Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.
A group of inherited diseases that share similar phenotypes but are genetically diverse. Different genetic loci for autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and x-linked forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia have been identified. Clinically, patients present with slowly progressive distal limb weakness and lower extremity spasticity. Peripheral sensory neurons may be affected in the later stages of the disease. (J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 Jan;64(1):61-6; Curr Opin Neurol 1997 Aug;10(4):313-8)
Reduced blood flow to the spinal cord which is supplied by the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries. This condition may be associated with ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, trauma, emboli, diseases of the aorta, and other disorders. Prolonged ischemia may lead to INFARCTION of spinal cord tissue.
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).
Osteitis or caries of the vertebrae, usually occurring as a complication of tuberculosis of the lungs.
Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions.
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.
Severe or complete loss of motor function in all four limbs which may result from BRAIN DISEASES; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; or rarely MUSCULAR DISEASES. The locked-in syndrome is characterized by quadriplegia in combination with cranial muscle paralysis. Consciousness is spared and the only retained voluntary motor activity may be limited eye movements. This condition is usually caused by a lesion in the upper BRAIN STEM which injures the descending cortico-spinal and cortico-bulbar tracts.
Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the SPINAL CORD due to extramedullary neoplasm; EPIDURAL ABSCESS; SPINAL FRACTURES; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence.
A surgical procedure that entails removing all (laminectomy) or part (laminotomy) of selected vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the SPINAL CORD and/or SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Vertebral lamina is the thin flattened posterior wall of vertebral arch that forms the vertebral foramen through which pass the spinal cord and nerve roots.
Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.
Chairs mounted on wheels and designed to be propelled by the occupant.
X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space.
A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.
Wooden or metal staffs designed to aid a person in walking. (UMDNS,1999)
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a "free interval") followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
Radiographic visualization of the aorta and its branches by injection of contrast media, using percutaneous puncture or catheterization procedures.
The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.
Surgical insertion of BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESES to repair injured or diseased blood vessels.
Aneurysm caused by a tear in the TUNICA INTIMA of a blood vessel leading to interstitial HEMORRHAGE, and splitting (dissecting) of the vessel wall, often involving the AORTA. Dissection between the intima and media causes luminal occlusion. Dissection at the media, or between the media and the outer adventitia causes aneurismal dilation.
Inflammation of a transverse portion of the spinal cord characterized by acute or subacute segmental demyelination or necrosis. The condition may occur sporadically, follow an infection or vaccination, or present as a paraneoplastic syndrome (see also ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED). Clinical manifestations include motor weakness, sensory loss, and incontinence. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1242-6)
Acute or chronic inflammation of the arachnoid membrane of the meninges most often involving the spinal cord or base of the brain. This term generally refers to a persistent inflammatory process characterized by thickening of the ARACHNOID membrane and dural adhesions. Associated conditions include prior surgery, infections, trauma, SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, and chemical irritation. Clinical features vary with the site of inflammation, but include cranial neuropathies, radiculopathies, and myelopathies. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch48, p25)
Parenchymatous NEUROSYPHILIS marked by slowly progressive degeneration of the posterior columns, posterior roots, and ganglia of the spinal cord. The condition tends to present 15 to 20 years after the initial infection and is characterized by lightening-like pains in the lower extremities, URINARY INCONTINENCE; ATAXIA; severely impaired position and vibratory sense, abnormal gait (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), OPTIC ATROPHY; Argyll-Robertson pupils, hypotonia, hyperreflexia, and trophic joint degeneration (Charcot's Joint; see ARTHROPATHY, NEUROGENIC). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p726)
Space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal.
Mild or moderate loss of motor function accompanied by spasticity in the lower extremities. This condition is a manifestation of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES that cause injury to the motor cortex or descending motor pathways.
A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.
The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.
A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY.
An adaptor protein complex involved in transport of molecules between the TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK and the endosomal-lysosomal system.
The tearing or bursting of the wall along any portion of the AORTA, such as thoracic or abdominal. It may result from the rupture of an aneurysm or it may be due to TRAUMA.
Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE only in the homozygous state.
Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.
The act of constricting.
Device constructed of either synthetic or biological material that is used for the repair of injured or diseased blood vessels.
Diversion of the flow of blood from the pulmonary veins directly to the aorta, avoiding the left atrium and the left ventricle (Dorland, 27th ed). This is a temporary procedure usually performed to assist other surgical procedures.
A surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.
Manometric pressure of the CEREBROSPINAL FLUID as measured by lumbar, cerebroventricular, or cisternal puncture. Within the cranial cavity it is called INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE.
Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.
A cellulose of varied carboxyl content retaining the fibrous structure. It is commonly used as a local hemostatic and as a matrix for normal blood coagulation.
Spinal neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the spinal column, which can be benign or malignant, and originate from cells within the spinal structure or spread to the spine from other parts of the body (metastatic).
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.
A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.
Injuries involving the vertebral column.
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by an exaggerated convexity of the vertebral column. The forward bending of the thoracic region usually is more than 40 degrees. This deformity sometimes is called round back or hunchback.
A reflex found in normal infants consisting of dorsiflexion of the HALLUX and abduction of the other TOES in response to cutaneous stimulation of the plantar surface of the FOOT. In adults, it is used as a diagnostic criterion, and if present is a NEUROLOGIC MANIFESTATION of dysfunction in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
'Spinal diseases' is a broad term referring to various medical conditions that affect the structural integrity, function, or health of the spinal column, including degenerative disorders, infections, inflammatory processes, traumatic injuries, neoplasms, and congenital abnormalities.
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.

Energy cost of propulsion in standard and ultralight wheelchairs in people with spinal cord injuries. (1/1047)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Wheelchair- and subject-related factors influence the efficiency of wheelchair propulsion. The purpose of this study was to compare wheelchair propulsion in ultralight and standard wheelchairs in people with different levels of spinal cord injury. SUBJECTS: Seventy-four subjects (mean age=26.2 years, SD=7.14, range=17-50) with spinal cord injury resulting in motor loss (30 with tetraplegia and 44 with paraplegia) were studied. METHOD: Each subject propelled standard and ultralight wheelchairs around an outdoor track at self-selected speeds, while data were collected at 4 predetermined intervals. Speed, distance traveled, and oxygen cost (VO2 mL/kg/m) were compared by wheelchair, group, and over time, using a Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: In the ultralight wheelchair, speed and distance traveled were greater for both subjects with paraplegia and subjects with tetraplegia, whereas VO2 was less only for subjects with paraplegia. Subjects with paraplegia propelled faster and farther than did subjects with tetraplegia. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: The ultralight wheelchair improved the efficiency of propulsion in the tested subjects. Subjects with tetraplegia, especially at the C6 level, are limited in their ability to propel a wheelchair.  (+info)

Heart rate during exercise with leg vascular occlusion in spinal cord-injured humans. (2/1047)

Feed-forward and feedback mechanisms are both important for control of the heart rate response to muscular exercise, but their origin and relative importance remain inadequately understood. To evaluate whether humoral mechanisms are of importance, the heart rate response to electrically induced cycling was studied in participants with spinal cord injury (SCI) and compared with that elicited during volitional cycling in able-bodied persons (C). During voluntary exercise at an oxygen uptake of approximately 1 l/min, heart rate increased from 66 +/- 4 to 86 +/- 4 (SE) beats/min in seven C, and during electrically induced exercise at a similar oxygen uptake in SCI it increased from 73 +/- 3 to 110 +/- 8 beats/min. In contrast, blood pressure increased only in C (from 88 +/- 3 to 99 +/- 4 mmHg), confirming that, during exercise, blood pressure control is dominated by peripheral neural feedback mechanisms. With vascular occlusion of the legs, the exercise-induced increase in heart rate was reduced or even eliminated in the electrically stimulated SCI. For C, heart rate tended to be lower than during exercise with free circulation to the legs. Release of the cuff elevated heart rate only in SCI. These data suggest that humoral feedback is of importance for the heart rate response to exercise and especially so when influence from the central nervous system and peripheral neural feedback from the working muscles are impaired or eliminated during electrically induced exercise in individuals with SCI.  (+info)

Airway hyperresponsiveness to ultrasonically nebulized distilled water in subjects with tetraplegia. (3/1047)

The majority of otherwise healthy subjects with chronic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) demonstrate airway hyperresponsiveness to aerosolized methacholine or histamine. The present study was performed to determine whether ultrasonically nebulized distilled water (UNDW) induces airway hyperresponsiveness and to further elucidate potential mechanisms in this population. Fifteen subjects with SCI, nine with tetraplegia (C4-7) and six with paraplegia (T9-L1), were initially exposed to UNDW for 30 s; spirometry was performed immediately and again 2 min after exposure. The challenge continued by progressively increasing exposure time until the forced expiratory volume in 1 s decreased 20% or more from baseline (PD20) or the maximal exposure time was reached. Five subjects responding to UNDW returned for a second challenge 30 min after inhalation of aerosolized ipratropium bromide (2.5 ml of a 0.6% solution). Eight of nine subjects with tetraplegia had significant bronchoconstrictor responses to UNDW (geometric mean PD20 = 7.76 +/- 7.67 ml), whereas none with paraplegia demonstrated a response (geometric mean PD20 = 24 ml). Five of the subjects with tetraplegia who initially responded to distilled water (geometric mean PD20 = 5.99 +/- 4.47 ml) were not responsive after pretreatment with ipratropium bromide (geometric mean PD20 = 24 ml). Findings that subjects with tetraplegia are hyperreactive to UNDW, a physicochemical agent, combined with previous observations of hyperreactivity to methacholine and histamine, suggest that overall airway hyperresponsiveness in these individuals is a nonspecific phenomenon similar to that observed in patients with asthma. The ability of ipratropium bromide to completely block UNDW-induced bronchoconstriction suggests that, in part, airway hyperresponsiveness in subjects with tetraplegia represents unopposed parasympathetic activity.  (+info)

