Acquired or developmental cognitive disorders of AUDITORY PERCEPTION characterized by a reduced ability to perceive information contained in auditory stimuli despite intact auditory pathways. Affected individuals have difficulty with speech perception, sound localization, and comprehending the meaning of inflections of speech.
Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)
Marked depression appearing in the involution period and characterized by hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and agitation.
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. There are various forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depending on the time of onset and the duration of these stress symptoms. In the acute form, the duration of the symptoms is between 1 to 3 months. In the chronic form, symptoms last more than 3 months. With delayed onset, symptoms develop more than 6 months after the traumatic event.
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.
Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
Disorders related to substance abuse.
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
Disorders characterized by recurrent TICS that may interfere with speech and other activities. Tics are sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations which may be exacerbated by stress and are generally attenuated during absorbing activities. Tic disorders are distinguished from conditions which feature other types of abnormal movements that may accompany another another condition. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.
A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by a another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)
Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.
Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. Sleep disorders may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and sleep disorders secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or mis-use of alcohol.
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.
Acquired or developmental conditions marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or generate spoken forms of language.
Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.
Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.
Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.
A personality disorder whose essential feature is a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. The individual must be at least age 18 and must have a history of some symptoms of CONDUCT DISORDER before age 15. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV)
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.
A directed conversation aimed at eliciting information for psychiatric diagnosis, evaluation, treatment planning, etc. The interview may be conducted by a social worker or psychologist.
Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)

Psychophysical observations concerned with a foveal lesion (macular hole). (1/616)

A not uncommon occurrence in elderly people is the development of a 'macular hole' but very few psychophysical observations have been made in such cases. I describe here some distortions of image experienced when I view objects with my right eye which has a macular hole. Objects are distorted by being shrunk towards the fovea. Thus, a disc retains its shape but becomes smaller whereas lines are broken or bent. By analogy with animal experiments it is suggested that the perceptual changes are due to physiological changes in the visual cortex.  (+info)

Structured Interview for Assessing Perceptual Anomalies (SIAPA). (2/616)

Clinical descriptions of perceptual and attentional anomalies in schizophrenia emphasize phenomena such as flooding, or inundation, by sensory stimuli. A failure of sensory "gating" mechanisms in the brain is hypothesized to account for these symptoms, and this hypothesis has led to a marked interest in their putative psychophysiological substrates. However, there are no systematic analyses of the phenomenology of these perceptual experiences, nor has the hypothesized connection between the clinical phenomena and their reported psychophysiological substrates been tested. In this investigation, a structured interview instrument was developed to measure perceptual anomalies as distinct from hallucinations and to determine their prevalence across sensory modalities in schizophrenia in 67 schizophrenia subjects and 98 normal controls. The instrument includes Likert ratings of hypersensitivity, inundation, and selective attention to external sensory stimuli. Good interrater agreement, determined from interviews, was obtained. Schizophrenia subjects had significantly higher auditory, visual, and combined scores (i.e., across all modalities) than normal controls did, indicating significantly more perceptual anomalies. For the schizophrenia group, the prevalence of auditory and visual anomalies was significantly greater than the other sensory modalities. The data indicate that the putative phenomenological correlates of sensory gating may be reliably measured and tested with the Structured Interview for Assessing Perceptual Anomalies.  (+info)

Binocular depth-from-motion in infantile and late-onset esotropia patients with poor stereopsis. (3/616)

PURPOSE: There are at least two possible ways to detect motion-in-depth binocular without monocular cues: the binocular disparities at different times and a mechanism that detects interocular velocity differences. The perception of interocular velocity differences (Binocular depth-from-motion [BDFM]) depends on the relative velocity of the images on the retina of the left and right eyes, and this information can be experienced by normal and some strabismic patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of esotropic patients who have BDFM but have poor stereopsis. METHODS: Forty-one infantile and 28 late-onset esotropia patients with poor stereopsis were studied. Dynamic stereopsis and BDFM were tested with computer-generated random dot stereograms and kinematograms. The correlations between BDFM and other binocular functional tests were determined. RESULTS: A total of 31 (44.9%) patients, 15 (36.5%) of the infantile and 16 (57.1%) of the late-onset esotropia group, passed the BDFM test. None of these patients passed the random dot stereo test under static or dynamic conditions. Fusion of the Worth four dot test at near 0.3 m was correlated with the presence of BDFM. Three of the 15 infantile and 10 of the 16 late-onset esotropic patients with positive BDFM showed gross stereopsis as measured by the Titmus Fly. The angle of strabismus was significantly smaller in the patients with positive BDFM for the infantile and the late-onset esotropia groups. CONCLUSIONS: BDFM was present in about half of the esotropic patients who do not have fine stereopsis. Ocular alignment within 10 to 15 prism diopters is an important factor in obtaining BDFM. Strabismus surgery still provides some binocular benefit for infantile esotropia patients who were bypassed for early surgery. Separate mechanisms may underlie static stereopsis and BDFM.  (+info)

