A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.
Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.
Type species of CHLAMYDIA causing a variety of ocular and urogenital diseases.
A species of gram-negative bacteria originally isolated from urethral specimens of patients with non-gonoccocal URETHRITIS. In primates it exists in parasitic association with ciliated EPITHELIAL CELLS in the genital and respiratory tracts.
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.
A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (>96%) occur in the FALLOPIAN TUBES, known as TUBAL PREGNANCY. They can be in other locations, such as UTERINE CERVIX; OVARY; and abdominal cavity (PREGNANCY, ABDOMINAL).
Infections with species of the genus MYCOPLASMA.
Contraceptive devices placed high in the uterine fundus.
Inflammation of the UTERINE CERVIX.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria primarily found in purulent venereal discharges. It is the causative agent of GONORRHEA.
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin and of organic or psychogenic etiology. Frequent causes of pain are distension or contraction of hollow viscera, rapid stretching of the capsule of a solid organ, chemical irritation, tissue ischemia, and neuritis secondary to inflammatory, neoplastic, or fibrotic processes in adjacent organs. (Kase, Weingold & Gershenson: Principles and Practice of Clinical Gynecology, 2d ed, pp479-508)
A synthetic tetracycline derivative with similar antimicrobial activity.
Inspection and PALPATATION of female breasts, abdomen, and GENITALIA, as well as obtaining a gynecological history. (from Dictionary of Obstetrics and Gynecology)
Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage.
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.
Radiography of the uterus and fallopian tubes after the injection of a contrast medium.
Bacterial diseases transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct.
The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Subacute inflammation of the inguinal lymph glands caused by certain immunotypes of CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. It is a sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. but is more widespread in developing countries. It is distinguished from granuloma venereum (see GRANULOMA INGUINALE), which is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis.
Pathological processes of the OVARY.
Methods for assessing the patency of the fallopian tubes.
A pair of highly specialized muscular canals extending from the UTERUS to its corresponding OVARY. They provide the means for OVUM collection, and the site for the final maturation of gametes and FERTILIZATION. The fallopian tube consists of an interstitium, an isthmus, an ampulla, an infundibulum, and fimbriae. Its wall consists of three histologic layers: serous, muscular, and an internal mucosal layer lined with both ciliated and secretory cells.
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.
The washing of the VAGINA cavity or surface with a solution. Agents or drugs can be added to the irrigation solution.
The use of focused short radio waves to produce local hyperthermia in an injured person or diseased body area.
Infections of the genital tract in females or males. They can be caused by endogenous, iatrogenic, or sexually transmitted organisms.
Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.
The neck portion of the UTERUS between the lower isthmus and the VAGINA forming the cervical canal.
Pathological processes of the UTERINE CERVIX.
A common inhabitant of the vagina and cervix and a potential human pathogen, causing infections of the male and female reproductive tracts. It has also been associated with respiratory disease and pharyngitis. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A subfamily of the Old World monkeys, CERCOPITHECIDAE. They inhabit the forests and savannas of Africa. This subfamily contains the following genera: CERCOCEBUS; CERCOPITHECUS; ERYTHROCEBUS; MACACA; PAPIO; and THEROPITHECUS.
A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.
A sac or recess formed by a fold of the peritoneum.
Mucocellular carcinoma of the ovary, usually metastatic from the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by areas of mucoid degeneration and the presence of signet-ring-like cells. It accounts for 30%-40% of metastatic cancers to the ovaries and possibly 1%-2% of all malignant ovarian tumors. The lesions may not be discovered until the primary disease is advanced, and most patients die of their disease within a year. In some cases, a primary tumor is not found. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1685)
Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.
Intrauterine contraceptive devices that depend on the release of metallic copper.
Pathological processes of the male URINARY TRACT and the reproductive system (GENITALIA, MALE).
A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.
A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed).
A procedure in which a laparoscope (LAPAROSCOPES) is inserted through a small incision near the navel to examine the abdominal and pelvic organs in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. If appropriate, biopsy or surgery can be performed during laparoscopy.
Pathological processes of the female URINARY TRACT and the reproductive system (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
Prevention of CONCEPTION by blocking fertility temporarily, or permanently (STERILIZATION, REPRODUCTIVE). Common means of reversible contraception include NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHODS; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; or CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES.
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
The mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the MENSTRUAL CYCLE and PREGNANCY. The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes that characterize MENSTRUATION. After successful FERTILIZATION, it serves to sustain the developing embryo.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Anaerobes in pelvic inflammatory disease: implications for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. (1/311)

In preparing the 1998 sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we reviewed evidence regarding the need to eradicate anaerobes when treating pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Anaerobes are present in the upper genital tract during an episode of acute PID, with the prevalence dependent on the population under study. Vaginal anaerobes can facilitate acquisition of PID and cause tissue damage to the fallopian tube, either directly or indirectly through the host inflammatory response. Use of several broad-spectrum regimens appears to result in excellent clinical cure rates, despite the fact that some combinations fall short of providing comprehensive coverage of anaerobes. There are limited data on the long-term effects of failing to eradicate anaerobes from the upper genital tract. Concern that tissue damage may continue when anaerobes are suboptimally treated has prompted many experts to caution that therapeutic regimens should include comprehensive anaerobic coverage for optimal treatment of women with PID.  (+info)

Correlates of sexually transmitted bacterial infections among U.S. women in 1995. (2/311)

CONTEXT: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) of bacterial origin such as gonorrhea and chlamydial infection can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility. Identifying behaviors and characteristics associated with infection may assist in preventing these often asymptomatic diseases and their sequelae. METHODS: Data from 9,882 sexually active women who participated in the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth describe the characteristics of women who report a history of infection with a bacterial STD or of treatment for PID. Multivariate analysis is used to determine which demographic characteristics and sexual and health-related behaviors affect the likelihood of infection or the occurrence of complications. RESULTS: Overall, 6% of sexually active women reported a history of a bacterial STD, and 8% reported a history of PID. Women who first had sexual intercourse before age 15 were nearly four times as likely to report a bacterial STD, and more than twice as likely to report PID, as were women who first had sex after age 18. Having more than five lifetime sexual partners also was associated with both having an STD and having PID. PID was more common among women reporting a history of a bacterial STD (23%) than among women who reported no such history (7%). In multivariate analyses, age, race, age at first intercourse and lifetime number of sexual partners had a significant effect on the risk of a bacterial STD. Education, age, a history of IUD use, douching and a history of a bacterial STD had a significant impact on the risk of PID, but early onset of intercourse did not, and lifetime number of partners had only a marginal effect. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of characteristics and behaviors that place women at risk of infection with bacterial STDs is not uniform among groups of women. Further, the level of self-reported PID would suggest higher rates of gonorrhea and chlamydial infection than reported.  (+info)

How well is pelvic inflammatory disease managed in general practice? A postal questionnaire survey. (3/311)

OBJECTIVE: Many patients with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) present to their general practitioners. Chlamydia trachomatis is the organism most commonly implicated in this condition. This study aims to examine how well PID is managed in the primary care setting and highlight areas for improvement. METHODS: The study was performed by sending postal questionnaires to 180 randomly selected general practitioners in Birmingham. Given the example of a woman presenting clinically with PID, the doctors were asked questions on diagnosis and treatment. To assess factors that may influence the answers, they were also asked about their sex, year of qualification, and postgraduate training. RESULTS: 139 questionnaires (77%) were returned. 91.4% of the respondents feel confident in managing patients with PID, and only 9.3% would usually refer these patients on. However, 54.7% do not perform an endocervical swab for C trachomatis, 37.4% do not include anti-chlamydial antibiotics in their treatment regimen, and 24.5% do not advise sexual partners to be screened. Female doctors, those with higher degrees, or obstetrics and gynaecology experience were more likely to give anti-chlamydial therapy, but no factors of the respondents significantly influenced contact tracing behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: The management of a patient presenting with PID should include investigation for C trachomatis and treatment with an appropriate antibiotic. As PID is often a sexually transmitted disease, contact tracing of sexual partners should be undertaken. The study suggests that a significant proportion of general practitioners would not have offered optimal management to patients with PID.  (+info)

Risk factors for laparoscopically confirmed pelvic inflammatory disease: findings from Mumbai (Bombay), India. (4/311)

OBJECTIVES: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are an important cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) but have often not been detected in microbiological studies of Indian women admitted to hospital gynaecology wards or private clinics. In this cross sectional study, women living in the inner city of Mumbai (Bombay) were investigated for socioeconomic, clinical, and microbiological risk factors for PID. METHODS: Microbiological tests and laparoscopic examination were carried out on 2736 women aged < or = 35 years who came to a health facility with suspected acute salpingitis or infertility or for laparoscopic sterilisation. 86 women with a clinical diagnosis of PID were not referred for laparoscopy although their characteristics are described. Associations between various risk factors and PID status were investigated and logistic regression performed on all factors that remained significant. RESULTS: Of women with a laparoscopically confirmed evaluation, 26 women had acute and 48 chronic pelvic infection. Independent risk factors for PID were later age at menarche (> or = 14 years), a history of stillbirth and no previous pregnancy, history of tuberculosis, STD, dilatation and curettage or previous laparoscopy, and presence of Gardnerella vaginalis. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that STD related risk factors applied to only a small proportion of PID cases and that other determinants of PID are important, including obstetric complications, invasive surgical procedures such as laparoscopy, and tuberculosis.  (+info)

Evaluation of the performance of fertiloscopy in 160 consecutive infertile patients with no obvious pathology. (5/311)

We have defined fertiloscopy as the combination in one investigation of transvaginal hydropelviscopy, dye-test, optional salpingoscopy, and hysteroscopy, performed on an outpatient basis under local anaesthesia or neuroleptanalgesia. We have applied this approach in a routine manner to 160 infertile patients with no obvious pathology. Fertiloscopy was achieved in 154 patients (96.2%). In five patients visualization was not satisfactory because of technical problem or adhesions in the pouch of Douglas. We had one (0.6%) rectal injury, which was treated conservatively. Sixty patients (37.5%) had normal fertiloscopic examination. Endometriosis was discovered in 21 patients (13.1%) post-pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) lesions in 58 cases (36.2%), and subtle abnormalities in 15 cases (9.3%). Salpingoscopy was completed when post-PID lesions were encountered. In 39% of cases only partial examination was possible because of external tubal adhesions, but it was nevertheless sufficient to obtain a good view of the first one-third of the ampulla. In all, 74 patients (46.2%) were referred directly to in-vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures, and so avoided a further laparoscopy. Quality of imaging, accuracy of the pelvic examination in a physiological manner, and safety of the procedure are the main advantages of this minimally invasive technique. Selection of the patients for surgery is therefore enhanced, and indication for IVF is better balanced, avoiding the performance of extensive procedures in patients who should thus benefit from this less traumatic alternative.  (+info)

Association of Chlamydia trachomatis heat-shock protein 60 antibody and HLA class II DQ alleles. (6/311)

A total of 113 female commercial sex workers had individual alleles for HLA class II genes determined by using labeled sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes to hybridize to polymerase chain reaction products of amplified DNA. Women also had microimmunofluorescent (MIF) antibody titers to Chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies and ELISA antibody to recombinant chlamydial heat-shock protein 60 (Chsp60) determined. Women were prospectively followed at monthly intervals over 2 years for incident C. trachomatis infection and acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). HLA DQA1*0401 and DQB1*0402 alleles were statistically associated with increased prevalence and amount of antibody to Chsp60 but not MIF antibody. However, these alleles did not alter the risk for chlamydial PID. The potential role that HLA DQ may play in chlamydial disease pathogenesis requires further study.  (+info)