Anaesthetic management of a woman who became paraplegic at 22 weeks' gestation after a spontaneous spinal cord haemorrhage secondary to a presumed arteriovenous malformation. (4/1047)

A 19-yr-old woman developed a paraplegia with a T10 sensory level at 22 weeks' gestation. The spinal injury was caused by spontaneous bleed of a presumed arteriovenous malformation in the spinal cord. She presented for Caesarean section at term because of the breech position of her fetus. The successful use of a combined spinal epidural-regional anaesthetic is described and the risks of general and regional anaesthesia are discussed.  (+info)

Occurrence of familial spastic paraplegia in only one of monozygous twins. (5/1047)

Three patients who suffer from spastic paraplegia are described who belong to two generations in one family. One of the patients, who has had symptoms and signs for at least 10 years, has a monozygous twin who is unaffected. Using blood groups and chromosomal polymorphisms, the probability of monozygosity is estimated to be 0.99986. The observation of nonpenetrance in familial spastic paraplegia suggests that environmental factors may be involved in provocation and emphasises the need for careful genetic counselling in this and related diseases.  (+info)

Neurotoxic effects of 2,5-hexanedione on normal and neurofilament-deficient quail. (6/1047)

The neurotoxic effects of 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) were investigated using neurofilament (NF)-deficient (Quv) Japanese quail in comparison with normal Japanese quail. Both Quv and normal Japanese quail were inoculated intraperitoneally with 350 mg/kg/day 2,5-HD for 6 consecutive wk. The results of 2,5-HD exposure differed substantially between the 2 strains of Japanese quail. The 2,5-HD-exposed normal quail showed leg paralysis about 4 wk after initiation of dosing. Some treated normal quail fell into dysstasia and died of nutritional disturbances. Histologically, 2,5-HD-treated normal quail had NF-rich axonal swellings and degeneration in the distal parts of the peripheral nerves, spinal cord, and cerebellar peduncles. In contrast, 2,5-HD-injected Quv quail showed tonic convulsion, ataxia gait, severe quivering, and excitation about 2-3 days after administration. Some treated Quv birds died immediately after systemic tonic convulsion, probably because of asphyxia. Although all treated Quv quail showed neurologic signs, there were no recognizable 2,5-HD-induced lesions in the nervous system. After about 4-6 wk of dosing, 2,5-HD induced distal axonopathy in normal quail and acute neurotoxicity in Quv quail.  (+info)

Triplet pregnancy achieved through intracytoplasmic sperm injection with spermatozoa obtained by prostatic massage of a paraplegic patient: case report. (7/1047)

Spinal cord-injured men with ejaculation disorders can have children thanks to assisted reproduction techniques. Spermatozoa from these patients are usually obtained through vibratory stimulation, electroejaculation or by puncturing the seminal duct or the testicle. We present the first published case, as far as we are aware, of spermatozoa obtained through prostatic massage of a paraplegic patient. Penile vibratory stimulation was unsuccessful in this patient. In-vitro fertilization (IVF) with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with spermatozoa obtained through electroejaculation was performed at another centre but pregnancy was not achieved. Through prostatic massage, we obtained a total semen volume of 6 ml containing a total count of 12.32x10(6) spermatozoa (6.24x10(6) with tails), 8% of which had motility (graded + and ++); and 16% of which had normal morphology. The spermatozoa obtained were then used to perform IVF with ICSI and a triplet pregnancy was achieved. Prostatic massage appears to be an easy, non-traumatic and risk-free method to obtain spermatozoa from paraplegic patients.  (+info)

Pregnancy of the wife of a complete paraplegic by homologeous insemination after an intrathecal injection of neostigmine. (8/1047)

A case of successful pregnancy following artificial insemination following intrathecal neostigmine injection in the wife of a complete traumatic paraplegic (T7-T8 to T11-T12) is described.  (+info)

Paraplegia is a medical condition characterized by partial or complete loss of motor function and sensation in the lower extremities, typically affecting both legs. This results from damage to the spinal cord, often due to trauma such as accidents, falls, or gunshot wounds, or from diseases like spina bifida, polio, or tumors. The specific area and extent of the injury on the spinal cord determine the severity and location of paralysis. Individuals with paraplegia may require assistive devices for mobility, such as wheelchairs, and may face various health challenges, including pressure sores, urinary tract infections, and chronic pain.

Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP) is a group of genetic disorders that affect the long motor neurons in the spinal cord, leading to lower limb spasticity and weakness. It is characterized by progressive stiffness and contraction of the leg muscles, resulting in difficulty with walking and balance.

The symptoms of HSP typically begin in childhood or early adulthood and worsen over time. The severity of the condition can vary widely, even within the same family, depending on the specific genetic mutation involved. In addition to lower limb spasticity, some individuals with HSP may also experience bladder dysfunction, sensory loss, or other neurological symptoms.

HSP is inherited in an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive pattern, depending on the specific genetic mutation involved. There are over 70 different genes that have been identified as causing HSP, and genetic testing can be used to confirm the diagnosis and identify the specific genetic mutation responsible.

Treatment for HSP is focused on managing symptoms and maintaining mobility. Physical therapy, orthotics, and medications such as baclofen or tizanidine may be used to help reduce muscle spasticity and improve mobility. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve muscle contractures or other complications.

Spinal cord ischemia refers to a reduction or interruption of blood flow to the spinal cord, leading to insufficient oxygen and nutrient supply. This condition can cause damage to the spinal cord tissue, potentially resulting in neurological deficits, such as muscle weakness, sensory loss, or autonomic dysfunction. Spinal cord ischemia may be caused by various factors, including atherosclerosis, embolism, spinal artery stenosis, or complications during surgery. The severity and extent of the neurological impairment depend on the duration and location of the ischemic event in the spinal cord.

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) refer to damage to the spinal cord that results in a loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. This injury can be caused by direct trauma to the spine or by indirect damage resulting from disease or degeneration of surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels. The location and severity of the injury on the spinal cord will determine which parts of the body are affected and to what extent.

The effects of SCI can range from mild sensory changes to severe paralysis, including loss of motor function, autonomic dysfunction, and possible changes in sensation, strength, and reflexes below the level of injury. These injuries are typically classified as complete or incomplete, depending on whether there is any remaining function below the level of injury.

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal cord injuries to prevent further damage and improve the chances of recovery. Treatment usually involves immobilization of the spine, medications to reduce swelling and pressure, surgery to stabilize the spine, and rehabilitation to help regain lost function. Despite advances in treatment, SCI can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.

Tuberculosis (TB) of the spine, also known as Pott's disease, is a specific form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that involves the vertebral column. It is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium, which primarily affects the lungs but can spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body, including the spine.

In Pott's disease, the infection leads to the destruction of the spongy bone (vertebral body) and the intervertebral disc space, resulting in vertebral collapse, kyphosis (hunchback deformity), and potential neurological complications due to spinal cord compression. Common symptoms include back pain, stiffness, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Early diagnosis and treatment with a multidrug antibiotic regimen are crucial to prevent long-term disability and further spread of the infection.

Paraparesis is a medical term that refers to a mild to moderate form of paralysis affecting the lower limbs, specifically the legs. It is characterized by partial loss of strength and mobility, which may result in difficulty walking or maintaining balance. Paraparesis can be caused by various conditions such as spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, spina bifida, or other neurological disorders affecting the spinal cord.

The term "para" means "two," and "paresis" comes from the Greek word "paresis," which means "loosening" or "relaxation." Therefore, paraparesis implies weakness or partial paralysis in two lower extremities. It is important to note that while paraparesis can impact a person's ability to walk and perform daily activities, it does not necessarily lead to complete loss of movement or sensation in the affected limbs.

Proper diagnosis and management of the underlying cause are crucial for improving symptoms and preventing further progression of paraparesis. Treatment options may include physical therapy, medications, assistive devices, or surgical interventions depending on the specific condition causing the paraparesis.

A thoracic aortic aneurysm is a localized dilatation or bulging of the thoracic aorta, which is the part of the aorta that runs through the chest cavity. The aorta is the largest artery in the body, and it carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

Thoracic aortic aneurysms can occur anywhere along the thoracic aorta, but they are most commonly found in the aortic arch or the descending thoracic aorta. These aneurysms can vary in size, and they are considered significant when they are 50% larger than the expected normal diameter of the aorta.

The exact cause of thoracic aortic aneurysms is not fully understood, but several factors can contribute to their development, including:

* Atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries)
* High blood pressure
* Genetic disorders such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
* Infections or inflammation of the aorta
* Trauma to the chest

Thoracic aortic aneurysms can be asymptomatic and found incidentally on imaging studies, or they may present with symptoms such as chest pain, cough, difficulty swallowing, or hoarseness. If left untreated, thoracic aortic aneurysms can lead to serious complications, including aortic dissection (tearing of the inner layer of the aorta) or rupture, which can be life-threatening.

Treatment options for thoracic aortic aneurysms include medical management with blood pressure control and cholesterol-lowering medications, as well as surgical repair or endovascular stenting, depending on the size, location, and growth rate of the aneurysm. Regular follow-up imaging is necessary to monitor the size and progression of the aneurysm over time.

Quadriplegia, also known as tetraplegia, is a medical condition characterized by paralysis affecting all four limbs and the trunk of the body. It results from damage to the cervical spinal cord, typically at levels C1-C8, which controls signals to the muscles in the arms, hands, trunk, legs, and pelvic organs. The extent of quadriplegia can vary widely, ranging from weakness to complete loss of movement and sensation below the level of injury. Other symptoms may include difficulty breathing, bowel and bladder dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction. The severity and prognosis depend on the location and extent of the spinal cord injury.

