A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.
A family of structurally-related short-chain collagens that do not form large fibril bundles.
A chronic blistering disease with predilection for mucous membranes and less frequently the skin, and with a tendency to scarring. It is sometimes called ocular pemphigoid because of conjunctival mucous membrane involvement.
Skin diseases characterized by local or general distributions of blisters. They are classified according to the site and mode of blister formation. Lesions can appear spontaneously or be precipitated by infection, trauma, or sunlight. Etiologies include immunologic and genetic factors. (From Scientific American Medicine, 1990)
An itching, autoimmune, bullous SKIN disease that occurs during the last two trimesters of PREGNANCY and PUERPERIUM. It also affects non-pregnant females with tissue of PLACENTA origin, such as CHORIOCARCINOMA; or HYDATIDIFORM MOLE. It exhibits antigenic and clinical similarity to bullous pemphigoid (PEMPHIGOID, BULLOUS). This disease does not involve herpes viruses (old name, herpes gestationis).
Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis.
Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.
An anchoring junction of the cell to a non-cellular substrate, similar in morphology to halves of DESMOSOMES. They are composed of specialized areas of the plasma membrane where INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS bind on the cytoplasmic face to the transmembrane linkers, INTEGRINS, via intracellular attachment proteins, while the extracellular domain of the integrins binds to EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.
Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.
Also known as CD104 antigen, this protein is distinguished from other beta integrins by its relatively long cytoplasmic domain (approximately 1000 amino acids vs. approximately 50). Five alternatively spliced isoforms have been described.
Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.
Conjunctival diseases refer to a broad range of disorders that affect the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer layer of the eyeball, causing symptoms such as redness, itching, irritation, discharge, and/or inflammation.
A type of junction that attaches one cell to its neighbor. One of a number of differentiated regions which occur, for example, where the cytoplasmic membranes of adjacent epithelial cells are closely apposed. It consists of a circular region of each membrane together with associated intracellular microfilaments and an intercellular material which may include, for example, mucopolysaccharides. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Diseases of the cornea.
A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. Its mechanism of action is probably similar to that of the SULFONAMIDES which involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. It is also used with PYRIMETHAMINE in the treatment of malaria. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p157-8)
Autoimmune disease characterized by subepidermal blisters and linear deposition of autoantibodies at the dermoepidermal junction. The accumulated autoantibodies are of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A and occasionally IMMUNOGLOBULIN G classes against epidermal BASEMENT MEMBRANE proteins. The dermatosis is sometimes associated with malignancies and use of certain drugs (e.g., VANCOMYCIN).
Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by trauma-induced, subepidermal blistering with no family history of the disease. Direct immunofluorescence shows IMMUNOGLOBULIN G deposited at the dermo-epidermal junction.
A form of fluorescent antibody technique utilizing a fluorochrome conjugated to an antibody, which is added directly to a tissue or cell suspension for the detection of a specific antigen. (Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.
A darkly stained mat-like EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) that separates cell layers, such as EPITHELIUM from ENDOTHELIUM or a layer of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The ECM layer that supports an overlying EPITHELIUM or ENDOTHELIUM is called basal lamina. Basement membrane (BM) can be formed by the fusion of either two adjacent basal laminae or a basal lamina with an adjacent reticular lamina of connective tissue. BM, composed mainly of TYPE IV COLLAGEN; glycoprotein LAMININ; and PROTEOGLYCAN, provides barriers as well as channels between interacting cell layers.
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the transparent membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the white part of the eye, resulting in symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, burning, discharge, and increased sensitivity to light.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.
'Nerve tissue proteins' are specialized proteins found within the nervous system's biological tissue, including neurofilaments, neuronal cytoskeletal proteins, and neural cell adhesion molecules, which facilitate structural support, intracellular communication, and synaptic connectivity essential for proper neurological function.
A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.
A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).
Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.
Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.
An integrin alpha subunit that primarily associates with INTEGRIN BETA1 or INTEGRIN BETA4 to form laminin-binding heterodimers. Integrin alpha6 has two alternatively spliced isoforms: integrin alpha6A and integrin alpha6B, which differ in their cytoplasmic domains and are regulated in a tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific manner.
'Skin diseases' is a broad term for various conditions affecting the skin, including inflammatory disorders, infections, benign and malignant tumors, congenital abnormalities, and degenerative diseases, which can cause symptoms such as rashes, discoloration, eruptions, lesions, itching, or pain.
Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.
The mucous membrane that covers the posterior surface of the eyelids and the anterior pericorneal surface of the eyeball.
Surgical creation of an opening (stoma) in the URINARY BLADDER for drainage.
A cytoskeletal linker protein with a molecular weight of greater than 500 kDa. It binds INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS; MICROTUBULES; and ACTIN CYTOSKELETON and plays a central role in the organization and stability of the CYTOSKELETON. Plectin is phosphorylated by CALMODULIN KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE A; and PROTEIN KINASE C.
The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).
'Mouth diseases' is a broad term referring to various conditions that cause inflammation, infection, or structural changes in any part of the mouth, including the lips, gums, tongue, palate, cheeks, and teeth, which can lead to symptoms such as pain, discomfort, difficulty in chewing or speaking, and altered aesthetics.
A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.
An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes.
A family of related proteins that associate with cytoskeletal elements and junctional complexes at INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS. Plakins share a common plakin domain or a plakin repeat domain.
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.
An EPITHELIUM with MUCUS-secreting cells, such as GOBLET CELLS. It forms the lining of many body cavities, such as the DIGESTIVE TRACT, the RESPIRATORY TRACT, and the reproductive tract. Mucosa, rich in blood and lymph vessels, comprises an inner epithelium, a middle layer (lamina propria) of loose CONNECTIVE TISSUE, and an outer layer (muscularis mucosae) of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS that separates the mucosa from submucosa.
Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.
A tumor composed of cells resembling those of the hair matrix, which undergo 'mummification' and may calcify. It is a relatively uncommon tumor, which may occur at any age from infancy. The majority of patients are under 20, and females are affected more than males. The lesion is usually a solitary deep dermal or subcutaneous tumor 3-30 mm in diameter, situated in the head, neck, or upper extremity. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2401)
A layer of vascularized connective tissue underneath the EPIDERMIS. The surface of the dermis contains innervated papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are SWEAT GLANDS; HAIR FOLLICLES; and SEBACEOUS GLANDS.
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.
Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

Identification and characterization of epitopes recognized by T lymphocytes and autoantibodies from patients with herpes gestationis. (1/213)

Autoantibodies associated with herpes gestationis (HG), a pregnancy-associated autoimmune skin disease, target the hemidesmosomal protein BP180. It was shown that the major noncollagenous stretch of the BP180 ectodomain (NC16A) harbors epitopes recognized by HG sera. Furthermore, Abs reactive with the homologous domain of murine BP180 are known to trigger a cutaneous blistering disease in mice by passive transfer experiments. The present study was aimed at characterizing the T cell responses and specificities of autoantibodies from two HG patients. Using immunoblotting and T cell proliferation assays, we have identified a 14-amino-acid stretch of the BP180 ectodomain (MCW-1; aa 507-520) that is recognized by both T cells and autoantibodies produced by the HG patients. The neonate born to one of these HG patients showed no signs of skin disease and had no detectable T cell response to the BP180 Ag, but did have a low titer of circulating anti-BP180 autoantibodies, presumably of maternal origin. BP180-specific T cell lines and clones developed from an HG patient specifically reacted with the MCW-1 epitope. The proliferative responses of these clones were restricted to HLA-DR, but not -DQ or -DP. These Ag-specific T cells expressed alpha/beta TCRs and a CD4 memory T cell phenotype and secreted IFN-gamma and IL-2, but not IL-4 or IL-6, suggesting that they are Th1-type lymphocytes. Further characterization of these Ag-specific T cells and autoantibodies will aid in elucidating the autoimmune mechanism(s) leading to the development of HG.  (+info)

Autoantibodies in lichen planus pemphigoides react with a novel epitope within the C-terminal NC16A domain of BP180. (2/213)

Lichen planus pemphigoides is an autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease. The finding of immunoglobulin G antibodies directed against the basement membrane zone differentiates it from bullous lichen planus. The aim of this study was to identify the target antigen of lichen planus pemphigoides autoantibodies. Sera from lichen planus pemphigoides patients (n = 4) stained the epidermal side of NaCl-split human skin in a pattern indistinguishable from that produced by bullous pemphigoid sera. In bullous pemphigoid, the autoimmune response is directed against BP180, a hemidesmosomal transmembrane collagenous glycoprotein. We previously demonstrated that bullous pemphigoid sera predominantly react with a set of four epitopes (MCW-0 through MCW-3) clustered within a 45 amino acid stretch of the major noncollagenous extracellular domain (NC16A) of BP180. By immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, lichen planus pemphigoides sera were also strongly reactive with recombinant bullous pemphigoid 180 NC16A. The lichen planus pemphigoides epitopes were further mapped using a series of overlapping recombinant segments of the NC16A domain. All lichen planus pemphigoides sera reacted with amino acids 46-59 of domain NC16A, a protein segment that was previously shown to be unreactive with bullous pemphigoid sera. Two lichen planus pemphigoides sera, in addition, reacted with the immunodominant antigenic region associated with bullous pemphigoid. In conclusion, there are now five bullous diseases that are associated with an autoimmune response to BP180: bullous pemphigoid; pemphigoid/herpes gestationis; cicatricial pemphigoid; linear immunoglobulin A disease; and lichen planus pemphigoides. In addition, we have identified a novel epitope within the BP180 NC16A domain, designated MCW-4, that appears to be uniquely recognized by sera from patients with lichen planus pemphigoides.  (+info)

Novel feline autoimmune blistering disease resembling bullous pemphigoid in humans: IgG autoantibodies target the NC16A ectodomain of type XVII collagen (BP180/BPAG2). (3/213)

In humans and dogs, bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune blistering disease associated with the production of basement membrane autoantibodies that target the 180-kd type XVII collagen (BP180, BPAG2) and/or the 230-kd plakin epidermal isoform BPAG1e (BP230). In two adult cats, an acquired dermatosis and stomatitis was diagnosed as BP subsequent to the fulfillment of the following criteria: 1) presence of cutaneous vesicles, erosions, and ulcers; 2) histologic demonstration of subepidermal vesiculation with inflammatory cells, including eosinophils; 3) in vivo deposition of IgG autoantibodies at the epidermal basement membrane zone; and 4) serum IgG autoantibodies targeting a 180-kd epidermal protein identified as type XVII collagen. In both cats, the antigenic epitopes targeted by IgG autoantibodies were shown to be situated in the NC16A ectodomain of type XVII collagen, a situation similar to that of humans and dogs with BP. Feline BP therefore can be considered a clinical, histopathologic, and immunologic homologue of BP in humans and dogs.  (+info)

Regulation of epidermal bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAG1) synthesis by homeoprotein transcription factors. (4/213)

