depending on the specific syndrome and the location of the affected nerve tissue. Some common neurological symptoms include muscle weakness, numbness or tingling, seizures, memory loss, confusion, difficulty speaking or swallowing, visual disturbances, and coordination problems.

Paraneoplastic syndromes are often associated with specific types of cancer, such as small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and lymphoma. Diagnosis can be challenging because the symptoms may precede the discovery of the underlying cancer. A combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, laboratory tests, and sometimes a brain biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cancer with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. Immunosuppressive therapies may also be used to manage the immune response that is causing the neurological symptoms. While treatment can help alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life, paraneoplastic syndromes are often difficult to cure completely.

Paraneoplastic polyneuropathy is a rare neurological disorder that can occur in some individuals with cancer. It's caused by the immune system producing antibodies or cells that attack the nervous system (neurons, nerve axons, or myelin sheath) as a response to the presence of a tumor or cancer in the body.

The term "polyneuropathy" refers to damage or dysfunction affecting multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. This can lead to various symptoms such as numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, and pain, typically starting in the hands and feet and progressing upwards.

In paraneoplastic polyneuropathy, these symptoms are related to the immune system's response to the cancer rather than direct invasion of the nerves by the tumor itself. The specific type of polyneuropathy can vary between individuals, and it may present as sensorimotor polyneuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, or a combination of both.

Early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cancer are crucial for managing paraneoplastic polyneuropathy. Immunotherapy, plasma exchange, and intravenous immunoglobulin may be used to help control the immune response and alleviate symptoms.

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is a rare disorder characterized by progressive damage to the cerebellum, the part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements. It is considered a paraneoplastic syndrome, which means it is caused by an abnormal immune system response to a cancerous tumor (neoplasm) located elsewhere in the body.

In PCD, antibodies produced by the immune system to fight the tumor mistakenly attack proteins in the cerebellum that are similar to those found in the tumor. This leads to inflammation and degeneration of the Purkinje cells, a type of neuron critical for maintaining balance and coordinating movements.

PCD can present with symptoms such as unsteady gait, loss of coordination, slurred speech, nystagmus (involuntary eye movement), and tremors. These symptoms often develop rapidly, over the course of days to weeks, and may progress even after the tumor has been removed or treated.

PCD is associated with several types of cancers, including small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and others. Early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cancer are essential to slowing down the progression of PCD and improving outcomes.

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigability. It is caused by the presence of antibodies against voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) in the neuromuscular junction, which disrupts the normal transmission of signals between nerves and muscles.

The symptoms of LEMS include proximal muscle weakness, which may affect the legs more than the arms, and autonomic dysfunction such as dry mouth and constipation. The weakness tends to improve with exercise but worsens after periods of rest. In some cases, LEMS can be associated with cancer, particularly small cell lung cancer.

Diagnosis of LEMS typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, electromyography (EMG) studies, and blood tests to detect VGCC antibodies. Treatment may include medications such as pyridostigmine, which improves neuromuscular transmission, or intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange, which help to reduce the immune response. In cases where LEMS is associated with cancer, treatment of the underlying malignancy can also improve muscle strength and function.

Paraneoplastic syndromes are a group of rare disorders that occur in some individuals with cancer. These syndromes are caused by substances produced by the tumor or the body's immune response to the tumor, which can affect distant organs and cause various symptoms.

Ocular paraneoplastic syndromes refer to a subset of these disorders that specifically affect the eyes. They are caused by an abnormal immune response directed against antigens shared by both the tumor and the nervous tissue of the eye. This results in damage to the nerve cells and can lead to various visual symptoms, such as:

1. Visual loss or blurring
2. Double vision (diplopia)
3. Light sensitivity (photophobia)
4. Abnormalities in pupil size or reactivity
5. Jerky eye movements (nystagmus)
6. Loss of peripheral vision (visual field defects)
7. Impaired color vision
8. Deterioration of the optic nerve (optic neuropathy)

Some examples of ocular paraneoplastic syndromes include:

1. Paraneoplastic retinopathy: A condition characterized by damage to the light-sensitive cells in the retina, leading to visual loss and other visual disturbances.
2. Paraneoplastic optic neuropathy: Damage to the optic nerve that can result in visual loss and visual field defects.
3. Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR): A condition characterized by progressive vision loss, night blindness, and abnormalities in the electroretinogram (ERG), a test used to assess retinal function.
4. Melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR): Similar to CAR but specifically associated with melanoma, this condition can cause visual loss, night blindness, and abnormal ERG results.
5. Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: A rare disorder characterized by rapid, involuntary eye movements (opsoclonus) and muscle jerks (myoclonus), which can be associated with various types of cancer, including breast, lung, and ovarian cancer.

It is important to note that these conditions are relatively rare but can significantly impact a patient's quality of life. Early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cancer can help improve outcomes for patients with ocular paraneoplastic syndromes.

Secondary hyertrophic osteoarthropathy, also known as secondary musculoskeletal hypertrophy or Pierre Marie-Bamberger syndrome, is a condition characterized by the proliferation of new bone formation (osteophytes) and thickening of the bones (hyertrophy) in the joints, typically affecting the hands and feet. This condition is a reactive process that occurs as a secondary response to an underlying medical disorder, most commonly chronic hypoxia or ischemia due to conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cyanotic congenital heart disease, or malignancy.

The exact pathophysiology of this condition is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to the release of growth factors and cytokines in response to the underlying medical disorder. The clinical manifestations of secondary hyertrophic osteoarthropathy include joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited range of motion, as well as characteristic radiographic findings such as periostitis, bone resorption, and new bone formation.

Treatment of this condition involves addressing the underlying medical disorder and providing supportive care for the musculoskeletal symptoms. This may include pain management, physical therapy, and orthopedic interventions as needed.

Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Syndrome, also known as the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis (SIAD), is a condition characterized by the excessive release or action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) leading to an imbalance of water and electrolytes in the body.

ADH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling the amount of urine produced by the kidneys. In normal conditions, ADH levels increase in response to dehydration or decreased blood volume, causing the kidneys to retain water and decrease urine output.

However, in Inappropriate ADH Syndrome, there is an overproduction or inappropriate release of ADH, even when the body does not need it. This can lead to a condition called hyponatremia, which is low sodium levels in the blood. Hyponatremia can cause symptoms such as headache, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or death.

Inappropriate ADH Syndrome can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, brain tumors, lung diseases, and other medical conditions that affect the production or release of ADH. It is important to diagnose and treat Inappropriate ADH Syndrome promptly to prevent serious complications from hyponatremia. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and adjusting fluid intake and electrolyte levels as needed.

Paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes refer to a group of hormonal and related disorders that occur as remote effects of cancer. They are caused by substances (like hormones, peptides, or antibodies) produced by the tumor, which may be benign or malignant, and can affect various organs and systems in the body. These syndromes can occur before the cancer is diagnosed, making them an important consideration for early detection and treatment of the underlying malignancy.

Examples of paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes include:

1. Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH): This occurs when a tumor, often small cell lung cancer, produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to excessive water retention and low sodium levels in the blood.
2. Cushing's Syndrome: Excessive production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by a tumor, often a small cell lung cancer or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, can lead to increased cortisol levels and symptoms such as weight gain, muscle weakness, and mood changes.
3. Ectopic Production of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide (PTHrP): This occurs when a tumor, often a squamous cell carcinoma, produces PTHrP, leading to increased calcium levels in the blood and symptoms such as bone pain, kidney stones, and confusion.
4. Hypercalcemia of Malignancy: Excessive production of calcitriol (active vitamin D) by a tumor, often a lymphoma or myeloma, can lead to increased calcium levels in the blood and symptoms such as bone pain, kidney stones, and confusion.
5. Carcinoid Syndrome: This occurs when a neuroendocrine tumor, often in the gastrointestinal tract, produces serotonin and other substances, leading to symptoms such as flushing, diarrhea, and heart problems.

It is important to note that these syndromes can also be caused by non-cancerous conditions, so a thorough evaluation is necessary to make an accurate diagnosis.

Leukocytosis is a condition characterized by an increased number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the peripheral blood. A normal white blood cell count ranges from 4,500 to 11,000 cells per microliter of blood in adults. Leukocytosis is typically considered present when the white blood cell count exceeds 11,000 cells/µL. However, the definition might vary slightly depending on the laboratory and clinical context.

Leukocytosis can be a response to various underlying conditions, including bacterial or viral infections, inflammation, tissue damage, leukemia, and other hematological disorders. It is essential to investigate the cause of leukocytosis through further diagnostic tests, such as blood smears, differential counts, and additional laboratory and imaging studies, to guide appropriate treatment.

Hypercalcemia is a medical condition characterized by an excess of calcium ( Ca2+ ) in the blood. While the normal range for serum calcium levels is typically between 8.5 to 10.2 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) or 2.14 to 2.55 mmol/L (millimoles per liter), hypercalcemia is generally defined as a serum calcium level greater than 10.5 mg/dL or 2.6 mmol/L.

Hypercalcemia can result from various underlying medical disorders, including primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy (cancer), certain medications, granulomatous diseases, and excessive vitamin D intake or production. Symptoms of hypercalcemia may include fatigue, weakness, confusion, memory loss, depression, constipation, nausea, vomiting, increased thirst, frequent urination, bone pain, and kidney stones. Severe or prolonged hypercalcemia can lead to serious complications such as kidney failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and calcification of soft tissues. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.

For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.

Encephalomyelitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and spinal cord (myelitis). This condition can be caused by various infectious agents, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, or it can be due to an autoimmune response where the body's own immune system attacks the nervous tissue.

The symptoms of encephalomyelitis can vary widely depending on the extent and location of the inflammation, but they may include fever, headache, stiff neck, seizures, muscle weakness, sensory changes, and difficulty with coordination or walking. In severe cases, encephalomyelitis can lead to permanent neurological damage or even death.

Treatment for encephalomyelitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as administering antiviral medications for viral infections or immunosuppressive drugs for autoimmune reactions. Supportive care, such as pain management, physical therapy, and rehabilitation, may also be necessary to help manage symptoms and promote recovery.

Myxosarcoma is a very rare type of soft tissue sarcoma, a cancer that develops in the soft tissues of the body, such as fat, muscle, nerves, blood vessels, and fibrous tissues. Myxosarcomas are characterized by the presence of mucoid or gelatinous material in the tumor, which is composed of an abnormal accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharides. These tumors typically affect adults, with a peak incidence in the sixth to seventh decade of life. They usually occur in the extremities, particularly the lower limbs, and can also arise in the retroperitoneum or other deep soft tissues. Myxosarcomas are classified into several subtypes based on their histological features, with the most common being the myxofibrosarcoma. Treatment typically involves surgical resection with wide margins, often followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. The prognosis for patients with myxosarcoma depends on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, the histological grade, and the patient's age and overall health.

Limbic encephalitis is a rare type of inflammatory autoimmune disorder that affects the limbic system, which is a part of the brain involved in emotions, behavior, memory, and sense of smell. It is characterized by inflammation of the limbic system, leading to symptoms such as memory loss, confusion, seizures, changes in behavior and mood, and problems with autonomic functions.

Limbic encephalitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections, cancer, or autoimmune disorders. In some cases, the cause may remain unknown. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI), and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment usually involves immunosuppressive therapy to reduce inflammation, as well as addressing any underlying causes if they can be identified.

It is important to note that limbic encephalitis is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention and treatment. If you or someone else experiences symptoms such as sudden confusion, memory loss, or seizures, it is essential to seek medical care immediately.

Cerebellar diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the cerebellum, which is the part of the brain located at the back of the head, below the occipital lobe and above the brainstem. The cerebellum plays a crucial role in motor control, coordination, balance, and some cognitive functions.

Cerebellar diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, tumors, stroke, trauma, or degenerative processes. These conditions can result in a wide range of symptoms, such as:

1. Ataxia: Loss of coordination and unsteady gait
2. Dysmetria: Inability to judge distance and force while performing movements
3. Intention tremors: Shaking or trembling that worsens during purposeful movements
4. Nystagmus: Rapid, involuntary eye movement
5. Dysarthria: Speech difficulty due to muscle weakness or incoordination
6. Hypotonia: Decreased muscle tone
7. Titubation: Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of the head and neck
8. Cognitive impairment: Problems with memory, attention, and executive functions

Some examples of cerebellar diseases include:

1. Ataxia-telangiectasia
2. Friedrich's ataxia
3. Multiple system atrophy (MSA)
4. Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs)
5. Cerebellar tumors, such as medulloblastomas or astrocytomas
6. Infarctions or hemorrhages in the cerebellum due to stroke or trauma
7. Infections, such as viral encephalitis or bacterial meningitis
8. Autoimmune disorders, like multiple sclerosis (MS) or paraneoplastic syndromes
9. Metabolic disorders, such as Wilson's disease or phenylketonuria (PKU)
10. Chronic alcoholism and withdrawal

Treatment for cerebellar diseases depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, physical therapy, surgery, or supportive care to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Ocular motility disorders refer to a group of conditions that affect the movement of the eyes. These disorders can result from nerve damage, muscle dysfunction, or brain injuries. They can cause abnormal eye alignment, limited range of motion, and difficulty coordinating eye movements. Common symptoms include double vision, blurry vision, strabismus (crossed eyes), nystagmus (involuntary eye movement), and difficulty tracking moving objects. Ocular motility disorders can be congenital or acquired and may require medical intervention to correct or manage the condition.