Visual field defects associated with vigabatrin therapy. (4/616)

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of visual field defects in patients taking the anticonvulsant drug vigabatrin and to characterise the features of visual dysfunction found. METHODS: Thirty three unselected patients attending neurology and epilepsy clinics were identified as taking vigabatrin and asked to attend for neuro-ophthalmic evaluation. A control group of 16 patients with epilepsy unexposed to vigabatrin was also evaluated. Visual fields were examined by static perimetry using a Humphrey field analyser. Patients underwent detailed ophthalmic examination, various blood tests, and brain MRI where necessary. Visual evoked responses (VERs), electro-oculograms (EOGs), and electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded. RESULTS: Of 31 assessable patients treated with vigabatrin, 16 (52%) had definitely abnormal visual fields, nine (29%) had fields that were inconclusive, four (13%) had normal fields, and two (6%) proved unable to cooperate with testing. In four patients some plausible cause was found for the field abnormality leaving 12 patients (39%) in whom a definite bilateral field defect was found, possibly caused by vigabatrin treatment. Of 16 control patients none had definitely abnormal fields, 12 (75%) had normal fields, and four (25%) had fields that were inconclusive. The field defects associated with vigabatrin treatment showed a characteristic pattern of concentric peripheral field loss with temporal and macular sparing. The VERs and ERGs were normal. The EOG Arden Index was reduced in patients taking vigabatrin, although this returned towards normal when vigabatrin was stopped, even in the presence of persistent field defects. Multifocal ERGs recorded in two patients were abnormal, showing marked reduction in amplitude of the peripheral focal ERG. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with vigabatrin was associated with a high prevalence of peripheral visual field defects. This seemed to be the result of a toxic effect of vigabatrin on the retina and seemed to persist if the drug was withdrawn.  (+info)

Electrophysiological evidence for an early(pre-attentive) information processing deficit in patients with right hemisphere damage and unilateral neglect. (5/616)

Patients with right hemisphere damage and contralesional neglect are often unaware of visual, auditory or tactile stimuli occurring on their left side. In an effort to understand the contribution of pre-attentive processes to this phenomenon, we examined the processing of the pitch, duration and spatial location of auditory stimuli using an electrophysiological probe, the mismatch negativity (MMN). This event-related brain potential indexes the integrity of cerebral processes that respond automatically to deviations from regularity in the acoustic environment. We compared the MMN elicited by right- and left-sided deviant stimuli in 10 patients with left unilateral neglect and 10 age-matched healthy volunteers, exploring an anticipated dissociation between the processing of spatial localization of sounds and the processing of the other auditory dimensions. Across dimensions, the MMN elicited by deviance occurring to the left of the patients was reduced relative to that elicited by deviance occurring to the right. This effect was robust for spatial location, and less so for pitch, whereas the processing of stimulus duration was not significantly affected by the side of stimulation. In healthy subjects, deviance in either side elicited similar MMN. We suggest that an early deficit in detecting changes in the environment hampers the involuntary triggering of attention in those patients and discuss the specific role of encoding spatial location in the establishment of conscious awareness.  (+info)

Object memory effects on figure assignment: conscious object recognition is not necessary or sufficient. (6/616)

In three experiments we investigated whether conscious object recognition is necessary or sufficient for effects of object memories on figure assignment. In experiment 1, we examined a brain-damaged participant, AD, whose conscious object recognition is severely impaired. AD's responses about figure assignment do reveal effects from memories of object structure, indicating that conscious object recognition is not necessary for these effects, and identifying the figure-ground test employed here as a new implicit test of access to memories of object structure. In experiments 2 and 3, we tested a second brain-damaged participant, WG, for whom conscious object recognition was relatively spared. Nevertheless, effects from memories of object structure on figure assignment were not evident in WG's responses about figure assignment in experiment 2, indicating that conscious object recognition is not sufficient for effects of object memories on figure assignment. WG's performance sheds light on AD's performance, and has implications for the theoretical understanding of object memory effects on figure assignment.  (+info)

Fractionating the binding process: neuropsychological evidence distinguishing binding of form from binding of surface features. (7/616)

We present neuropsychological evidence demonstrating that the binding of form elements into shapes dissociates from the binding of surface detail to shape. Data are reported from a patient with bilateral parietal lesions, GK, who manifests left-side visual extinction along with many illusory conjunctions when asked to discriminate both surface and form information about stimuli. We show that there are effects of grouping on both extinction and illusory conjunctions when the tasks require report of object shape. In contrast, illusory conjunctions involving surface and form information were unaffected by grouping based on shape. In addition, grouping was stronger when forms were presented within the same hemifield than when they appeared in different hemifields, whilst illusory conjunctions of form and colour occurred equally often within and across hemifields. These results support a two-stage account of visual binding: form elements are first bound together locally into shapes, and this is followed by a second stage of binding in which shapes are integrated with surface details. The second but not the first stage of binding is impaired in this patient.  (+info)