In a recent gene-trap screen, we identified the gene coding for Epidermal Bullous Pemphigoid Antigen 1 (BPAG1) as a putative transcriptional target of Engrailed and of other homeoproteins with a glutamine in position 50 of their homeodomain. We now show that the nuclear addressing of the homeodomains of Engrailed (EnHD) and Antennapedia (AntpHD) upregulates BPAG1e transcription in immortalized human keratinocytes (GMA24FIA) expressing En1. This upregulation is not observed with AntpHD-Q50A, a variant of AntpHD in which a single mutation abolishes its high-affinity binding to target DNA, thus strongly suggesting that BPAG1e upregulation homeodomains reflects their specific recognition of homeoprotein-binding sites in the BPAG1e locus. This is further confirmed by DNase I footprinting and electrophoretic mobility shift assays that reveal, within the cloned BPAG1e promoter, several sites of direct interaction with EnHD and Engrailed. Co-transfection experiments in GMA24FIA human keratinocytes, COS-7 simian fibroblasts, and CHP-100 human neuroepithelial cells show that Engrailed, Hoxa-5, and Hoxc-8 regulate BPAG1e promoter activity and that this regulation is context-dependent. Finally, using a mouse line with LacZ inserted within the En1 locus, we identify the keratinocytes of the ventral paws, including the epithelial cells of the eccrine tubules, as a strong site of En1 expression throughout adulthood. We therefore propose that BPAG1e, a 230 kDa keratin-binding protein expressed in keratinocytes and participating in the maintenance of hemidesmosomes at the dermis-epidermis border, is directly regulated by homeoprotein transcription factors.  (+info)

Molecular cloning of canine bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 cDNA and immunomapping of NC16A domain by canine bullous pemphigoid autoantibodies. (5/213)

The autoantibody-mediated subepidermal blistering skin disease bullous pemphigoid affects both humans and dogs. We previously demonstrated that canine bullous pemphigoid patient's autoantibodies targeted skin basement membrane component and a 180-kDa keratinocyte protein. We extend our works to partially isolate the cDNA encoding canine bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 (BPAg2, BP180). Total RNA extracted from a papillomavirus-immortalized canine keratinocyte cell line and a cultured canine squamous carcinoma cell line SCC 2/88 were used to isolate fragments of cDNA encoding BPAg2 by reverse transcription-PCR and 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA end. The isolated sequence included the 5'-untranslated region, the entire intracellular, transmembranous, and extracellular NC16A autoantigenic domains, plus a small segment of the collagenous domain. Sequence analyses of the isolated cDNA showed 87 and 85% identities between canine and human at the nucleotide sequence and at the deduced amino acid sequence levels, respectively. The canine BPAg2 sequence was confirmed by a rabbit antibody raised against a 18-amino acid peptide deduced from the canine NC16A nucleotide sequence. Autoantibodies from canine bullous pemphigoid patients' sera recognized epitopes within the human NC16A domain. The cloning of the cDNA encoding this disease-associated protein may allow us to develop a canine model in dissecting the immunopathologic mechanism underlying bullous pemphigoid.  (+info)

A critical role for neutrophil elastase in experimental bullous pemphigoid. (6/213)

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune skin disease characterized by subepidermal blisters and autoantibodies against 2 hemidesmosome-associated proteins, BP180 and BP230. The immunopathologic features of BP can be reproduced in mice by passive transfer of anti-BP180 antibodies. Lesion formation in this animal model depends upon complement activation and neutrophil recruitment. In the present study, we investigated the role of neutrophil elastase (NE) in antibody-induced blister formation in experimental BP. Abnormally high levels of caseinolytic activity, consistent with NE, were detected in extracts of lesional skin and blister fluid of mice injected with anti-BP180 IgG. The pathogenic anti-BP180 IgG failed to induce subepidermal blistering in NE-null (NE(-/-)) mutant mice. NE(-/-) mice reconstituted with neutrophils from wild-type mice became susceptible to experimental BP. Wild-type mice given NE inhibitors (alpha1-proteinase inhibitor and Me-O-Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-CH(2)Cl), but not mice given cathepsin G/chymase inhibitors (alpha1-antichymotrypsin or Z-Gly-Leu-Phe-CH(2)Cl), were resistant to the pathogenic activity of anti-BP180 antibodies. Incubation of murine skin with NE induced BP-like epidermal-dermal detachment. Finally, NE cleaved BP180 in vitro and in vivo. These results implicate NE directly in the dermal-epidermal cleavage induced by anti-BP180 antibodies in the experimental BP model.  (+info)

The N terminus of the transmembrane protein BP180 interacts with the N-terminal domain of BP230, thereby mediating keratin cytoskeleton anchorage to the cell surface at the site of the hemidesmosome. (7/213)

In epidermal cells, the keratin cytoskeleton interacts with the elements in the basement membrane via a multimolecular junction called the hemidesmosome. A major component of the hemidesmosome plaque is the 230-kDa bullous pemphigoid autoantigen (BP230/BPAG1), which connects directly to the keratin-containing intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton via its C terminus. A second bullous pemphigoid antigen of 180 kDa (BP180/BPAG2) is a type II transmembrane component of the hemidesmosome. Using yeast two-hybrid technology and recombinant proteins, we show that an N-terminal fragment of BP230 can bind directly to an N-terminal fragment of BP180. We have also explored the consequences of expression of the BP230 N terminus in 804G cells that assemble hemidesmosomes in vitro. Unexpectedly, this fragment disrupts the distribution of BP180 in transfected cells but has no apparent impact on the organization of endogenous BP230 and alpha6beta4 integrin. We propose that the BP230 N terminus competes with endogenous BP230 protein for BP180 binding and inhibits incorporation of BP180 into the cell surface at the site of the hemidesmosome. These data provide new insight into those interactions of the molecules of the hemidesmosome that are necessary for its function in integrating epithelial and connective tissue types.  (+info)

IgG autoantibodies from bullous pemphigoid patients recognize multiple antigenic reactive sites located predominantly within the B and C subdomains of the COOH-terminus of BP230. (8/213)

Bullous pemphigoid is a subepidermal bullous disorder characterized by an autoantibody response against the bullous pemphigoid antigen 230 (BP230) and the bullous pemphigoid antigen 180 (BP180), a cytoplasmic component and a transmembrane component, respectively, of hemidesmosomes. Although immunodominant sequences within the extracellular domain of BP180 have been identified, characterization of the antigenic sites on BP230 is still incomplete. To identify autoantibody-reactive sites on BP230 and to examine whether the targeted regions are contained within functionally important domains, recombinant fragments encompassing almost the entire BP230 were used to assess the reactivity of 25 bullous pemphigoid sera by immunoblotting. Our results demonstrate that (i) the region bearing the B and C subdomains of the COOH-terminus of BP230 contains immunodominant sequences recognized by the majority of bullous pemphigoid sera; (ii) additional autoantibody- reactive sites are present over extended regions of the NH2-terminal half of BP230 without evidence for antigenic cross-reactivity between the NH2- and COOH-termini of BP230; and, finally, (iii) autoantibodies reacting with the BP230 tail predominantly belong to the IgG4 and IgG1 subclasses, suggesting that both autoreactive TH2 and autoreactive TH1 cells regulate the autoantibody response to immunodominant sequences of BP230. As the COOH- terminus of BP230 mediates the attachment of keratin intermediate filaments to the hemidesmosomal plaque, whereas its NH2-terminus contains sequences important for its interaction with other constituents of hemidesmosomes, autoantibodies to BP230 might precipitate subepidermal blister formation and perpetuate the disease not only by eliciting an inflammatory reaction but also by interfering with the function of BP230 and thus the stability of hemidesmosomes.  (+info)

According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology and the National Organization for Rare Disorders, bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune blistering disorder characterized by the formation of large, fluid-filled blisters (bullae) on the skin and mucous membranes. This condition primarily affects older adults, with most cases occurring in individuals over 60 years of age.

In bullous pemphigoid, the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies against proteins called BP230 and BP180, which are found in the basement membrane zone – a layer that separates the epidermis (outer skin layer) from the dermis (inner skin layer). This autoimmune response leads to the formation of blisters, causing significant discomfort and potential complications if left untreated.

The symptoms of bullous pemphigoid typically include:

1. Large, fluid-filled blisters on the skin, often appearing on the trunk, arms, or legs. These blisters may be itchy or painful.
2. Blisters that rupture easily, leading to raw, open sores.
3. Mucous membrane involvement, such as blisters in the mouth, nose, eyes, or genital area.
4. Skin redness and irritation.
5. Fluid-filled bumps (papules) or pus-filled bumps (pustules).
6. Scarring and skin discoloration after blisters heal.

Treatment for bullous pemphigoid usually involves a combination of medications to control the immune response, reduce inflammation, and promote healing. These may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or other targeted therapies. In some cases, antibiotics may also be prescribed to help manage secondary infections that can occur due to blister formation.

It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan if you suspect you have bullous pemphigoid or are experiencing related symptoms.

Non-fibrillar collagens are a type of collagen that do not form fibrous structures, unlike the more common fibrillar collagens. They are a group of structurally diverse collagens that play important roles in various biological processes such as cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation. Non-fibrillar collagens include types IV, VI, VIII, X, XII, XIV, XVI, XIX, XXI, and XXVIII. They are often found in basement membranes and other specialized extracellular matrix structures.

Type IV collagen is a major component of the basement membrane and forms a network-like structure that provides a scaffold for other matrix components. Type VI collagen has a beaded filament structure and is involved in the organization of the extracellular matrix. Type VIII collagen is found in the eyes and helps to maintain the structural integrity of the eye. Type X collagen is associated with cartilage development and bone formation. Type XII and XIV collagens are fibril-associated collagens that help to regulate the organization and diameter of fibrillar collagens. The other non-fibrillar collagens have various functions, including cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation.

Overall, non-fibrillar collagens are important structural components of the extracellular matrix and play critical roles in various biological processes.

Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid (BMMP) is a type of autoimmune blistering disorder that primarily affects the mucous membranes. It is also known as cicatricial pemphigoid or oral pemphigoid. In this condition, the immune system produces antibodies against proteins called BP230 and BP180, which are found in the basement membrane zone of the mucous membranes and skin. This leads to the separation of the epidermis from the dermis, resulting in blisters and erosions.

The term "benign" is used to describe this condition because it typically has a better prognosis compared to other types of pemphigoid, such as bullous pemphigoid or pemphigus vulgaris. However, the term can be misleading as BMMP can still cause significant morbidity and have serious complications, particularly when it affects vital organs like the eyes or respiratory tract.

BMMP commonly involves the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, throat, genitals, and anus. The skin is less frequently affected, but when it is, the lesions are usually limited to the areas around the eyes, nose, and mouth. The blisters and erosions can cause pain, discomfort, and difficulty with eating, speaking, swallowing, or breathing, depending on the location of the lesions.

The diagnosis of BMMP is typically made based on clinical presentation, histopathology, direct immunofluorescence (DIF), and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) tests. Treatment usually involves systemic corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive medications to control the blistering and prevent complications. In severe cases, intravenous immunoglobulin or rituximab may be used.

Vesiculobullous skin diseases are a group of disorders characterized by the formation of blisters (vesicles) and bullae (larger blisters) on the skin. These blisters form when there is a separation between the epidermis (outer layer of the skin) and the dermis (layer beneath the epidermis) due to damage in the area where they join, known as the dermo-epidermal junction.