Infertility following pelvic inflammatory disease. (7/311)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of infertility after pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and factors important in postinfectious tubal damage in an urban population at high risk for sexually transmitted diseases. METHODS: From a cohort of 213 women with PID documented by laparoscopy and/or endometrial biopsy, 58 women (27% of the initial cohort) were interviewed by phone 2 to 9 years after an index episode of PID. Data regarding the initial history, physical examination, microbiology, laparoscopic, and serologic findings, and data concerning interval contraception, subsequent pregnancy, subsequent infection, and chronic pelvic pain were compared among those with and without infertility at follow up. RESULTS: Nineteen (40%) of the 48 women not using contraception were involuntarily infertile after the index episode of PID. Compared with those who had an interval pregnancy, infertile women were older (P = 0.02), more likely to have a history of infertility prior to the index episode of PID (P = 0.001), and were more likely to have occluded or partially occluded fallopian tubes (P = 0.03), peritubal adhesions (P = 0.007), or perihepatic adhesions (P = 0.02) seen by laparoscopy performed during the index episode. Surprisingly, recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis was negatively related to infertility (P = 0.001), although a similar proportion of both groups had chlamydia immunoglobulin M antibody (40% vs. 31%). Chlamydia heat shock protein was weakly related to infertility (P = 0.08). The isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was not significantly different between groups (53% vs. 57%). CONCLUSIONS: The high rate of postinfection infertility found was probably related to a combination of tubal damage before and during the index episode of PID. Prevention of recurrent PID and better understanding of the pathophysiology of postinfection tubal damage (which may differ between chlamydia and gonorrhea) is needed to develop more effective strategies to reduce permanent tubal damage.  (+info)

Antibody response to the chlamydial heat-shock protein 60 in an experimental model of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease in monkeys (Macaca nemestrina). (8/311)

A primate model of chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease was used to characterize serum antibody responses to the 60 kDa chlamydial heat shock protein (CHSP60). Forty monkeys were infected in the fallopian tubes with Chlamydia trachomatis and then were treated. Twenty-three (58%) monkeys developed antibodies against CHSP60, of whom 6 (15%) had CHSP60 responses that persisted throughout the study and 17 (42.5%) had a transient response. A persistent CHSP60 antibody response was correlated with being culture- or ligase chain reaction-positive in the fallopian tubes (P=.004), but not in the cervix pretreatment, and with being tubal-positive posttreatment (P=. 02). Compared with tubal-negative monkeys, tubal-positive monkeys had more intense CHSP60 responses (P=.006) that lasted longer (P=. 002). Among CHSP60 responders, an OD>0.5 was correlated with more severe salpingeal pathology before treatment (P=.04). CHSP60 antibody response may be useful as a marker of persistent chlamydial infection in the fallopian tubes.  (+info)

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the reproductive organs in women, specifically the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries. It is often caused by an infection that ascends from the cervix or vagina into the upper genital tract. The infectious agents are usually sexually transmitted bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, but other organisms can also be responsible.

Symptoms of PID may include lower abdominal pain, irregular menstrual bleeding, vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor, fever, painful sexual intercourse, or pain in the lower back. However, some women with PID may not experience any symptoms at all. If left untreated, PID can lead to serious complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.

Diagnosis of PID is typically based on a combination of clinical findings, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to eradicate the infection and may also include pain management and other supportive measures. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary for more intensive treatment or if complications arise.

Salpingitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of the fallopian tubes, which are the pair of narrow tubes that transport the egg from the ovaries to the uterus during ovulation. This condition can occur due to various reasons, including bacterial infections (such as chlamydia or gonorrhea), pelvic inflammatory disease, or complications following surgical procedures.

Acute salpingitis is characterized by symptoms like lower abdominal pain, fever, vaginal discharge, and irregular menstrual bleeding. Chronic salpingitis may not present any noticeable symptoms, but it can lead to complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or fallopian tube damage if left untreated. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection and, in severe cases, surgery to remove or repair damaged tissues.

Chlamydia infections are caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis and can affect multiple body sites, including the genitals, eyes, and respiratory system. The most common type of chlamydia infection is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that affects the genitals.

In women, chlamydia infections can cause symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge, burning during urination, and pain in the lower abdomen. In men, symptoms may include discharge from the penis, painful urination, and testicular pain or swelling. However, many people with chlamydia infections do not experience any symptoms at all.

If left untreated, chlamydia infections can lead to serious complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women, which can cause infertility and ectopic pregnancy. In men, chlamydia infections can cause epididymitis, an inflammation of the tube that carries sperm from the testicles, which can also lead to infertility.

Chlamydia infections are diagnosed through a variety of tests, including urine tests and swabs taken from the affected area. Once diagnosed, chlamydia infections can be treated with antibiotics such as azithromycin or doxycycline. It is important to note that treatment only clears the infection and does not repair any damage caused by the infection.

Prevention measures include practicing safe sex, getting regular STI screenings, and avoiding sharing towels or other personal items that may come into contact with infected bodily fluids.

'Chlamydia trachomatis' is a species of bacterium that is the causative agent of several infectious diseases in humans. It is an obligate intracellular pathogen, meaning it can only survive and reproduce inside host cells. The bacteria are transmitted through sexual contact, and can cause a range of genital tract infections, including urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and epididymitis. In women, chlamydial infection can also lead to serious complications such as ectopic pregnancy and infertility.

In addition to genital infections, 'Chlamydia trachomatis' is also responsible for two other diseases: trachoma and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). Trachoma is a leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide, affecting mostly children in developing countries. It is spread through contact with contaminated hands, clothing, or eye secretions. LGV is a sexually transmitted infection that can cause inflammation of the lymph nodes, rectum, and genitals.

'Chlamydia trachomatis' infections are often asymptomatic, making them difficult to diagnose and treat. However, they can be detected through laboratory tests such as nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) or culture. Treatment typically involves antibiotics such as azithromycin or doxycycline. Prevention measures include safe sex practices, regular screening for STIs, and good hygiene.

Mycoplasma genitalium is a small, bacteria that lack a cell wall and can be found in the urinary and genital tracts of humans. It's known to cause several urogenital infections, such as urethritis in men and cervicitis in women. In some cases, it may also lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and complications like infertility or ectopic pregnancy in women. Mycoplasma genitalium can be sexually transmitted and is often associated with HIV transmission. Due to its small size and atypical growth requirements, it can be challenging to culture and diagnose using standard microbiological methods. Molecular tests, such as nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), are commonly used for detection in clinical settings.

Endometritis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of the endometrium, which is the innermost layer of the uterus. It is often caused by infections, such as bacterial or fungal infections, that enter the uterus through various routes, including childbirth, miscarriage, or surgical procedures.

The symptoms of endometritis may include abnormal vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, fever, and abdominal cramping. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or sepsis. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics to clear the infection, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and promote healing.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of endometritis, as prompt treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, also known as "gono" bacteria. It can infect various parts of the body including the genitals, rectum, and throat. The bacteria are typically transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person.

Symptoms may vary but often include abnormal discharge from the genitals or rectum, painful or burning sensations during urination, and in women, vaginal bleeding between periods. However, many people with gonorrhea do not develop symptoms, making it essential to get tested regularly if you are sexually active with multiple partners or have unprotected sex.

If left untreated, gonorrhea can lead to severe complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women and epididymitis in men, which may result in infertility. In rare cases, it can spread to the bloodstream and cause life-threatening conditions like sepsis.

Gonorrhea is curable with appropriate antibiotic treatment; however, drug-resistant strains of the bacteria have emerged, making accurate diagnosis and effective treatment increasingly challenging. Prevention methods include using condoms during sexual activity and practicing safe sex habits.

Ectopic pregnancy is a type of abnormal pregnancy that occurs outside the uterine cavity. The most common site for an ectopic pregnancy is the fallopian tube, accounting for about 95% of cases. This condition is also known as tubal pregnancy. Other less common sites include the ovary, cervix, and abdominal cavity.

In a normal pregnancy, the fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tube and implants itself in the lining of the uterus. However, in an ectopic pregnancy, the fertilized egg implants and starts to develop somewhere other than the uterus. The growing embryo cannot survive outside the uterus, and if left untreated, an ectopic pregnancy can cause life-threatening bleeding due to the rupture of the fallopian tube or other organs.

Symptoms of ectopic pregnancy may include abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, shoulder pain, lightheadedness, fainting, and in severe cases, shock. Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of medical history, physical examination, ultrasound, and blood tests to measure the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced during pregnancy.

Treatment for ectopic pregnancy depends on several factors, including the location, size, and growth rate of the ectopic mass, as well as the patient's overall health and desire for future pregnancies. Treatment options may include medication to stop the growth of the embryo or surgery to remove the ectopic tissue. In some cases, both methods may be used together. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent serious complications and improve the chances of preserving fertility in future pregnancies.

Mycoplasma infections refer to illnesses caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Mycoplasma. These are among the smallest free-living organisms, lacking a cell wall and possessing a unique molecular structure. They can cause various respiratory tract infections (like pneumonia, bronchitis), urogenital infections, and other systemic diseases in humans, animals, and birds.

The most common Mycoplasma species that infect humans include M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, M. hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Transmission usually occurs through respiratory droplets or sexual contact. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the site of infection but may include cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, fatigue, joint pain, rash, and genital discharge or pelvic pain in women. Diagnosis often requires specific laboratory tests due to their unique growth requirements and resistance to many common antibiotics. Treatment typically involves macrolide or fluoroquinolone antibiotics.

An Intrauterine Device (IUD) is a long-acting, reversible contraceptive device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. It is a small T-shaped piece of flexible plastic with strings attached to it for removal. There are two types of IUDs available: hormonal and copper. Hormonal IUDs release progestin, which thickens cervical mucus and thins the lining of the uterus, preventing sperm from reaching and fertilizing an egg. Copper IUDs, on the other hand, produce an inflammatory reaction in the uterus that is toxic to sperm and eggs, preventing fertilization.

IUDs are more than 99% effective at preventing pregnancy and can remain in place for several years, depending on the type. They are easily removable by a healthcare provider if a woman wants to become pregnant or choose another form of contraception. IUDs do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so it is important to use condoms in addition to an IUD for protection against STIs.

In summary, Intrauterine Devices are small, T-shaped plastic devices that are inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. They come in two types: hormonal and copper, both of which work by preventing fertilization. IUDs are highly effective, long-acting, and reversible forms of contraception.

Uterine cervicitis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of the uterine cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. It can be caused by various factors, including bacterial or viral infections, allergies, or irritants. The symptoms of cervicitis may include abnormal vaginal discharge, pain during sexual intercourse, bleeding after sex, and irregular menstrual bleeding. In some cases, cervicitis may not cause any noticeable symptoms. If left untreated, cervicitis can increase the risk of developing more severe complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease or infertility. Treatment for cervicitis typically involves antibiotics to eliminate any underlying infections and management of symptoms. Regular gynecological exams and Pap tests are essential for early detection and prevention of cervical diseases.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a species of gram-negative, aerobic diplococcus that is the etiologic agent of gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection. It is commonly found in the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract, including the cervix, urethra, and rectum, as well as the throat and eyes. The bacterium can cause a range of symptoms, including discharge, burning during urination, and, in women, abnormal menstrual bleeding. If left untreated, it can lead to more serious complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. It is important to note that N. gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to many antibiotics over time, making treatment more challenging. A culture or nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) is used for the diagnosis of this infection.

Genital diseases in females refer to various medical conditions that affect the female reproductive system, including the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, and ovaries. These conditions can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, hormonal imbalances, or structural abnormalities. Some common examples of genital diseases in females include bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and human papillomavirus (HPV), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), endometriosis, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, and vulvar or vaginal cancer. Symptoms of genital diseases in females can vary widely depending on the specific condition but may include abnormal vaginal discharge, pain or discomfort during sex, irregular menstrual bleeding, painful urination, and pelvic pain. It is important for women to receive regular gynecological care and screenings to detect and treat genital diseases early and prevent complications.

Pelvic pain is defined as discomfort or unpleasant sensation in the lower abdominal region, below the belly button, and between the hips. It can be acute (sudden and lasting for a short time) or chronic (persisting for months or even years), and it may be steady or intermittent, mild or severe. The pain can have various causes, including musculoskeletal issues, nerve irritation, infection, inflammation, or organic diseases in the reproductive, urinary, or gastrointestinal systems. Accurate diagnosis often requires a thorough medical evaluation to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. It belongs to the tetracycline class of antibiotics. Doxycycline works by inhibiting the production of proteins that bacteria need to survive and multiply.

Doxycycline is used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections, including respiratory infections, skin infections, urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, and severe acne. It is also used to prevent malaria in travelers who are visiting areas where malaria is common.

Like all antibiotics, doxycycline should be taken exactly as directed by a healthcare professional. Misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of drug-resistant bacteria, which can make infections harder to treat in the future.