Correlation of MRI lesions with visual psychophysical deficit in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. (8/616)

The aim of this work was, first, to clarify the nature of the relationship between the sensory deficit in the demyelinated visual pathway and morphological changes revealed by MRI and, secondly, to test whether there was a preferential effect of demyelination for either the magnocellular or parvocellular pathway in established multiple sclerosis. Twenty-four patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis were studied psychophysically and by MRI of the optic nerve and brain. MRI was performed with a Phillips (0.5T) scanner. Visual pathway MRI lesion load was evaluated independently using the total optic nerve lesion length and lesion area seen on STIR (short inversion time inversion recovery) images of the optic nerve and the total post-chiasmal lesion area on T(1)-, T(2)- and proton-density-weighted images of the brain. Psychophysical tests determined 75%-seeing thresholds for horizontal gratings consisting of isoluminant red and green sinusoids of the same spatial frequency combined out-of-phase for preferential stimulation of the parvocellular system and in-phase for preferential stimulation of the magnocellular system. It was found that, in this group of patients, visual psychophysical loss was significantly correlated with lesion area seen on proton density MRI sequences of the post-chiasmal visual pathway, and that the parvocellular pathway was more affected than the magnocellular pathway, especially at lower spatial frequencies.  (+info)

Auditory perceptual disorders, also known as auditory processing disorders (APD), refer to a group of hearing-related problems in which the ears are able to hear sounds normally, but the brain has difficulty interpreting or making sense of those sounds. This means that individuals with APD have difficulty recognizing and discriminating speech sounds, especially in noisy environments. They may also have trouble identifying where sounds are coming from, distinguishing between similar sounds, and understanding spoken language when it is rapid or complex.

APD can lead to difficulties in academic performance, communication, and social interactions. It is important to note that APD is not a hearing loss, but rather a problem with how the brain processes auditory information. Diagnosis of APD typically involves a series of tests administered by an audiologist, and treatment may include specialized therapy and/or assistive listening devices.

Perceptual disorders are conditions that affect the way a person perceives or interprets sensory information from their environment. These disorders can involve any of the senses, including sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell. They can cause a person to have difficulty recognizing, interpreting, or responding appropriately to sensory stimuli.

Perceptual disorders can result from damage to the brain or nervous system, such as from a head injury, stroke, or degenerative neurological condition. They can also be caused by certain mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia or severe depression.

Symptoms of perceptual disorders may include:

* Misinterpretations of sensory information, such as seeing things that are not there or hearing voices that are not present
* Difficulty recognizing familiar objects or people
* Problems with depth perception or spatial awareness
* Difficulty judging the size, shape, or distance of objects
* Trouble distinguishing between similar sounds or colors
* Impaired sense of smell or taste

Perceptual disorders can have a significant impact on a person's daily life and functioning. Treatment may involve medication, therapy, or rehabilitation to help the person better cope with their symptoms and improve their ability to interact with their environment.

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.

Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:

* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

Anxiety disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or anxiety that interfere with daily activities. They include several different types of disorders, such as:

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This is characterized by chronic and exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it.
2. Panic Disorder: This is characterized by recurring unexpected panic attacks and fear of experiencing more panic attacks.
3. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Also known as social phobia, this is characterized by excessive fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness, and concern about being judged or viewed negatively by others.
4. Phobias: These are intense, irrational fears of certain objects, places, or situations. When a person with a phobia encounters the object or situation they fear, they may experience panic attacks or other severe anxiety responses.
5. Agoraphobia: This is a fear of being in places where it may be difficult to escape or get help if one has a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms.
6. Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD): This is characterized by excessive anxiety about separation from home or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (such as a parent, sibling, or partner).
7. Selective Mutism: This is a disorder where a child becomes mute in certain situations, such as at school, but can speak normally at home or with close family members.

These disorders are treatable with a combination of medication and psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy). It's important to seek professional help if you suspect that you or someone you know may have an anxiety disorder.

Mood disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by significant and persistent changes in mood, affect, and emotional state. These disorders can cause disturbances in normal functioning and significantly impair an individual's ability to carry out their daily activities. The two primary types of mood disorders are depressive disorders (such as major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar disorders (which include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder).

Depressive disorders involve prolonged periods of low mood, sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. Individuals with these disorders may also experience changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem. In severe cases, they might have thoughts of death or suicide.