Spinal cord compression is a medical condition that refers to the narrowing of the spinal canal, which puts pressure on the spinal cord and the nerves that branch out from it. This can occur due to various reasons such as degenerative changes in the spine, herniated discs, bone spurs, tumors, or fractures. The compression can lead to a range of symptoms including pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, or loss of bladder and bowel control. In severe cases, it can cause paralysis. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, medication, surgery, or radiation therapy.

A laminectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the lamina, which is the back part of the vertebra that covers the spinal canal. This procedure is often performed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves caused by conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or tumors. By removing the lamina, the surgeon can access the affected area and alleviate the compression on the spinal cord or nerves, thereby reducing pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms.

Laminectomy may be performed as a standalone procedure or in combination with other surgical techniques such as discectomy, foraminotomy, or spinal fusion. The specific approach and extent of the surgery will depend on the patient's individual condition and symptoms.

The term "hysteria" is an outdated and discredited concept in medicine, particularly in psychiatry and psychology. Originally, it was used to describe a condition characterized by dramatic, excessive emotional reactions and physical symptoms that couldn't be explained by a medical condition. These symptoms often included things like paralysis, blindness, or fits, which would sometimes be "hysterical" in nature - that is, they seemed to have no physical cause.

However, the concept of hysteria has been largely abandoned due to its lack of scientific basis and its use as a catch-all diagnosis for symptoms that doctors couldn't explain. Today, many of the symptoms once attributed to hysteria are now understood as manifestations of other medical or psychological conditions, such as conversion disorder, panic attacks, or malingering. It's important to note that using outdated and stigmatizing terms like "hysteria" can be harmful and misleading, so it's best to avoid them in favor of more precise and respectful language.

A wheelchair is defined medically as a mobility aid with wheels, providing the user with increased independence and freedom of movement. It is designed to accommodate individuals who have difficulty walking or are unable to walk due to various reasons such as physical disabilities, illnesses, or injuries. Wheelchairs can be manually propelled by the user or others, or they can be power-driven (motorized). They come in different types and designs, including standard, lightweight, sports, pediatric, bariatric, and reclining wheelchairs, to cater to the diverse needs of users. Some wheelchairs are custom-made to ensure optimal comfort, safety, and functionality for the user.

Myelography is a medical imaging technique used to examine the spinal cord and surrounding structures, such as the spinal nerves, intervertebral discs, and the spinal column. This procedure involves the injection of a contrast dye into the subarachnoid space, which is the area surrounding the spinal cord filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The dye outlines the spinal structures, making them visible on X-ray or CT scan images.

The primary purpose of myelography is to diagnose various spinal conditions, including herniated discs, spinal stenosis, tumors, infection, and traumatic injuries. It can help identify any compression or irritation of the spinal cord or nerves that may be causing pain, numbness, weakness, or other neurological symptoms.

The procedure typically requires the patient to lie flat on their stomach or side while the radiologist inserts a thin needle into the subarachnoid space, usually at the lower lumbar level. Once the contrast dye is injected, the patient will be repositioned for various X-ray views or undergo a CT scan to capture detailed images of the spine. After the procedure, patients may experience headaches, nausea, or discomfort at the injection site, but these symptoms usually resolve within a few days.

The thoracic vertebrae are the 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region of the spine, which is the portion between the cervical and lumbar regions. These vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12, with T1 being closest to the skull and T12 connecting to the lumbar region.

The main function of the thoracic vertebrae is to provide stability and support for the chest region, including protection for the vital organs within, such as the heart and lungs. Each thoracic vertebra has costal facets on its sides, which articulate with the heads of the ribs, forming the costovertebral joints. This connection between the spine and the ribcage allows for a range of movements while maintaining stability.

The thoracic vertebrae have a unique structure compared to other regions of the spine. They are characterized by having long, narrow bodies, small bony processes, and prominent spinous processes that point downwards. This particular shape and orientation of the thoracic vertebrae contribute to their role in limiting excessive spinal movement and providing overall trunk stability.

Crutches are medical devices that provide support and assistance for mobility, typically used by individuals who have difficulty walking or standing due to injury, illness, or disability. They help to reduce weight-bearing stress on the affected limb, improve balance, and increase stability during ambulation. Crutches can be either manually operated or designed with special features such as springs or shock absorbers to enhance comfort and functionality. Proper fit, adjustment, and usage of crutches are crucial for ensuring safety, preventing further injury, and promoting rehabilitation.

Muscle spasticity is a motor disorder characterized by an involuntary increase in muscle tone, leading to stiffness and difficulty in moving muscles. It is often seen in people with damage to the brain or spinal cord, such as those with cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, or spinal cord injuries.

In muscle spasticity, the muscles may contract excessively, causing rigid limbs, awkward movements, and abnormal postures. The severity of muscle spasticity can vary from mild stiffness to severe contractures that limit mobility and function.

Muscle spasticity is caused by an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory signals in the central nervous system, leading to overactivity of the alpha motor neurons that control muscle contraction. This can result in hyperreflexia (overactive reflexes), clonus (rapid, rhythmic muscle contractions), and flexor or extensor spasms.

Effective management of muscle spasticity may involve a combination of physical therapy, medication, surgery, or other interventions to improve function, reduce pain, and prevent complications such as contractures and pressure sores.

The spinal cord is a major part of the nervous system, extending from the brainstem and continuing down to the lower back. It is a slender, tubular bundle of nerve fibers (axons) and support cells (glial cells) that carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord primarily serves as a conduit for motor information, which travels from the brain to the muscles, and sensory information, which travels from the body to the brain. It also contains neurons that can independently process and respond to information within the spinal cord without direct input from the brain.

The spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column (spine) and is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a specific region of the body and gives rise to pairs of spinal nerves that exit through the intervertebral foramina at each level.

The spinal cord is responsible for several vital functions, including:

1. Reflexes: Simple reflex actions, such as the withdrawal reflex when touching a hot surface, are mediated by the spinal cord without involving the brain.
2. Muscle control: The spinal cord carries motor signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement and muscle tone regulation.
3. Sensory perception: The spinal cord transmits sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, and vibration, from the body to the brain for processing and awareness.
4. Autonomic functions: The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system originate in the thoracolumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord, respectively, controlling involuntary physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.

Damage to the spinal cord can result in various degrees of paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury, depending on the severity and location of the damage.

Aortography is a medical procedure that involves taking X-ray images of the aorta, which is the largest blood vessel in the body. The procedure is usually performed to diagnose or assess various conditions related to the aorta, such as aneurysms, dissections, or blockages.

To perform an aortography, a contrast dye is injected into the aorta through a catheter that is inserted into an artery, typically in the leg or arm. The contrast dye makes the aorta visible on X-ray images, allowing doctors to see its structure and any abnormalities that may be present.

The procedure is usually performed in a hospital or outpatient setting and may require sedation or anesthesia. While aortography can provide valuable diagnostic information, it also carries some risks, such as allergic reactions to the contrast dye, damage to blood vessels, or infection. Therefore, it is typically reserved for situations where other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive or where more invasive treatment may be required.

I must clarify that the term "pedigree" is not typically used in medical definitions. Instead, it is often employed in genetics and breeding, where it refers to the recorded ancestry of an individual or a family, tracing the inheritance of specific traits or diseases. In human genetics, a pedigree can help illustrate the pattern of genetic inheritance in families over multiple generations. However, it is not a medical term with a specific clinical definition.

Blood vessel prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure in which an artificial blood vessel, also known as a vascular graft or prosthetic graft, is inserted into the body to replace a damaged or diseased native blood vessel. The prosthetic graft can be made from various materials such as Dacron (polyester), PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), or bovine/human tissue.

The implantation of a blood vessel prosthesis is typically performed to treat conditions that cause narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels, such as atherosclerosis, aneurysms, or traumatic injuries. The procedure may be used to bypass blocked arteries in the legs (peripheral artery disease), heart (coronary artery bypass surgery), or neck (carotid endarterectomy). It can also be used to replace damaged veins for hemodialysis access in patients with kidney failure.

The success of blood vessel prosthesis implantation depends on various factors, including the patient's overall health, the location and extent of the vascular disease, and the type of graft material used. Possible complications include infection, bleeding, graft thrombosis (clotting), and graft failure, which may require further surgical intervention or endovascular treatments.

A dissecting aneurysm is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when there is a tear in the inner layer of the artery wall, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the artery wall. This can cause the artery to bulge or balloon out, leading to a dissection aneurysm.

Dissecting aneurysms can occur in any artery, but they are most commonly found in the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. When a dissecting aneurysm occurs in the aorta, it is often referred to as a "dissecting aortic aneurysm."

Dissecting aneurysms can be caused by various factors, including high blood pressure, atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries), genetic disorders that affect the connective tissue, trauma, or illegal drug use (such as cocaine).

Symptoms of a dissecting aneurysm may include sudden severe chest or back pain, which can feel like ripping or tearing, shortness of breath, sweating, lightheadedness, or loss of consciousness. If left untreated, a dissecting aneurysm can lead to serious complications, such as rupture of the artery, stroke, or even death.

Treatment for a dissecting aneurysm typically involves surgery or endovascular repair to prevent further damage and reduce the risk of rupture. The specific treatment approach will depend on various factors, including the location and size of the aneurysm, the patient's overall health, and their medical history.

Transverse Myelitis is a neurological disorder that involves inflammation of the spinal cord, leading to damage in both sides of the cord. This results in varying degrees of motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction, typically defined by the level of the spine that's affected. Symptoms may include a sudden onset of lower back pain, muscle weakness, paraesthesia or loss of sensation, and bowel/bladder dysfunction. The exact cause is often unknown but can be associated with infections, autoimmune disorders, or other underlying conditions.

Arachnoiditis is a medical condition that affects the arachnoid, one of the membranes that surround and protect the nerves of the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). The arachnoid becomes inflamed, often as a result of infection, direct injury, or complications from spinal surgery or chronic exposure to irritants such as steroids or contrast dyes.