It's important to note that doxycycline can cause photosensitivity, so it is recommended to avoid prolonged sun exposure and use sun protection while taking this medication. Additionally, doxycycline should not be taken during pregnancy or by children under the age of 8 due to potential dental and bone development issues.

A gynecological examination is a medical procedure performed by a healthcare professional, typically a gynecologist, to evaluate the female reproductive system. The examination may include a variety of tests and procedures, such as:

1. Medical history review: The doctor will ask questions about the patient's menstrual cycle, sexual activity, contraceptive use, pregnancy history, and any symptoms or concerns.
2. External examination: The doctor will inspect the external genitalia for any signs of infection, irritation, or abnormalities.
3. Speculum exam: A speculum, a medical instrument that resembles a duckbill, is inserted into the vagina to allow the doctor to visualize the cervix and vaginal walls. This helps in detecting any abnormalities such as cervical polyps, inflammation, or cancerous growths.
4. Pelvic exam: The doctor will insert gloved fingers into the patient's vagina while simultaneously pressing on the lower abdomen to assess the size, shape, and position of the reproductive organs, including the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.
5. Pap test: A sample of cells is collected from the cervix using a spatula or brush and sent to a laboratory for analysis. This helps in detecting any precancerous or cancerous changes in the cervical cells.
6. Other tests: Depending on the patient's age, medical history, and symptoms, additional tests such as STD screening, breast exam, or imaging studies (e.g., ultrasound, MRI) may be recommended.

The frequency and type of gynecological examinations vary depending on a woman's age, health status, and individual needs. Regular check-ups are essential for early detection and prevention of reproductive system-related issues, including sexually transmitted infections, cervical cancer, and other gynecological conditions.

Fallopian tube diseases refer to conditions that affect the function or structure of the Fallopian tubes, which are a pair of narrow tubes that transport the egg from the ovaries to the uterus during ovulation and provide a pathway for sperm to reach the egg for fertilization. Some common Fallopian tube diseases include:

1. Salpingitis: This is an inflammation of the Fallopian tubes, usually caused by an infection. The infection can be bacterial, viral, or fungal in origin and can lead to scarring, blockage, or damage to the Fallopian tubes.
2. Hydrosalpinx: This is a condition where one or both of the Fallopian tubes become filled with fluid, leading to swelling and distension of the tube. The cause of hydrosalpinx can be infection, endometriosis, or previous surgery.
3. Endometriosis: This is a condition where the tissue that lines the inside of the uterus grows outside of it, including on the Fallopian tubes. This can lead to scarring, adhesions, and blockage of the tubes.
4. Ectopic pregnancy: This is a pregnancy that develops outside of the uterus, usually in the Fallopian tube. An ectopic pregnancy can cause the Fallopian tube to rupture, leading to severe bleeding and potentially life-threatening complications.
5. Tubal ligation: This is a surgical procedure that involves blocking or cutting the Fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy. In some cases, tubal ligation can lead to complications such as ectopic pregnancy or tubal sterilization syndrome, which is a condition where the fallopian tubes reconnect and allow for pregnancy to occur.

These conditions can cause infertility, chronic pain, and other health problems, and may require medical or surgical treatment.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), also known as Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), are a group of diseases or infections that spread primarily through sexual contact, including vaginal, oral, and anal sex. They can also be transmitted through non-sexual means such as mother-to-child transmission during childbirth or breastfeeding, or via shared needles.

STDs can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe, and some may not show any symptoms at all. Common STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, HIV/AIDS, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis B, and pubic lice.

If left untreated, some STDs can lead to serious health complications, such as infertility, organ damage, blindness, or even death. It is important to practice safe sex and get regular screenings for STDs if you are sexually active, especially if you have multiple partners or engage in high-risk behaviors.

Preventive measures include using barrier methods of protection, such as condoms, dental dams, and female condoms, getting vaccinated against HPV and hepatitis B, and limiting the number of sexual partners. If you suspect that you may have an STD, it is important to seek medical attention promptly for diagnosis and treatment.

Female infertility is a condition characterized by the inability to conceive after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth. The causes of female infertility can be multifactorial and may include issues with ovulation, damage to the fallopian tubes or uterus, endometriosis, hormonal imbalances, age-related factors, and other medical conditions.

Some common causes of female infertility include:

1. Ovulation disorders: Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemia can affect ovulation and lead to infertility.
2. Damage to the fallopian tubes: Pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, or previous surgeries can cause scarring and blockages in the fallopian tubes, preventing the egg and sperm from meeting.
3. Uterine abnormalities: Structural issues with the uterus, such as fibroids, polyps, or congenital defects, can interfere with implantation and pregnancy.
4. Age-related factors: As women age, their fertility declines due to a decrease in the number and quality of eggs.
5. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, celiac disease, and autoimmune disorders, can contribute to infertility.

In some cases, female infertility can be treated with medications, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF). A thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional is necessary to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition that occurs when there's an imbalance or overgrowth of bacteria in the vagina. It's not technically considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI), but certain activities such as unprotected sex can increase the risk of developing BV. The normal balance of bacteria in the vagina is disrupted, leading to symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge with a strong fishy odor, burning during urination, and itching or irritation around the outside of the vagina. Bacterial vaginosis is diagnosed through a pelvic examination and laboratory tests to identify the type of bacteria present in the vagina. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, either in the form of pills or creams that are inserted into the vagina. It's important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have bacterial vaginosis, as it can increase the risk of complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease and preterm labor during pregnancy.

Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is a medical diagnostic procedure that involves the use of fluoroscopy and a contrast medium to examine the internal structure of the uterus and fallopian tubes. It is primarily used to diagnose abnormalities related to the shape and size of the uterus, endometrial lining, and fallopian tubes, including blockages or scarring that may affect fertility.

During the procedure, a thin catheter is inserted through the cervix into the uterus, and a contrast medium is injected. The radiologist then takes X-ray images as the contrast fills the uterine cavity and flows through the fallopian tubes. This allows for the visualization of any abnormalities such as blockages, scarring, or structural issues that may be impacting fertility or menstrual function.

HSG is typically performed in a radiology department or outpatient clinic by a trained radiologist or gynecologist. It is usually recommended for women who are experiencing infertility, recurrent miscarriages, or abnormal menstrual bleeding, and may be used as part of an evaluation prior to fertility treatments such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are infections that can be passed from one person to another through sexual contact. When referring to bacterial STDs, these are infections caused by bacteria. Examples of bacterial STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). These infections can be treated with antibiotics, but if left untreated, they can cause serious health problems, such as infertility, organ damage, and even death. It is important to practice safe sex and get regular STD screenings to prevent and promptly treat bacterial STDs.

The vagina is the canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal because babies pass through it during childbirth. The vagina is where sexual intercourse occurs and where menstrual blood exits the body. It has a flexible wall that can expand and retract. During sexual arousal, the vaginal walls swell with blood to become more elastic in order to accommodate penetration.

It's important to note that sometimes people use the term "vagina" to refer to the entire female genital area, including the external structures like the labia and clitoris. But technically, these are considered part of the vulva, not the vagina.

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a sexually transmitted infection caused by certain strains of the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It primarily affects the lymphatic system, leading to inflammation and swelling of the lymph nodes, particularly in the genital area.

The progression of LGV typically occurs in three stages:
1. Primary stage: A small painless papule or ulcer forms at the site of infection, usually on the genitals, within 3-30 days after exposure. This stage is often asymptomatic and resolves on its own within a few weeks.
2. Secondary stage: Within a few weeks to months after the initial infection, patients may develop painful inguinal or femoral lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes) in the groin area, which can sometimes break open and drain. Other possible symptoms include fever, chills, malaise, headache, and joint pain.
3. Tertiary stage: If left untreated, LGV can lead to chronic complications such as fibrosis (scarring) and strictures of the lymphatic vessels, genital elephantiasis (severe swelling of the genitals), and rectovaginal fistulas (abnormal connections between the rectum and vagina).

LGV is more common in tropical and subtropical regions but has been increasingly reported in industrialized countries, particularly among men who have sex with men. Diagnosis typically involves laboratory testing of fluid from an infected lymph node or a sample from the genital ulcer. Treatment consists of antibiotics such as doxycycline, azithromycin, or erythromycin, which can effectively cure the infection if administered promptly.

Ovarian diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the function and health of the ovaries, which are the female reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs (oocytes) and female hormones estrogen and progesterone. These diseases can be categorized into functional disorders, infectious and inflammatory diseases, neoplastic diseases, and other conditions that impact ovarian function. Here's a brief overview of some common ovarian diseases:

1. Functional Disorders: These are conditions where the ovaries experience hormonal imbalances or abnormal functioning, leading to issues such as:
* Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A condition characterized by hormonal imbalances that can cause irregular periods, cysts in the ovaries, and symptoms like acne, weight gain, and infertility.
* Functional Cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that develop within the ovary, usually as a result of normal ovulation (follicular or corpus luteum cysts). They're typically harmless and resolve on their own within a few weeks or months.
2. Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases: These conditions are caused by infections or inflammation affecting the ovaries, such as:
* Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): An infection that spreads to the reproductive organs, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus. It's often caused by sexually transmitted bacteria like Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
* Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that can spread to the ovaries and cause inflammation, abscesses, or scarring.
3. Neoplastic Diseases: These are conditions where abnormal growths or tumors develop in the ovaries, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Examples include:
* Ovarian Cysts: While some cysts are functional and harmless, others can be neoplastic. Benign tumors like fibromas, dermoids, or cystadenomas can grow significantly larger and cause symptoms like pain or bloating. Malignant tumors include epithelial ovarian cancer, germ cell tumors, and sex cord-stromal tumors.
4. Other Conditions: Various other conditions can affect the ovaries, such as:
* Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal disorder that causes enlarged ovaries with small cysts. It's associated with irregular periods, infertility, and increased risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease.
* Premature Ovarian Failure (POF): Also known as primary ovarian insufficiency, it occurs when the ovaries stop functioning before age 40, leading to menstrual irregularities, infertility, and early onset of menopause.

It's essential to consult a healthcare professional if you experience any symptoms related to your reproductive system or suspect an issue with your ovaries. Early detection and treatment can significantly improve the prognosis for many conditions affecting the ovaries.

Fallopian tube patency tests are medical procedures used to determine whether the fallopian tubes, which are the pair of narrow tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus in females, are open and functioning properly. The tests typically involve introducing a dye or gas into the uterus and observing whether it flows freely through the fallopian tubes and spills out of the ends.

There are several types of Fallopian tube patency tests, including:

1. Hysterosalpingogram (HSG): This is a radiologic procedure that involves injecting a dye into the uterus through the cervix while taking X-rays to observe the flow of the dye through the fallopian tubes.
2. Sonohysterography: This is an ultrasound procedure that involves injecting a sterile saline solution into the uterus through the cervix and observing the flow of the fluid through the fallopian tubes using ultrasound imaging.
3. Falloposcopy: This is a minimally invasive procedure that involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a camera into the uterus and fallopian tubes to directly visualize their patency and any abnormalities.
4. Hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (HyCoSy): This is an ultrasound procedure that involves injecting a contrast medium into the uterus through the cervix while observing the flow of the contrast through the fallopian tubes using ultrasound imaging.

These tests are often performed as part of an infertility evaluation to determine whether blocked or damaged fallopian tubes may be contributing to difficulty conceiving.

The Fallopian tubes, also known as uterine tubes or oviducts, are a pair of slender tubular structures in the female reproductive system. They play a crucial role in human reproduction by providing a passageway for the egg (ovum) from the ovary to the uterus (womb).

Each Fallopian tube is typically around 7.6 to 10 centimeters long and consists of four parts: the interstitial part, the isthmus, the ampulla, and the infundibulum. The fimbriated end of the infundibulum, which resembles a fringe or frill, surrounds and captures the released egg from the ovary during ovulation.

Fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla when sperm meets the egg after sexual intercourse. Once fertilized, the zygote (fertilized egg) travels through the Fallopian tube toward the uterus for implantation and further development. The cilia lining the inner surface of the Fallopian tubes help propel the egg and the zygote along their journey.

In some cases, abnormalities or blockages in the Fallopian tubes can lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancies, which are pregnancies that develop outside the uterus, typically within the Fallopian tube itself.