Thymoma is a type of tumor that originates from the thymus gland, which is a part of the immune system located in the chest behind the breastbone. Thymomas are typically slow-growing and often do not cause any symptoms until they have grown quite large or spread to other parts of the body.

Thymomas can be classified into different types based on their appearance under a microscope, such as type A, AB, B1, B2, and B3. These classifications are important because they can help predict how aggressive the tumor is likely to be and how it should be treated.

Symptoms of thymoma may include cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, or swelling in the face or neck. Thymomas can also be associated with autoimmune disorders such as myasthenia gravis, which affects muscle strength and mobility. Treatment for thymoma typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, often followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to help prevent recurrence.

The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs that produce, store, and secrete hormones. It plays a crucial role in regulating various functions in the body, including metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.

Endocrine system diseases or disorders occur when there is a problem with the production or regulation of hormones. This can result from:

1. Overproduction or underproduction of hormones by the endocrine glands.
2. Impaired response of target cells to hormones.
3. Disruption in the feedback mechanisms that regulate hormone production.

Examples of endocrine system diseases include:

1. Diabetes Mellitus - a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin deficiency or resistance.
2. Hypothyroidism - underactive thyroid gland leading to slow metabolism, weight gain, fatigue, and depression.
3. Hyperthyroidism - overactive thyroid gland causing rapid heartbeat, anxiety, weight loss, and heat intolerance.
4. Cushing's Syndrome - excess cortisol production resulting in obesity, high blood pressure, and weak muscles.
5. Addison's Disease - insufficient adrenal hormone production leading to weakness, fatigue, and low blood pressure.
6. Acromegaly - overproduction of growth hormone after puberty causing enlargement of bones, organs, and soft tissues.
7. Gigantism - similar to acromegaly but occurs before puberty resulting in excessive height and body size.
8. Hypopituitarism - underactive pituitary gland leading to deficiencies in various hormones.
9. Hyperparathyroidism - overactivity of the parathyroid glands causing calcium imbalances and kidney stones.
10. Precocious Puberty - early onset of puberty due to premature activation of the pituitary gland.

Treatment for endocrine system diseases varies depending on the specific disorder and may involve medication, surgery, lifestyle changes, or a combination of these approaches.

Polymyositis is defined as a rare inflammatory disorder that causes muscle weakness and inflammation (swelling) of the muscles. It primarily affects the skeletal muscles, which are the muscles responsible for voluntary movements such as walking, talking, and swallowing. The onset of polymyositis can occur at any age but is most commonly seen in adults between 31 to 60 years old, with women being slightly more affected than men.

The exact cause of polymyositis remains unknown; however, it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own muscle tissue. Certain factors such as genetics, viral infections, and exposure to certain drugs may contribute to the development of this condition.

Polymyositis can cause various symptoms, including:
- Progressive muscle weakness and wasting, particularly affecting the proximal muscles (those closest to the trunk of the body) such as the hips, thighs, shoulders, and upper arms.
- Difficulty climbing stairs, lifting objects, or rising from a seated position.
- Fatigue and stiffness, especially after periods of inactivity.
- Joint pain and swelling.
- Difficulty swallowing or speaking.
- Shortness of breath due to weakened respiratory muscles.

Diagnosis of polymyositis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, electromyography (EMG), and muscle biopsy. Treatment usually includes medications such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants to reduce inflammation and control the immune response. Physical therapy may also be recommended to help maintain muscle strength and flexibility.

If left untreated, polymyositis can lead to significant disability and complications, including respiratory failure, malnutrition, and cardiovascular disease. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing long-term complications.

Cachexia is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by severe weight loss, muscle wasting, and weakness. It is often associated with chronic diseases such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, heart failure, kidney disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cachexia differs from simple malnutrition or starvation in that it involves a significant loss of muscle mass and an imbalance in energy metabolism, even when adequate calories are consumed.

The hallmark features of cachexia include:

1. Weight loss: Unintentional loss of more than 5% of body weight over 12 months or less, or more than 2% in individuals already underweight.
2. Muscle wasting: Reduction in skeletal muscle mass and strength, leading to weakness and functional impairment.
3. Fatigue and anorexia: Decreased appetite and reduced food intake due to various factors such as inflammation, hormonal imbalances, and psychological distress.
4. Inflammation: Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6) that contribute to metabolic dysregulation and muscle wasting.
5. Insulin resistance: Impaired glucose uptake and utilization by cells, leading to increased blood glucose levels and altered energy metabolism.
6. Altered protein metabolism: Increased protein breakdown and decreased protein synthesis in skeletal muscles, contributing to muscle wasting.
7. Altered lipid metabolism: Increased lipolysis (breakdown of fat) and impaired lipogenesis (formation of fat), leading to loss of adipose tissue and altered energy storage.

Cachexia significantly impacts patients' quality of life, treatment outcomes, and overall survival. Currently, there is no single effective treatment for cachexia, and management typically involves addressing the underlying disease, nutritional support, exercise interventions, and pharmacological therapies to target specific aspects of the metabolic dysregulation associated with this condition.

A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.

Hypophosphatemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of phosphate (phosphorus) in the blood, specifically below 2.5 mg/dL. Phosphate is an essential electrolyte that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions such as energy production, bone formation, and maintaining acid-base balance.

Hypophosphatemia can result from several factors, including malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, alcoholism, hormonal imbalances, and certain medications. Symptoms of hypophosphatemia may include muscle weakness, fatigue, bone pain, confusion, and respiratory failure in severe cases. Treatment typically involves correcting the underlying cause and administering phosphate supplements to restore normal levels.

Thymus neoplasms are abnormal growths in the thymus gland that result from uncontrolled cell division. The term "neoplasm" refers to any new and abnormal growth of tissue, also known as a tumor. Thymus neoplasms can be benign or malignant (cancerous).

Malignant thymus neoplasms are called thymomas or thymic carcinomas. Thymomas are the most common type and tend to grow slowly, invading nearby tissues and organs. They can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Thymic carcinomas are rarer and more aggressive, growing and spreading more quickly than thymomas.