The inflammation can cause the formation of scar tissue, which can lead to a variety of symptoms including:

1. Chronic pain in the back, legs, or arms
2. Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the limbs
3. Muscle cramps and spasms
4. Bladder and bowel dysfunction
5. Sexual dysfunction

In severe cases, arachnoiditis can cause permanent nerve damage and disability. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life, as there is no cure for the condition.

Tabes dorsalis is a late-stage complication of untreated neurosyphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is characterized by degeneration of the posterior columns and dorsal roots of the spinal cord, leading to various neurological symptoms.

The medical definition of Tabes Dorsalis is:

A chronic progressive degenerative disease of the spinal cord, specifically affecting the dorsal root ganglia and posterior columns, caused by the tertiary stage of syphilis. The condition is characterized by a combination of motor, sensory, and autonomic disturbances, including ataxia, Romberg's sign, lightning pains, hypo- or areflexia, impaired proprioception, dissociated sensations, and Argyll Robertson pupils. If left untreated, Tabes Dorsalis can lead to significant disability and even death.

The epidural space is the potential space located outside the dura mater, which is the outermost of the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (the meninges). This space runs the entire length of the spinal canal and contains fatty tissue, blood vessels, and nerve roots. It is often used as a route for administering anesthesia during childbirth or surgery, as well as for pain management in certain medical conditions. The injection of medications into this space is called an epidural block.

Paraparesis, spastic type, is a medical term used to describe a condition characterized by partial weakness or loss of voluntary movement in the lower extremities (legs). The term "paraparesis" comes from Greek words "para" meaning beside or beyond, and "paresis" meaning loosening or relaxation.

In spastic paraparesis, the muscle tone is increased, causing stiffness and resistance to movement, particularly during quick or forceful movements. This increased muscle tone, also known as spasticity, results from an upper motor neuron lesion in the brain or spinal cord that affects the corticospinal tract, which carries signals from the brain to the muscles.

Spastic paraparesis can be caused by various conditions, including spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, hereditary spastic paraplegia, and stroke, among others. The severity of symptoms may vary widely, ranging from mild weakness to complete paralysis. Treatment options for spastic paraparesis depend on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, medications, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Cinnarizine is an antihistamine and calcium channel blocker medication that is primarily used to treat motion sickness and vertigo. It works by blocking histamine H1 receptors in the brain, which helps to reduce the symptoms of motion sickness such as nausea and vomiting. Additionally, cinnarizine can also help to improve blood flow to the inner ear, which may help to alleviate symptoms of vertigo and dizziness.

Cinnarizine is available in various forms, including tablets and syrup, and is typically taken two to three times a day. Common side effects of cinnarizine include drowsiness, dry mouth, and stomach upset. It is important to follow the dosage instructions provided by your healthcare provider, as taking too much cinnarizine can increase the risk of side effects.

It's worth noting that cinnarizine is not approved for use in the United States, but it is available in other countries around the world. As with any medication, it's important to consult with your healthcare provider before taking cinnarizine or any other new medication.

The thoracic aorta is the segment of the largest artery in the human body (the aorta) that runs through the chest region (thorax). The thoracic aorta begins at the aortic arch, where it branches off from the ascending aorta, and extends down to the diaphragm, where it becomes the abdominal aorta.

The thoracic aorta is divided into three parts: the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, and the descending aorta. The ascending aorta rises from the left ventricle of the heart and is about 2 inches (5 centimeters) long. The aortic arch curves backward and to the left, giving rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. The descending thoracic aorta runs downward through the chest, passing through the diaphragm to become the abdominal aorta.

The thoracic aorta supplies oxygenated blood to the upper body, including the head, neck, arms, and chest. It plays a critical role in maintaining blood flow and pressure throughout the body.

An epidural spinal hematoma is a rare but potentially serious medical condition characterized by the accumulation of blood in the epidural space of the spinal canal. The epidural space is the outermost layer of the spinal canal and it contains fat, blood vessels, and nerve roots.

In an epidural spinal hematoma, blood collects in this space, often as a result of trauma or injury to the spine, or due to complications from medical procedures such as spinal taps or epidural anesthesia. The buildup of blood can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerves, leading to symptoms such as back pain, muscle weakness, numbness, or paralysis below the level of the hematoma.

Epidural spinal hematomas require immediate medical attention and may necessitate surgical intervention to relieve the pressure on the spinal cord and prevent further nerve damage. Risk factors for developing an epidural spinal hematoma include bleeding disorders, anticoagulant medication use, and spinal trauma or surgery.

Adaptor Protein Complex 4 (AP-4) is a group of proteins that form a complex and play a crucial role in the intracellular trafficking of membrane proteins within eukaryotic cells. The AP-4 complex is composed of four subunits, namely, α-Adaptin, β2-Adaptin, Mu-Adaptin, and Sigmal-Adaptin4 (σ4A or σ4B).

The primary function of the AP-4 complex is to facilitate the sorting of proteins in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes. It recognizes specific sorting signals present on the cytoplasmic tails of membrane proteins, recruits accessory proteins, and mediates the formation of transport vesicles that carry these proteins to their target destinations.

Mutations in genes encoding AP-4 complex subunits have been associated with several neurological disorders, including hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), mental retardation, and cerebral palsy. These genetic defects disrupt the normal functioning of the AP-4 complex, leading to aberrant protein trafficking and impaired neuronal development and function.

Aortic rupture is a medical emergency that refers to the tearing or splitting of the aorta, which is the largest and main artery in the body. The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. An aortic rupture can lead to life-threatening internal bleeding and requires immediate medical attention.

There are two types of aortic ruptures:

1. Aortic dissection: This occurs when there is a tear in the inner lining of the aorta, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the aortic wall. This can cause the aorta to bulge or split, leading to a rupture.
2. Thoracic aortic aneurysm rupture: An aneurysm is a weakened and bulging area in the aortic wall. When an aneurysm in the thoracic aorta (the part of the aorta that runs through the chest) ruptures, it can cause severe bleeding and other complications.

Risk factors for aortic rupture include high blood pressure, smoking, aging, family history of aortic disease, and certain genetic conditions such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Symptoms of an aortic rupture may include sudden severe chest or back pain, difficulty breathing, weakness, sweating, and loss of consciousness. Treatment typically involves emergency surgery to repair the aorta and control bleeding.

Recessive genes refer to the alleles (versions of a gene) that will only be expressed when an individual has two copies of that particular allele, one inherited from each parent. If an individual inherits one recessive allele and one dominant allele for a particular gene, the dominant allele will be expressed and the recessive allele will have no effect on the individual's phenotype (observable traits).

Recessive genes can still play a role in determining an individual's genetic makeup and can be passed down through generations even if they are not expressed. If two carriers of a recessive gene have children, there is a 25% chance that their offspring will inherit two copies of the recessive allele and exhibit the associated recessive trait.

Examples of genetic disorders caused by recessive genes include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and albinism.

Dominant genes refer to the alleles (versions of a gene) that are fully expressed in an individual's phenotype, even if only one copy of the gene is present. In dominant inheritance patterns, an individual needs only to receive one dominant allele from either parent to express the associated trait. This is in contrast to recessive genes, where both copies of the gene must be the recessive allele for the trait to be expressed. Dominant genes are represented by uppercase letters (e.g., 'A') and recessive genes by lowercase letters (e.g., 'a'). If an individual inherits one dominant allele (A) from either parent, they will express the dominant trait (A).

In medical terms, constriction refers to the narrowing or tightening of a body part or passageway. This can occur due to various reasons such as spasms of muscles, inflammation, or abnormal growths. It can lead to symptoms like difficulty in breathing, swallowing, or blood flow, depending on where it occurs. For example, constriction of the airways in asthma, constriction of blood vessels in hypertension, or constriction of the esophagus in certain digestive disorders.

A blood vessel prosthesis is a medical device that is used as a substitute for a damaged or diseased natural blood vessel. It is typically made of synthetic materials such as polyester, Dacron, or ePTFE (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene) and is designed to mimic the function of a native blood vessel by allowing the flow of blood through it.

Blood vessel prostheses are used in various surgical procedures, including coronary artery bypass grafting, peripheral arterial reconstruction, and the creation of arteriovenous fistulas for dialysis access. The choice of material and size of the prosthesis depends on several factors, such as the location and diameter of the vessel being replaced, the patient's age and overall health status, and the surgeon's preference.

It is important to note that while blood vessel prostheses can be effective in restoring blood flow, they may also carry risks such as infection, thrombosis (blood clot formation), and graft failure over time. Therefore, careful patient selection, surgical technique, and postoperative management are crucial for the success of these procedures.

A heart bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), is a surgical procedure performed to improve blood flow to the heart in patients with severe coronary artery disease. In a left heart bypass, specifically, the left internal thoracic artery or the left great saphenous vein is used to create a bypass graft for the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, which is the primary blood supplier to the front part of the heart. This surgical procedure helps to restore adequate oxygenated blood supply to the heart muscle and alleviate symptoms such as angina and shortness of breath, thereby reducing the risk of heart attacks and improving overall cardiac function.

Surgical decompression is a medical procedure that involves relieving pressure on a nerve or tissue by creating additional space. This is typically accomplished through the removal of a portion of bone or other tissue that is causing the compression. The goal of surgical decompression is to alleviate symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness caused by the compression.

In the context of spinal disorders, surgical decompression is often used to treat conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or bone spurs that are compressing nerves in the spine. The specific procedure used may vary depending on the location and severity of the compression, but common techniques include laminectomy, discectomy, and foraminotomy.

It's important to note that surgical decompression is a significant medical intervention that carries risks such as infection, bleeding, and injury to surrounding tissues. As with any surgery, it should be considered as a last resort after other conservative treatments have been tried and found to be ineffective. A thorough evaluation by a qualified medical professional is necessary to determine whether surgical decompression is appropriate in a given case.