An abscess is a localized collection of pus caused by an infection. It is typically characterized by inflammation, redness, warmth, pain, and swelling in the affected area. Abscesses can form in various parts of the body, including the skin, teeth, lungs, brain, and abdominal organs. They are usually treated with antibiotics to eliminate the infection and may require drainage if they are large or located in a critical area. If left untreated, an abscess can lead to serious complications such as sepsis or organ failure.

Vaginal douching is the practice of cleaning out the vagina with water or a mixture of water and other substances, such as vinegar or baking soda. The solution is typically inserted into the vagina using a douche, which is a device that looks like a squeeze bottle or a syringe.

It's important to note that douching is not recommended by medical professionals. The vagina is self-cleaning and does not require any additional cleaning products. Douching can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina, which can increase the risk of infection and other health problems. It can also increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, and low birth weight in babies born to women who douche during pregnancy.

If you have any concerns about your vaginal health or hygiene, it's best to speak with a healthcare provider for advice and recommendations tailored to your specific needs.

Shortwave therapy (SWT), also known as shortwave diathermy, is a form of electromagnetic radiation therapy in the frequency range of 245 MHz to 1000 MHz. It is used in physical therapy and pain management to produce heat in body tissues, increasing local blood flow, decreasing pain, and promoting healing. The energy is absorbed by body tissues, causing molecular vibrations that result in the production of heat. This modality is often used for conditions such as muscle and joint injuries, bursitis, tendonitis, and other inflammatory conditions. It should be administered under the supervision of a trained healthcare professional due to the potential for adverse effects if not properly applied.

Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) refer to infections that are localized in the reproductive organs, including the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and prostate gland. These infections can be caused by various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.

RTIs can lead to a range of complications, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and increased risk of HIV transmission. They can also cause symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge, pain during sexual intercourse, irregular menstrual bleeding, and lower abdominal pain.

RTIs are often sexually transmitted but can also be caused by other factors such as poor hygiene, use of intrauterine devices (IUDs), and invasive gynecological procedures. Prevention measures include safe sexual practices, good personal hygiene, and timely treatment of infections.

Urethritis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. Urethritis can be caused by various factors, including bacterial or viral infections, chemical irritants, or trauma to the urethra.

The most common cause of urethritis is a bacterial infection, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea, which can be transmitted through sexual contact. Other symptoms of urethritis may include pain or burning during urination, discharge from the urethra, and frequent urination.

Urethritis is typically diagnosed through a physical examination and laboratory tests to identify the underlying cause of the inflammation. Treatment for urethritis depends on the cause but may include antibiotics or other medications to treat infections, as well as measures to relieve symptoms such as pain and discomfort.

The cervix uteri, often simply referred to as the cervix, is the lower part of the uterus (womb) that connects to the vagina. It has an opening called the external os through which menstrual blood exits the uterus and sperm enters during sexual intercourse. During childbirth, the cervix dilates or opens to allow for the passage of the baby through the birth canal.

Uterine cervical diseases refer to conditions that affect the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. These diseases can range from minor abnormalities to more serious conditions, such as:

1. Cervical dysplasia: This is a precancerous condition characterized by the presence of abnormal cells on the cervix. It is usually caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and can be detected through a Pap test.
2. Cervical cancer: This is a malignant tumor that develops in the cervical tissue. The most common type of cervical cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, which arises from the cells lining the surface of the cervix.
3. Cervicitis: This is an inflammation of the cervix, which can be caused by infections, irritants, or allergies. Symptoms may include vaginal discharge, pain, and bleeding.
4. Cervical polyps: These are benign growths that develop on the cervix. They are usually small and asymptomatic but can cause abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge.
5. Cervical incompetence: This is a condition where the cervix begins to open prematurely during pregnancy, leading to a risk of miscarriage or preterm labor.

It's important to note that regular screening and early detection can help prevent or manage many cervical diseases, including cervical cancer.

Mycoplasma hominis is a species of bacteria that lack a cell wall and are among the smallest free-living organisms. They are commonly found as part of the normal flora in the genitourinary tract of humans, particularly in the urethra, cervix, and vagina. However, they can also cause various infections, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems or in the presence of other risk factors.

M. hominis has been associated with several types of infections, including:

1. Genital tract infections: M. hominis can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), cervicitis, urethritis, and endometritis in women. In men, it may lead to urethritis and prostatitis.
2. Postpartum and post-abortion fever: M. hominis can contribute to febrile morbidity following delivery or abortion.
3. Respiratory tract infections: While rare, M. hominis has been implicated in some cases of respiratory tract infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
4. Joint and soft tissue infections: M. hominis can cause septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and other soft tissue infections, especially in patients with underlying joint diseases or compromised immune systems.
5. Central nervous system (CNS) infections: Although uncommon, M. hominis has been associated with CNS infections such as meningitis and brain abscesses, primarily in immunocompromised individuals.
6. Bloodstream infections: Bacteremia due to M. hominis is rare but can occur in immunocompromised patients or those with indwelling catheters.

Diagnosis of M. hominis infections typically involves the detection of the organism through various laboratory methods, such as culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or serological tests. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics that target mycoplasmas, such as macrolides (e.g., azithromycin) or tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline). However, resistance to certain antibiotics has been reported in some M. hominis strains.

Cercopithecinae is a subfamily of Old World monkeys that includes a diverse group of species, such as macaques, baboons, geladas, and langurs. These monkeys are characterized by their complex social structures, distinct coloration patterns, and adaptations to various habitats across Africa and Asia. Some notable features of Cercopithecinae include their tail-tufts, cheek pouches for food storage, and a variety of vocalizations used in communication.

Azithromycin is a widely used antibiotic drug that belongs to the class of macrolides. It works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, which leads to the death of susceptible bacteria. This medication is active against a broad range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, atypical bacteria, and some parasites.

Azithromycin is commonly prescribed to treat various bacterial infections, such as:

1. Respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis
2. Skin and soft tissue infections
3. Sexually transmitted diseases, like chlamydia
4. Otitis media (middle ear infection)
5. Traveler's diarrhea

The drug is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, suspension, and intravenous solutions. The typical dosage for adults ranges from 250 mg to 500 mg per day, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated.

Like other antibiotics, azithromycin should be used judiciously to prevent antibiotic resistance. It is essential to complete the full course of treatment as prescribed by a healthcare professional, even if symptoms improve before finishing the medication.

The Douglas pouch, also known as the recto-uterine pouch or cul-de-sac of Douglas, is a potential space within the female pelvic cavity. It is located between the posterior wall of the uterus and the anterior wall of the rectum. This space can be examined during a gynecological examination, such as a transvaginal ultrasound or during surgery, to assess for any abnormalities or pathologies that may be present in this area.

A Krukenberg tumor is a type of metastatic cancer that primarily originates from the stomach (70% of cases) but can also arise from other organs such as the colon, ovary, or breast. It is characterized by the presence of signet-ring cells, which are a specific type of malignant cell with abundant mucin displacing the nucleus to the periphery.

Krukenberg tumors typically involve both ovaries and often present with bilateral ovarian enlargement. They can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, or irregular menstruation. The prognosis for patients with Krukenberg tumors is generally poor due to the advanced stage of the disease at diagnosis.

Epididymitis is defined as the inflammation of the epididymis, a curved tube-like structure located at the back of the testicle that stores and transports sperm. The inflammation can result from infection, trauma, or other causes, and may cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and tenderness in the scrotum. In some cases, epididymitis may also be associated with urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted infections, or other medical conditions. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to treat any underlying infection, as well as pain relief measures and supportive care to help reduce symptoms and promote healing.

An Intrauterine Device (IUD) is a small, T-shaped device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. The copper IUD is a type of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) that releases copper ions, which are toxic to sperm and egg, preventing fertilization. It is one of the most effective forms of birth control available, with a failure rate of less than 1%.

The copper IUD can be used by women who have previously given birth as well as those who have not. It can be inserted up to five days after unprotected intercourse as emergency contraception to prevent pregnancy. Once inserted, the copper IUD can remain in place for up to ten years, although it can be removed at any time if a woman wants to become pregnant or for other reasons.

Copper IUDs are also used as an effective treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding and can be used to manage endometriosis-associated pain. Common side effects of copper IUDs include heavier and longer menstrual periods, cramping during insertion, and irregular periods during the first few months after insertion. However, these side effects usually subside over time.

It is important to note that while copper IUDs are highly effective at preventing pregnancy, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Therefore, it is still recommended to use condoms or other barrier methods of protection during sexual activity to reduce the risk of STIs.

"Male urogenital diseases" refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the urinary and reproductive systems in males. This can include:

1. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): An enlarged prostate gland that can cause difficulties with urination.

2. Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, which can cause pain, urinary frequency and difficulty, and sexual dysfunction.

3. Erectile Dysfunction (ED): The inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual activity.

4. Peyronie's Disease: A condition where scar tissue causes the penis to bend or curve during an erection.

5. Testicular Cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the testicle.

6. Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube at the back of the testicle where sperm matures.

7. Orchitis: Inflammation of the testicle, often caused by an infection.

8. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Bacterial infections that can occur anywhere along the urinary tract.

9. Kidney Stones: Small, hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause severe pain when passed.

10. Bladder Cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the bladder.

These conditions can vary greatly in severity and treatment, so it's important for individuals to seek medical advice if they suspect they may have a urogenital disease.

Cefoxitin is a type of antibiotic known as a cephamycin, which is a subclass of the larger group of antibiotics called cephalosporins. Cephalosporins are bactericidal agents that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to and disrupting the function of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).

Cefoxitin has a broad spectrum of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including many strains that are resistant to other antibiotics. It is commonly used to treat infections caused by susceptible organisms such as:

* Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus or MRSA)
* Streptococcus pneumoniae
* Escherichia coli
* Klebsiella spp.
* Proteus mirabilis
* Bacteroides fragilis and other anaerobic bacteria

Cefoxitin is available in both intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) formulations, and it is typically administered every 6 to 8 hours. The drug is generally well tolerated, but potential side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, as well as allergic reactions, including rash, pruritus, and anaphylaxis.

It's important to note that the use of antibiotics should be based on the results of bacterial cultures and susceptibility testing whenever possible, to ensure appropriate therapy and minimize the development of antibiotic resistance.

Metronidazole is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication. It is primarily used to treat infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and certain parasites. Metronidazole works by interfering with the DNA of these organisms, which inhibits their ability to grow and multiply.

It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, creams, and gels, and is often used to treat conditions such as bacterial vaginosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, amebiasis, giardiasis, and pseudomembranous colitis.

Like all antibiotics, metronidazole should be taken only under the direction of a healthcare provider, as misuse can lead to antibiotic resistance and other complications.

Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure that involves the insertion of a laparoscope, which is a thin tube with a light and camera attached to it, through small incisions in the abdomen. This allows the surgeon to view the internal organs without making large incisions. It's commonly used to diagnose and treat various conditions such as endometriosis, ovarian cysts, infertility, and appendicitis. The advantages of laparoscopy over traditional open surgery include smaller incisions, less pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recovery times.

Female urogenital diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the female urinary and genital systems. These systems include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, vulva, vagina, and reproductive organs such as the ovaries and uterus.

Some common female urogenital diseases include:

1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): These are infections that occur in any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra.
2. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): This is an infection of the reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
3. Endometriosis: This is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, often on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or other pelvic structures.
4. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries.
5. Uterine fibroids: These are noncancerous growths that develop in the muscular wall of the uterus.
6. Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS): This is a chronic bladder condition characterized by pain, pressure, and discomfort in the bladder and pelvic area.
7. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): These are infections that are passed from person to person during sexual contact. Common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV.
8. Vulvodynia: This is chronic pain or discomfort of the vulva, the external female genital area.
9. Cancers of the reproductive system, such as ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and uterine cancer.

These are just a few examples of female urogenital diseases. It's important for women to receive regular medical care and screenings to detect and treat these conditions early, when they are often easier to manage and have better outcomes.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.

Medical mass screening, also known as population screening, is a public health service that aims to identify and detect asymptomatic individuals in a given population who have or are at risk of a specific disease. The goal is to provide early treatment, reduce morbidity and mortality, and prevent the spread of diseases within the community.