Bipolar disorders involve alternating episodes of mania (or hypomania) and depression. During a manic episode, individuals may feel extremely elated, energetic, or irritable, with racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive behavior. They might engage in risky activities, have decreased sleep needs, and display poor judgment. In contrast, depressive episodes involve the same symptoms as depressive disorders.

Mood disorders can be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Proper diagnosis and treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, are essential for managing these conditions and improving quality of life.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by mental health professionals in the United States and around the world to diagnose and classify mental health conditions.

The DSM includes detailed descriptions of symptoms, clinical examples, and specific criteria for each disorder, which are intended to facilitate accurate diagnosis and improve communication among mental health professionals. The manual is regularly updated to reflect current research and clinical practice, with the most recent edition being the DSM-5, published in 2013.

It's important to note that while the DSM is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, it is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the manual medicalizes normal human experiences and that its categories may be too broad or overlapping. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in the field of mental health.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also simply referred to as depression, is a serious mental health condition characterized by the presence of one or more major depressive episodes. A major depressive episode is a period of at least two weeks during which an individual experiences a severely depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities, accompanied by at least four additional symptoms such as significant changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

MDD can significantly impair an individual's ability to function in daily life, and it is associated with increased risks of suicide, substance abuse, and other mental health disorders. The exact cause of MDD is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy) and medication (such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants).

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with hyperactivity is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. The condition is characterized by symptoms including:

1. Difficulty paying attention or staying focused on a single task
2. Impulsivity, or acting without thinking
3. Hyperactivity, or excessive fidgeting, restlessness, or talking

In order to be diagnosed with ADHD with hyperactivity, an individual must exhibit these symptoms to a degree that is developmentally inappropriate and interferes with their daily functioning. Additionally, the symptoms must have been present for at least six months and be present in multiple settings (e.g., at home, school, work).

It's important to note that ADHD can manifest differently in different people, and some individuals may experience predominantly inattentive or impulsive symptoms rather than hyperactive ones. However, when the hyperactive component is prominent, it is referred to as ADHD with hyperactivity.

Effective treatments for ADHD with hyperactivity include a combination of medication (such as stimulants) and behavioral therapy. With appropriate treatment, individuals with ADHD can learn to manage their symptoms and lead successful, fulfilling lives.

A depressive disorder is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities. It can also include changes in sleep, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem, as well as thoughts of death or suicide. Depressive disorders can vary in severity and duration, with some people experiencing mild and occasional symptoms, while others may have severe and chronic symptoms that interfere with their ability to function in daily life.

There are several types of depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (PDD), and postpartum depression. MDD is characterized by symptoms that interfere significantly with a person's ability to function and last for at least two weeks, while PDD involves chronic low-grade depression that lasts for two years or more. Postpartum depression occurs in women after childbirth and can range from mild to severe.

Depressive disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy (talk therapy), and lifestyle changes.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are intrusive, unwanted, and often distressing. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rigid rules, and which are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation. These obsessions and/or compulsions cause significant distress, take up a lot of time (an hour or more a day), and interfere with the individual's daily life, including social activities, relationships, and work or school performance. OCD is considered a type of anxiety disorder and can also co-occur with other mental health conditions.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, serious accident, war combat, rape, or violent personal assault. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), PTSD is characterized by the following symptoms, which must last for more than one month:

1. Intrusion symptoms: These include distressing memories, nightmares, flashbacks, or intense psychological distress or reactivity to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.
2. Avoidance symptoms: Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event, including thoughts, feelings, conversations, activities, places, or people.
3. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood: This includes negative beliefs about oneself, others, or the world; distorted blame of self or others for causing the trauma; persistent negative emotional state; decreased interest in significant activities; and feelings of detachment or estrangement from others.
4. Alterations in arousal and reactivity: This includes irritable behavior and angry outbursts, reckless or self-destructive behavior, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, problems with concentration, and sleep disturbance.
5. Duration of symptoms: The symptoms must last for more than one month.
6. Functional significance: The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

It is essential to note that PTSD can occur at any age and can be accompanied by various physical and mental health problems, such as depression, substance abuse, memory problems, and other difficulties in cognition. Appropriate treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, can significantly improve the symptoms and overall quality of life for individuals with PTSD.

Autistic Disorder, also known as Autism or Classic Autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication and behavior. It is characterized by:

1. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, including:
* Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity;
* Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction;
* Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships.
2. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least two of the following:
* Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech;
* Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior;
* Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus;
* Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment.
3. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities) and limit or impair everyday functioning.
4. Symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder or other psychotic disorders.

Autistic Disorder is part of the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), which also include Asperger's Syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). The current diagnostic term for this category of conditions, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is Autism Spectrum Disorder.