An aortic aneurysm is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal widening or bulging of the wall of the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. When the aortic wall weakens, it can stretch and balloon out, forming an aneurysm.

Aortic aneurysms can occur anywhere along the aorta but are most commonly found in the abdominal section (abdominal aortic aneurysm) or the chest area (thoracic aortic aneurysm). The size and location of the aneurysm, as well as the patient's overall health, determine the risk of rupture and associated complications.

Aneurysms often do not cause symptoms until they become large or rupture. Symptoms may include:

* Pain in the chest, back, or abdomen
* Pulsating sensation in the abdomen
* Difficulty breathing
* Hoarseness
* Coughing or vomiting

Risk factors for aortic aneurysms include age, smoking, high blood pressure, family history, and certain genetic conditions. Treatment options depend on the size and location of the aneurysm and may include monitoring, medication, or surgical repair.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure (CSFP) is the pressure exerted by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. CSF acts as a cushion for the brain, allowing it to float within the skull and protecting it from trauma.

The normal range of CSFP is typically between 6 and 18 cm of water (cm H2O) when measured in the lateral decubitus position (lying on one's side). Elevated CSFP can be a sign of various medical conditions, such as hydrocephalus, meningitis, or brain tumors. Conversely, low CSFP may indicate dehydration or other underlying health issues.

It is important to monitor and maintain normal CSFP levels, as abnormal pressure can lead to serious neurological complications, including damage to the optic nerve, cognitive impairment, and even death in severe cases. Regular monitoring of CSFP may be necessary for individuals with conditions that affect CSF production or absorption.

Spondylitis is a term used to describe inflammation in the spinal vertebrae, often leading to stiffness and pain. The most common form is Ankylosing Spondylitis, which is a chronic autoimmune disease where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the joints in the spine. This can cause the bones in the spine to grow together, resulting in a rigid and inflexible spine. Other forms of spondylitis include reactive spondylitis, infectious spondylitis, and seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Symptoms may also include pain and stiffness in the neck, lower back, hips, and small joints of the body.

Oxidized cellulose is a type of modified cellulose that has undergone oxidation, resulting in the introduction of functional groups such as carboxylic acid or aldehyde groups along the cellulose chain. This process can alter the physical and chemical properties of cellulose, making it more soluble in water and capable of forming gels or films.

Oxidized cellulose is used in a variety of applications, including as a wound dressing material, where it can help to promote healing by providing a moist environment that supports tissue regeneration. It can also be used as a thickening or stabilizing agent in food and cosmetic products, or as a component in the manufacture of specialized papers and textiles.

Spinal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors found within the spinal column, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These tumors can originate in the spine itself, called primary spinal neoplasms, or they can spread to the spine from other parts of the body, known as secondary or metastatic spinal neoplasms. Spinal neoplasms can cause various symptoms, such as back pain, neurological deficits, and even paralysis, depending on their location and size. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent or minimize long-term complications and improve the patient's prognosis.

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a localized dilatation or bulging of the abdominal aorta, which is the largest artery in the body that supplies oxygenated blood to the trunk and lower extremities. Normally, the diameter of the abdominal aorta measures about 2 centimeters (cm) in adults. However, when the diameter of the aorta exceeds 3 cm, it is considered an aneurysm.

AAA can occur anywhere along the length of the abdominal aorta, but it most commonly occurs below the renal arteries and above the iliac bifurcation. The exact cause of AAA remains unclear, but several risk factors have been identified, including smoking, hypertension, advanced age, male gender, family history, and certain genetic disorders such as Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

The main concern with AAA is the risk of rupture, which can lead to life-threatening internal bleeding. The larger the aneurysm, the greater the risk of rupture. Symptoms of AAA may include abdominal or back pain, a pulsating mass in the abdomen, or symptoms related to compression of surrounding structures such as the kidneys, ureters, or nerves. However, many AAAs are asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally during imaging studies performed for other reasons.

Diagnosis of AAA typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options depend on the size and location of the aneurysm, as well as the patient's overall health status. Small AAAs that are not causing symptoms may be monitored with regular imaging studies to assess for growth. Larger AAAs or those that are growing rapidly may require surgical repair, either through open surgery or endovascular repair using a stent graft.

Adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. This reaction releases energy, which is used to drive various cellular processes such as muscle contraction, transport of ions across membranes, and synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids.

ATPases are classified into several types based on their structure, function, and mechanism of action. Some examples include:

1. P-type ATPases: These ATPases form a phosphorylated intermediate during the reaction cycle and are involved in the transport of ions across membranes, such as the sodium-potassium pump and calcium pumps.
2. F-type ATPases: These ATPases are found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria, and are responsible for generating a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used to synthesize ATP.
3. V-type ATPases: These ATPases are found in vacuolar membranes and endomembranes, and are involved in acidification of intracellular compartments.
4. A-type ATPases: These ATPases are found in the plasma membrane and are involved in various functions such as cell signaling and ion transport.

Overall, ATPases play a crucial role in maintaining the energy balance of cells and regulating various physiological processes.

Spinal injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur to the vertebral column, which houses and protects the spinal cord. These injuries can be caused by various factors such as trauma from accidents (motor vehicle, sports-related, falls, etc.), violence, or degenerative conditions like arthritis, disc herniation, or spinal stenosis.

Spinal injuries can result in bruising, fractures, dislocations, or compression of the vertebrae, which may then cause damage to the spinal cord and its surrounding tissues, nerves, and blood vessels. The severity of a spinal injury can range from mild, with temporary symptoms, to severe, resulting in permanent impairment or paralysis below the level of injury.

Symptoms of spinal injuries may include:
- Pain or stiffness in the neck or back
- Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the limbs
- Loss of bladder or bowel control
- Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
- Paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury
- In severe cases, respiratory problems and difficulty in breathing

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal injuries to prevent further damage and ensure proper treatment. Treatment options may include immobilization, surgery, medication, rehabilitation, and physical therapy.

Kyphosis is a medical term used to describe an excessive curvature of the spine in the sagittal plane, leading to a rounded or humped back appearance. This condition often affects the thoracic region of the spine and can result from various factors such as age-related degenerative changes, congenital disorders, Scheuermann's disease, osteoporosis, or traumatic injuries. Mild kyphosis may not cause any significant symptoms; however, severe cases can lead to pain, respiratory difficulties, and decreased quality of life. Treatment options typically include physical therapy, bracing, and, in some cases, surgical intervention.

The Babinski reflex, also known as the plantar reflex, is a physiological response that originates from the spinal cord when the sole of the foot is stimulated. It is named after Joseph François Felix Babinski, a French neurologist who described it in 1896.

In a normal, healthy adult, this stimulation typically results in the downward flexion of the big toe and the fanning out of the other toes. However, in infants and young children, as well as in some individuals with certain neurological conditions, the opposite response may occur - the big toe extends upward (dorsiflexes) while the other toes fan out. This is known as the Babinski reflex and can be a sign of damage to the brain or spinal cord, particularly to the nerve pathways that run from the cortex to the spinal cord.

It's important to note that the presence of an extensor plantar response (Babinski reflex) in adults is considered abnormal and may indicate a neurological disorder such as a brain injury, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, or motor neuron disease. However, it's worth mentioning that certain medications, intoxication, or temporary conditions like sleep deprivation can also cause an abnormal plantar response, so further evaluation is necessary to confirm any diagnosis.

Spinal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the spinal column, which is made up of vertebrae (bones), intervertebral discs, facet joints, nerves, ligaments, and muscles. These diseases can cause pain, discomfort, stiffness, numbness, weakness, or even paralysis, depending on the severity and location of the condition. Here are some examples of spinal diseases:

1. Degenerative disc disease: This is a condition where the intervertebral discs lose their elasticity and height, leading to stiffness, pain, and decreased mobility.
2. Herniated disc: This occurs when the inner material of the intervertebral disc bulges or herniates out through a tear in the outer layer, causing pressure on the spinal nerves and resulting in pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected area.
3. Spinal stenosis: This is a narrowing of the spinal canal or the neural foramen (the openings where the spinal nerves exit the spinal column), which can cause pressure on the spinal cord or nerves and result in pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness.
4. Scoliosis: This is a curvature of the spine that can occur in children or adults, leading to an abnormal posture, back pain, and decreased lung function.
5. Osteoarthritis: This is a degenerative joint disease that affects the facet joints in the spine, causing pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility.
6. Ankylosing spondylitis: This is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and fusion of the vertebrae.
7. Spinal tumors: These are abnormal growths that can occur in the spinal column, which can be benign or malignant, causing pain, neurological symptoms, or even paralysis.
8. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections can affect the spine, leading to pain, fever, and other systemic symptoms.
9. Trauma: Fractures, dislocations, or sprains of the spine can occur due to accidents, falls, or sports injuries, causing pain, neurological deficits, or even paralysis.

Aortic diseases refer to conditions that affect the aorta, which is the largest and main artery in the body. The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Aortic diseases can weaken or damage the aorta, leading to various complications. Here are some common aortic diseases with their medical definitions:

1. Aortic aneurysm: A localized dilation or bulging of the aortic wall, which can occur in any part of the aorta but is most commonly found in the abdominal aorta (abdominal aortic aneurysm) or the thoracic aorta (thoracic aortic aneurysm). Aneurysms can increase the risk of rupture, leading to life-threatening bleeding.
2. Aortic dissection: A separation of the layers of the aortic wall due to a tear in the inner lining, allowing blood to flow between the layers and potentially cause the aorta to rupture. This is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.
3. Aortic stenosis: A narrowing of the aortic valve opening, which restricts blood flow from the heart to the aorta. This can lead to shortness of breath, chest pain, and other symptoms. Severe aortic stenosis may require surgical or transcatheter intervention to replace or repair the aortic valve.
4. Aortic regurgitation: Also known as aortic insufficiency, this condition occurs when the aortic valve does not close properly, allowing blood to leak back into the heart. This can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and palpitations. Treatment may include medication or surgical repair or replacement of the aortic valve.
5. Aortitis: Inflammation of the aorta, which can be caused by various conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, or vasculitides. Aortitis can lead to aneurysms, dissections, or stenosis and may require medical treatment with immunosuppressive drugs or surgical intervention.
6. Marfan syndrome: A genetic disorder that affects the connective tissue, including the aorta. People with Marfan syndrome are at risk of developing aortic aneurysms and dissections, and may require close monitoring and prophylactic surgery to prevent complications.