Symptoms of thymus neoplasms may include coughing, chest pain, difficulty breathing, or swelling in the neck or upper chest. Treatment options for thymus neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Nervous system diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a group of conditions that affect the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. These diseases can affect various functions of the body, such as movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. They can be caused by genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or tumors. Examples of nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine, stroke, and neuroinfections like meningitis and encephalitis. The symptoms and severity of these disorders can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe and debilitating.

Recoverin is a protein found in the retina of the eye that plays a role in protecting photoreceptor cells from light-induced damage. It is a member of the neuronal calcium sensor family and functions as a calmodulin-binding protein, which means it can bind to calcium ions and regulate various cellular processes.

Recoverin is particularly important for the regulation of visual transduction, the process by which light is converted into electrical signals in the eye. When exposed to light, photoreceptor cells release calcium ions, which then bind to recoverin and cause it to change shape. This shape change allows recoverin to inhibit a key enzyme involved in the visual transduction cascade, helping to prevent excessive signaling and protect the photoreceptor cells from damage.

Mutations in the gene that encodes recoverin have been associated with certain inherited eye diseases, such as congenital stationary night blindness and retinitis pigmentosa. These mutations can disrupt the normal function of recoverin and lead to progressive vision loss.

Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHrP) is a protein that is encoded by the PTHLH gene in humans. It is structurally similar to parathyroid hormone (PTH) and was initially identified due to its role in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, a condition characterized by high levels of calcium in the blood caused by certain types of cancer.

PTHrP has a variety of functions in the body, including regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis, cell growth and differentiation, and bone metabolism. It acts through a specific G protein-coupled receptor called the PTH/PTHrP receptor, which is found in many tissues throughout the body, including bone, kidney, and cartilage.

In contrast to PTH, which is primarily produced by the parathyroid glands and regulates calcium levels in the blood, PTHrP is produced by many different types of cells throughout the body. Its expression is regulated in a tissue-specific manner, and its functions can vary depending on the context in which it is produced.

Overall, PTHrP plays important roles in normal physiology as well as in various disease states, including cancer, bone disorders, and developmental abnormalities.

Maxillary neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the maxilla, which is the upper jaw bone. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms can invade surrounding tissues and spread to distant sites.

Maxillary neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as swelling, pain, numbness, loose teeth, or difficulty in chewing or swallowing. They may also cause nasal congestion, nosebleeds, or visual changes if they affect the eye or orbit. The diagnosis of maxillary neoplasms usually involves a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and biopsy to determine the type and extent of the tumor.

Treatment options for maxillary neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these modalities. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or metastasis and ensure optimal outcomes.

Autoantibodies are defined as antibodies that are produced by the immune system and target the body's own cells, tissues, or organs. These antibodies mistakenly identify certain proteins or molecules in the body as foreign invaders and attack them, leading to an autoimmune response. Autoantibodies can be found in various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and thyroiditis. The presence of autoantibodies can also be used as a diagnostic marker for certain conditions.

Dermatomyositis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and weakness in the muscles and skin. It is a type of inflammatory myopathy, which means that it causes muscle inflammation and damage. Dermatomyositis is often associated with a distinctive rash that affects the skin around the eyes, nose, mouth, fingers, and toes.

The symptoms of dermatomyositis can include:

* Progressive muscle weakness, particularly in the hips, thighs, shoulders, and neck
* Fatigue
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Skin rash, which may be pink or purple and is often accompanied by itching
* Muscle pain and tenderness
* Joint pain and swelling
* Raynaud's phenomenon, a condition that affects blood flow to the fingers and toes

The exact cause of dermatomyositis is not known, but it is believed to be related to an autoimmune response in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. Treatment for dermatomyositis typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as physical therapy to help maintain muscle strength and function.

Carcinoma, small cell is a type of lung cancer that typically starts in the bronchi (the airways that lead to the lungs). It is called "small cell" because the cancer cells are small and appear round or oval in shape. This type of lung cancer is also sometimes referred to as "oat cell carcinoma" due to the distinctive appearance of the cells, which can resemble oats when viewed under a microscope.

Small cell carcinoma is a particularly aggressive form of lung cancer that tends to spread quickly to other parts of the body. It is strongly associated with smoking and is less common than non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers.

Like other types of lung cancer, small cell carcinoma may not cause any symptoms in its early stages. However, as the tumor grows and spreads, it can cause a variety of symptoms, including coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, hoarseness, and weight loss. Treatment for small cell carcinoma typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and sometimes surgery.

Lung neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the lung tissue. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant lung neoplasms are further classified into two main types: small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lung neoplasms can cause symptoms such as cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and weight loss. They are often caused by smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke, but can also occur due to genetic factors, radiation exposure, and other environmental carcinogens. Early detection and treatment of lung neoplasms is crucial for improving outcomes and survival rates.

Neuromuscular diseases are a group of disorders that involve the peripheral nervous system, which includes the nerves and muscles outside of the brain and spinal cord. These conditions can affect both children and adults, and they can be inherited or acquired. Neuromuscular diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, numbness, tingling, pain, cramping, and twitching. Some common examples of neuromuscular diseases include muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), peripheral neuropathy, and myasthenia gravis. The specific symptoms and severity of these conditions can vary widely depending on the underlying cause and the specific muscles and nerves that are affected. Treatment for neuromuscular diseases may include medications, physical therapy, assistive devices, or surgery, depending on the individual case.

Hu paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis antigens are a group of neuronal intracellular antigens associated with paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PNDs). PNDs are a group of rare, degenerative conditions that affect the nervous system and can occur in patients with cancer. The Hu antigens are part of a family of proteins known as onconeural antigens, which are expressed in both cancer cells and normal neurons.

The Hu antigens include three main proteins: HuD, HuC, and Rb/p75. These proteins are involved in the regulation of gene expression and are found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of neuronal cells. In patients with PNDs associated with Hu antigens, the immune system mistakenly recognizes these antigens as foreign and mounts an immune response against them. This leads to inflammation and damage to the nervous system, resulting in various neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, sensory loss, and autonomic dysfunction.

Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis is a specific type of PND that affects both the brain (encephalitis) and spinal cord (myelitis). It is often associated with small cell lung cancer but can also occur in other types of cancer. The presence of Hu antibodies in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid is a useful diagnostic marker for this condition, although not all patients with Hu-associated PNDs will have detectable Hu antibodies.

Stiff-Person Syndrome (SPS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by fluctuating muscle rigidity in the trunk and limbs and a heightened sensitivity to stimuli such as touch, sound, and emotional distress, which can trigger muscle spasms. The symptoms can significantly affect a person's ability to perform daily activities and can lead to frequent falls and injuries. SPS is often associated with antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme involved in the production of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that helps regulate muscle movement. The exact cause of SPS remains unknown, but it is thought to involve both autoimmune and genetic factors.

Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome (OMS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by rapid, involuntary, and chaotic eye movements (opsoclonus) and brief, shock-like jerks of the muscles (myoclonus). These symptoms can affect various parts of the body, including the limbs, trunk, and face. OMS is often associated with a variety of underlying causes, such as viral infections, tumors, or autoimmune disorders. In some cases, no specific cause can be identified, and this is referred to as idiopathic OMS.

The symptoms of OMS can significantly impact an individual's daily functioning and quality of life. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications to manage the symptoms and address any underlying causes. The prognosis for individuals with OMS varies depending on the severity of the condition and the effectiveness of treatment. Some people may experience significant improvement in their symptoms, while others may have persistent neurological impairments.

Pemphigus is a group of rare, autoimmune blistering diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes. In these conditions, the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies against desmoglein proteins, which are crucial for maintaining cell-to-cell adhesion in the epidermis (outermost layer of the skin). This results in the loss of keratinocyte cohesion and formation of flaccid blisters filled with serous fluid.

There are several types of pemphigus, including:

1. Pemphigus vulgaris - The most common form, primarily affecting middle-aged to older adults, with widespread erosions and flaccid blisters on the skin and mucous membranes (e.g., mouth, nose, genitals).
2. Pemphigus foliaceus - A more superficial form, mainly involving the skin, causing crusted erosions and scaly lesions without mucosal involvement. It is more prevalent in older individuals and in certain geographical regions like the Middle East.
3. Paraneoplastic pemphigus - A rare type associated with underlying neoplasms (cancers), such as lymphomas or carcinomas, characterized by severe widespread blistering of both skin and mucous membranes, along with antibodies against additional antigens besides desmogleins.
4. IgA pemphigus - A less common form characterized by localized or generalized erosions and blisters, with IgA autoantibodies targeting the basement membrane zone.

Treatment for pemphigus typically involves high-dose systemic corticosteroids, often in combination with immunosuppressive agents (e.g., azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab) to control the disease activity and prevent complications. Regular follow-ups with dermatologists and oral specialists are essential for monitoring treatment response and managing potential side effects.