There are several types of vesiculobullous diseases, each with its own specific causes and symptoms. Some of the most common types include:

1. Pemphigus vulgaris: an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks proteins that help to hold the skin together, causing blisters to form.
2. Bullous pemphigoid: another autoimmune disorder, but in this case, the immune system attacks a different set of proteins, leading to large blisters and inflammation.
3. Dermatitis herpetiformis: a skin condition associated with celiac disease, where gluten ingestion triggers an immune response that leads to the formation of itchy blisters.
4. Pemphigoid gestationis: a rare autoimmune disorder that occurs during pregnancy and causes blisters on the abdomen and other parts of the body.
5. Epidermolysis bullosa: a group of inherited disorders where there is a fragile skin structure, leading to blistering and wound formation after minor trauma or friction.

Treatment for vesiculobullous diseases depends on the specific diagnosis and may include topical or systemic medications, such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or antibiotics, as well as wound care and prevention of infection.

Pemphigoid Gestationis (PG) is a rare autoimmune blistering disorder that occurs during pregnancy or after delivery. It is also known as herpes gestationis, although it has no relation to the herpes virus.

In PG, the immune system produces antibodies against proteins in the basement membrane zone of the skin and mucous membranes, leading to formation of fluid-filled blisters (vesicles) and bullae.

The onset of symptoms typically occurs during the second or third trimester of pregnancy, although they can appear earlier or even after delivery. The lesions usually start around the umbilicus (belly button) and then spread to other parts of the body, such as the abdomen, arms, and legs.

PG is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention and treatment to prevent complications for both the mother and the fetus. Treatment may include topical or systemic corticosteroids, antihistamines, and immunosuppressive drugs. The condition usually resolves after delivery, but it can recur in subsequent pregnancies.

A blister is a small fluid-filled bubble that forms on the skin due to friction, burns, or contact with certain chemicals or irritants. Blisters are typically filled with a clear fluid called serum, which is a component of blood. They can also be filled with blood (known as blood blisters) if the blister is caused by a more severe injury.

Blisters act as a natural protective barrier for the underlying skin and tissues, preventing infection and promoting healing. It's generally recommended to leave blisters intact and avoid breaking them, as doing so can increase the risk of infection and delay healing. If a blister is particularly large or painful, medical attention may be necessary to prevent complications.

Autoantigens are substances that are typically found in an individual's own body, but can stimulate an immune response because they are recognized as foreign by the body's own immune system. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy tissues and organs because it recognizes some of their components as autoantigens. These autoantigens can be proteins, DNA, or other molecules that are normally present in the body but have become altered or exposed due to various factors such as infection, genetics, or environmental triggers. The immune system then produces antibodies and activates immune cells to attack these autoantigens, leading to tissue damage and inflammation.

Pemphigus is a group of rare, autoimmune blistering diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes. In these conditions, the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies against desmoglein proteins, which are crucial for maintaining cell-to-cell adhesion in the epidermis (outermost layer of the skin). This results in the loss of keratinocyte cohesion and formation of flaccid blisters filled with serous fluid.

There are several types of pemphigus, including:

1. Pemphigus vulgaris - The most common form, primarily affecting middle-aged to older adults, with widespread erosions and flaccid blisters on the skin and mucous membranes (e.g., mouth, nose, genitals).
2. Pemphigus foliaceus - A more superficial form, mainly involving the skin, causing crusted erosions and scaly lesions without mucosal involvement. It is more prevalent in older individuals and in certain geographical regions like the Middle East.
3. Paraneoplastic pemphigus - A rare type associated with underlying neoplasms (cancers), such as lymphomas or carcinomas, characterized by severe widespread blistering of both skin and mucous membranes, along with antibodies against additional antigens besides desmogleins.
4. IgA pemphigus - A less common form characterized by localized or generalized erosions and blisters, with IgA autoantibodies targeting the basement membrane zone.

Treatment for pemphigus typically involves high-dose systemic corticosteroids, often in combination with immunosuppressive agents (e.g., azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab) to control the disease activity and prevent complications. Regular follow-ups with dermatologists and oral specialists are essential for monitoring treatment response and managing potential side effects.

Hemidesmosomes are specialized structures found in the cell membranes of epithelial cells that help to anchor them to the underlying basement membrane. They are composed of several proteins, including integrins and collagen type XVII, which interact with both intracellular keratin filaments and extracellular matrix components such as laminin-332. Hemidesmosomes play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and stability of epithelial tissues by providing strong adhesive bonds between the epithelial cells and the underlying basement membrane, which is essential for normal tissue function and homeostasis. Mutations in genes encoding hemidesmosomal proteins can lead to various inherited skin blistering disorders, such as epidermolysis bullosa.

Autoantibodies are defined as antibodies that are produced by the immune system and target the body's own cells, tissues, or organs. These antibodies mistakenly identify certain proteins or molecules in the body as foreign invaders and attack them, leading to an autoimmune response. Autoantibodies can be found in various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and thyroiditis. The presence of autoantibodies can also be used as a diagnostic marker for certain conditions.

Integrin beta4, also known as ITGB4 or CD104, is a type of integrin subunit that forms part of the integrin receptor along with an alpha subunit. Integrins are transmembrane proteins involved in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion, signal transduction, and regulation of various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and migration.

Integrin beta4 is unique among the integrin subunits because it has a large cytoplasmic domain that can interact with several intracellular signaling molecules, making it an important regulator of cell behavior. Integrin beta4 is widely expressed in various tissues, including epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and hematopoietic cells.

Integrin beta4 forms heterodimers with integrin alpha6 to form the receptor for laminins, which are major components of the basement membrane. This receptor is involved in maintaining the integrity of epithelial tissues and regulating cell migration during development, tissue repair, and cancer progression. Mutations in ITGB4 have been associated with several human diseases, including epidermolysis bullosa, a group of inherited skin disorders characterized by fragile skin and blistering.

Cytoskeletal proteins are a type of structural proteins that form the cytoskeleton, which is the internal framework of cells. The cytoskeleton provides shape, support, and structure to the cell, and plays important roles in cell division, intracellular transport, and maintenance of cell shape and integrity.

There are three main types of cytoskeletal proteins: actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Actin filaments are thin, rod-like structures that are involved in muscle contraction, cell motility, and cell division. Intermediate filaments are thicker than actin filaments and provide structural support to the cell. Microtubules are hollow tubes that are involved in intracellular transport, cell division, and maintenance of cell shape.

Cytoskeletal proteins are composed of different subunits that polymerize to form filamentous structures. These proteins can be dynamically assembled and disassembled, allowing cells to change their shape and move. Mutations in cytoskeletal proteins have been linked to various human diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and muscular dystrophies.

Conjunctival diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the conjunctiva, which is the thin, clear mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye (known as the sclera). The conjunctiva helps to keep the eye moist and protected from irritants.

Conjunctival diseases can cause a range of symptoms, including redness, itching, burning, discharge, grittiness, and pain. Some common conjunctival diseases include:

1. Conjunctivitis (pink eye): This is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or allergies. Symptoms may include redness, itching, discharge, and watery eyes.
2. Pinguecula: This is a yellowish, raised bump that forms on the conjunctiva, usually near the corner of the eye. It is caused by an overgrowth of connective tissue and may be related to sun exposure or dry eye.
3. Pterygium: This is a fleshy growth that extends from the conjunctiva onto the cornea (the clear front part of the eye). It can cause redness, irritation, and vision problems if it grows large enough to cover the pupil.
4. Allergic conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Symptoms may include redness, itching, watery eyes, and swelling.
5. Chemical conjunctivitis: This is an irritation or inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by exposure to chemicals such as chlorine, smoke, or fumes. Symptoms may include redness, burning, and tearing.
6. Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC): This is a type of allergic reaction that occurs in response to the presence of a foreign body in the eye, such as a contact lens. Symptoms may include itching, mucus discharge, and a gritty feeling in the eye.

Treatment for conjunctival diseases depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, over-the-counter medications or home remedies may be sufficient to relieve symptoms. However, more severe cases may require prescription medication or medical intervention. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider if you experience persistent or worsening symptoms of conjunctival disease.

Desmosomes are specialized intercellular junctions that provide strong adhesion between adjacent epithelial cells and help maintain the structural integrity and stability of tissues. They are composed of several proteins, including desmoplakin, plakoglobin, and cadherins, which form complex structures that anchor intermediate filaments (such as keratin) to the cell membrane. This creates a network of interconnected cells that can withstand mechanical stresses. Desmosomes are particularly abundant in tissues subjected to high levels of tension, such as the skin and heart.

Corneal diseases are a group of disorders that affect the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. The cornea plays an important role in focusing vision, and any damage or disease can cause significant visual impairment or loss. Some common types of corneal diseases include:

1. Keratoconus: A progressive disorder in which the cornea thins and bulges outward into a cone shape, causing distorted vision.
2. Fuchs' dystrophy: A genetic disorder that affects the inner layer of the cornea called the endothelium, leading to swelling, cloudiness, and decreased vision.
3. Dry eye syndrome: A condition in which the eyes do not produce enough tears or the tears evaporate too quickly, causing discomfort, redness, and blurred vision.
4. Corneal ulcers: Open sores on the cornea that can be caused by infection, trauma, or other factors.
5. Herpes simplex keratitis: A viral infection of the cornea that can cause recurrent episodes of inflammation, scarring, and vision loss.
6. Corneal dystrophies: Inherited disorders that affect the structure and clarity of the cornea, leading to visual impairment or blindness.
7. Bullous keratopathy: A condition in which the endothelium fails to pump fluid out of the cornea, causing it to swell and form blisters.
8. Corneal trauma: Injury to the cornea caused by foreign objects, chemicals, or other factors that can lead to scarring, infection, and vision loss.

Treatment for corneal diseases varies depending on the specific condition and severity of the disease. Options may include eyedrops, medications, laser surgery, corneal transplantation, or other treatments.

Dapsone is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called sulfones. It is primarily used to treat bacterial skin infections such as leprosy and dermatitis herpetiformis (a skin condition associated with coeliac disease). Dapsone works by killing the bacteria responsible for these infections.

In addition, dapsone has anti-inflammatory properties and is sometimes used off-label to manage inflammatory conditions such as vasculitis, bullous pemphigoid, and chronic urticaria. It is available in oral tablet form and topical cream or gel form.

Like all medications, dapsone can cause side effects, which may include nausea, loss of appetite, and headache. More serious side effects, such as methemoglobinemia (a blood disorder that affects the body's ability to transport oxygen), peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage that causes pain, numbness, or weakness in the hands and feet), and liver damage, can occur but are less common.

It is important for patients taking dapsone to be monitored by a healthcare provider to ensure safe and effective use of the medication.

Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis (LABD) is an autoimmune blistering disorder characterized by the production of autoantibodies against the 97-kDa component of the basement membrane zone, leading to the formation of tense blisters and erosions. It can occur in both children and adults, with different subtypes and clinical presentations.

In LABD, there is a linear deposition of IgA along the basement membrane zone on direct immunofluorescence (DIF) studies, which helps to distinguish it from other autoimmune blistering disorders like bullous pemphigoid or pemphigus vulgaris.