A mass screening program typically involves offering a simple, quick, and non-invasive test to a large number of people in a defined population, regardless of their risk factors or symptoms. Those who test positive are then referred for further diagnostic tests and appropriate medical interventions. Examples of mass screening programs include mammography for breast cancer detection, PSA (prostate-specific antigen) testing for prostate cancer, and fecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer.

It is important to note that mass screening programs should be evidence-based, cost-effective, and ethically sound, with clear benefits outweighing potential harms. They should also consider factors such as the prevalence of the disease in the population, the accuracy and reliability of the screening test, and the availability and effectiveness of treatment options.

Contraception is the use of various devices, methods, or medications to prevent pregnancy. The term is derived from the Latin words "contra" meaning "against" and "conceptio" meaning "conception." Contraceptive methods can be broadly categorized into temporary and permanent methods. Temporary methods include barriers such as condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and sponges; hormonal methods like the pill, patch, ring, injection, and emergency contraception; and fertility awareness-based methods that involve tracking ovulation and avoiding intercourse during fertile periods. Permanent methods include surgical procedures such as tubal ligation for women and vasectomy for men.

The primary goal of contraception is to prevent the sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg, thereby preventing pregnancy. However, some contraceptive methods also offer additional benefits such as reducing the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and regulating menstrual cycles. It's important to note that while contraception can prevent pregnancy, it does not protect against STIs, so using condoms is still recommended for individuals who are at risk of contracting STIs.

When choosing a contraceptive method, it's essential to consider factors such as effectiveness, safety, ease of use, cost, and personal preferences. It's also important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate method based on individual health history and needs.

Inflammation is a complex biological response of tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is characterized by the following signs: rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), dolor (pain), and functio laesa (loss of function). The process involves the activation of the immune system, recruitment of white blood cells, and release of inflammatory mediators, which contribute to the elimination of the injurious stimuli and initiation of the healing process. However, uncontrolled or chronic inflammation can also lead to tissue damage and diseases.

The endometrium is the innermost layer of the uterus, which lines the uterine cavity and has a critical role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. It is composed of glands and blood vessels that undergo cyclic changes under the influence of hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone. During the menstrual cycle, the endometrium thickens in preparation for a potential pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, it will break down and be shed, resulting in menstruation. In contrast, if implantation takes place, the endometrium provides essential nutrients to support the developing embryo and placenta throughout pregnancy.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

"Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)". Sharma H, Tal R, Clark NA, Segars JH (2014). "Microbiota and pelvic inflammatory disease". ... "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - CDC Fact Sheet". www.cdc.gov. 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2018-11-07. "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease". ... Pelvic inflammatory disease, also known as pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID), is an infection of the upper part of the female ... "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease". Center For Disease Control. May 4, 2015. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved ...
In particular, sexually transmitted diseases in women often cause the serious condition of pelvic inflammatory disease. Testing ... "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 27 August 2021. Quilliam S (April 2011). "'The ... Sharma H, Tal R, Clark NA, Segars JH (January 2014). "Microbiota and pelvic inflammatory disease". Seminars in Reproductive ... chlamydia can infect the urinary tract and potentially lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can cause serious ...
Pelvic inflammatory disease results if N. gonorrhoeae ascends into the pelvic peritoneum (via the cervix, endometrium, and ... Disseminated infection and pelvic inflammatory disease in women tend to begin after menses due to reflux during menses, ... Pelvic inflammatory disease develops in 10 to 20% of the females infected with N. gonorrhoeae. In perinatal infection, the ... The shedding of LOS by the bacteria is responsible for local injury in, for example, pelvic inflammatory disease. Although its ...
"CDC - Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - 2010 STD Treatment Guidelines". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-02-09. "PID ... Pelvic inflammatory disease. American Family Physician, Vol. 85, No. 8. (15 April 2012), pp. 791-796 by Margaret Gradison "CDC ... A tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is one of the late complications of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and can be life-threatening ... The signs and symptoms of tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) are the same as with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) with the exception ...
... pelvic inflammatory disease, which may include pelvic cellulitis and abscess; amnionitis; septic pelvic thrombophlebitis; ... "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - CDC Fact Sheet". www.cdc.gov. November 19, 2020. Barrett S, Taylor C..A review on pelvic ... Pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2010; 116(2 Pt 1):419-28. Donders G. Diagnosis and management of bacterial ... Perforated appendicitis, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease with perforation and gastrointestinal surgery are often ...
"Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Symptoms; Diseases and Conditions". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 2015-05-07. ... Other obstetrical/ gynecological causes of similar abdominal pain in women include pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian torsion ... Diverticular disease and adenomatous polyps was historically unknown and colon cancer was exceedingly rare in communities where ... "WHO Disease and injury country estimates". World Health Organization. 2009. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. ...
It is one cause of pelvic inflammatory disease. Other Prevotella spp. are members of the oral and vaginal microbiota, and are ... "Microbiota and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease". Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 32 (1): 043-049. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1361822. ... Sexually transmitted diseases and infections, Bacterial diseases, All stub articles, Bacteroidota stubs). ... predominate in periodontal disease and periodontal abscesses. The genus also includes gut bacteria. Prevotella species dominate ...
Sharma H, Tal R, Clark NA, Segars JH (January 2014). "Microbiota and pelvic inflammatory disease". Seminars in Reproductive ... Nardis C, Mosca L, Mastromarino P (September 2013). "Vaginal microbiota and viral sexually transmitted diseases". Annali di ... BMC Infectious Diseases. 11: 200. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-11-200. PMC 3161885. PMID 21771337. Aroutcheva A, Gariti D, Simon M, ... Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 12 (5): 856-72. doi:10.1093/clinids/12.5.856. PMID 2237129. Dahiya RS, Speck ML (October 1968 ...
PMID 22719832.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CDC NIH/Medline Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID ... Clark, Natalie; Tal, Reshef; Sharma, Harsha; Segars, James (2014). "Microbiota and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease". Seminars in ... Bacterial diseases, Bacteriology, Chlamydia infections, Feminine hygiene, Microbiology, Sexually transmitted diseases and ... Nardis, C.; Mastromarino, P.; Mosca, L. (September-October 2013). "Vaginal microbiota and viral sexually transmitted diseases ...
Inflammatory diseases of female pelvic organs, Mycoplasma, Probiotics, Sexually transmitted diseases and infections, Wikipedia ... Sharma H, Tal R, Clark NA, Segars JH (January 2014). "Microbiota and pelvic inflammatory disease". Seminars in Reproductive ... BV is a risk factor for pelvic inflammatory disease, HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), endometriosis, and ... "Diseases Characterized by Vaginal Discharge". cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original ...
"Microbiota and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease". Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 32 (1): 043-049. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1361822. ...
Sharma H, Tal R, Clark NA, Segars JH (January 2014). "Microbiota and pelvic inflammatory disease". Seminars in Reproductive ... Gingival disease is thought to be related to gum softening and edema (swelling from fluid collection) that is mostly observed ... Hemorrhoids and gingival disease are two common pregnancy associated physical findings involving the gastrointestinal system. ... or other respiratory issues may be more prone to disease exacerbation and respiratory decompensation during pregnancy. Parental ...
PLoS ONE volume 7, issue 6. (2012) ISSN 1932-6203 CDC NIH/Medline Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID; Salpingitis, Endometritis) ... Clark, Natalie; Tal, Reshef; Sharma, Harsha; Segars, James (2014). "Microbiota and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease". Seminars in ... Portals: Biology Medicine (Inflammatory diseases of female pelvic organs, Reproductive system, Gynaecology, Sexual health, ... Nardis, C.; Mastromarino, P.; Mosca, L. (September 2013). "Vaginal microbiota and viral sexually transmitted diseases". Annali ...
Sharma H, Tal R, Clark NA, Segars JH (January 2014). "Microbiota and pelvic inflammatory disease". Seminars in Reproductive ... "About DES". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved February 8, 2018. "Known Health Effects for DES Daughters". ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved February 8, 2018. Kalampokas E, Kalampokas T, Damaskos C (January 2017 ... Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease. 18 (4): 358-60. doi:10.1097/lgt.0000000000000023. PMID 24977630. S2CID 3060493. Nauth ...
"What Is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?". WebMD. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022. "Obstetrics ... Pelvic inflammatory disease Urinary tract infections Polycystic ovary syndrome Premenstrual dysphoric disorder Post-menopausal ... used to diagnose and treat sources of pelvic and abdominal pain. Laparoscopy is the only way to accurately diagnose pelvic/ ... Surgical treatment of pelvic organ prolapse, including correction of cystocele and rectocele. Appendectomy - often performed to ...
Clark, Natalie; Tal, Reshef; Sharma, Harsha; Segars, James (2014). "Microbiota and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease". Seminars in ...
... doxycycline is frequently used to treat Lyme disease, chronic prostatitis, sinusitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, acne, ... Gjønnaess H, Holten E (1978). "Doxycycline (Vibramycin) in pelvic inflammatory disease". Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica ... "Treatment of hospitalized patients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease: comparison of cefotetan plus doxycycline and ... Doxycycline's dual benefits as an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory make it a helpful treatment option for diseases involving ...
"Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - CDC Fact Sheet". www.cdc.gov. 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2018-01-06. "Many Men Choose Monogamy To ... "Girlfriends' Health". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 22 April 2017. This article incorporates text from this ... Prevent Sexually Transmitted Diseases". Guttmacher. 22 September 2005. Norman, Robert A. (25 June 2010). Preventive Dermatology ...
... of adolescent in girls with chronic pelvic pain that is not necessarily resistant to treatment. Pelvic inflammatory disease- ... "Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2022-04-23. Institute of Medicine (US) ... In chronic pelvic pain, there are no standard diagnostic tests in males; diagnosis is by exclusion of other disease entities. ... Genital pain and pelvic pain can arise from a variety of conditions, crimes, trauma, medical treatments, physical diseases, ...
NIH/Medline CDC Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID; Salpingitis, Endometritis) Type strain of Tannerella forsythia at BacDive - ... Inflammatory diseases of female pelvic organs, Reproductive system, Gynaecology, Sexual health, Bacterial vaginosis, All stub ... It has been implicated in periodontal diseases and is a member of the red complex of periodontal pathogens. T. forsythia was ... Oral microbiota indicates link between periodontal disease, esophageal cancer. Science Daily. December 1, 2017 Aagaard K, ...
Male genital disease Curry A, Williams T, Penny ML (September 2019). "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Diagnosis, Management, and ... Complications can result in pelvic inflammatory disease, difficulties bearing pregnancy, and endometriosis. Due to these ... November 2014). "Pelvic organ prolapse: a disease of silence and shame". Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery. 20 (6 ... Female genital diseases can be classified by affected location or by type of disease, such as malformation, inflammation, or ...
Xu, Stacey X.; Gray-Owen, Scott D. (2021-08-16). "Gonococcal Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Placing Mechanistic Insights Into the ... Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Inflammatory diseases of female pelvic organs). ... Curry, A; Williams, T; Penny, ML (15 September 2019). "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention". ... It is often included in the umbrella term of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), along with endometritis, oophoritis, ...
Because pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is caused by certain STIs, diaphragms may lower the risk of PID. Cervical barriers ... J, Kelaghan; G.L. Rubin, H.W. Ory and P.M. Layde (July 1982). "Barrier-method contraceptives and pelvic inflammatory disease". ... Helms, Richard A.; Quan, David J. (2006). Textbook of Therapeutics: Drug and Disease Management. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ... are not able to operate their pelvic muscles voluntarily to the best advantage" (during sex). However, Stopes anticipated this ...
... is typically caused by a bacterial infection, and may result from chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). This ... Pelvic inflammatory disease Muenchhoff, Maximilian; Goulder, Philip J. R. (2014). "Sex Differences in Pediatric Infectious ... Inflammatory diseases of female pelvic organs, All stub articles, Women's health stubs). ... Diseases". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 209: S120-S126. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu232. ISSN 0022-1899. JSTOR 43708051. PMC ...
Classically, it is present in the setting of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or ectopic pregnancy and is of some use to help ... Cervix Bongard F, Landers DV, Lewis F (1985). "Differential diagnosis of appendicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. A ... Cervical motion tenderness or cervical excitation is a sign found on a gynecological pelvic examination suggestive of pelvic ... It is also known colloquially as chandelier sign due to the pain being so excruciating upon bimanual pelvic exam (a part of a ...
Many small cysts occur in both ovaries in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Pelvic inflammatory disease may also result in ... Cysts that persist beyond two or three menstrual cycles, or occur in post-menopausal women, may indicate more serious disease ... Diagnosis is undertaken by pelvic examination with an ultrasound or other testing used to gather further details. Often, cysts ... Potter, Andrew W.; Chandrasekhar, Chitra A. (October 2008). "US and CT Evaluation of Acute Pelvic Pain of Gynecologic Origin in ...
Other contraindications are pelvic inflammatory disease and coagulopathies. An endometrial biopsy usually cannot be done as an ... cramps or pelvic pain is a common if short-lived side effect. After the procedure, the patient may experience some bleeding. A ... The patient is asked to lie on the table with her feet in the stirrups for a pelvic examination. She may or may not be given ...
It is also contraindicated in acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Hypersensitivity to carboprost or any of its components is ... Contraindicated in severe cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic disease. ...
Irwin, KL; Rice, RJ; O'Sullivan, MJ; Sperling, R; Brodman, M (Mar 1994). "Pelvic inflammatory disease in human immunodeficiency ... and microbiology of pelvic inflammatory disease". Obstet Gynecol. 84 (3): 463-9. PMID 8058250. Thomas, AG; Dottino, P; Brodman ... "Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on pelvic inflammatory disease". Obstet Gynecol. 95 (4): 525-34. doi: ... His post-doctoral training included a residency and a fellowship in pelvic surgery at Mount Sinai. Brodman is involved in ...
Infection: The insertion of a copper IUD poses a transient risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in the first 21 days after ... Farley TM, Rosenberg MJ, Rowe PJ, Chen JH, Meirik O (1992). "Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: an ... Hormonal contraceptives reduce the risk of developing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a serious complication of certain STIs ... "Does insertion of an intrauterine device increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease among women with sexually transmitted ...
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is inflammation and infection of a womans reproductive organs. If untreated, it may cause ... Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) * Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (Department of Health ... Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish * Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - aftercare ( ... Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Fact Sheet (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Also in Spanish ...
... fluid-filled tubes with or without free pelvic fluid or tubo-ovarian complex, or Doppler studies indicating pelvic infection (e ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ... To minimize disease transmission, women should be instructed to abstain from sexual intercourse until therapy is complete, ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People ...
"Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)". Sharma H, Tal R, Clark NA, Segars JH (2014). "Microbiota and pelvic inflammatory disease". ... "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - CDC Fact Sheet". www.cdc.gov. 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2018-11-07. "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease". ... Pelvic inflammatory disease, also known as pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID), is an infection of the upper part of the female ... "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease". Center For Disease Control. May 4, 2015. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved ...
... and adjacent pelvic structures. Infection and inflammation may spread to the abdomen, including perihepatic structures (Fitz- ... is an infectious and inflammatory disorder of the upper female genital tract, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, ... encoded search term (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease What to Read Next on Medscape ... Follow-up and counselling after pelvic inflammatory disease: CNGOF and SPILF Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases Guidelines]. Gynecol ...
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs. The most common cause is untreated ... Although someone can get pelvic inflammatory disease from using an intrauterine device (IUD), the risk is very low. The ... Pelvic inflammatory disease. (2021).. https://www.cdc.gov/std/pid/. *. Straub, T., et al. (2018). Intrauterine device and ... 2022). Pelvic inflammatory disease.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499959/. ...
Pelvic inflammatory disease is not easy to diagnose. There is no single sign, symptom, or laboratory test that provides a ... Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of the female upper genital tract, is a serious complication of some sexually ... Pelvic inflammatory disease can affect the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. Sexually transmitted organisms, especially ... In most cases, however, PID causes persistent lower abdominal or pelvic pain and tenderness, with an intensity that can range ...
... is often caused by sexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydia. Learn about PID symptoms and treatment with Childrens ... What is Adolescent Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), is an infection of the female ... How is Adolescent Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) treated?. If your daughter is diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease, ... What are the signs and symptoms of Adolescent Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) may cause ...
Pelvic inflammatory disease, or PID, is an infection of the reproductive organs including the uterus, the fallopian tubes or ... Treating Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID). Nationwide Childrens Hospital offers a team of experts focused on the treatment of ... Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection in the uterus, the fallopian tubes, or the ovaries (Picture 1). It is often ... children with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Center for Colorectal and Pelvic Reconstruction (CCPR) ...
Management of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Admit to a hospital.. Signs and symptoms of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. The ... What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is defined as the acute or chronic inflammation of the female ... Clinical Features of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. 1. Pain in the pelvic region.. 2. Malaise, fever.. 3. Foul-smelling vaginal ... Causes of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. 1. Sexually active women below 35 years.. 2. Gonorrhoea.. 3. Tuberculosis.. 4. Risk ...
How do you treat pelvic inflammatory disease?. 23 Apr, 2023 by Dane Raynor ... buckle up because pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) might just be the culprit. PID is a bacterial infection that affects ... PID should not be taken lightly as it can cause infertility and long-lasting pelvic pain. But worry not! Here are some tips on ... Tip: Do not go alone when getting tested for sexually transmitted diseases(STIs), take your sexual partner along too!! Rest ...
Chlamydophila abortus Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003;9(12):1642-1644. doi:10.3201/ ... Chlamydophila abortus Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Volume 9, Number 12-December 2003. Article Views: 505. Data is collected ... We therefore report the case of a 39-year-old woman with severe pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) caused by Cp. abortus. ... The pathogen was identified in a patient with severe pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) by sequence analysis of the ompA gene. ...
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) * What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)? * What causes PID? ...