Mukamel syndrome Necklace of Venus Nevus anemicus Nevus depigmentosus (nevus achromicus) Ocular albinism Oculocutaneous ... Paraneoplastic pemphigus Pemphigus erythematosus (Senear-Usher syndrome) Pemphigus foliaceus Pemphigus herpetiformis ( ... Turner syndrome Ulnar-mammary syndrome Van Der Woude syndrome Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome Watson syndrome Werner syndrome (adult ... Freeman-Sheldon syndrome, Windmill-Vane-Hand syndrome) Wilson-Turner syndrome Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (4p- syndrome) X-linked ...
Crow-Fukase syndrome, Takatsuki disease, or PEP syndrome) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome caused by a clone of aberrant ... is the most common ocular sign of POEMS syndrome, occurring in ≥29% of cases. Less frequent ocular findings include cystoid ... Signs and symptoms of a cancer causing a paraneoplastic syndrome result from the release of humoral factors such as hormones, ... Some features have been observed in patients with POEMS syndrome but are not yet certain to form part of the syndrome itself. ...
... syndrome Spondylo-ocular syndrome SPRED1 Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome STAR syndrome Stauffer syndrome Stendhal syndrome ... PAPA syndrome Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome Papillorenal syndrome Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome Paraneoplastic ... syndrome Wende-Bauckus syndrome Werner syndrome Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome West syndrome Westerhof syndrome Wet lung syndrome ... syndrome Shone's syndrome Short anagen syndrome Short bowel syndrome short limb syndrome Short man syndrome Short QT syndrome ...
Alport's syndrome is associated with RP and an abnormal glomerular-basement membrane leading to nephrotic syndrome. It is ... Berson, E. L.; Rosner, B; Sandberg, M. A.; Weigel-Difranco, C; Dryja, T. P. (1991). "Ocular findings in patients with autosomal ... "Bardet-Biedl (Laurence Moon)". Adamus, G., Ren, G. & Weleber, R.G. Autoantibodies against retinal proteins in paraneoplastic ... A mutation on the USH2A gene is known to cause 10-15% of a syndromic form of RP known as Usher's Syndrome when inherited in an ...
Dibas A, Yang MH, He S, Bobich J, Yorio T (September 2008). "Changes in ocular aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression following retinal ... Pittock SJ, Lennon VA (May 2008). "Aquaporin-4 autoantibodies in a paraneoplastic context". Archives of Neurology. 65 (5): 629- ... July 2009). "Aquaporin-4 autoimmune syndrome and anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-negative opticospinal multiple sclerosis in Japanese ...
... comorbid conditions and paraneoplastic syndrome may all co-occur and act as confounding factors in the study or experience of ... In one study, 5-flouracil caused ocular toxicity in 25-38% of patients treated with the drug. Methotrexate also caused ocular ... 2008). "Systematic 5-flouracil treatment causes a syndrome of delayed myelin destruction in the central nervous system". ... "Ocular toxicity and cancer chemotherapy". Cancer. 78 (7): 1359-1373. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19961001)78:7. 3.0.co;2-g. ...
... paraneoplastic syndrome - parathyroid gland - parathyroid hormone - parenchyma - paresthesias - paricalcitol - parietal ... ocular melanoma - ofloxacin - OGX-011 - oblimersen - oligoastrocytoma - oligodendroglial tumor - oligodendroglioma - oltipraz ... FAMMM syndrome - Fanconi anemia - Fanconi syndrome - FAP - fatty-replaced breast tissue - fazarabine - fecal occult blood test ... multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome - multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome - multiple myeloma - multiple sclerosis - ...
Kinsbourne syndrome (9,39-41), opsoclonus, body tremulousness, and benign encephalitis (42-43), syndrome of ocular oscillations ... It is one of the few paraneoplastic (meaning 'indirectly caused by cancer') syndromes that occurs in both children and adults, ... Dancing Eyes-Dancing Feet syndrome Dancing Eyes syndrome (see also Nystagmus) Kinsbourne syndrome Myoclonic Encephalopathy of ... two unusual paraneoplastic syndromes occurring concurrently in the same patient with ganglioneuroblastoma". J. Pediatr. Hematol ...
There is not enough definitive evidence to adequately stage, and thus give a prognosis for, ocular melanoma and melanoma of ... Soura E, Eliades PJ, Shannon K, Stratigos AJ, Tsao H (March 2016). "Hereditary melanoma: Update on syndromes and management: ... Elevated above the skin surface Firm to the touch Growing Metastatic melanoma may cause nonspecific paraneoplastic symptoms, ... Sentinel lymph node biopsy is often performed, especially for T1b/T2+ tumors, mucosal tumors, ocular melanoma and tumors of the ...
"NINDS Paraneoplastic Syndromes Information Page". National Institutes of Health. 12 March 2009. Archived from the original on 4 ... Studies of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (which stabilizes the visual image on the retina when the head turns) found that ... In particular, the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome or Schmahmann's syndrome has been described in adults and children. ... of the cerebellar vermis is a characteristic of both Dandy-Walker syndrome and Joubert syndrome. In very rare cases, the entire ...
Ocular Motility Disorders / etiology* * Paraneoplastic Syndromes* * Prognosis * Retrospective Studies Grants and funding * CA ...
Sequential fluctuating paraneoplastic ocular fluttr - opsoclonus - myoclonus syndrome and Lambert - Eaton myasthenic syndrome ... Spontaneously resolving paraneoplastic ocular flutter-opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome in association with treatment-sensitive ... Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration may occur in association with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), but to our ... the co-occurrence of paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome and LEMS has not been previously reported. A 67-year-old ...
Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid *Ocular rosacea (Cornea 2004;23:630) *Paraneoplastic syndrome associated with lung tumors (Cornea ... Sjögren syndrome *Stevens-Johnson syndrome *Systemic sclerosis *Trachoma *Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegeners) (Nephrol ...
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare presynaptic disorder of neuromuscular transmission in which quantal release ... Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome: Ocular Signs and Symptoms. J Neuroophthalmol. 2016 Mar. 36 (1):20-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Maddison P, Gozzard P, Grainge MJ, Lang B. Long-term survival in paraneoplastic Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Neurology. ... encoded search term (Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS)) and Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) What to Read Next ...
Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Ocular. Public MeSH Note. 2006; RECOVERIN was indexed under CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEINS, EYE PROTEINS & ...
Mukamel syndrome Necklace of Venus Nevus anemicus Nevus depigmentosus (nevus achromicus) Ocular albinism Oculocutaneous ... Paraneoplastic pemphigus Pemphigus erythematosus (Senear-Usher syndrome) Pemphigus foliaceus Pemphigus herpetiformis ( ... Turner syndrome Ulnar-mammary syndrome Van Der Woude syndrome Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome Watson syndrome Werner syndrome (adult ... Freeman-Sheldon syndrome, Windmill-Vane-Hand syndrome) Wilson-Turner syndrome Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (4p- syndrome) X-linked ...
Sequential fluctuating paraneoplastic ocular flutter-opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome in ... Paraneoplastic overlap syndrome in non-small squamous cell lung carcinoma. Romy Hoque et al., BMJ Case Reports, 2014 ... Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome due to squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. Alexander M Rossor et al., BMJ Case Reports, ... Opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome, ovarian teratoma and anti-NMDAR antibody: an unresolved mystery. Angel T Miraclin et al ...
Ocular paraneoplastic syndromes. *Refsum disease. *Usher syndrome. *gastroesophageal reflux disease. *posterior vitreous ...
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare presynaptic disorder of neuromuscular transmission in which quantal release ... Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome: Ocular Signs and Symptoms. J Neuroophthalmol. 2016 Mar. 36 (1):20-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Maddison P, Gozzard P, Grainge MJ, Lang B. Long-term survival in paraneoplastic Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Neurology. ... encoded search term (Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS)) and Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) What to Read Next ...
Ocular paraneoplastic syndromes. *Refsum disease. *Usher syndrome. *gastroesophageal reflux disease. *posterior vitreous ...
Ocular Paraneoplastic Syndromes Medicine & Life Sciences 28% * Proteins Medicine & Life Sciences 24% ... creating antibody-arrays related to the syndrome. Hsps and CRMP-2 are newly identified autoantigens in AR. A frequent co- ... creating antibody-arrays related to the syndrome. Hsps and CRMP-2 are newly identified autoantigens in AR. A frequent co- ... creating antibody-arrays related to the syndrome. Hsps and CRMP-2 are newly identified autoantigens in AR. A frequent co- ...