The condition can be idiopathic or associated with medications, infections, or underlying medical conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or hematologic malignancies. Treatment typically involves systemic corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive agents to control the blister formation and prevent complications.

Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita (EBA) is a rare autoimmune blistering disorder characterized by the production of autoantibodies against type VII collagen, a protein that plays a crucial role in anchoring the epidermis to the dermis. This results in the formation of blisters and erosions on the skin and mucous membranes, particularly in areas subjected to friction or trauma.

EBA can be classified into two main forms: the mechanobullous form and the inflammatory form. The mechanobullous form is characterized by spontaneous blistering and mechanical fragility of the skin, while the inflammatory form presents with inflammation and erosions in the mucous membranes.

The onset of EBA can occur at any age, but it is more common in adults, particularly those over 40 years old. The diagnosis of EBA is based on clinical presentation, direct immunofluorescence (DIF) studies, and detection of autoantibodies against type VII collagen.

Treatment of EBA typically involves a combination of wound care, prevention of infection, and immunosuppressive therapy to control the production of autoantibodies. The prognosis of EBA varies depending on the severity and extent of skin and mucous membrane involvement, as well as the response to treatment.

The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT), Direct is a type of immunofluorescence assay used in laboratory diagnostic tests. It is a method for identifying and locating specific antigens in cells or tissues by using fluorescent-labeled antibodies that directly bind to the target antigen.

In this technique, a sample (such as a tissue section or cell smear) is prepared and then treated with a fluorescently labeled primary antibody that specifically binds to the antigen of interest. After washing away unbound antibodies, the sample is examined under a fluorescence microscope. If the antigen is present in the sample, it will be visible as distinct areas of fluorescence, allowing for the direct visualization and localization of the antigen within the cells or tissues.

Direct FAT is commonly used in diagnostic laboratories to identify and diagnose various infectious diseases, including bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. It can also be used to detect specific proteins or antigens in research and clinical settings.

In medical terms, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It consists of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer), as well as accessory structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. The skin plays a crucial role in protecting us from external factors such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental hazards, while also regulating body temperature and enabling the sense of touch.

Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB) is a group of rare inherited skin disorders that are characterized by the development of blisters, erosions, and scarring following minor trauma or friction. The condition results from a genetic defect that affects the structural proteins responsible for anchoring the epidermis (outer layer of the skin) to the dermis (inner layer of the skin).

There are several types of EB, which vary in severity and clinical presentation. These include:

1. Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex (EBS): This is the most common form of EB, and it typically affects the skin's superficial layers. Blistering tends to occur after minor trauma or friction, and healing usually occurs without scarring. There are several subtypes of EBS, which vary in severity.
2. Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa (JEB): This form of EB affects the deeper layers of the skin, and blistering can occur spontaneously or following minor trauma. Healing often results in scarring, and affected individuals may also experience nail loss, dental abnormalities, and fragile mucous membranes.
3. Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa (DEB): DEB affects the deeper layers of the skin, and blistering can lead to significant scarring, contractures, and fusion of fingers and toes. There are two main subtypes of DEB: recessive DEB (RDEB), which is more severe and associated with a higher risk of skin cancer, and dominant DEB (DDEB), which tends to be milder.
4. Kindler Syndrome: This is a rare form of EB that affects both the epidermis and dermis. Blistering can occur spontaneously or following minor trauma, and affected individuals may experience photosensitivity, poikiloderma (a mottled skin appearance), and oral and gastrointestinal abnormalities.

Treatment for EB typically focuses on managing symptoms, preventing blister formation and infection, and promoting wound healing. There is currently no cure for EB, but research is ongoing to develop new therapies and treatments.

The basement membrane is a thin, specialized layer of extracellular matrix that provides structural support and separates epithelial cells (which line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels) from connective tissue. It is composed of two main layers: the basal lamina, which is produced by the epithelial cells, and the reticular lamina, which is produced by the connective tissue. The basement membrane plays important roles in cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, and survival.

The basal lamina is composed mainly of type IV collagen, laminins, nidogens, and proteoglycans, while the reticular lamina contains type III collagen, fibronectin, and other matrix proteins. The basement membrane also contains a variety of growth factors and cytokines that can influence cell behavior.

Defects in the composition or organization of the basement membrane can lead to various diseases, including kidney disease, eye disease, and skin blistering disorders.

Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, a thin, clear membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer surface of the eye. The condition can cause redness, itching, burning, tearing, discomfort, and a gritty feeling in the eyes. It can also result in a discharge that can be clear, yellow, or greenish.

Conjunctivitis can have various causes, including bacterial or viral infections, allergies, irritants (such as smoke, chlorine, or contact lens solutions), and underlying medical conditions (like dry eye or autoimmune disorders). Treatment depends on the cause of the condition but may include antibiotics, antihistamines, anti-inflammatory medications, or warm compresses.

It is essential to maintain good hygiene practices, like washing hands frequently and avoiding touching or rubbing the eyes, to prevent spreading conjunctivitis to others. If you suspect you have conjunctivitis, it's recommended that you consult an eye care professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

Impetigo is a common and highly contagious skin infection that mainly affects infants and children. It is caused by two types of bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus). The infection typically occurs in areas of the body with broken or damaged skin, such as cuts, scrapes, insect bites, or rashes.

There are two forms of impetigo: non-bullous and bullous. Non-bullous impetigo, also known as crusted impetigo, begins as small blisters or pimples that quickly rupture, leaving a yellowish-crusted, honey-colored scab. These lesions can be itchy and painful, and they often occur around the nose, mouth, and hands. Non-bullous impetigo is more commonly caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.

Bullous impetigo, on the other hand, is characterized by larger fluid-filled blisters that are usually painless and do not itch. These blisters can appear anywhere on the body but are most common in warm, moist areas such as the armpits, groin, or diaper region. Bullous impetigo is primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Impetigo is typically treated with topical antibiotics, such as mupirocin (Bactroban) or retapamulin (Altabax), applied directly to the affected area. In more severe cases, oral antibiotics may be prescribed. It is essential to cover the lesions and maintain good hygiene practices to prevent the spread of impetigo to others.

Nerve tissue proteins are specialized proteins found in the nervous system that provide structural and functional support to nerve cells, also known as neurons. These proteins include:

1. Neurofilaments: These are type IV intermediate filaments that provide structural support to neurons and help maintain their shape and size. They are composed of three subunits - NFL (light), NFM (medium), and NFH (heavy).

2. Neuronal Cytoskeletal Proteins: These include tubulins, actins, and spectrins that provide structural support to the neuronal cytoskeleton and help maintain its integrity.

3. Neurotransmitter Receptors: These are specialized proteins located on the postsynaptic membrane of neurons that bind neurotransmitters released by presynaptic neurons, triggering a response in the target cell.

4. Ion Channels: These are transmembrane proteins that regulate the flow of ions across the neuronal membrane and play a crucial role in generating and transmitting electrical signals in neurons.

5. Signaling Proteins: These include enzymes, receptors, and adaptor proteins that mediate intracellular signaling pathways involved in neuronal development, differentiation, survival, and death.

6. Adhesion Proteins: These are cell surface proteins that mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, playing a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of neural circuits.

7. Extracellular Matrix Proteins: These include proteoglycans, laminins, and collagens that provide structural support to nerve tissue and regulate neuronal migration, differentiation, and survival.

Clobetasol is a topical corticosteroid medication that is used to reduce inflammation and relieve itching, redness, and swelling associated with various skin conditions. It works by suppressing the immune system's response to reduce inflammation. Clobetasol is available in several forms, including creams, ointments, emulsions, and foams, and is usually applied to the affected area once or twice a day.

It is important to use clobetasol only as directed by a healthcare provider, as prolonged or excessive use can lead to thinning of the skin, increased susceptibility to infections, and other side effects. Additionally, it should not be used on large areas of the body or for extended periods without medical supervision.

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body, and it is a major component of connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, and bones. Collagen provides structure and strength to these tissues and helps them to withstand stretching and tension. It is made up of long chains of amino acids, primarily glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which are arranged in a triple helix structure. There are at least 16 different types of collagen found in the body, each with slightly different structures and functions. Collagen is important for maintaining the integrity and health of tissues throughout the body, and it has been studied for its potential therapeutic uses in various medical conditions.

Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a chronic, autoimmune blistering skin disorder that is characterized by the presence of symmetrical, pruritic (itchy), papulo-vesicular (papules and small fluid-filled blisters) eruptions on the extensor surfaces of the body, such as the elbows, knees, buttocks, and shoulders. It is often associated with gluten sensitivity or celiac disease, a condition that causes an abnormal immune response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.

The exact cause of DH is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from the interaction between genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. The disorder is characterized by the presence of IgA antibodies in the skin, which trigger an immune response that leads to the formation of the characteristic rash.

DH is typically treated with a gluten-free diet, which can help to control the symptoms and prevent complications such as malabsorption and nutritional deficiencies. Medications such as dapsone may also be used to control the itching and blistering associated with the disorder. In some cases, topical corticosteroids or other anti-inflammatory medications may be prescribed to help manage symptoms.

It is important to note that DH is a chronic condition that requires ongoing management and monitoring. People with DH should work closely with their healthcare provider to develop an appropriate treatment plan and monitor their progress over time.

Carrier proteins, also known as transport proteins, are a type of protein that facilitates the movement of molecules across cell membranes. They are responsible for the selective and active transport of ions, sugars, amino acids, and other molecules from one side of the membrane to the other, against their concentration gradient. This process requires energy, usually in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

Carrier proteins have a specific binding site for the molecule they transport, and undergo conformational changes upon binding, which allows them to move the molecule across the membrane. Once the molecule has been transported, the carrier protein returns to its original conformation, ready to bind and transport another molecule.

Carrier proteins play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ions and other molecules inside and outside of cells, and are essential for many physiological processes, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and nutrient uptake.

Integrin α6 (also known as CD49f) is a type of integrin, which is a heterodimeric transmembrane receptor that mediates cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. Integrins play crucial roles in various biological processes such as cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and survival.

Integrin α6 is a 130 kDa glycoprotein that pairs with integrin β1, β4 or β5 to form three distinct heterodimeric complexes: α6β1, α6β4, and α6β5. Among these, the α6β4 integrin is the most extensively studied. It specifically binds to laminins in the basement membrane and plays essential roles in maintaining epithelial tissue architecture and function.

The α6β4 integrin has a unique structure with an extended cytoplasmic domain of β4 that can interact with intracellular signaling molecules, cytoskeletal proteins, and other adhesion receptors. This interaction allows the formation of stable adhesion complexes called hemidesmosomes, which anchor epithelial cells to the basement membrane and provide mechanical stability to tissues.

Mutations in integrin α6 or its partners can lead to various human diseases, including epidermolysis bullosa, a group of inherited skin disorders characterized by fragile skin and mucous membranes that blister and tear easily.

Skin diseases, also known as dermatological conditions, refer to any medical condition that affects the skin, which is the largest organ of the human body. These diseases can affect the skin's function, appearance, or overall health. They can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, allergies, environmental factors, and aging.

Skin diseases can present in many different forms, such as rashes, blisters, sores, discolorations, growths, or changes in texture. Some common examples of skin diseases include acne, eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, fungal infections, viral infections, bacterial infections, and skin cancer.