88,000 American women between the ages of 15 and 44 were diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease, or PID. If left untreated ... What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?. Credit UW.edu. Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of a womans reproductive ... How Long Does It Take for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease to Develop?. How long does an STI have to go untreated before PID ... Pelvic inflammatory disease is typically treated with broad spectrum antibiotics. There are several types of antibiotics that ...
Expert Committee on Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Pelvic inflammatory disease: research directions in the 1990s. Sex Transm Dis ... Epidemiology of pelvic inflammatory disease. In: Berger GS, Weström L, eds. Pelvic inflammatory disease. New York: Raven Press ... Sexually transmitted diseases. Pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility in women. Infect Dis Clin N Am 1987;1:199-215. ... Pelvic inflammatory disease. In: Holmes KK, Sparling PF, Mårdh P, et al, eds. Sexually transmitted diseases. 3rd ed. New York: ...
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Randomised controlled trial of screening for Chlamydia trachomatis to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease: the POPI (prevention ... Randomised controlled trial of screening for Chlamydia trachomatis to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease: the POPI (prevention ...
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. 1. What every clinician should know. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is characterized as an ... "Pelvic inflammatory disease and fertility. A cohort study of 1,844 women with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 control ... "Pelvic inflammatory disease". Obstet Gynecol. vol. 116. 2010. pp. 419-28. (Dr. Soper is one of the contributing authors to the ... Pelvic Inflammatory Disease*1. What every clinician should know*2. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis*Diagnosis*Differential ...
1973). Treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease in an urban emergency service.. 88(6). London, R S and Goldthorn, J F and ... Title : Treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease in an urban emergency service. Personal Author(s) : London, R S;Goldthorn, J F ... "Treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease in an urban emergency service." vol. 88, no. 6, 1973. Export RIS Citation Information. ... "The Burden of and Trends in Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in the United States, 2006-2016" 224 (2021). Kreisel, Kristen M. et al ...
... uniform criteria used to define a disease for public health surveillance. ... National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. ... Notifiable Infectious Disease Tablesplus icon *About Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions Data ... Notifiable Noninfectious Disease Tablesplus icon *About Notifiable Noninfectious Diseases and Conditions Data ...
... and adjacent pelvic structures. Infection and inflammation may spread to the abdomen, including perihepatic structures (Fitz- ... is an infectious and inflammatory disorder of the upper female genital tract, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, ... encoded search term (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease What to Read Next on Medscape ... Minority women with sexually transmitted diseases: sexual abuse and risk for pelvic inflammatory disease. Res Nurs Health. 2001 ...
If pelvic inflammatory disease is suspected empiric treatment should be initiated. In: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse ... If pelvic inflammatory disease is suspected empiric treatment should be initiated. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse ... If pelvic inflammatory disease is suspected empiric treatment should be initiated. Lisa Abatangelo, Lilian Okereke, Cheryle ... If pelvic inflammatory disease is suspected empiric treatment should be initiated. / Abatangelo, Lisa; Okereke, Lilian; Parham- ...
... (PID) is caused by a bacterial infection that spreads beyond the cervix to infect the upper female ... and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid. Updated: January 1, 2015. Accessed: April 9, 2017. ... Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID). .. https://www.acog.org/patient-resources/faqs/gynecologic-problems/pelvic-inflammatory- ... Infectious Diseases of the Female Genital Tract. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ; 2012. *Gradison M. . Pelvic inflammatory ...
Signs of possible other conditions including ovulation, pelvic inflammatory disease, a ruptured ovarian cyst, endometriosis, ... Pelvic inflammatory disease. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection in the fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, or ... Office on Womens Health: "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.". Office on Womens Health: "Your Menstrual Cycle.". WebMD: "Menstrual ... Signs of possible other conditions including ovulation, pelvic inflammatory disease, a ruptured ovarian cyst, endometriosis, ...
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is a bacterial infection in a womans reproductive organs that spreads from vagina & cervix to the ... 14 Does Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Show on Ultrasound? 15 What Antibiotics Treat Pelvic Inflammatory Disease? 15.1 Can ... Q: Can pelvic inflammatory disease be cured?. A: Yes, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) can be cured with appropriate treatment ... Q: Is pelvic inflammatory disease serious?. A: Yes, PID can be a serious condition if left untreated. It can cause permanent ...
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Counseling. Topics Include: Adolescent Medicine , Gender, Sexuality & Reproductive Health , General ... Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is viewed in the context of a patients overall reproductive health. ...
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) refers to infection of the uterus (womb), fallopian tubes (tubes that carry eggs from the ... DISEASES & TREATMENT, LIFESTYLE, women health. daljitghatoura, drdaljit, healthqueries, healthylifestyle, PELVIC, Pelvic ... A pelvic ultrasound is a helpful procedure for diagnosing PID. An ultrasound can view the pelvic area to see whether the ... Scarring in the fallopian tubes and other pelvic structures can cause chronic pelvic pain (pain that lasts for months or even ...
How is pelvic inflammatory disease diagnosed? When you visit your doctor or a sexual health clinic they will ask you about the ... How is pelvic inflammatory disease treated? PID is easily treated if its caught early, with antibiotics from the doctor or ... Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common condition which affects womens upper genital tract, the uterus (womb), fallopian ... What are the symptoms of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease? In many women, PID doesnt cause any obvious symptoms. The symptoms that ...
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) * What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)? * What causes PID? ...
Antibiotic therapy for acute pelvic inflammatory disease: the 2006 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually ... Pelvic inflammatory disease. PID is an infection of the uterus and fallopian tubes, with or without ovarian or parametrial ... 7, 9] as is seen in women with endometriosis or chronic pelvic inflammatory disease. It is most often observed in women aged 30 ... Data from the PEACH (Pelvic inflammatory disease Evaluation And Clinical Health) trial shows that the presence of adnexal ...
In this guide you can read more about what causes pelvic inflammatory disease, how to look out for the symptoms and ways to ... What Does Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Feel Like?. Pelvic inflammatory disease is an unpleasant disorder. Youll generally know ... What Are the Signs of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?. Pelvic inflammatory disease is not something to be taken lightly. ... How to Treat Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Some pelvic inflammations and infections rarely turn into full-blow diseases, unless ...
  • Untreated PID can result in long-term complications including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • PID can cause scarring inside the reproductive system, which can later cause serious complications, including chronic pelvic pain, infertility, ectopic pregnancy (the leading cause of pregnancy-related deaths in adult females), and other complications of pregnancy. (wikipedia.org)
  • PID should not be taken lightly as it can cause infertility and long-lasting pelvic pain. (dane101.com)
  • 1 Consequences of infection include tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. (bmj.com)
  • A delay in diagnosis or treatment can result in long-term sequelae, such as chronic pelvic pain and tubal infertility. (medscape.com)
  • Subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. (medscape.com)
  • Women with PID produce over 2 million emergency room and office visits and incur health care costs of over 4 billion dollars annually.Implications for practice: PID is associated with chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. (nyu.edu)
  • Most common complications include infertility , ectopic pregnancy , and chronic pelvic pain . (amboss.com)
  • PID can lead to serious consequences including infertility, ectopic pregnancy (a pregnancy in the fallopian tube or elsewhere outside of the womb), abscess formation, and chronic pelvic pain. (healthqueries.in)
  • Women with repeated episodes of PID are more likely to suffer infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or chronic pelvic pain. (healthqueries.in)
  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease or PID is becoming a major cause of infertility in women of metro cities. (intimatehygine.com)
  • This can lead to chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and other problems. (bogagyn.com)
  • PID can cause permanent damage to your reproductive system and lead to long-term health problems, including chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy (a pregnancy in the fallopian tube or elsewhere outside of the womb). (dsolankihospital.com)
  • PID can cause scarring in the reproductive organs, which can lead to long-term pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. (dsolankihospital.com)
  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a serious infection of the female reproductive organs that can lead to significant health complications, including chronic pain and infertility. (dsolankihospital.com)
  • This damage may result in infertility, a future tubal pregnancy, or chronic pelvic pain. (mednhealth.com)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease may induce obstruction or atresia of the patient's fallopian tubes, affecting the fertilization effect, and may lead to the occurrence of infertility in the patient. (funtoy.com)
  • In addition, pelvic inflammation alters the acid-base environment in the vagina, dilutes semen, weakens sperm permeability and vitality, and causes infertility. (funtoy.com)
  • The main symptoms of PID include pelvic pain, pain in the sacrum, vaginal discharge, bleeding between menstrual cycles, painful intercourse, infertility and period pain. (pearlschinesemedicine.com)
  • Chances are high delaying cures increases the risk of enough time-title sequelae instance ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and you may pelvic aches. (paskib.com)
  • Chronic conditions resulting from some of these pregnancy complications are chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy and obstetric fistula. (who.int)
  • Left untreated, it can cause pelvic inflammatory disease in women, which can lead to serious reproductive complications including tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. (cdc.gov)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease, also known as pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID), is an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system, namely the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and inside of the pelvis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection and inflammation of the uterus, ovaries, and other female reproductive organs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of the female upper genital tract, is a serious complication of some sexually transmitted infections (STIs) . (healthychildren.org)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), is an infection of the female reproductive organs (uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix or ovaries), and is most often caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia or gonorrhea . (childrens.com)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection in the uterus, the fallopian tubes, or the ovaries (Picture 1). (nationwidechildrens.org)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an acute, subacute, recurrent, or chronic infection of the oviducts and ovaries, with adjacent tissue involvement. (health-disease.org)
  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is an ascending infection from the vagina to the uterus and fallopian tubes (salpingitis). (health-disease.org)
  • Walk out empowered with knowledge on how to protect yourself against disease infection! (dane101.com)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of a woman's reproductive organs, including the ovaries, uterus and fallopian tubes. (smartersex.org)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is the clinical syndrome resulting from ascending infection from the lower genital tract to involve the endometrium, Fallopian tubes and/or adjacent pelvic structures. (bmj.com)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is characterized as an upper genital tract infection in women that is associated with serious sequelae. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • According to CDC recommendations, patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of PID, risk factors for STIs, and pelvic organ tenderness on exam should be treated empirically due to the sequelae of untreated infection. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • Cervicitis (lower genital tract infection): Patients with cervicitis will not have pelvic organ tenderness on bimanual exam. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is caused by a bacterial infection that spreads beyond the cervix to infect the upper female reproductive tract, including the uterus , fallopian tubes , ovaries , and surrounding tissue. (amboss.com)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) refers to infection of the uterus (womb), fallopian tubes (tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus) and other reproductive organs that causes symptoms such as lower abdominal pain. (healthqueries.in)
  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an infection that occurs in a woman's reproductive organs. (littleangelivf.com)
  • PID disease usually starts with an infection, called STI. (intimatehygine.com)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the reproductive organs of women. (drmichalamir.com.au)
  • It improves blood circulation, dispersing blood stasis, softening the hardened part of the body, used for chronic pelvic infection. (greenlifeafrica.com)
  • Risk factors for the pelvic inflammatory disease include women of childbearing age, early sexual relations and multiple sexual partners and previous history of recurrent cervical mucus infection many times. (world.edu)
  • Depending on the cause of the disease, the degree of infection and the body's resistance to the clinical manifestations of pelvic inflammatory disease vary widely from person to person. (world.edu)
  • Women's reproductive systems are complex, and can be vulnerable to infection and post-infection inflammatory issues. (longoriaobgyn.com)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a term used to describe any infection of the lower female reproductive tract that spreads to the upper female reproductive tract. (pearlschinesemedicine.com)
  • She's got zero prior reputation for miscarriage but the woman diligent number shows a track record of guessed pelvic infection. (paskib.com)
  • In this review, we will discuss current evidence that microbial communities are critical for maintaining reproductive health and how perturbations of microbial community structures can impact reproductive health from the aspect of infection, reproductive cyclicity, pregnancy, and disease states. (frontiersin.org)
  • If there are no problems above, while the aseptic operation during abortion is not completed, it will lead to infection in females as well, thus leading to pelvic inflammatory disease. (fuyanpills.com)
  • Secondly, some patients who do not pay attention to personal hygiene after the surgery, or do not follow the doctor's advice, will also give rise to bacterial upward infection, resulting in the occurrence of pelvic inflammatory disease. (fuyanpills.com)
  • To explore the association of neighborhood -level socioeconomic status (SES) and race with developing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) after sexually transmitted infection ( STI ) among female adolescents and young adults in Maryland . (bvsalud.org)
  • A vaginal or cervical infection can spread to your uterus, fallopian tubes, and entire pelvic area if you don't get treatment for it. (healthline.com)
  • It can lead to pelvic adhesions and scar tissue that develops between internal organs, causing ongoing pelvic pain and the possibility of an ectopic pregnancy. (drashrafsabry.com)
  • Pelvic inflammation can cause scarring of the fallopian tubes and ovaries which are made pregnancy more difficult or lead to an ectopic pregnancy. (world.edu)
  • Sometimes, the symptoms of PID may be similar to the signs of ectopic pregnancy, so the doctor needs to identify which disease is causing the symptoms. (world.edu)
  • Simply because of its life-harmful characteristics, ectopic pregnancy need to be ruled-out whenever a female off reproductive many years presents having acute pelvic serious pain and a confident pregnancy shot. (paskib.com)
  • you have a bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease) that inhibits the absorption of the drug · you have severe liver problems · you have a history of ectopic pregnancy (where the baby develops somewhere outside the womb) · you have a history of inflammation of the fallopian tubes (salpingitis). (who.int)
  • Empirical antibiotic treatment is recommended for patients with otherwise unexplained uterine or adnexal tenderness and cervical motion tenderness, according to guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (medscape.com)
  • Because of the relatively poor specificity and sensitivity of clinical findings, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has established minimal criteria for the diagnosis of PID. (medscape.com)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently published updated guidelines that provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). (aafp.org)
  • To assist in these endeavors, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2 recently updated guidelines for the prevention and treatment of STDs. (aafp.org)
  • Given the clinical variability in the diagnosis of PID and the potential sequelae of delayed treatment, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends empiric treatment for PID based on the minimal criteria listed in Table 64-1 . (mhmedical.com)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • Announcer] This program is presented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • Since 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended dual therapy with a single dose of 250 mg of intramuscular ceftriaxone in combination with 1 gram of oral azithromycin . (cdc.gov)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infectious and inflammatory disorder of the upper female genital tract, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and adjacent pelvic structures. (medscape.com)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease can affect the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. (healthychildren.org)
  • Scarring in the fallopian tubes and other pelvic structures can cause chronic pelvic pain (pain that lasts for months or even years). (healthqueries.in)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common condition which affects women's upper genital tract, the uterus (womb), fallopian tubes and ovaries. (superdrug.com)
  • If your doctor isn't sure that PID is causing the symptoms, they may also suggest other tests such as a pelvic or transvaginal ultrasound scan, a biopsy or a laparoscopy (a test using keyhole surgery to look at your fallopian tubes, ovaries and womb). (superdrug.com)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease is the inflammation of the mucous membranes in the uterus, fallopian tubes and/or ovaries. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • In most cases, the pelvic inflammatory disease will initially infect the uterus and sometimes spread to the fallopian tubes. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • At present, the possibility of pelvic inflammatory disease leading to blocked fallopian tubes is increasing. (funtoy.com)