A phobic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by an excessive and irrational fear or avoidance of specific objects, situations, or activities. This fear can cause significant distress and interfere with a person's daily life. Phobic disorders are typically classified into three main categories: specific phobias (such as fear of heights, spiders, or needles), social phobia (or social anxiety disorder), and agoraphobia (fear of open spaces or situations where escape might be difficult).

People with phobic disorders often recognize that their fear is excessive or unreasonable, but they are unable to control it. When exposed to the feared object or situation, they may experience symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, and difficulty breathing. These symptoms can be so distressing that individuals with phobic disorders go to great lengths to avoid the feared situation, which can have a significant impact on their quality of life.

Treatment for phobic disorders typically involves cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps individuals identify and challenge their irrational thoughts and fears, as well as exposure therapy, which gradually exposes them to the feared object or situation in a safe and controlled environment. In some cases, medication may also be recommended to help manage symptoms of anxiety.

Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) are a group of conditions that affect the development and functioning of the brain, leading to delays in many areas of development. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) has replaced the term "pervasive developmental disorders" with "autism spectrum disorder" and "other neurodevelopmental disorders."

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The symptoms of ASD can range from mild to severe, and the condition affects approximately 1 in 54 children in the United States.

Other neurodevelopmental disorders that were previously classified as PDDs include:

1. Intellectual disability (ID): a condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disorder used to be referred to as "mental retardation."
2. Communication disorders: these are disorders that affect an individual's ability to communicate, including language disorders, speech sound disorders, and stuttering.
3. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
4. Specific learning disorder: a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to learn and use specific academic skills, such as reading, writing, or mathematics.
5. Motor disorders: these are disorders that affect an individual's movement and coordination, including developmental coordination disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, and tic disorders.

The medical definition of 'Child Development Disorders, Pervasive' has been replaced with more specific diagnoses in the DSM-5 to better reflect the diverse nature of these conditions and improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning.

Psychotic disorders are a group of severe mental health conditions characterized by distorted perceptions, thoughts, and emotions that lead to an inability to recognize reality. The two most common symptoms of psychotic disorders are hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations are when a person sees, hears, or feels things that aren't there, while delusions are fixed, false beliefs that are not based on reality.

Other symptoms may include disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms such as apathy and lack of emotional expression. Schizophrenia is the most well-known psychotic disorder, but other types include schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, shared psychotic disorder, and substance-induced psychotic disorder.

Psychotic disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain chemistry imbalances, trauma, and substance abuse. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, therapy, and support services to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Substance-related disorders, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), refer to a group of conditions caused by the use of substances such as alcohol, drugs, or medicines. These disorders are characterized by a problematic pattern of using a substance that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. They can be divided into two main categories: substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders. Substance use disorders involve a pattern of compulsive use despite negative consequences, while substance-induced disorders include conditions such as intoxication, withdrawal, and substance/medication-induced mental disorders. The specific diagnosis depends on the type of substance involved, the patterns of use, and the presence or absence of physiological dependence.

Conduct Disorder is a mental health disorder that typically begins in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a repetitive pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms and rules. The behaviors fall into four main categories: aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules.

The specific symptoms of Conduct Disorder can vary widely among individuals, but they generally include:

1. Aggression to people and animals: This may include physical fights, bullying, threatening others, cruelty to animals, and use of weapons.
2. Destruction of property: This may include deliberate destruction of others' property, arson, and vandalism.
3. Deceitfulness or theft: This may include lying, shoplifting, stealing, and breaking into homes, buildings, or cars.
4. Serious violation of rules: This may include running away from home, truancy, staying out late without permission, and frequent violations of school rules.

Conduct Disorder can have serious consequences for individuals who suffer from it, including academic failure, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and difficulties in interpersonal relationships. It is important to note that Conduct Disorder should be diagnosed by a qualified mental health professional based on a comprehensive evaluation.

Tic disorders are a group of conditions characterized by the presence of repetitive, involuntary movements or sounds, known as tics. These movements or sounds can vary in complexity and severity, and they may be worsened by stress or strong emotions.

There are several different types of tic disorders, including:

1. Tourette's disorder: This is a neurological condition characterized by the presence of both motor (movement-related) and vocal tics that have been present for at least one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
2. Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder: This type of tic disorder is characterized by the presence of either motor or vocal tics (but not both), which have been present for at least one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
3. Provisional tic disorder: This type of tic disorder is characterized by the presence of motor or vocal tics (or both) that have been present for less than one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
4. Tic disorder not otherwise specified: This category is used to describe tic disorders that do not meet the criteria for any of the other types of tic disorders.

Tic disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and they often co-occur with other conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Treatment for tic disorders may include behavioral therapy, medication, or a combination of both.

Psychiatric Status Rating Scales are standardized assessment tools used by mental health professionals to evaluate and rate the severity of a person's psychiatric symptoms and functioning. These scales provide a systematic and structured approach to measuring various aspects of an individual's mental health, such as mood, anxiety, psychosis, behavior, and cognitive abilities.