Spastic paraplegia is a form of paraplegia defined by spasticity of the affected muscles, rather than flaccid paralysis. The ... Paraplegia, or paraparesis, is an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities. The word comes from Ionic ... Individuals with paraplegia can range in their level of disability, requiring treatments to vary from case to case. ... The area of the spinal canal that is affected in paraplegia is either the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions. If four limbs ...
"Hereditary spastic paraplegia". nhs.uk. 2017-10-18. Retrieved 2018-01-28. Fink JK (2003). "The Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias ... GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Spastic Paraplegia 3A GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Overview ... Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of inherited diseases whose main feature is a progressive gait disorder. The ... In the United States, Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of Rare Diseases (ORD) of the ...
... is a rare type of hereditary spastic paraplegia which is characterized by sensation anomalies of the ... "Spastic paraplegia 31 - About the Disease - Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Archived ... "Spastic paraplegia type 31: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-07-25. Retrieved 2022-07 ... Spasticity Hereditary spastic paraplegia Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy RESERVED, INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS. " ...
... is a rare type of hereditary spastic paraplegia characterized by muscle tone and bladder anomalies ... "Spastic paraplegia 6". 16 June 2022. "Spastic paraplegia 6 - About the Disease - Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center ... "Genetic Testing - familial spastic paraplegia type 6 (Spastic paraplegia type 6 -SPG6-) - Gen NIPA1 . - IVAMI". www.ivami.com. ... People with spastic paraplegia 6 generally start showing symptoms during their late teenage years or early adulthood, the ...
Spastic paraplegia is a form of paraplegia defined by spasticity of the affected muscles, rather than flaccid paralysis. Greg ... Paraplegia is an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities. The word comes from Ionic Greek (παραπληγίη ... The area of the spinal canal that is affected in paraplegia is either the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions. If four limbs ...
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Sacral anterior root stimulators for bladder control in paraplegia. Paraplegia. 1982 Dec;20(6):365-81. Holland, Owen; Husbands ...
Paraplegia. 27 (4): 278-83. doi:10.1038/sc.1989.42. PMID 2780083. eMedicine Specialties > Pulmonology > Interstitial Lung ...
Paraplegia. International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 23. Retrieved July 25, 2016. Hassani, Hossein; Ghodsi, Mansi; Shadi, ...
Paraplegia. International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 23. Retrieved July 25, 2016. Vanlandewijck, Yves C.; Thompson, Walter ...
Paraplegia. 23. Retrieved July 25, 2016. Consejo Superior de Deportes (2011). Deportistas sin Adjectivos (PDF) (in European ...
Paraplegia. International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 23. Retrieved July 25, 2016. "PARALYMPIC TRACK & FIELD: Officials ...
Paraplegia. International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 23. Retrieved July 25, 2016. Vanlandewijck, Yves C.; Thompson, Walter ...
Spastic paraplegia is a form of paraplegia defined by spasticity of the affected muscles, rather than flaccid paralysis. The ... Paraplegia, or paraparesis, is an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities. The word comes from Ionic ... Individuals with paraplegia can range in their level of disability, requiring treatments to vary from case to case. ... The area of the spinal canal that is affected in paraplegia is either the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions. If four limbs ...
Spastic paraplegia type 5A is one of a group of genetic disorders known as hereditary spastic paraplegias. Explore symptoms, ... Spastic paraplegia type 5A is one of a group of genetic disorders known as hereditary spastic paraplegias. These disorders are ... Spastic paraplegia type 5A is usually a pure hereditary spastic paraplegia, although complex type features have been reported ... Spastic paraplegia type 5A is caused by mutations in the CYP7B1 gene. This gene provides instructions for making an enzyme ...
Spastic paraplegia 11 (SPG11) is characterized by progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower limbs frequently associated ... Review Spastic Paraplegia 4.[GeneReviews(®). 1993]. Review Spastic Paraplegia 4.. Parodi L, Rydning SL, Tallaksen C, Durr A. ... Review Spastic Paraplegia 7.[GeneReviews(®). 1993]. Review Spastic Paraplegia 7.. Casari G, Marconi R. GeneReviews(®). 1993 ... Review Spastic Paraplegia 15.[GeneReviews(®). 1993]. Review Spastic Paraplegia 15.. Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Alecu JE, Blackstone C ...
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is not a single disease entity; it is a group of clinically and genetically diverse ... Hereditary spastic paraplegia: advances in genetic research. Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Working Group. Neurology. 1996 Jun. ... encoded search term (Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia) and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia What to Read Next on Medscape ... Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. Updated: Jun 11, 2021 * Author: Nam-Jong Paik, MD, PhD; Chief Editor: Stephen Kishner, MD, MHA ...
Bernie Siegel, creative visualization, energy healing, guided imagery, homeopathic remedies, meditation, neuropathy, paraplegia ...
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) a degenerative genetic disorder with stiffness and weakness of leg and hip muscles gait ... Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP): Facts and Information. Author: Thomas C. Weiss - Contact: Contact Details. Published: 2010 ... Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of degenerative genetic disorders involving the spinal cord which are ... Synopsis: Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) a degenerative genetic disorder with stiffness and weakness of leg and hip ...
Head of project "Instrumented Assessments": Prof. Dr. Petra Knaup. Head of Overall project: PD Dr.-Ing. Rüdiger Rupp, Clinic for Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital. Funding: BMBF, DMGP. Brief description: In the overall project, the Germany-wide, patient-centered ParaReg registry for the documentation of medical, social and participation-related parameters of acutely and chronically paraplegic patients is being established. The aim is to identify factors associated with poorer treatment outcome / outcome. Knowledge of these factors can provide clues to improve patient care, treatment planning and management of the treatment pathway, taking into account cost-effectiveness. It is also particularly important to classify the rehabilitation outcome and treatment quality of paraplegics in Germany in an international context.. In the sub-project "Instrumented Assessments" of Medical Informatics, a standardized interface for patient-generated data is being developed. ParaReg participants ...
Scientists at The Scripps Research Institute have discovered that a gene mutation linked to hereditary spastic paraplegia, a ... TSRI study points way to potential therapies for hereditary spastic paraplegia. *Download PDF Copy ... There is currently no treatment for hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), a set of genetic illnesses whose symptoms include ... Paraplegia, Physiology, Protein, Research, Spasticity, Triglyceride, Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, Type I Diabetes, X- ...
Toward the Definition of Patient-Reported Outcome Measurements in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Matthias Amprosi, Elisabetta ...
Genetic loci for autosomal dominant pure hereditary spastic paraplegia (ADPHSP) have been mapped to chromosomes 2p, 8q, 12q, ... A locus for autosomal dominant "pure" hereditary spastic paraplegia maps to chromosome 19q13 Am J Hum Genet. 2000 Feb;66(2):728 ... Genetic loci for autosomal dominant pure hereditary spastic paraplegia (ADPHSP) have been mapped to chromosomes 2p, 8q, 12q, ...
acupuncture arm atrophy diagnosed dihals emg finger fingers friend immediately muscles paraplegia pls problems reading symptom ... atrophy diagnosed diagnosis dihals dying finger free mnd muscles paraplegia pls research symptoms thumb twitching umn ... diagnosis family family history fell foot health lift meds night nih paraplegia research scared symptoms trip ... back diagnosed diagnosis family family history genetic health hsp movement nih paraplegia symptoms tests ...
The global epidemiology of hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia: a systematic review of prevalence studies. Ruano L, Melo C ... Childhood-onset hereditary spastic paraplegia and its treatable mimics. Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Saffari A, Pearl PL. Ebrahimi- ... Childhood-Onset Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP): A Case Series and Review of Literature. Panwala TF, Garcia-Santibanez R, ... Early-onset forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia and inborn errors of metabolism that present with spastic diplegia are among ...
Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 71. Disease definition A type of autosomal recessive pure hereditary spastic ... paraplegia characterized by infancy onset of crural spastic paraperesis with scissors gait, extensor plantar response, and ...
The Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale (SPRS). A reliable and valid measure of disease severity. R. Schüle, T. Holland-Letz, S. ... Methods: A 13-item scale was designed to rate functional impairment occurring in pure forms of spastic paraplegia (SP). ... Objective: To develop and evaluate a clinical Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale (SPRS) to measure disease severity and ... Conclusion: The Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale is a reliable and valid measure of disease severity. ...
Patients with late-onset spastic paraplegia should be screened for underlying leukodystrophies, irrespective of the presence of ... Spastic paraplegia was the main finding in all patients, but in clinical and laboratory examinations, we found three AMN ... Spastic paraplegia is frequently encountered in adult neurology with heterogeneous causes. After the elimination of common ... The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of late-onset leukodystrophies in patients with spastic paraplegia ...
Pattern visual evoked responses were studied in 13 patients from nine families with dominant herditary spastic paraplegia and ...
... contact the paraplegia lawyers at the Tampa office of Culpepper Kurland at 813-228-8600. ... Paraplegia is paralysis of the lower extremities. Quadriplegia, also called tetraplegia, is paralysis of all extremities and ... To speak with one of our attorneys about the accident that caused your paraplegia or quadriplegia, contact our firm online or ... In medically complex cases such as paraplegia and quadriplegia, our lawyers have often retained the guidance of highly ...
About 155,000 have paraplegia. The average age at injury is 41 and the estimated lifetime cost when it happens to a person of ... FES can improve strength in the legs of people with incomplete paraplegia. For complete paraplegics, FES can improve ...
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Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is not a single disease entity; it is a group of clinically and genetically diverse ... Hereditary spastic paraplegia: advances in genetic research. Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Working Group. Neurology. 1996 Jun. ... encoded search term (Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia) and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia What to Read Next on Medscape ... Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. Updated: Jun 11, 2021 * Author: Nam-Jong Paik, MD, PhD; Chief Editor: Stephen Kishner, MD, MHA ...