The symptoms and severity of skin diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and individual factors. Some skin diseases are mild and can be treated with over-the-counter medications or topical creams, while others may require more intensive treatments such as prescription medications, light therapy, or even surgery.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual or persistent changes in your skin, as some skin diseases can be serious or indicative of other underlying health conditions. A dermatologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.

Keratinocytes are the predominant type of cells found in the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin. These cells are responsible for producing keratin, a tough protein that provides structural support and protection to the skin. Keratinocytes undergo constant turnover, with new cells produced in the basal layer of the epidermis and older cells moving upward and eventually becoming flattened and filled with keratin as they reach the surface of the skin, where they are then shed. They also play a role in the immune response and can release cytokines and other signaling molecules to help protect the body from infection and injury.

The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the front part of the eye, also known as the sclera. It helps to keep the eye moist and protected from irritants. The conjunctiva can become inflamed or infected, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye).

A cystostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an opening through the wall of the bladder to allow urine to drain out. This opening, or stoma, is usually connected to a external collection device, such as a bag or a tube. The purpose of a cystostomy is to provide a stable and reliable way for urine to leave the body when a person is unable to urinate naturally due to injury, illness, or other medical conditions that affect bladder function.

There are several types of cystostomies, including temporary and permanent procedures. A temporary cystostomy may be performed as a short-term solution while a patient recovers from surgery or an injury, or when a person is unable to urinate temporarily due to an obstruction in the urinary tract. In these cases, the cystostomy can be closed once the underlying issue has been resolved.

A permanent cystostomy may be recommended for individuals who have irreversible bladder damage or dysfunction, such as those with spinal cord injuries, neurological disorders, or certain types of cancer. In these cases, a cystostomy can help improve quality of life by allowing for regular and reliable urinary drainage, reducing the risk of complications like urinary tract infections and kidney damage.

It's important to note that a cystostomy is a significant surgical procedure that carries risks and potential complications, such as bleeding, infection, and injury to surrounding tissues. As with any surgery, it's essential to discuss the benefits and risks of a cystostomy with a healthcare provider to determine whether it's the right option for an individual's specific medical needs.

Plectin is a large cytolinker protein that plays a crucial role in the structural organization and stability of the cell. It has the ability to interact with various components of the cytoskeleton, including intermediate filaments, microtubules, and actin filaments, thereby providing a critical link between these structures. Plectin is widely expressed in many tissues and is involved in maintaining the integrity and functionality of cells under both physiological and pathological conditions. Mutations in the gene encoding plectin have been associated with several human diseases, including epidermolysis bullosa, muscular dystrophy, and neuropathies.

The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, composed mainly of stratified squamous epithelium. It forms a protective barrier that prevents water loss and inhibits the entry of microorganisms. The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and its cells are nourished by diffusion from the underlying dermis. The bottom-most layer of the epidermis, called the stratum basale, is responsible for generating new skin cells that eventually move up to replace dead cells on the surface. This process of cell turnover takes about 28 days in adults.

The most superficial part of the epidermis consists of dead cells called squames, which are constantly shed and replaced. The exact rate at which this happens varies depending on location; for example, it's faster on the palms and soles than elsewhere. Melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells, are also located in the epidermis, specifically within the stratum basale layer.

In summary, the epidermis is a vital part of our integumentary system, providing not only physical protection but also playing a crucial role in immunity and sensory perception through touch receptors called Pacinian corpuscles.

Mouth diseases refer to a variety of conditions that affect the oral cavity, including the lips, gums, teeth, tongue, palate, and lining of the mouth. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other organisms. They can also result from injuries, chronic illnesses, or genetic factors.

Some common examples of mouth diseases include dental caries (cavities), periodontal disease (gum disease), oral herpes, candidiasis (thrush), lichen planus, and oral cancer. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, redness, bleeding, bad breath, difficulty swallowing or speaking, and changes in the appearance of the mouth or teeth. Treatment depends on the specific diagnosis and may involve medications, dental procedures, or lifestyle changes.

The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT), Indirect is a type of immunofluorescence assay used to detect the presence of specific antigens in a sample. In this method, the sample is first incubated with a primary antibody that binds to the target antigen. After washing to remove unbound primary antibodies, a secondary fluorescently labeled antibody is added, which recognizes and binds to the primary antibody. This indirect labeling approach allows for amplification of the signal, making it more sensitive than direct methods. The sample is then examined under a fluorescence microscope to visualize the location and amount of antigen based on the emitted light from the fluorescent secondary antibody. It's commonly used in diagnostic laboratories for detection of various bacteria, viruses, and other antigens in clinical specimens.

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the immune system, which normally protects the body from foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues. This results in inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues in the body.

In autoimmune diseases, the body produces autoantibodies that target its own proteins or cell receptors, leading to their destruction or malfunction. The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is not fully understood, but it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development.

There are over 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific autoimmune disease and the organs or tissues affected. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and suppressing the immune system to prevent further damage.

Corneal edema is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. This buildup of fluid causes the cornea to swell and thicken, resulting in blurry or distorted vision. Corneal edema can be caused by various factors, including eye injuries, certain medications, eye surgeries, and diseases that affect the eye's ability to pump fluids out of the cornea. In some cases, corneal edema may resolve on its own or with treatment, but in severe cases, it may require a corneal transplant.

Erythema is a term used in medicine to describe redness of the skin, which occurs as a result of increased blood flow in the superficial capillaries. This redness can be caused by various factors such as inflammation, infection, trauma, or exposure to heat, cold, or ultraviolet radiation. In some cases, erythema may also be accompanied by other symptoms such as swelling, warmth, pain, or itching. It is a common finding in many medical conditions and can vary in severity from mild to severe.

Plakins are a family of proteins that play important roles in maintaining the structure and function of various types of cells, particularly in epithelial tissues. They are large, multidomain proteins that interact with several other cellular components, including the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion molecules, and extracellular matrix proteins.

The name "plakin" comes from the Greek word "plax," which means "plate" or "plaque." This reflects the fact that these proteins help to form and maintain cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions, which are often referred to as "plaques" due to their plate-like appearance.

There are several different types of plakins, including:

1. BP230 (also known as BPAG1-e): This plakin is a component of hemidesmosomes, which are structures that help to anchor epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane.
2. Plectin: This plakin is a large protein that interacts with several different components of the cytoskeleton, including intermediate filaments, microtubules, and actin filaments. It is found in many different types of cells, including epithelial cells, muscle cells, and neurons.
3. Desmoplakin: This plakin is a component of desmosomes, which are structures that help to anchor adjacent epithelial cells together.
4. Periplakin: This plakin is found in the upper layers of the skin, where it helps to form and maintain cell-cell junctions called corneodesmosomes.
5. Microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1): This plakin interacts with both microtubules and actin filaments, and is involved in regulating the organization and dynamics of these cytoskeletal components.

Mutations in genes encoding plakins have been associated with a variety of human diseases, including epidermolysis bullosa, a group of inherited skin disorders characterized by fragile skin and blistering.

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is a rare, serious and potentially life-threatening skin reaction that usually occurs as a reaction to medication but can also be caused by an infection. SJS is characterized by the detachment of the epidermis (top layer of the skin) from the dermis (the layer underneath). It primarily affects the mucous membranes, such as those lining the eyes, mouth, throat, and genitals, causing painful raw areas that are prone to infection.

SJS is considered a severe form of erythema multiforme (EM), another skin condition, but it's much more serious and can be fatal. The symptoms of SJS include flu-like symptoms such as fever, sore throat, and fatigue, followed by a red or purplish rash that spreads and blisters, eventually leading to the detachment of the top layer of skin.

The exact cause of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome is not always known, but it's often triggered by medications such as antibiotics, anti-convulsants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and antiretroviral drugs. Infections caused by herpes simplex virus or Mycoplasma pneumoniae can also trigger SJS.

Treatment for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome typically involves hospitalization, supportive care, wound care, and medication to manage pain and prevent infection. Discontinuing the offending medication is crucial in managing this condition. In severe cases, patients may require treatment in a burn unit or intensive care unit.

A mucous membrane is a type of moist, protective lining that covers various body surfaces inside the body, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts, as well as the inner surface of the eyelids and the nasal cavity. These membranes are composed of epithelial cells that produce mucus, a slippery secretion that helps trap particles, microorganisms, and other foreign substances, preventing them from entering the body or causing damage to tissues. The mucous membrane functions as a barrier against infection and irritation while also facilitating the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the body and its environment.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of the human body. It is primarily found in external secretions, such as saliva, tears, breast milk, and sweat, as well as in mucous membranes lining the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. IgA exists in two forms: a monomeric form found in serum and a polymeric form found in secretions.

The primary function of IgA is to provide immune protection at mucosal surfaces, which are exposed to various environmental antigens, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and allergens. By doing so, it helps prevent the entry and colonization of pathogens into the body, reducing the risk of infections and inflammation.

IgA functions by binding to antigens present on the surface of pathogens or allergens, forming immune complexes that can neutralize their activity. These complexes are then transported across the epithelial cells lining mucosal surfaces and released into the lumen, where they prevent the adherence and invasion of pathogens.

In summary, Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a vital antibody that provides immune defense at mucosal surfaces by neutralizing and preventing the entry of harmful antigens into the body.

Pilomatrixoma is a benign skin tumor that originates from the hair follicle's matrix. It is also known as calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe. This slow-growing tumor typically appears as a hard, mobile, small nodule, often on the head or neck region. Pilomatrixomas are usually painless but can become inflamed or infected. They are more common in children and young adults and are slightly more prevalent in females than males. Histologically, pilomatrixoma is characterized by the presence of shadow cells, basaloid cells, and calcifications. Surgical excision is the standard treatment for this condition.

The dermis is the layer of skin located beneath the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin. It is composed of connective tissue and provides structure and support to the skin. The dermis contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. It is also responsible for the production of collagen and elastin, which give the skin its strength and flexibility. The dermis can be further divided into two layers: the papillary dermis, which is the upper layer and contains finger-like projections called papillae that extend upwards into the epidermis, and the reticular dermis, which is the lower layer and contains thicker collagen bundles. Together, the epidermis and dermis make up the true skin.

The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT) is a type of immunofluorescence assay used in laboratory medicine and pathology for the detection and localization of specific antigens or antibodies in tissues, cells, or microorganisms. In this technique, a fluorescein-labeled antibody is used to selectively bind to the target antigen or antibody, forming an immune complex. When excited by light of a specific wavelength, the fluorescein label emits light at a longer wavelength, typically visualized as green fluorescence under a fluorescence microscope.

The FAT is widely used in diagnostic microbiology for the identification and characterization of various bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It has also been applied in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and certain cancers by detecting specific antibodies or antigens in patient samples. The main advantage of FAT is its high sensitivity and specificity, allowing for accurate detection and differentiation of various pathogens and disease markers. However, it requires specialized equipment and trained personnel to perform and interpret the results.

Epitope mapping is a technique used in immunology to identify the specific portion or regions (called epitopes) on an antigen that are recognized and bind to antibodies or T-cell receptors. This process helps to understand the molecular basis of immune responses against various pathogens, allergens, or transplanted tissues.