The purpose of using Psychiatric Status Rating Scales is to:

1. Assess the severity and improvement of psychiatric symptoms over time.
2. Aid in diagnostic decision-making and treatment planning.
3. Monitor treatment response and adjust interventions accordingly.
4. Facilitate communication among mental health professionals about a patient's status.
5. Provide an objective basis for research and epidemiological studies.

Examples of Psychiatric Status Rating Scales include:

1. Clinical Global Impression (CGI): A brief, subjective rating scale that measures overall illness severity, treatment response, and improvement.
2. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): A comprehensive scale used to assess the symptoms of psychosis, including positive, negative, and general psychopathology domains.
3. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) or Montgomery-Ã…sberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS): Scales used to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms.
4. Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS): A scale used to assess the severity of manic or hypomanic symptoms.
5. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R): Scales that measure a broad range of psychiatric symptoms and psychopathology.
6. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF): A scale used to rate an individual's overall psychological, social, and occupational functioning on a hypothetical continuum of mental health-illness.

It is important to note that Psychiatric Status Rating Scales should be administered by trained mental health professionals to ensure accurate and reliable results.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a mental health disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and mood, as well as marked impulsivity that begins by early adulthood and is present in various contexts.

Individuals with BPD often experience intense and fluctuating emotions, ranging from profound sadness, anxiety, and anger to feelings of happiness or calm. They may have difficulty managing these emotions, leading to impulsive behavior, self-harm, or suicidal ideation.

People with BPD also tend to have an unstable sense of self, which can lead to rapid changes in their goals, values, and career choices. They often struggle with feelings of emptiness and boredom, and may engage in risky behaviors such as substance abuse, reckless driving, or binge eating to alleviate these feelings.

Interpersonal relationships are often strained due to the individual's fear of abandonment, intense emotional reactions, and difficulty regulating their emotions. They may experience idealization and devaluation of others, leading to rapid shifts in how they view and treat people close to them.

Diagnosis of BPD is typically made by a mental health professional using criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is published by the American Psychiatric Association. Treatment for BPD may include psychotherapy, medication, and support groups to help individuals manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

Somatoform disorders are a group of psychological disorders characterized by the presence of physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition or substance abuse. These symptoms cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The individual's belief about the symptoms is not consistent with the medical evaluation and often leads to excessive or repeated medical evaluations.

Examples of somatoform disorders include:

1. Somatization disorder: characterized by multiple physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically, affecting several parts of the body.
2. Conversion disorder: characterized by the presence of one or more neurological symptoms (such as blindness, paralysis, or difficulty swallowing) that cannot be explained medically and appear to have a psychological origin.
3. Pain disorder: characterized by chronic pain that is not fully explained by a medical condition.
4. Hypochondriasis: characterized by an excessive preoccupation with having a serious illness, despite reassurance from medical professionals.
5. Body dysmorphic disorder: characterized by the obsessive idea that some aspect of one's own body part or appearance is severely flawed and warrants exceptional measures to hide or fix it.

It's important to note that these disorders are not caused by intentional deceit or malingering, but rather reflect a genuine belief in the presence of physical symptoms and distress related to them.

Cognitive disorders are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as brain injury, degenerative diseases, infection, substance abuse, or developmental disabilities. Examples of cognitive disorders include dementia, amnesia, delirium, and intellectual disability. It's important to note that the specific definition and diagnostic criteria for cognitive disorders may vary depending on the medical source or classification system being used.

Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that affect the ability to sleep well on a regular basis. They can include problems with falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early in the morning. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, medical conditions, or substance abuse.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) recognizes over 80 distinct sleep disorders, which are categorized into the following major groups:

1. Insomnia - difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
2. Sleep-related breathing disorders - abnormal breathing during sleep such as obstructive sleep apnea.
3. Central disorders of hypersomnolence - excessive daytime sleepiness, including narcolepsy.
4. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders - disruption of the internal body clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
5. Parasomnias - abnormal behaviors during sleep such as sleepwalking or night terrors.
6. Sleep-related movement disorders - repetitive movements during sleep such as restless legs syndrome.
7. Isolated symptoms and normal variants - brief and occasional symptoms that do not warrant a specific diagnosis.

Sleep disorders can have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life, productivity, and overall health. If you suspect that you may have a sleep disorder, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or a sleep specialist for proper evaluation and treatment.

Lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) are a group of diseases characterized by the excessive proliferation of lymphoid cells, which are crucial components of the immune system. These disorders can arise from both B-cells and T-cells, leading to various clinical manifestations ranging from benign to malignant conditions.