Paraneoplastic Syndromes - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... myasthenia-like syndrome with weakness usually affecting the limbs and sparing ocular and bulbar muscles. It is presynaptic, ... Neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes Several types of peripheral neuropathy are among the neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes. ... Endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes The endocrine system is often affected by paraneoplastic syndromes. ...
Ocular Paraneoplastic Syndromes. Przezdziecka-Dolyk, Joanna; Brzecka, Anna; Ejma, Maria; Misiuk-Hojlo, Marta; Torres Solis, ... Ocular-involving paraneoplastic syndromes present a wide variety of clinical symptoms. Understanding the background ... Antiretinal autoantibodies are highly associated with visual paraneoplastic syndromes and may guide diagnosis by classifying ... paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy (PVM), and paraneoplastic optic neuritis (PON), and (2) ectopic peptides, which is often ...
Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes / Paula K. Rauschkolb and Jerome B. Posner --- Gastrointestinal system. Celiac disease / ... Ocular disease / Monica D. Dalal, H. Nida Sen, and Robert B. Nussenblatt. Immune-mediated inner ear disease / Claudio Lunardi ... Antiphospholipid syndrome / Nancy Agmon-Levin, Angela Tincani, and Yehuda Shoenfeld. Sjögrens syndrome / Clio P. Mavragani, ... Polyendocrine syndromes / Pärt Peterson and Eystein S. Husebye. Autoimmune hypophysitis / Patrizio Caturegli, Isabella Lupi, ...
Sjögrens Syndrome...265 • Myasthenia Gravis...266 • Tony Conigliaro...267 • Pigmented Tumors of the Ocular Surface...268 • ... Paraneoplastic Syndromes...256 • Managing the White Nucleus...257 • Corneal Dystrophies...258 • Collaborative Initial Glaucoma ... 188 JULY Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome...190 • Lens Power...191 • Ophthalmology in the Ancient Islamic Empire...192 ... Ocular Ischemic Syndrome...150 • Fuchs Dystrophy...151 • Intraocular Foreign Body...152 • Mycobacterium Keratitis...153 • ...
This is an unusual manifestation of a paraneoplastic syndrome resulting from an esophageal sarcomatoid adenocarcinoma. ... This case has unique features in both the initial presentation and the presence of ocular metastases. Histologic reports of ...
Paraneoplastic Syndromes. Section 2: DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES FOR THE CANCER PATIENT 6. Diagnostic Imaging in Oncology 7. ... Ocular Tumors 33. Hematopoietic Tumors 34. Miscellaneous Tumors. * Authors David M. Vail, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Oncology), Professor ...
Paraneoplastic Syndromes. Section 2: DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES FOR THE CANCER PATIENT 6. Diagnostic Imaging in Oncology 7. ... Ocular Tumors 33. Hematopoietic Tumors 34. Miscellaneous Tumors. * Authors David M. Vail, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Oncology), Professor ...
... as well as other simulating lesions of intraocular tumors and paraneoplastic syndromes. Each chapter features numerous high- ... ocular inflammatory and infectious disorders, retinal degeneration, surgical retina, ocular oncology, pediatric retina and ... Ocular Oncology atlas is part of the series Retina Atlas, which provides global perspectives on vitreoretinal diseases, ... this book is intended for ocular oncologists, retina specialists, general ophthalmologists, residents and retina fellows. ...
5 Although 2 simultaneously occurring paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes, due to an ovarian teratoma, cannot be fully excluded ... such as opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, ocular movement abnormalities, and low cranial nerve involvement in patients with ... Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma. Ann Neurol 2007;61:25-36. ...
D2.455.426.559.389.657.410.460 Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Ocular C4.730.356 C4.730.900 Paraoxon D2.705.569 D2.705.400.650 ... D2.455.426.559.389.657.684.602.615 Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome C2.256.200.500 Potassium Acetate D2.241. ...
D2.455.426.559.389.657.410.460 Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Ocular C4.730.356 C4.730.900 Paraoxon D2.705.569 D2.705.400.650 ... D2.455.426.559.389.657.684.602.615 Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome C2.256.200.500 Potassium Acetate D2.241. ...
D2.455.426.559.389.657.410.460 Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Ocular C4.730.356 C4.730.900 Paraoxon D2.705.569 D2.705.400.650 ... D2.455.426.559.389.657.684.602.615 Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome C2.256.200.500 Potassium Acetate D2.241. ...
D2.455.426.559.389.657.410.460 Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Ocular C4.730.356 C4.730.900 Paraoxon D2.705.569 D2.705.400.650 ... D2.455.426.559.389.657.684.602.615 Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome C2.256.200.500 Potassium Acetate D2.241. ...
D2.455.426.559.389.657.410.460 Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Ocular C4.730.356 C4.730.900 Paraoxon D2.705.569 D2.705.400.650 ... D2.455.426.559.389.657.684.602.615 Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome C2.256.200.500 Potassium Acetate D2.241. ...
D2.455.426.559.389.657.410.460 Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Ocular C4.730.356 C4.730.900 Paraoxon D2.705.569 D2.705.400.650 ... D2.455.426.559.389.657.684.602.615 Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome C2.256.200.500 Potassium Acetate D2.241. ...
D2.455.426.559.389.657.410.460 Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Ocular C4.730.356 C4.730.900 Paraoxon D2.705.569 D2.705.400.650 ... D2.455.426.559.389.657.684.602.615 Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome C2.256.200.500 Potassium Acetate D2.241. ...
D2.455.426.559.389.657.410.460 Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Ocular C4.730.356 C4.730.900 Paraoxon D2.705.569 D2.705.400.650 ... D2.455.426.559.389.657.684.602.615 Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome C2.256.200.500 Potassium Acetate D2.241. ...
Congenital ocular motor apraxia with wheel-rolling ocular torsion-a neurodiagnostic phenotype of Joubert Syndrome. Opsoclonus- ... Therapy for paraneoplastic syndromes in six patients with protein A column immunoadsorption. Bowtie and upbeat nystagmus ... Ocular neuromyotonia is a brief episodic myotonic contraction of one or more muscles supplied by the ocular motor nerves, most ... myoclonus syndrome in patients with locked-in syndrome: a therapeutic porthole with gabapentin. A randomized trial of 4- ...
Brandon Leding, MD, presented "Paraneoplastic Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone: A Case of Metastatic Small Cell ... Haley Proebst, MD, presented "Be on the Lookout: A Case of Ocular Syphilis" ... Collin Goebel, MD, presented "Hyperviscosity Syndrome in a Patient with Longstanding Eisenmengers Syndrome" ... Justine Hung, MD, presented "Cytoreduction to Prevent Differentiation Syndrome in High Risk Acute Prolyelocytic Leukemia" ...
  • There are two main pathophysiology arms: (1) autoimmune pathomechanism, which is presented with cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR), melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR), cancer-associated cone dysfunction (CACD), paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy (PVM), and paraneoplastic optic neuritis (PON), and (2) ectopic peptides, which is often caused by tumor-expressed growth factors (T-exGF) and presented with bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation (BDUMP). (bvsalud.org)
  • Autoimmune paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy is a rare paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS), which manifests as disturbance in sympathetic and/or parasympathetic nervous system function. (medscape.com)
  • The main paraneoplastic syndromes associated with autonomic dysfunction include paraneoplastic autoimmune autonomic gangliopathy (AAG), paraneoplastic sensory neuropathies and neuronopathies, paraneoplastic encephalomyeloneuropathies, and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS). (medscape.com)
  • Usually caused by hereditary disorders ("retinitis pigmentosa"), rarely by paraneoplastic or other autoimmune disorders, intra-uterine inflammatory, and acquired toxic-metabolic-neurodegenerative disorders. (xshotpix.com)
  • Autoimmune neuropathies encompass acute forms such as Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and its variants, as well as chronic forms including chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), multifocal motor neuropathy, and polyneuropathies associated with immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal gammopathy and paraneoplastic neuropathies. (nursingcenter.com)
  • Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration may occur in association with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), but to our knowledge, the co-occurrence of paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome and LEMS has not been previously reported. (researchgate.net)
  • Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration is a rare neurological manifestation of nonmetastatic malignancy. (e-rvs.org)
  • There have been only a few cases of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with acute presentation. (e-rvs.org)