Finding a neurologist that understands HSP and PLS can be a challenge. There are many highly qualified neurologists in your area that understand our neurological conditions. We have three listings available.. The first directory is composed of NEALS (Northeast ALS) Clinics. The SPF has partnered with the NEALS consortium to create a list of clinics within their over 100 member ALS consortium that is currently treating PLS and/or HSP patients. These are international clinics. When you make an appointment with any of these facilities, the physician that will see you may or may not be the listed physician. The second directory is a list of physicians recommended by SPF members. It was constructed from a few different sources with a lot of cutting and pasting and researching. We will attempt to keep it up to date. If you have any suggestions, corrections, or additions please click here.. The third directory is a list of movement disorder clinics by states.. ...
MiR-33a is a therapeutic target in SPG4-related hereditary spastic paraplegia human neurons Fumiko Nakazeki; Fumiko Nakazeki ... Hereditary spastic paraplegia SPG4: what is known and not known about the disease ... Spastin, a new AAA protein, is altered in the most frequent form of autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia ... Mutations in DDHD2, encoding an intracellular phospholipase A(1), cause a recessive form of complex hereditary paraplegia ...
Surgery took place too late to restore her neurology and shes left with spinal cord injury and paraplegia ... Misdiagnosis of lymphoma of the spine leading to paraplegia - Our clients story ... this was too late to restore her neurology and she was left with an incomplete spinal cord injury and permanent paraplegia. ...
SPTAN1 mutations affect unusual neurological conditions such ataxia and spastic paraplegia. ... SPTAN1 is a potential gene for ataxia and spastic paraplegia, according to the findings. They proposed that disruption of the ... De Novo and Dominantly Inherited SPTAN1 Mutations May Cause Spastic Paraplegia and Cerebellar Ataxia. Jul 6, 2022 ... The function of SPTAN1 mutations in uncommon neurological diseases such as ataxia and spastic paraplegia was explored. ...
Neurologic examination demonstrated severe spinal hyperesthesia and paraplegia with decreased nociception. Magnetic resonance ... rapidly progressing to paraplegia with severe spinal hyperesthesia. Clinical Findings-General physical examination revealed ... Idiopathic sterile inflammation of the epidural fat and epaxial muscles causing paraplegia in a mixed-breed dog ... Neurologic examination revealed paraplegia with absent proprioception, urinary incontinence, bilaterally absent cutanei trunci ...
Learn about diagnosis and specialist referrals for Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 26. ... Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 26. Other Names: GM2 synthase deficiency; SPG26GM2 synthase deficiency; SPG26. Read ...
Vazza G, Zortea M, Boaretto F, Micaglio GF, Sartori V, Mostacciuolo ML A new locus for autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia ( ... Mutations in a newly identified GTPase gene cause autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia. Nat Genet2001;29:326-31. ... Genetic localization of a new locus for recessive familial spastic paraplegia to 15q13-15. Neurology1999;53:50-6. ... A family with consanguineous parents and four of eight sibs affected by multiple disc herniations and spastic paraplegia was ...
Parasailing Death & Paraplegia Result in $30,000,000 Claim - Miami Personal Injury Lawyer ... Parasailing Death & Paraplegia Result in $30,000,000 Claim. Bernice Kraftcheck and her daughter, Danielle Haese, were ...
Electrical stimulation and virtual reality-guided balance training for managing paraplegia and trunk dysfunction due to spinal ... Electrical stimulation and virtual reality-guided balance training for managing paraplegia and trunk dysfunction due to spinal ... Electrical stimulation and virtual reality-guided balance training for managing paraplegia and trunk dysfunction due to spinal ...
Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale. The Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale - a reliable and valid measure of disease severity. Dr ... The clinical Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale (SPRS) measures disease severity and progression over time.. ... Scroll down the page until you locate "The Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale (SPRS): a reliable and valid measure of disease ... The Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale (SPRS): a reliable and valid measure of disease severity ...
  • It is possible for rehabilitation to help people with paraplegia. (bchlaw.com)
  • While some people with paraplegia can walk to a degree, many are dependant on wheelchairs or other supportive measures. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
  • Spastin, a new AAA protein, is altered in the most frequent form of autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia. (medscape.com)
  • Spastic paraplegia type 5A is usually a pure hereditary spastic paraplegia, although complex type features have been reported in some individuals, usually in those who have had the condition for many years. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Genetic loci for autosomal dominant pure hereditary spastic paraplegia (ADPHSP) have been mapped to chromosomes 2p, 8q, 12q, 14q, and 15q. (nih.gov)
  • A type of autosomal recessive pure hereditary spastic paraplegia characterized by infancy onset of crural spastic paraperesis with scissors gait, extensor plantar response, and increased tendon reflexes. (orpha.net)
  • Reid E. Pure hereditary spastic paraplegia. (medscape.com)
  • Spastic paraplegia is a form of paraplegia defined by spasticity of the affected muscles, rather than flaccid paralysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Spinal Cord Injury at The Mayo Clinic Types of Paralysis at Spinalcord.com Look up paraplegia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. (wikipedia.org)
  • Paraplegia is paralysis of the lower extremities. (ckfirm.com)
  • Paraplegia should not be confused with hemiplegia, which is paralysis of just one side of the body. (bchlaw.com)
  • Affecting segments from T1 to L5, paraplegia typically results in some type of leg paralysis, and arms and hands are usually not affected. (laspine.com)
  • Paraplegia and spinal paralysis. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Scope and Contents Lecture by Norman Dott, 'Paraplegia and spinal paralysis. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Kjellin syndrome is characterized by retinal degeneration, autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia, and thin corpus callosum initially associated with spastic paraplegia 15 (SPG15) but more often occurring in individuals with SPG11. (nih.gov)
  • CYP7B1 gene mutations that cause spastic paraplegia type 5A reduce or eliminate the activity of oxysterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase. (medlineplus.gov)
  • I copied this from a post in another group PLS study, at Mass General in Boston, Dr. Paganoni recently received the Virginia Sweeney Fellowship to study PLS from the Spastic Paraplegia Foundation. (alsforums.com)
  • Spastic paraplegia type 5A is one of a group of genetic disorders known as hereditary spastic paraplegias. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hereditary spastic paraplegias are often divided into two types: pure and complex. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hereditary cerebellar ataxias (HCA) and hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are two groups of neurodegenerative disorders that usually present with progressive gait impairment, often leading to permanent disability. (nih.gov)
  • Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are characterised by lower limb spasticity due to degeneration of the corticospinal tract. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) encompass a group of neurodegenerative disorders with lower limb spasticity due to degeneration of the corticospinal tract as most prominent sign. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tesson C, Koht J, Stevanin G. Delving into the complexity of hereditary spastic paraplegias: how unexpected phenotypes and inheritance modes are revolutionizing their nosology. (medscape.com)
  • Hereditary spastic paraplegias: an update. (medscape.com)
  • Advances in the hereditary spastic paraplegias. (medscape.com)
  • Blackstone C, O'Kane CJ, Reid E. Hereditary spastic paraplegias: membrane traffic and the motor pathway. (medscape.com)
  • Mutations in SPG11, encoding spatacsin, are a major cause of spastic paraplegia with thin corpus callosum. (medscape.com)
  • Spastic paraplegia 11 (SPG11) should be suspected in individuals with the following clinical and imaging findings. (nih.gov)
  • In terms of clinical manifestations, in addition to spastic paraplegia, three adrenomyeloneuropathy probands also had adrenocortical insufficiency, two Alexander disease probands developed urinary retention, one CTX proband developed cataracts and chronic diarrhea and the other presented with chronic diarrhea and mild tendon xanthomatosis. (dovepress.com)
  • Several reports have shown that various late-onset leukodystrophies, such as X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and Krabbe disease (KD), may present as spastic paraplegia (SP) without leukodystrophy on neuroimaging and be easily misdiagnosed as hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) on clinical grounds. (dovepress.com)
  • Magnetic resonance images of a 4-year-old sexually intact male mixed-breed dog that was referred for evaluation of clinical signs of acute-onset pelvic limb ataxia, rapidly progressing to paraplegia with severe spinal hyperesthesia. (avma.org)
  • 9 On clinical grounds, spastic paraplegias are characterised by spasticity, hyperreflexia, and progressive lower limb paresis. (bmj.com)
  • Hereditary spastic paraplegia: clinical features and pathogenetic mechanisms. (medscape.com)
  • Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia: Beyond Clinical Phenotypes toward a Unified Pattern of Central Nervous System Damage. (medscape.com)
  • On the whole, a susceptibility locus for disc herniation and autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia was found on chromosome 6q23.3-q24.1. (bmj.com)
  • Silver syndrome variant of hereditary spastic paraplegia: A locus to 4p and allelism with SPG4. (medscape.com)
  • These data confirm genetic heterogeneity in familial spastic paraplegia with epilepsy and suggest a specific locus for the family here analyzed. (torvergata.it)
  • In medically complex cases such as paraplegia and quadriplegia, our lawyers have often retained the guidance of highly qualified medical experts to testify on our clients' behalf. (ckfirm.com)
  • Continue reading to learn more about spinal cord injuries that can be classified as paraplegia, tetraplegia, or quadriplegia. (laspine.com)
  • So today's vlog goes in-depth into the topic of quadriplegia vs. paraplegia, the ways that spinal cord injuries are classified, and why some people with spinal cord injuries can regain movement and others, like me, cannot. (tashaschuh.com)
  • Under Tennessee Code Annotated § 29-39-102 , an individual who suffered a catastrophic injury, such as spinal cord resulting in paraplegia and quadriplegia, can collect up to $1,000,000 in non-economic damages. (chattanoogatnlawfirm.com)
  • If medical negligence has led to paraplegia or quadriplegia in your life or the life of a loved one, finding experienced and compassionate legal help can be crucial to protecting your future financial interests. (breedenandassociates.com)