LPDs can be broadly classified into reactive and neoplastic categories:

1. Reactive Lymphoproliferative Disorders: These are typically triggered by infections, autoimmune diseases, or immunodeficiency states. They involve an exaggerated response of the immune system leading to the excessive proliferation of lymphoid cells. Examples include:
* Infectious mononucleosis (IM) caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
* Lymph node enlargement due to various infections or autoimmune disorders
* Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), which occurs in the context of immunosuppression following organ transplantation
2. Neoplastic Lymphoproliferative Disorders: These are malignant conditions characterized by uncontrolled growth and accumulation of abnormal lymphoid cells, leading to the formation of tumors. They can be further classified into Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Examples include:
* Hodgkin lymphoma (HL): Classical HL and nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL
* Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): Various subtypes, such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma

It is important to note that the distinction between reactive and neoplastic LPDs can sometimes be challenging, requiring careful clinical, histopathological, immunophenotypic, and molecular evaluations. Proper diagnosis and classification of LPDs are crucial for determining appropriate treatment strategies and predicting patient outcomes.

Comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional health conditions or diseases alongside a primary illness or condition. These co-occurring health issues can have an impact on the treatment plan, prognosis, and overall healthcare management of an individual. Comorbidities often interact with each other and the primary condition, leading to more complex clinical situations and increased healthcare needs. It is essential for healthcare professionals to consider and address comorbidities to provide comprehensive care and improve patient outcomes.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), alcohol-related disorders are a category of mental disorders defined by a problematic pattern of alcohol use that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. The disorders include:

1. Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD): A chronic relapsing brain disorder characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. AUD can be mild, moderate, or severe, and recovery is possible regardless of severity. The symptoms include problems controlling intake of alcohol, continued use despite problems resulting from drinking, development of a tolerance, drinking that leads to risky situations, or withdrawal symptoms when not drinking.
2. Alcohol Intoxication: A state of acute impairment in mental and motor function caused by the recent consumption of alcohol. The symptoms include slurred speech, unsteady gait, nystagmus, impaired attention or memory, stupor, or coma. In severe cases, it can lead to respiratory depression, hypothermia, or even death.
3. Alcohol Withdrawal: A syndrome that occurs when alcohol use is heavily reduced or stopped after prolonged and heavy use. The symptoms include autonomic hyperactivity, increased hand tremor, insomnia, nausea or vomiting, transient visual, tactile, or auditory hallucinations or illusions, psychomotor agitation, anxiety, and grand mal seizures.
4. Other Alcohol-Induced Disorders: These include alcohol-induced sleep disorder, alcohol-induced sexual dysfunction, and alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorder.

It is important to note that alcohol use disorders are complex conditions that can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, environment, and personal behavior. If you or someone you know is struggling with alcohol use, it is recommended to seek professional help.

Movement disorders are a group of neurological conditions that affect the control and coordination of voluntary movements. These disorders can result from damage to or dysfunction of the cerebellum, basal ganglia, or other parts of the brain that regulate movement. Symptoms may include tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), akathisia (restlessness and inability to remain still), dystonia (sustained muscle contractions leading to abnormal postures), chorea (rapid, unpredictable movements), tics, and gait disturbances. Examples of movement disorders include Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Tourette syndrome, and dystonic disorders.

Speech disorders refer to a group of conditions in which a person has difficulty producing or articulating sounds, words, or sentences in a way that is understandable to others. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as developmental delays, neurological conditions, hearing loss, structural abnormalities, or emotional issues.

Speech disorders may include difficulties with:

* Articulation: the ability to produce sounds correctly and clearly.
* Phonology: the sound system of language, including the rules that govern how sounds are combined and used in words.
* Fluency: the smoothness and flow of speech, including issues such as stuttering or cluttering.
* Voice: the quality, pitch, and volume of the spoken voice.
* Resonance: the way sound is produced and carried through the vocal tract, which can affect the clarity and quality of speech.

Speech disorders can impact a person's ability to communicate effectively, leading to difficulties in social situations, academic performance, and even employment opportunities. Speech-language pathologists are trained to evaluate and treat speech disorders using various evidence-based techniques and interventions.

Combat disorders are a category of mental health conditions that can occur in military personnel as a result of their experiences during combat. These disorders can include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorders, among others. Combat disorders may be caused by exposure to traumatic events, such as experiencing or witnessing combat, the threat of death or serious injury, or the loss of fellow soldiers. Symptoms can include flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance of reminders of the trauma, difficulty sleeping, irritability, and feelings of detachment or numbness. Treatment for combat disorders typically involves a combination of medication and therapy.

Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders (ADDBDs) are a group of childhood-onset disorders characterized by persistent patterns of behavior that are difficult for the individual to control. These disorders include Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Conduct Disorder (CD).