  • This study describes a patient with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, who presented acute vestibular syndrome and then episodically developed horizontal gaze-evoked nystagmus and gait ataxia. (e-rvs.org)
  • Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration refers to a rare neurological manifestation of nonmetastatic malignancy. (e-rvs.org)
  • This study aims to describe a patient with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, who initially presented as acute vertigo mimicking unilateral vestibulopathy. (e-rvs.org)
  • Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome is a combination of involuntary, arrhythmic, conjugate saccadic eye movements with myoclonus. (bmj.com)
  • Opsoclonus and myoclonus both are adverse effect of phenytoin[ 1 ] but opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) as a consequent effect of phenytoin toxicity is not previously reported in the literature. (ruralneuropractice.com)
  • Here we review the retinal-based paraneoplastic syndromes, specifically cancer-associated retinopathy, melanoma-associated retinopathy (a lesser-known entity), paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy and bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
  • Ocular Oncology atlas is part of the series Retina Atlas, which provides global perspectives on vitreoretinal diseases, covering imaging basics, retinal vascular disease, macular disorders, ocular inflammatory and infectious disorders, retinal degeneration, surgical retina, ocular oncology, pediatric retina and trauma. (downloadmedicalbook.com)
  • Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an umbrella term describing a heterogeneous group of related disorders, including Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) and GBS subtypes ( box 1 ). (bmj.com)
  • Here, we review the most important differential diagnoses ( Mimics ) for patients presenting with acute flaccid paralysis and brainstem syndromes and highlight some of the more unusual presentations ( Chameleons ) of GBS-related disorders. (bmj.com)
  • Blau syndrome Chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous and articular syndrome Familial cold urticaria (familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome) Familial Mediterranean fever Hyper-IgD syndrome Majeed syndrome Muckle-Wells syndrome TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome (familial Hibernian fever, TRAPS, tumor necrosis factor receptor associated periodic syndrome) Chronic blistering cutaneous conditions have a prolonged course and present with vesicles and bullae. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carcinoid Syndrome Carcinoid syndrome develops in some people with carcinoid tumors and is characterized by cutaneous flushing, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. (msdmanuals.com)
  • An international expert group established diagnostic criteria in 2004 that divided patients with a suspected paraneoplastic neurological syndrome into "definite" and "probable" categories. (medscape.com)
  • A nonclassical neurological syndrome, no paraneoplastic antibodies, and cancer that presents within 2 years of the neurological syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Exactly how cancers result in paraneoplastic neurological symptoms is incompletely understood. (medscape.com)
  • The most common cause in adults is paraneoplastic encephalitis. (bmj.com)
  • Antiretinal autoantibodies are highly associated with visual paraneoplastic syndromes and may guide diagnosis by classifying clinical manifestations in addition to monitoring treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • Designed to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of posterior segment intraocular tumors and simulating lesions, this book is intended for ocular oncologists, retina specialists, general ophthalmologists, residents and retina fellows. (downloadmedicalbook.com)
  • Language, executive function and social cognition in the diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia syndromes. (gov.gy)
  • The acute manifestation of vertigo and imbalance in our patient made more likely a diagnosis of acute vestibular syndrome rather than degenerative or neoplastic etiologies. (e-rvs.org)
  • The diagnosis was Lady Windermere syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare presynaptic disorder of neuromuscular transmission in which quantal release of acetylcholine (ACh) is impaired, causing a unique set of clinical characteristics, which include proximal muscle weakness, depressed tendon reflexes, posttetanic potentiation, and autonomic changes. (medscape.com)
  • Hypereosinophilic Syndrome Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a condition characterized by peripheral blood eosinophilia with manifestations of organ system involvement or dysfunction directly related to eosinophilia in the. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy should be considered in all cancer patients who present with signs or symptoms of autonomic nervous system dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • Other forms of chronically acquired inflammatory neuropathies include Lewis Sumner syndrome, a pure sensory disorder, and distal demyelinating neuropathy ( Table 1 ). (nursingcenter.com)
  • The endocrine system is often affected by paraneoplastic syndromes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The pain that occurs with optic neuritis is usually ocular, retroocular, periorbital, or a frontal headache. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Paraneoplastic syndromes are symptoms that occur at sites distant from a tumor or its metastasis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Ocular-involving paraneoplastic syndromes present a wide variety of clinical symptoms. (bvsalud.org)
  • This atlas covers all aspects of retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroidal tumors, as well as other simulating lesions of intraocular tumors and paraneoplastic syndromes. (downloadmedicalbook.com)
  • Gardner syndrome is characterized by FAP (Familial Adenomatous Polyps), osseous and soft tissue tumors, retinal pigment epithelium hypertrophy and impacted teeth. (xshotpix.com)
  • Up to 20% of cancer patients experience paraneoplastic syndromes, but often these syndromes are unrecognized. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Antiphospholipid syndrome / Nancy Agmon-Levin, Angela Tincani, and Yehuda Shoenfeld. (osu.cz)
  • Thus, melanin protects against light toxicity and against cytotoxic effects caused by ocular inflammation. (xshotpix.com)
  • Infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) is present at birth (congenital). (medlineplus.gov)
  • A 67-year-old woman presented with a complex partial seizure and evolving ocular flutter, opsoclonus, myoclo. (researchgate.net)
  • Classification of seizure disorder and syndromes, and neuropsychological impairment in adults with epilepsy. (gov.gy)
  • [ 1 ] These criteria are based on the presence or absence of cancer, the presence of well-characterized paraneoplastic (onconeural) antibodies, and the type of clinical syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • The clinical syndromes are divided into classical and non-classical categories. (medscape.com)
  • Nail-patella syndrome (NPS) (previously referred to as Fong's disease), encompasses the classic clinical tetrad of changes in the nails, knees, and elbows, and the presence of iliac horns. (nih.gov)
  • This is an unusual manifestation of a paraneoplastic syndrome resulting from an esophageal sarcomatoid adenocarcinoma. (appliedradiationoncology.com)
  • Conclusions: Different anti-retinal antibodies frequently co-exist in a single patient, creating antibody-arrays related to the syndrome. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is effective in relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma and results in a unique toxicity profile, namely cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. (chemnews-japan.com)
  • Ocular signs include ocular discharge, exophthalmia, blindness, and it may be possible to detect decreased retropulsion of the eye(s). (vin.com)
  • Mastocytosis and Mast Cell Activation Syndrome Mastocytosis is mast cell proliferation with infiltration of skin or other tissues and organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The development of these syndromes are not due to direct tumor invasion. (medscape.com)
  • Serum paraneoplastic panel detected anti-neuronal (anti-Yo) antibody. (e-rvs.org)
  • Retina-based paraneoplastic syndromes involving the visual system are relatively rare, but easy to overlook. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
  • [ 1 ] Although the prevalence of MAI infection has increased following the epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), MAI infection remains a rare cause of skin disease. (medscape.com)
  • A trial of intravenous imunoglobulin failed to produce the improvement of the syndrome. (e-rvs.org)
  • For example, Rett Syndrome is a neurodegenerative disease that can result in improper formation of the basal ganglia which is involved in dopamine signaling of the motor cortex [8] . (eyewiki.org)
  • The advent of disease-modifying medications appears to have significantly altered the course of MS. The administration of disease-modifying medications in the clinically isolated syndrome has been repeatedly demonstrated to delay the progression to clinically definite MS. [ 2 , 3 ] Not only may this therapy decrease relapse rates and new MRI lesions, but it may also reduce the development of confirmed disability. (medscape.com)