Epitope mapping can be performed using different methods such as:

1. Peptide scanning: In this method, a series of overlapping peptides spanning the entire length of the antigen are synthesized and tested for their ability to bind to antibodies or T-cell receptors. The peptide that shows binding is considered to contain the epitope.
2. Site-directed mutagenesis: In this approach, specific amino acids within the antigen are altered, and the modified antigens are tested for their ability to bind to antibodies or T-cell receptors. This helps in identifying the critical residues within the epitope.
3. X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy: These techniques provide detailed information about the three-dimensional structure of antigen-antibody complexes, allowing for accurate identification of epitopes at an atomic level.

The results from epitope mapping can be useful in various applications, including vaccine design, diagnostic test development, and understanding the basis of autoimmune diseases.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Chan LS (2011). "Bullous Pemphigoid". EMedicine Reference. "Dorlands Medical Dictionary:bullous pemphigoid". Retrieved 2010-06- ... also called bullous pemphigoid antigen 1, and/or type XVII collagen, also called bullous pemphigoid antigen 2, which is a ... Bullous pemphigoid (a type of pemphigoid) is an autoimmune pruritic skin disease that typically occurs in people aged over 60, ... Very rarely seen in children, bullous and non-bullous pemphigoid most commonly occurs in people 70 years of age and older. Its ...
Bullous pemphigoid Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune bullous disease that mainly affects older individuals. Individuals ... bullous pemphigoid, bullous amyloidosis, and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, since bullous lesions of the skin are ... The most common treatment options for blisters caused by bullous pemphigoid are topical and systemic corticosteroids, which ... Miyamoto D, Santi CG, Aoki V, Maruta CW (2019-05-09). "Bullous pemphigoid". Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 94 (2): 133-146 ...
Along with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen has been associated with the onset of bullous pemphigoid or pemphigoid-like blistering. As ... Chan LS (12 June 2014). Hall, R, Vinson, RP, Nunley, JR, Gelfand, JM, Elston, DM (eds.). "Bullous Pemphigoid Clinical ...
Kayani, Mahaz; Aslam, Arif M. (2017-06-08). "Bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris". BMJ. 357: j2169. doi:10.1136/bmj.j2169 ... Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid: Autoimmune disease which affects only mucous membranes with clinical presentation of hard and rigid ...
Tamai K, Sawamura D, Do HC, Tamai Y, Li K, Uitto J (August 1993). "The human 230-kD bullous pemphigoid antigen gene (BPAG1). ... Mutasim DF, Takahashi Y, Labib RS, Anhalt GJ, Patel HP, Diaz LA (January 1985). "A pool of bullous pemphigoid antigen(s) is ... Dystonin (DST), also known as bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAG1), isoforms 1/2/3/4/5/8, is a protein that in humans is ... Sawamura D, Nomura K, Sugita Y, Mattei MG, Chu ML, Knowlton R, Uitto J (December 1990). "Bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPAG1): ...
Bullous Pemphigoid, Cicatricial Pemphigoid, Drug Eruptions. Epidermolysis Bullosa, Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita, Erythema ... and bullous pemphigoid antigen I.[citation needed] The precise mechanism for how tumors are able to induce autoantibodies ... Pemphigoid-like lesions are seen more often on the extremities. Lichenoid lesions are more common among children, presenting on ... "Pemphigoid-like": Tense blister(s) on brick red erythema "Erythema multiforme-like": Severe polymorphic skin and/or mucous ...
"Successful Treatment of Bullous Pemphigoid with Omalizumab". Archives of Dermatology. 148 (11): 1241-1243. doi:10.1001/ ... List of target antigens in pemphigus List of immunofluorescence findings for autoimmune bullous conditions List of cutaneous ... These diseases include: The antiepiligrin variant of cicatricial pemphigoid is associated with gastric cancer. In this ... list of antigens in the skin that may become targets of circulating auto-antibodies leading to the various types of pemphigoid ...
Edward Morgan Rowell, 90, American diplomat, bullous pemphigoid. Manju Singh, 73, Indian television producer, heart attack. Con ...
"Childhood bullous pemphigoid developed after the first vaccination". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. Gökhan ... Baykal, Can; Okan, Gökhan; Sarica, Rifkiye (1 February 2001). "Childhood bullous pemphigoid developed after the first ...
... and the sixth has pemphigus or bullous pemphigoid. Charcot and Richer noted Bruegel's accuracy in portraying the blind men ...
In January 2013, Flaherty announced he had bullous pemphigoid. He was treated with prednisone, a powerful steroid for which ... While he had openly discussed health challenges associated with managing bullous pemphigoid, including taking prescription ...
Other autoimmune diseases include bullous pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Treatment of autoimmune skin diseases ...
... and bullous diseases such as pemphigus, pemphigoid, and epidermolysis bullosa. Other studies encompass acne and the physiologic ...
... or bullous pemphigoid; administration of drugs and pregnancy. However, AHA can also emerge in elderly people without any risk ...
For example, a portion of the cases of chronic idiopathic urticaria and all cases of bullous pemphigoid are clearly autoimmune ... successful treatment of bullous pemphigoid with omalizumab". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 123 (3): 704-5. ... bullous pemphigoid, interstitial cystitis, nasal polyps, and idiopathic angioedema. Several groups have reported clinical trial ...
It is absent in bullous pemphigoid, making it useful for differential diagnosis. This histological feature is also seen in ...
The sign has also been associated with bullous pemphigoid, psoriasis, and exfoliative dermatitis. It is believed that growth ...
Cicatricial Pemphigoid at eMedicine Bullous Pemphigoid at eMedicine Pemphigoid Gestationis at eMedicine Provost TT, Flynn JA ( ... July 2014). "Incidence of bullous pemphigoid and mortality of patients with bullous pemphigoid in Olmsted County, Minnesota, ... Bullous pemphigoid (BP) Rarely affects the mouth Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) or (cicatricial pemphigoid), (No skin ... known as bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 [BPAg2] and bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 [BPAg1] respectively. Antibodies to BP180NC16A ...
"Assessment of diagnostic strategy for early recognition of bullous and nonbullous variants of pemphigoid". JAMA Dermatol. 155 ( ...
Nikolsky's sign is present in pemphigus and mucous membrane pemphigoid, but not in bullous pemphigoid. In mucous membrane ... Brunsting-Perry cicatricial pemphigoid is a rare variant of mucous membrane pemphigoid involving the scalp and the neck without ... Gestational pemphigoid List of cutaneous conditions List of target antigens in pemphigoid List of immunofluorescence findings ... ISBN 0-07-138076-0. "Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid". British Skin Foundation. Chen, Peggy. "Brunsting-Perry cicatricial pemphigoid ...
Giudice, G. J.; Emery, D. J.; Zelickson, B. D.; Anhalt, G. J.; Liu, Z.; Diaz, L. A. (1993-11-15). "Bullous pemphigoid and ... 1991). "Bullous pemphigoid antigen: cDNA cloning, cellular expression, and evidence for polymorphism of the human gene". J. ... Collagen XVII also plays a role as an autoantigen in Bullous pemphigoid (BP) and herpes gestationis (HG), both acquired ... Aho, S; Uitto J (March 1999). "180-kD bullous pemphigoid antigen/type XVII collagen: tissue-specific expression and molecular ...
Niacinamide has been investigated for many additional disorders, including treatment of bullous pemphigoid nonmelanoma skin ...
"The hemidesmosomal protein bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 and the integrin beta 4 subunit bind to ERBIN. Molecular cloning of ... "The hemidesmosomal protein bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 and the integrin beta 4 subunit bind to ERBIN. Molecular cloning of ...
Bullous pemphigoid is a condition that causes itchy blisters over the body that can mimic frostbite. It does not require ...
1991). "Bullous pemphigoid antigen: cDNA cloning, cellular expression, and evidence for polymorphism of the human gene". J. ...
"The hemidesmosomal protein bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 and the integrin beta 4 subunit bind to ERBIN. Molecular cloning of ... and involves a direct interaction between beta4 and the bullous pemphigoid antigen 180". The Journal of Cell Biology. 142 (1): ... "Direct interaction between the intracellular domains of bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 (BP180) and beta 4 integrin, ... Cluster of differentiation List of target antigens in pemphigoid GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000132470 - Ensembl, May ...
Types include desmoplakin, envoplakin, periplakin, plectin, bullous pemphigoid antigen 1, corneodesmosin, and microtubule actin ...
... eosinophilic cellulitis and bullous pemphigoid. It is important to distinguish urticaria from urticarial dermatoses. The ...
Aho, S; Uitto J (March 1999). "180-kD bullous pemphigoid antigen/type XVII collagen: tissue-specific expression and molecular ...
... a preclinical stage of bullous pemphigoid?". The British Journal of Dermatology. 171 (2): 212-219. doi:10.1111/bjd.12936. PMID ... which can potentially lead to other autoimmune disorders like bullous pemphigoid. Immunosuppressive medications may include: ...
Chan LS (2011). "Bullous Pemphigoid". EMedicine Reference. "Dorlands Medical Dictionary:bullous pemphigoid". Retrieved 2010-06- ... also called bullous pemphigoid antigen 1, and/or type XVII collagen, also called bullous pemphigoid antigen 2, which is a ... Bullous pemphigoid (a type of pemphigoid) is an autoimmune pruritic skin disease that typically occurs in people aged over 60, ... Very rarely seen in children, bullous and non-bullous pemphigoid most commonly occurs in people 70 years of age and older. Its ...
Bullous pemphigoid is a skin disorder characterized by blisters. ... Bullous pemphigoid is a skin disorder characterized by blisters ... Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune disorder that occurs when the bodys immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue ... Bullous pemphigoid usually responds well to treatment. The medicine can often be stopped after several years. The disease ... Bullous pemphigoid. In: Lebwohl MG, Heymann WR, Coulson IH, Murrell DF, eds. Treatment of Skin Disease: Comprehensive ...
Bullous pemphigoid is a chronic, inflammatory, subepidermal, blistering disease. If untreated, it can persist for months or ... Pemphigoid vegetans represents a bullous pemphigoid variant. Patients IgG autoantibodies identify the major bullous pemphigoid ... As in humans with bullous pemphigoid, the sera from dogs with bullous pemphigoid bind to the epidermal roof of salt-split skin ... encoded search term (Bullous Pemphigoid) and Bullous Pemphigoid What to Read Next on Medscape ...
... J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2001 Jul;15(4):317-9. ... Background: The epidemiology of bullous pemphigoid (BP) is not clear because of the heterogeneity of the disease, and its ...
Bullous pemphigoid in a dog. Ruptured bullae are present on the foot pads and toes. ...
Mapping the binding sites of anti-BP180 immunoglobulin E autoantibodies in bullous pemphigoid. Download Prime PubMed App to ... Cicatricial pemphigoid differs from bullous pemphigoid and pemphigoid gestationis regarding the fine specificity of ... Mapping the Binding Sites of anti-BP180 Immunoglobulin E Autoantibodies in Bullous Pemphigoid. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125(3): ... "Mapping the Binding Sites of anti-BP180 Immunoglobulin E Autoantibodies in Bullous Pemphigoid." The Journal of Investigative ...