  • Despite the delayed surgery taking place, this was too late to restore her neurology and she was left with an incomplete spinal cord injury and permanent paraplegia. (stewartslaw.com)
  • Paraplegia, or paraparesis, is an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities. (wikipedia.org)
  • The signs and symptoms of spastic paraplegia type 5A usually appear in adolescence but can begin at any time between infancy and mid-adulthood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The loss of these cells results in the deterioration of nervous system functions (neurodegeneration) and causes the movement problems, weakness, and other signs and symptoms of spastic paraplegia type 5A. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There is currently no treatment for hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), a set of genetic illnesses whose symptoms include muscle weakness and stiffness, and in some cases cognitive impairments. (news-medical.net)
  • As many of you know, I was originally diagnosed with the upper motor neuron disorder, hereditary spastic paraplegia, but a change in symptoms, no family history, and ambiguous. (alsforums.com)
  • My current diagnosis is hereditary spastic paraplegia, but I have no family history of it and my symptoms don't really. (alsforums.com)
  • Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a syndrome designation describing inherited disorders in which lower extremity weakness and spasticity are the predominant symptoms. (nih.gov)
  • Patients with late-onset spastic paraplegia should be screened for underlying leukodystrophies, irrespective of the presence of additional complicating symptoms and neuroimaging abnormalities. (dovepress.com)
  • Paraplegia can be diagnosed by its basic symptoms and a few tests can be run also to find out the internal damages. (medanta.org)
  • Let us now discuss the causes, symptoms, and treatment of paraplegia. (medanta.org)
  • Paraplegia symptoms can differ from person to person and may not show at the same time as well. (medanta.org)
  • Depression is also seen to be one of the significant symptoms of paraplegia as the patient's will is deteriorating. (medanta.org)
  • Symptoms and signs of hereditary spastic paraplegia include spastic leg paresis, with progressive gait difficulty, hyperreflexia, clonus, and extensor plantar responses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Abstract Objective: To identify the gene mutation responsible for a family presenting spastic paraplegia, cerebellar ataxia and neuropathy with autosomal recessive transmission. (symptoma.com)
  • Different genetic loci for autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and x-linked forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia have been identified. (lookformedical.com)
  • Treatment for all forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia is symptomatic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In all forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia, the descending corticospinal tracts and, to a lesser extent, the dorsal columns and spinocerebellar tracts degenerate. (msdmanuals.com)
  • I have a UMN diagnosis of hereditary spastic paraplegia that. (alsforums.com)
  • Failure to rule out reversible forms of spinal cord lesions (mechanical cord compression or spinal cord tumor) when considering a diagnosis of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) invites problems. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnosis of hereditary spastic paraplegia is by exclusion of other causes and sometimes (eg, if the cause is unclear) by genetic testing. (msdmanuals.com)
  • AP-4-associated hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), also known as AP-4 deficiency syndrome, is a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by a progressive, complex spastic paraplegia with onset typically in infancy or early childhood. (nih.gov)
  • These disorders are characterized by muscle stiffness (spasticity) and severe weakness in the lower limbs (paraplegia). (medlineplus.gov)
  • In addition to spasticity and weakness, people with spastic paraplegia type 5A can lose the ability to sense the position of their limbs or detect vibrations with their lower limbs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Spastic paraplegias (SPGs) are a genetically heterogeneous group of neurologic disorders characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity of the legs. (mendelian.co)
  • The Igenomix Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Precision Panel can serve as a n accurate and directed diagnostic tool as well as a differential diagnosis of muscle weakness ultimately leading to a better management and prognosis of the disease. (igenomix.it)
  • Paraplegia causes weakness and the loss of muscle function in the lower portion of the body. (chattanoogatnlawfirm.com)
  • Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 18 (HSP18) is a complicated form of autosomal recessive HSP characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity of the lower extremities, dysarthria , and cognitive decline. (symptoma.com)
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of late-onset leukodystrophies in patients with spastic paraplegia. (dovepress.com)
  • Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 57 (SPG57) is an extremely rare complex type of hereditary spastic paraplegia characterized by onset in infancy of pronounced leg spasticity (leading to the inability to walk independently) reduced visual acuity due to optic atrophy and distal wasting of the hands and feet due to an axonal demyelinating sensorimotor neuropathy. (globalgenes.org)
  • We performed genetic analysis using a custom-designed gene panel for leukodystrophies in 112 hereditary spastic paraplegia-like patients. (dovepress.com)
  • If that injury was sustained at the fault of another, patients diagnosed with paraplegia may have legal recourse to recover financial compensation. (bchlaw.com)
  • Hereditary spastic paraplegia: Clinicogenetic lessons from 608 patients. (medscape.com)
  • Scientists at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) have discovered that a gene mutation linked to hereditary spastic paraplegia, a disabling neurological disorder, interferes with the normal breakdown of triglyceride fat molecules in the brain. (news-medical.net)
  • The function of SPTAN1 mutations in uncommon neurological diseases such as ataxia and spastic paraplegia was explored. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Any sort of disturbance in the neurological part of the brain which controls the movements of the body can also be a reason for paraplegia. (medanta.org)
  • 2015). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia, see SPG5A (270800). (nih.gov)
  • Züchner S. The genetics of hereditary spastic paraplegia and implications for drug therapy. (medscape.com)
  • The area of the spinal canal that is affected in paraplegia is either the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions. (wikipedia.org)
  • People who have paraplegia have usually suffered injury to the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions of their spinal canal. (bchlaw.com)
  • We have recently mapped a new rare form of spastic paraplegia complicated by bilateral cataracts, gastroesophageal reflux with persistent vomiting, and amyotrophy to chromosome 10q23.3-q24.2. (torvergata.it)
  • In addition, the seven different loci so far reported to be associated with autosomal dominant pure forms of spastic paraplegia have been tested and excluded by linkage analysis and haplotype reconstruction, including SPG4 on chromosome 2p22-p21, where a familial form of spastic paraplegia associated with dementia and epilepsy has been mapped. (torvergata.it)
  • Spastic paraplegia type 5A is caused by mutations in the CYP7B1 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • SPTAN1 is a potential gene for ataxia and spastic paraplegia, according to the findings. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Hereditary spastic paraplegia caused by the novel mutation 1047insC in the SPG7 gene. (medscape.com)
  • Bahemuka M and Brown JD (1982) Heredofamilial syndrome of spastic paraplegia, dysarthria and cutaneous lesions in live siblings. (symptoma.com)
  • Fink JK, Rainier S. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: spastin phenotype and function. (medscape.com)
  • in the present study, we tested a pedigree with concurrence of spastic paraplegia, epilepsy, and mental retardation inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, using markers located in the SPG9 interval. (torvergata.it)
  • The legs are most affected by paraplegia, a type of spinal cord injury that results from damage to the thoracic spine, the part of the backbone that runs from the bottom of the neck to the abdomen. (laspine.com)
  • Central nervous system: Any disease process affecting the pyramidal tract of the spinal cord from the thoracic spine downward may lead to paraplegia, as this structure transmits "instructions" for movement from the brain to the anterior horn. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
  • Hereditary spastic paraplegia is a group of rare hereditary disorders characterized by progressive, spinal, nonsegmental spastic leg paresis, sometimes with intellectual disability, seizures, and other extraspinal deficits. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is usually the result of spinal cord injury or a congenital condition such as spina bifida, but polyneuropathy may also result in paraplegia. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
  • This form of damage is not usually symmetrical and would not cause paraplegia, but polyneuropathy may cause paraplegia if motor fibres are affected. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
  • Putative founder effect of Arg338* AP4M1 (SPG50) variant causing severe intellectual disability, epilepsy and spastic paraplegia: Report of three families. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, they found a recurrent missense mutation (p.Arg19Trp) in 15 individuals with spastic paraplegia from seven families, with a dominant inheritance pattern in four cases and a de novo origin in one. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • The disorder I've been diagnosed with, hereditary spastic paraplegia, typically affects mostly the legs and generally does not cause atrophy, a lower. (alsforums.com)
  • SPG11 mutations are common in familial cases of complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia. (medscape.com)
  • Core features include hypotonia that progresses to hypertonia and spastic paraplegia , intellectual disability , postnatal microcephaly , epilepsy , and neuroimaging features. (bvsalud.org)
  • I was recently told by the neurologist that he thinks I have hereditary spastic paraplegia, I was wondering if anyone could tell me if this comes in flare ups/exacerbations. (alsforums.com)
  • A family with consanguineous parents and four of eight sibs affected by multiple disc herniations and spastic paraplegia was clinically and genetically analysed. (bmj.com)
  • Spastic paraplegia type 5A is a rare condition. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Based on the latest data available there are 1 families with X-LINKED SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA TYPE 16 in Europe. (mendelian.co)
  • X-linked Spastic Paraplegia Type 16 Is also known as spg16. (mendelian.co)
  • Newly diagnosed with Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 57? (globalgenes.org)
  • This study aims at examining the body image of people with physical disabilities, specifically with non congenital paraplegia. (bvsalud.org)
  • demonstrate through studies on induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons that miR-33a is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of SPG4-related hereditary spastic paraplegia. (portlandpress.com)