  • Endometrial inflammation caused by pelvic inflammatory disease can also spread upwards, leading to the occurrence of endometritis in the fallopian tubes, leading to interstitial congestion, edema, white blood cell immersion, and in severe cases, blockage or degenerative deformation of the fallopian tubes. (funtoy.com)
  • Pelvic examination may reveal tenderness or pain in the region or tenderness on movement of the cervix, enlarged uterus, hyperplasia of the fallopian tubes, enlargement of the ovaries, hyperplasia of uterine ligaments, etc. (pearlschinesemedicine.com)
  • Ultrasound may be used to guide doctors in aspirating abscesses in fallopian tubes in women with severe pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). (readabstracts.com)
  • PID comprises a spectrum of inflammatory disorders of the upper female genital tract, including any combination of endometritis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and pelvic peritonitis ( 1155 - 1157 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, if PID is not diagnosed early enough, peritonitis and inflammation of the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavity may develop. (drashrafsabry.com)
  • PID includes endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, pelvic peritonitis and inflammation of the pelvic connective tissues. (pearlschinesemedicine.com)
  • 38 °C, scientific signs and symptoms of tubo-ovarian abscess, otherwise signs and symptoms of pelvic peritonitis. (paskib.com)
  • Inpatient treatment within a hospital setting is typically similar, but healthcare professionals may administer the drugs intravenously if a person experiences severe illness, vomiting, or a pelvic abscess. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • If a pelvic mass is detected on pelvic exam, it is advisable to order a transvaginal pelvic ultrasound to rule out tubo-ovarian abscess, which is present in approximately 30% of patients admitted for PID. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • In cases of pelvic inflammatory disease that is not correctly treated or treated in the wrong way which can cause the pelvic abscess. (world.edu)
  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is defined as the acute or chronic inflammation of the female reproductive organs. (health-disease.org)
  • Eating clean healthy foods containing vitamin C² such as oranges which stimulates white blood cell production helps protect against future pelvic inflammation disease recurrences making the immune stronger. (dane101.com)
  • As the bacteria that trigger pelvic inflammation are transmitted to the uterus via the vagina, the most common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease is sex. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • This type of pelvic inflammation is very rare, but it's also very dangerous and can sometimes be life threatening. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • In fact, the longer you leave the inflammation untreated, the higher your risk of developing a far worse disease. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • If you don't seek out treatment, your pelvic inflammation may heal by itself, however, with this comes a risk. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • The price to pay for untreated pelvic inflammatory disease is chronic pain and recurring pelvic inflammation. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • If you have pelvic inflammation, it should be treated as soon as possible. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • However, there are several things you can do to reduce the risk of developing pelvic inflammation in the first place. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • If left untreated, inflammation of the cervix, or cervicitis, can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). (picmonic.com)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is caused by inflammation of a female's reproductive organs. (healthychildren.org)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an inflammation of women's reproductive organs that can result from untreated sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or other infections that are not sexually transmitted. (longoriaobgyn.com)
  • If you do not pay attention to personal hygiene during your menstrual period, or use unclean tampons and pads, or have a bath and sexual intercourse during the menstrual period, it will cause pathogen invasion, thus causing inflammation in the pelvic cavity. (fuyanpills.com)
  • You should also take notice of the inflammation of adjacent organs, which can also spread to the pelvic cavity. (fuyanpills.com)
  • The inflammation can spread through the reproductive organs, causing pelvic inflammatory disease. (fuyanpills.com)
  • Also, if you have chronic cervicitis, the inflammation will pass through the lymphatic circulation, thus causing pelvic connective tissue inflammation. (fuyanpills.com)
  • Gonorrhea and chlamydia , two sexually transmitted diseases, are the most common causes of PID. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Variants in toll-like receptor 1 and 4 genes are associated with Chlamydia trachomatis among women with pelvic inflammatory disease. (medscape.com)
  • It is a serious complication of some sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), especially chlamydia and gonorrhea. (healthqueries.in)
  • Known simply as chlamydia, this is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases that can affect both men and women. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • If the cause of the disease is chlamydia, you will be treated for chlamydia. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • Furthermore, in some cases, the cause of the disease is sexually transmitted bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis. (world.edu)
  • Some cases of the pelvic inflammatory disease have been reported to cause persistent chronic pelvic pain as Neisseria gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis have molecules that bind to the receptors of the epithelial cells. (world.edu)
  • Presumptive treatment for PID should be initiated for sexually active young women and other women at risk for STIs if they are experiencing pelvic or lower abdominal pain, if no cause for the illness other than PID can be identified, and if one or more of the following three minimum clinical criteria are present on pelvic examination: cervical motion tenderness, uterine tenderness, or adnexal tenderness. (cdc.gov)
  • IUDs reduce pelvic pain and menstrual blood loss in people with endometriosis , a condition where the uterine lining grows outside of the uterus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • How do you treat pelvic inflammatory disease? (dane101.com)
  • Sometimes the pediatrician may use an ultrasound or an examination of the abdominal and pelvic organs using a tiny flexible tube called a laparoscope. (healthychildren.org)
  • Ruptured Ovarian Cyst or Hemorrhagic Corpus Luteum: A pelvic ultrasound may help to differentiate PID from a ruptured ovarian cyst, but these may be difficult to differentiate and a diagnostic laparoscopy may be required. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • Besides, other screening tests including pelvic ultrasound or CT scans and MRI also help to make the diagnosis more accurate. (world.edu)
  • Ultrasound procedures, including transvaginal ultrasounds, provide imaging information that can help diagnose conditions affecting your pelvic organs or allow the observation of the growth of your fetus. (longoriaobgyn.com)
  • The CDC guidelines also include new information on the treatment of diseases characterized by vaginal discharge. (aafp.org)
  • The following are the most common symptoms diffuse pain and tenderness in the lower abdomen, pelvic pain, increased foul-smelling vaginal discharge, fever and chills, vomiting and nausea and pain during sexual intercourse. (drashrafsabry.com)
  • Some teenaged girls and adult women experience recurrent infections and chronic pelvic pain. (healthychildren.org)
  • Often this disease is detected in the woman having trouble getting pregnant or developing chronic pelvic pain. (intimatehygine.com)
  • For patients with chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, only one treatment method is not effective, and comprehensive treatment methods should be adopted. (funtoy.com)
  • PID can cause chronic pelvic pain and discomfort, as well as issues with your reproductive health and fertility. (longoriaobgyn.com)
  • To diagnose (find out if you have) PID, your health care provider will perform a pelvic exam (Picture 2). (nationwidechildrens.org)
  • Doctors typically diagnose PID through a pelvic exam. (smartersex.org)
  • A pelvic exam should be performed to determine if pelvic organ tenderness is present. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • The name describes the upward reaching motion, as if reaching for a chandelier, that a woman makes during a painful pelvic exam. (picmonic.com)
  • The doctor may perform a general physical exam, as well as a pelvic exam. (mednhealth.com)
  • The pelvic exam is key to making the diagnosis. (mednhealth.com)
  • It's especially important to avoid douching for at least 24 hours before your pelvic exam. (healthline.com)
  • Your doctor will collect a sample of mucous cells from your endocervix during a pelvic exam. (healthline.com)
  • Tip: Do not go alone when getting tested for sexually transmitted diseases(STIs), take your sexual partner along too! (dane101.com)
  • Any one of the three major criteria along with clinical suspicion (abdominal or pelvic pain with risk of STIs) should be considered for empiric therapy. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • If your teen is sexually active, they're at risk of getting sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ), also known as sexually transmitted diseases. (healthychildren.org)
  • Physicians should consider PID from inside the women who are intimately productive plus almost every other ladies vulnerable to sexually transmitted bacterial infections (STIs) when they sense pelvic or down abdominal pain without almost every other cause is actually apparent. (paskib.com)
  • In most cases, however, PID causes persistent lower abdominal or pelvic pain and tenderness, with an intensity that can range from mild to severe. (healthychildren.org)
  • PID can cause long-term pelvic pain that may persist even after treatment. (littleangelivf.com)
  • Our team recently did a meta-analysis, which is where you combine all of the data across all of the studies that have been published, and we found that M. genitalium infections were associated with about a two-fold increase in the risk of cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, preterm delivery, and spontaneous abortion. (cdc.gov)
  • A pelvic examination is not always necessary before initiating treatment for symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents prior to starting empiric treatment. (medscape.com)
  • If you suspect that you have pelvic inflammatory disease, it is important that you contact your doctor for an examination. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • The disease is caused by bacteria in the vagina entering and infecting the uterus. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • The risk of pelvic inflammatory disease is also higher in women who have had an abortion, have had a coil contraceptive device implanted or have had surgery in the uterus. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • Delay in diagnosis and treatment probably contributes to inflammatory sequelae in the upper genital tract. (cdc.gov)
  • Nationwide Children's Hospital offers a team of experts focused on the treatment of children with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). (nationwidechildrens.org)
  • Hi, My name is Marie Bailey, and write articles for Health-Disease.org, I have attempted to make understand all the disease's information with their symptoms, causes, and treatment options. (health-disease.org)
  • Treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease in an urban emergency service. (cdc.gov)
  • Workowski KA, Berman S. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. (medscape.com)
  • If you notice any of the signs of PID or another sexually transmitted disease, get treatment as soon as possible. (superdrug.com)
  • As a woman, if you suspect you've got pelvic inflammatory disease you should always seek treatment rather than ignoring the symptoms. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • The treatment will depend on the specific cause of your pelvic inflammatory disease. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • Below we are telling you about the possible symptoms of the Pelvic Inflammatory Disease so that you can start treatment as soon as possible in time. (intimatehygine.com)
  • The only treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease is with antibiotics. (drmichalamir.com.au)
  • Specific treatment will be determined based on your age, overall health, and medical history, cause of the disease, type and severity of the symptoms and your tolerance for specific medications. (drashrafsabry.com)
  • The herbal medicine Fuyan Pill is a very effective treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease in recent years. (fuyanpills.com)
  • The authors have investigated the outcome of in vitro fertilization in patients with advanced pelvic endometriosis and previous surgical treatment. (readabstracts.com)
  • Clinicians should report apparent treatment failures to CDC recommended therapies to their local health department's Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) program. (cdc.gov)
  • The pathogen was identified in a patient with severe pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) by sequence analysis of the ompA gene. (cdc.gov)
  • This is caused by bacteria often introduced into the area through sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea . (medicinenet.com)
  • It is recommended that the disease be considered in all women of childbearing age who have lower abdominal pain. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1. Pain in the pelvic region. (health-disease.org)
  • Acute PID is most often associated with severe abdominal or pelvic pain. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • Pelvic Pain: What's Causing Your Pelvic Pain? (medicinenet.com)
  • You can use over the counter painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen to deal with any pelvic or abdominal pain. (superdrug.com)
  • Primary dysmenorrhea is defined as menstrual pain that is not associated with macroscopic pelvic pathology (ie, occurs in the absence of pelvic disease). (medscape.com)
  • If this disease is not taken care of in time, PID can cause problems in pregnancy, problems during pregnancy, and prolonged pelvic pain. (intimatehygine.com)
  • According to experts, this disease is more common to women who are of childbearing age and suffer from back pain. (intimatehygine.com)
  • PID disease can come rapidly with severe pain and fever. (intimatehygine.com)
  • Common symptoms include pelvic pain and fever. (dsolankihospital.com)
  • The most common adverse reactions (≥10% users) are alterations of menstrual bleeding patterns, abdominal/pelvic pain, amenorrhea, headache/migraine, genital discharge, and vulvovaginitis. (nih.gov)
  • The diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease is based on the following symptoms including lower abdominal pain, cervical pain, and vaginal pain during two additional exams. (world.edu)
  • The diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is primarily based on historical and clinical findings. (medscape.com)
  • The disease is caused by bacteria that spread from the vagina and cervix. (wikipedia.org)
  • When non-sexually active women develop pelvic inflammatory disease, it is typically caused by rectal intestinal bacteria that have been transferred to the vagina. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • Although women of any age can develop PID, sexually active women between the ages of 20 and 31 are at the greatest risk of acquiring the disease through sexually transmitted bacteria. (drashrafsabry.com)
  • Sexually transmitted bacteria cause this disease. (world.edu)
  • 1. It has a strong bactericidal ability, and can effectively eliminate all kinds of bacteria and viruses in the female pelvic cavity. (fuyanpills.com)
  • No single laboratory test is highly specific or sensitive for the disease, but studies that can be used to support the diagnosis include the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), the C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and chlamydial and gonococcal DNA probes and cultures, endometrial biopsy, imaging studies (eg, ultrasonography, computed tomography [CT], and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) may be helpful in unclear cases. (medscape.com)
  • Using the laparoscope to see into the pelvic area, the physician can determine the locations, extent, and size of the endometrial growths. (drashrafsabry.com)
  • PID can be treated, and if it's caught early on, you may be able to avoid some of the damaging complications of this disease. (smartersex.org)
  • All women presenting having pelvic soreness are given a pregnancy try (in which appropriate) in order to exclude maternity, and you may testing having sexually transmitted infections. (paskib.com)
  • Association of Neighborhood Economic Status and Race With Developing Pelvic Inflammatory Disease After Sexually Transmitted Infections. (bvsalud.org)
  • The anatomical structure of the internal organs and tissues of the female reproductive tract provides a pathway for pathogens to ascend from the vagina to the pelvic cavity thorough the infundibulum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Culdocentesis - a procedure in which a needle is inserted into the pelvic cavity through the vaginal wall to obtain a sample of pus. (drashrafsabry.com)
  • Efforts to prevent the disease include not having sex or having few sexual partners and using condoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • To determine the sexual and demographic risk factors for the acquisition of presumptive pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). (bmj.com)
  • Risk factors for PID include age (teenagers are at greatest risk), multiple sexual partners, a new sexual partner within the past 30 days, presence of other sexually transmitted diseases, and intrauterine device insertion within the prior 3 weeks. (mhmedical.com)
  • Pelvic infections are therefore most commonly seen in women who are sexually active. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • Some pelvic inflammations and infections rarely turn into full-blow diseases, unless you leave them to fester untreated for a long period of time. (australian-bodycare.com)
  • In unborn and newborn children chlamydial infections, gonorrhoea and syphilis can produce serious and often life-threatening conditions including congenital disease, pneumonia and low birth weight. (who.int)
  • What are the signs and symptoms of Adolescent Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)? (childrens.com)
  • Signs of possible other conditions including ovulation, pelvic inflammatory disease, a ruptured ovarian cyst, endometriosis, and irritable bowel syndrom (IBS). (medicinenet.com)
  • In 2013, 88,000 American women between the ages of 15 and 44 were diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease, or PID. (smartersex.org)
  • In addition, women who have a prior history of the disease often have to go through this problem. (intimatehygine.com)
  • The pelvic inflammatory disease is a common gynecological disease among women in women of childbearing age. (world.edu)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease is a disease that we must pay attention to, and its occurrence has a serious impact on women. (funtoy.com)
  • PID is the most common and serious complication of sexually transmitted diseases among women. (pearlschinesemedicine.com)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease is the problem that contemporary women often meet. (fuyanpills.com)
  • Many women unknowingly get this disease, which brings them a great deal of trouble. (fuyanpills.com)
  • Although someone can get pelvic inflammatory disease from using an intrauterine device (IUD), the risk is very low. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In particular, we highlight how understanding and defining microbial community structures in different disease and physiological states have lead to the discovery of biomarkers and, more importantly, the development and implementation of microbial intervention strategies (probiotics) into modern day medicine. (frontiersin.org)
  • For those who do not improve after three days or who have severe disease, intravenous antibiotics should be used. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some diseases may require hospitalization and antibiotics. (world.edu)
  • Don't use antibiotics and other drugs at will, otherwise it will cause more unwanted problems, and even induce some gynecological diseases. (fuyanpills.com)