... s bertilimumab for the treatment of bullous pemphigoid. ... decline in the Bullous Pemphigoid Disease Area Index (BPDAI) ... FDA Grants Orphan Drug Designation to Bertilimumab for Treatment of Bullous Pemphigoid. August 20, 2018. Krista Rossi ... "We are incredibly gratified that bertilimumab has received an orphan drug designation for the treatment of bullous pemphigoid ... They included the following: change in BPDAI Activity Score (a validated measure of bullous pemphigoid disease activity ...
... announced positive initial Phase II clinical data from the first three of bullous pemphigoid (BP) patients in an ongoing ... Nomacopan Receives FDA Fast Track Designation for Bullous Pemphigoid. April 28, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) - Akari Therapeutics, Plc ... International Pemphigus & Pemphigoid Foundation. 915 Highland Pointe Dr, Ste 250. Roseville, CA 95678. United States of America ... FDA has granted Fast Track designation to nomacopan for the treatment of patients with moderate and severe bullous pemphigoid ( ...
Bullous Pemphigoid on the Legs. This photo shows broken and unbroken blisters on red and inflamed skin on the legs of a person ...
Bullous pemphigoid is an uncommon dermatologic manifestation seen in squamous cell lung cancer, and evidence guiding optimal ... Bullous pemphigoid associated with squamous cell lung carcinoma showing remarkable response to carboplatin-based chemotherapy: ... Bullous pemphigoid associated with squamous cell lung carcinoma showing remarkable response to carboplatin-based chemotherapy: ... Bullous pemphigoid associated with squamous cell lung carcinoma showing remarkable response to carboplatin-based chemotherapy: ...
Bullous pemphigoid in India: Review of cases… June 16, 2023 *Induction of localized bullous pemphigoid on a young… July 31, ...
Unilateral ocular cicatricial pemphigoid with circulating IgA and IgG autoantibodies reactive with the 180 kD bullous ... Unilateral ocular cicatricial pemphigoid with circulating IgA and IgG autoantibodies reactive with the 180 kD bullous ...
Anti-BP180 NC16A IgG Titres as an Indicator of Disease Activity and Outcome in Asian Patients with Bullous Pemphigoid. Sophie ... Introduction: Anti-BP180 IgG titres were observed to parallel disease activity in case series of bullous pemphigoid (BP). This ... Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a subepidermal blistering dermatosis characterised by circulating autoantibodies targeting BP180 and ...
Survey of bullous pemphigoid in an Italian university hospital: clinical-epidemiological characteristics and follow-up - ... Survey of bullous pemphigoid in an Italian university hospital: clinical-epidemiological characteristics and follow-up. ... We decided to evaluate the characteristics and outcome of patients admitted for a bullous pemphigoid at our Hospital in the ... Balestri R, Odorici G, Patrizi A, Infusino SD, Magnano M, Bardazzi F. Survey of bullous pemphigoid in an Italian university ...
Zimina, E. P., Hofmann, S. C., Fritsch, A., Kern, J. S., Sitaru, C., & Bruckner-Tuderman, L. (2008). Bullous pemphigoid ... Bullous pemphigoid autoantibodies preferentially recognize phosphoepitopes in collagen XVII. Elena P. Zimina, Silke C. Hofmann ... Bullous pemphigoid autoantibodies preferentially recognize phosphoepitopes in collagen XVII. In: Journal of Investigative ... Bullous pemphigoid autoantibodies preferentially recognize phosphoepitopes in collagen XVII. / Zimina, Elena P.; Hofmann, Silke ...
The 7 major bullous pemphigoid markets reached a value of US$ 208.5 Million in 2022 and expected to reach US$ 1,252.7 Million ... The bullous pemphigoid market has been comprehensively analyzed in IMARCs new report titled Bullous Pemphigoid Market: ... Bullous Pemphigoid: Current Treatment Scenario, Marketed Drugs and Emerging Therapies. *What are the current marketed drugs and ... Bullous Pemphigoid Market: Epidemiology, Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity, and Forecast 2023-2033 Report ...
Youre reviewing:Bullous Pemphigoid. Your Rating. Quality. 1 star. 2 stars. 3 stars. 4 stars. 5 stars. ...
Bullous pemphigoid resembling erythema annulare centrifugum. / Ormerod, Anthony; Daly, B M; Main, R A et al. In: British ... Bullous pemphigoid resembling erythema annulare centrifugum. In: British Journal of Dermatology. 1984 ; Vol. 110, No. 3. pp. ... Bullous pemphigoid resembling erythema annulare centrifugum. British Journal of Dermatology. 1984 Mar 1;110(3):378-379. doi: ... Ormerod, A., Daly, B. M., Main, R. A., & Horne, C. H. (1984). Bullous pemphigoid resembling erythema annulare centrifugum. ...
Bullous pemphigoid. Revision as of 05:12, 17 February 2016 by Kxl328. (talk , contribs) ... Treatment of bullous pemphigoid with low-dose oral cyclophosphamide: a case series of 20 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol ... A comparison of oral and topical corticosteroids in patients with bullous pemphigoid. N Engl J Med. Jan 31 2002;346(5):321-7. [ ... Whole body application of a potent topical corticosteroid for bullous pemphigoid. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. Apr 3 2013;[ ...
Bullous pemphigoid. Bullous pemphigoid is a rare autoimmune disorder that causes blisters, hives, and itching on the skin. ... Bullous pemphigoid. (2018). https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/bullous-pemphigoid. *. Dyshidrotic eczema. (n.d.). https:// ... Doctors usually use anti-inflammatory medications, such as topical or oral steroids, to treat bullous pemphigoid blisters. In ...
Bullous" by people in this website by year, and whether "Pemphigoid, Bullous" was a major or minor topic of these publications ... Bullous Pemphigoid with Atypical Skin Lesions and Acute Interstitial Nephritis: A Case Report and Focused Literature Review. Am ... "Pemphigoid, Bullous" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Bullous pemphigoid in late childhood successfully treated with mycophenolate mofetil as an adjuvant therapy. Pediatr Dermatol. ...
Long-term oral prednisolone exposure in primary care for bullous pemphigoid: a population-based study ... Long-term oral prednisolone exposure in primary care for bullous pemphigoid: a population-based study ...
Bullous Pemphigoid Bullous Pemphigoid. Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune skin condition. Affected individuals complain of ...
Learn and reinforce your understanding of Bullous pemphigoid. ... Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune skin disease that causes ... Bullous pemphigoid Videos, Flashcards, High Yield Notes, & Practice Questions. ... Interventions for bullous pemphigoid Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2010). *Bullous pemphigoid: Etiology, ... Bullous pemphigoid is a type II hypersensitivity reaction, which is when the immune system produces antibodies that bind to the ...
Bullous pemphigoid. While not reported in studies, bullous pemphigoid has been reported as a severe side effect since Onglyza ... Bullous pemphigoid is a condition that causes the immune system to attack the skin. People with this condition develop blisters ... Bullous pemphigoid is treated with creams or ointments such as corticosteroids. These slow down the immune system. Clobex ( ... people taking these drugs usually recover from bullous pemphigoid. ...
Pages that link to "Bullous pemphigoid". ← Bullous pemphigoid. What links here. Page:. Namespace:. all. (Main). Talk. User. ...
Bullous Pemphigoid - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... Bullous Pemphigoid on the Arm. This photo shows blisters, sores, and crusts on the arm of a person with bullous pemphigoid. ... Symptoms of Bullous Pemphigoid Itching is often the first symptom of bullous pemphigoid. Blisters may not appear for several ... Prognosis for Bullous Pemphigoid Bullous pemphigoid is a chronic, potentially fatal disease, particularly without treatment. ...
Treatments for bullous pemphigoid, the most common autoimmune blistering disease demand the use of novel targeted therapeutic ... Emerging treatments for bullous pemphigoid. Emerging treatments for bullous pemphigoid. *Autores: Pedro Miguel Garrido, ... Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune blistering disease. It is characterized by an immune response against the ...
An Unpopular Opinion About Bullous Pemphigoid Natural... admin Jan 4, 2023 0 496 ... Its important that you choose the right Natural Treatment for Bullous Pemphigoid option for your needs so that you can feel ...
... we will provide several steps about How to Treat Bullous Pemphigoid Naturally ... How to Treat Bullous Pemphigoid Naturally: Several Steps to Clear Skin Here, ... How to Treat Bullous Pemphigoid Naturally: Several Steps to Clear Skin Here, we will provide several steps about How to Treat ... Bullous Pemphigoid Naturally and help you clear your skin. From diet and lifestyle changes to herbal remedies, well cover it ...
  • The bullae are formed by an immune reaction, initiated by the formation of IgG autoantibodies targeting dystonin, also called bullous pemphigoid antigen 1, and/or type XVII collagen, also called bullous pemphigoid antigen 2, which is a component of hemidesmosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Canine bullous pemphigoid (BP): identification of the 180-kd canine BP antigen by circulating autoantibodies. (medscape.com)
  • Molecular cloning of canine bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 cDNA and immunomapping of NC16A domain by canine bullous pemphigoid autoantibodies. (medscape.com)
  • Equine bullous pemphigoid IgG autoantibodies target linear epitopes in the NC16A ectodomain of collagen XVII (BP180, BPAG2). (medscape.com)
  • Novel feline autoimmune blistering disease resembling bullous pemphigoid in humans: IgG autoantibodies target the NC16A ectodomain of type XVII collagen (BP180/BPAG2). (medscape.com)
  • Sitaru C, Schmidt E, Petermann S, Munteanu LS, Brocker EB, Zillikens D. Autoantibodies to bullous pemphigoid antigen 180 induce dermal-epidermal separation in cryosections of human skin. (medscape.com)
  • Bullous pemphigoid is the most common autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease and is characterized by the production of autoantibodies that directly target the bullous pemphigoid antigen 180 (BP180 or COL17A1) within the dermoepidermal junction (DEJ) [ 1 , 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Autoantibodies and the key complement component C3b can often be detected at the basement membrane zone (BMZ) of the lesional skin of bullous pemphigoid patients [ 5 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a chronic, acquired autoimmune subepidermal blistering skin disorder caused by linear deposition of autoantibodies against the epithelial basal membrane zone. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a rare autoimmune skin blistering disease, characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against hemidesmosomal autoantigens. (uni-luebeck.de)
  • 22. A bullous skin disease patient with autoantibodies against separate epitopes in 1 mol/L sodium chloride split skin. (nih.gov)
  • 26. Reactivity of autoantibodies from patients with defined subepidermal bullous diseases against 1 mol/L salt-split skin. (nih.gov)
  • 32. Development of a simple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of autoantibodies in anti-p200 pemphigoid. (nih.gov)
  • The former finance minister had been publicly battling health problems in the past year, including a painful skin condition known as bullous pemphigoid, which he revealed last January. (cbc.ca)
  • The medical condition known as bullous pemphigoid is a rare autoimmune disease that results in the blistering on one's skin and occurrence of lesions on an individual. (silverfoxinn.net)
  • Here, we present a report on a unique dermatological presentation of bullous pemphigoid (BP) in a known COVID-19-positive patient. (hindawi.com)
  • In the pediatric population, clinical presentation of bullous pemphigoid is variable, with ill-appearing patients who have severe, generalized blisters on one end of the spectrum and patients with localized, asymptomatic lesions on the other. (logicalimages.com)
  • 24. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and anti-p200 pemphigoid as major subepidermal autoimmune bullous diseases diagnosed by floor binding on indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using human salt-split skin. (nih.gov)
  • A passive transfer model of the organ-specific autoimmune disease, bullous pemphigoid, using antibodies generated against the hemidesmosomal antigen, BP180. (medscape.com)
  • Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune disease in which the person's immune system produces antibodies against the skin. (cbc.ca)
  • Moreover, complement activation was blocked by exogenous recombinant CD55 protein in both skin sections and keratinocytes exposed to pathogenic antibodies from patients with bullous pemphigoid. (oncotarget.com)
  • 23. A child with antibodies targeting both linear IgA bullous dermatosis and bullous pemphigoid antigens. (nih.gov)
  • 2020. https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116440/all/Pemphigoid__Bullous. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Whole body application of a potent topical corticosteroid for bullous pemphigoid. (medscape.com)
  • The most frequently prescribed treatment method for containing and controlling the outbreaks of bullous pemphigoid is a corticosteroid treatment. (silverfoxinn.net)
  • 25. Anti-p200 pemphigoid in a 17-year-old girl successfully treated with systemic corticosteroid and dapsone. (nih.gov)
  • The patient tested positive for COVID-19 prior to hospitalization and presented to the hospital with severe, persistent, pruritic rash meeting dermatopathological, serologic, and clinical criteria for bullous pemphigoid diagnosis. (hindawi.com)
  • In infants, bullous pemphigoid may involve only the palms and soles and is in the differential diagnosis of all nontransient blistering lesions of childhood. (logicalimages.com)
  • METHOD: Oral prednisolone exposure was characterised in terms of the proportion of individuals with incident bullous pemphigoid prescribed oral prednisolone following their diagnosis, and the duration and dose of prednisolone. (nihr.ac.uk)
  • 33. Autoimmune Subepidermal Bullous Diseases of the Skin and Mucosae: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management. (nih.gov)
  • Bullous pemphigoid (a type of pemphigoid) is an autoimmune pruritic skin disease that typically occurs in people aged over 60, that may involve the formation of blisters (bullae) in the space between the epidermal and dermal skin layers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune skin disease that causes the skin to form bullae or blisters. (medscape.com)
  • The main symptom one sees with the occurrence of bullous pemphigoid is skin lesions and blisters. (silverfoxinn.net)
  • About one-third of persons with bullous pemphigoid also develop blisters in the mouth. (health32.com)
  • Bullous pemphigoid is a skin condition that causes a rash and itchy blisters. (zana.com)
  • Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a serious skin disease that results in large painful blisters developing over the body and occurs most commonly in older people (over 70 years). (worktribe.com)
  • The treatment of pemphigus and pemphigoid is the same: one or more medicines to control symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • AIM: To describe long-term oral prednisolone prescribing in UK primary care for adults with bullous pemphigoid from 1998 to 2017. (nihr.ac.uk)
  • 40. Coexistence of psoriasis and an unusual IgG-mediated subepidermal bullous dermatosis: identification of a novel 200-kDa lower lamina lucida target antigen. (nih.gov)
  • False-Negative Rate of Direct Immunofluorescence on Lower Extremities in Bullous Pemphigoid. (medscape.com)
  • Almost immediately after getting jabbed, the man developed a serious fever, followed by "erythema patches on his back [and] bullous lesions on the lower extremities. (newstarget.com)
  • The man was ultimately diagnoses with a rare, coexistent bullous pemphigoid and psoriasis. (newstarget.com)
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related CAEs after KCs can have multiple clinical presentations, with specific observed types including psoriasis and bullous pemphigoid. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • Immunofluorescence of Autoimmune Bullous Diseases. (medscape.com)
  • It'snot understood why autoimmune diseases like bullous pemphigoid happen, but it's thought something triggers the immune systemto attack the body's own tissues. (zana.com)
  • If you have bullous pemphigoid, your clinical team will pass information about you on to the National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Diseases Registration Service (NCARDRS). (zana.com)
  • 31. Bullous pemphigoid and related subepidermal autoimmune blistering diseases. (nih.gov)
  • There was no previously reported cutaneous association of COVID-19 infection with bullous pemphigoid making this case an important addition to the body of evidence helping to identify bullous pemphigoid in the setting of viral infection. (hindawi.com)
  • Bullous pemphigoid can appear in the mucous membrane, causing lesions in the larynx, pharynx, tongue, nose and eyes. (cbc.ca)
  • Bullous pemphigoid is a chronic autoimmune subepidermal vesiculobullous disease that is most common in older adults. (logicalimages.com)
  • We found that CD55 levels were significantly lower in the lesions of patients with bullous pemphigoid (n = 8) compared to those in skin samples from healthy controls (n = 6). (oncotarget.com)
  • Mast cells play a key role in neutrophil recruitment in experimental bullous pemphigoid. (medscape.com)
  • 27. Immunoglobulin G deposition to nonhemidesmosomal lamina lucida and early neutrophil involvement are characteristic features in a case of anti-p200 pemphigoid. (nih.gov)
  • La información más reciente sobre el nuevo Coronavirus de 2019, incluidas las clínicas de vacunación para niños de 6 meses en adelante. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • The patient had a past history of bullous pemphigoid and angioedema with no endocrinological abnormalities. (e-ijd.org)
  • A randomised controlled trial to compare the safety, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of doxycycline (200 mg/day) with that of oral prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg/day) for initial treatment of bullous pemphigoid: the Bullous Pemphigoid Steroids and Tetracyclines (BLISTER) trial. (medscape.com)
  • Doxycycline versus prednisolone as an initial treatment strategy for bullous pemphigoid: a pragmatic, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. (medscape.com)
  • Long-term oral prednisolone exposure in primary care for bullous pemphigoid: population-based study. (nihr.ac.uk)
  • BACKGROUND: Oral prednisolone is the mainstay treatment for bullous pemphigoid, an autoimmune blistering skin disorder affecting older people. (nihr.ac.uk)
  • RESULTS: In total, 2312 (69.6%) of 3322 people with bullous pemphigoid were prescribed oral prednisolone in primary care. (nihr.ac.uk)
  • CONCLUSION: A high proportion of people with incident bullous pemphigoid are treated with oral prednisolone in UK primary care. (nihr.ac.uk)
  • A 2010 meta-analysis of 10 randomized controlled trials showed that oral steroids and potent topical steroids are effective treatments, although their use may be limited by side-effects, while lower doses of topical steroids are safe and effective for treatment of moderate bullous pemphigoid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bullous pemphigoid may be self-resolving in a period ranging from several months to many years even without treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • If they think it could be bullous pemphigoid, they may refer you to a specialist for tests and treatment. (www.nhs.uk)
  • Even with treatment, bullous pemphigoid can sometimes cause serious problems. (www.nhs.uk)
  • Treatment of bullous pemphigoid with low-dose oral cyclophosphamide: a case series of 20 patients. (medscape.com)
  • Doxycycline: a first-line treatment for bullous pemphigoid? (medscape.com)
  • Although there is no outright cure for bullous pemphigoid there are various treatment methods which can be prescribed to help control the occurrence of bullous pemphigoid. (silverfoxinn.net)
  • If you've been diagnosed with bullous pemphigoid, you'll probably be referred to a dermatologist (skin specialist) for treatment. (zana.com)
  • In this article, we will explore the different herbal ingredients that can be helpful in Bullous Pemphigoid Herbal Treatment. (seodiwana.in)
  • 35. Dapsone for the treatment of bullous pemphigoid. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, it has been reported that complement component C5-deficient mice do not develop bullous pemphigoid following exposure to the pathogenic anti-BP180 IgG, which is used to induce this disease model. (oncotarget.com)
  • Pemphigoid is most common in older adults and may be fatal for older, sick patients. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Bullous pemphigoid in adults is addressed separately. (logicalimages.com)
  • Any other skin disease associated with chronic itching that might influence in the investigators opinion the study evaluations and results (e.g. atopic dermatitis, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis, senile pruritus, etc. (who.int)
  • 28. Childhood bullous pemphigoid successfully treated with diaminodiphenyl sulfone. (nih.gov)
  • Very rarely seen in children, bullous and non-bullous pemphigoid most commonly occurs in people 70 years of age and older. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bullous pemphigoid occurs more often in people over age 60 but can occur in children. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Discontinue if pancreatitis, serious hypersensitivity reactions, severe joint pain, or bullous pemphigoid is suspected or occurs. (empr.com)
  • Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune blistering disorder with substantial morbidity and mortality. (nih.gov)
  • The following paragraphs will provide some main points regarding the bullous pemphigoid disorder. (silverfoxinn.net)
  • Characterization of BALB/c mice B lymphocyte autoimmune responses to skin basement membrane component type XVII collagen, the target antigen of autoimmune skin disease bullous pemphigoid. (medscape.com)
  • 36. Subepithelial autoimmune bullous dermatoses disease activity assessment and therapy. (nih.gov)
  • Bullous pemphigoid is a common autoimmune blistering disease of the elderly associated with autoantibody-mediated complement activation, and complement dysregulation is critical for its pathogenesis. (oncotarget.com)
  • 38. A case of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with autoantibody to anti-p200 pemphigoid antigen and exfoliative esophagitis. (nih.gov)
  • Bullous pemphigoid mainly affects people over 60. (www.nhs.uk)
  • Thus, CD55 deficiency is a crucial factor in bullous pemphigoid pathogenesis, suggesting that increasing CD55 levels may exert a therapeutic effect. (oncotarget.com)
  • 29. [Anti-p200 pemphigoid: clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects]. (nih.gov)
  • 37. The autoantigen in anti-p200 pemphigoid is synthesized by keratinocytes and fibroblasts and is distinct from nidogen-2. (nih.gov)
  • Background: Anti-hyperglycemic drug dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors (DPP-4i) have recently been recognized as bullous pemphigoid (BP) inducing drugs. (hokudai.ac.jp)
  • citation needed] In most cases of bullous pemphigoid, no clear precipitating factors are identified. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bullous pemphigoid is caused by a problem with the immune system (the body's defence against infection). (www.nhs.uk)
  • Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune condition, which means the immune system attacks the body's own tissues and organs. (zana.com)
  • Pemphigoid is also an autoimmune skin disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Jim Flaherty , Canada's former finance minister who died of an apparent heart attack on Thursday at age 64, suffered from a rare skin disease called bullous pemphigoid. (cbc.ca)
  • Here, we investigated the involvement of CD55 in bullous pemphigoid, as little is known regarding its role in this disease. (oncotarget.com)
  • Bullous pemphigoid is a rare skin condition that mainly affects older people. (www.nhs.uk)
  • Although bullous pemphigoid is a medical condition which can be irritating and troublesome, it is important to keep in mind that there are various ways in which individuals can attempt to control the occurrence of this rare condition. (silverfoxinn.net)
  • Deposition of eosinophil granule proteins precedes blister formation in bullous pemphigoid. (southernbiotech.com)