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning. These symptoms must be present for at least six months and occur in multiple settings, such as school, home, and social situations.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is characterized by a pattern of negative, hostile, and defiant behavior towards authority figures, which includes arguing with adults, losing temper, actively defying rules, and deliberately annoying others. These symptoms must be present for at least six months and occur more frequently than in other children of the same age and developmental level.

Conduct Disorder (CD) is characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms and rules. These behaviors include aggression towards people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules.

It's important to note that these disorders can co-occur with other mental health conditions, such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and learning disabilities. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing the symptoms and improving the individual's quality of life.

Impulse Control Disorders (ICDs) are a group of psychiatric conditions characterized by the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to oneself or others. This leads to negative consequences such as distress, anxiety, or disruption in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) recognizes several specific ICDs, including:

1. Kleptomania - the recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal items, even though they are not needed for personal use or financial gain.
2. Pyromania - the deliberate and purposeful fire-setting on more than one occasion.
3. Intermittent Explosive Disorder - recurrent behavioral outbursts representing a failure to control aggressive impulses, resulting in serious assaultive acts or destruction of property.
4. Pathological Gambling - persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior that disrupts personal, family, or vocational pursuits.
5. Internet Gaming Disorder - the excessive and prolonged use of the internet for gaming, which leads to clinically significant impairment or distress.

These disorders are typically associated with a range of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms that can vary depending on the specific disorder and individual presentation. Treatment often involves a combination of psychotherapy, medication, and self-help strategies to manage symptoms and improve overall functioning.

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. It often includes hallucinations (usually hearing voices), delusions, paranoia, and disorganized speech and behavior. The onset of symptoms typically occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood. Schizophrenia is a complex, chronic condition that requires ongoing treatment and management. It significantly impairs social and occupational functioning, and it's often associated with reduced life expectancy due to comorbid medical conditions. The exact causes of schizophrenia are not fully understood, but research suggests that genetic, environmental, and neurodevelopmental factors play a role in its development.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a mental health condition characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others, lack of empathy, and manipulative behaviors. It is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), as follows:

A. A consistent pattern of behavior that violates the basic rights of others and major age-appropriate societal norms and rules, as indicated by the presence of at least three of the following:

1. Failure to conform to social norms and laws, indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest.
2. Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure.
3. Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead; indication of this symptom may include promiscuity.
4. Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults.
5. Reckless disregard for safety of self or others.
6. Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations.
7. Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.

B. The individual is at least 18 years of age.

C. There is evidence of conduct disorder with onset before the age of 15 years.

D. The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

E. The individual's criminal behavior has not been better explained by a conduct disorder diagnosis or antisocial behavior that began before the age of 15 years.

It's important to note that ASPD can be challenging to diagnose, and it often requires a comprehensive evaluation from a mental health professional with experience in personality disorders.

Binge-Eating Disorder (BED) is a type of eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food in a short period of time, often to the point of discomfort or pain. These episodes are accompanied by a loss of control over eating and are not followed by compensatory behaviors such as purging or excessive exercise.

To be diagnosed with BED, an individual must experience these binge-eating episodes at least once a week for three months or more, along with feelings of distress, shame, or guilt about their eating habits. Additionally, the binge eating must occur on average at least once a week for three months.

BED is different from overeating and can cause significant emotional and physical problems, including depression, anxiety, obesity, and other health issues related to weight gain. It is important to seek professional help if you suspect that you or someone you know may have BED.

Dysthymic disorder, also known as persistent depressive disorder, is a chronic type of depression where a person's moods are regularly low. It is characterized by depressed mood that occurs for most of the day, for at least two years, and is accompanied by at least two other symptoms such as appetite or sleep changes, low energy, low self-esteem, difficulty making decisions, or feelings of hopelessness.

To meet the diagnostic criteria, the symptoms cannot be explained by substance abuse or a medical condition, and they must cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Dysthymic disorder typically has a chronic course, but it may respond to treatment, including psychotherapy and medication.

Myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) are a group of rare, chronic blood cancers that originate from the abnormal proliferation or growth of one or more types of blood-forming cells in the bone marrow. These disorders result in an overproduction of mature but dysfunctional blood cells, which can lead to serious complications such as blood clots, bleeding, and organ damage.

There are several subtypes of MPDs, including:

1. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of mature granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow, leading to an increased number of these cells in the blood. CML is caused by a genetic mutation that results in the formation of the BCR-ABL fusion protein, which drives uncontrolled cell growth and division.
2. Polycythemia Vera (PV): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of all three types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - in the bone marrow. This can lead to an increased risk of blood clots, bleeding, and enlargement of the spleen.
3. Essential Thrombocythemia (ET): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of platelets in the bone marrow, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and bleeding.
4. Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF): A disorder characterized by the replacement of normal bone marrow tissue with scar tissue, leading to impaired blood cell production and anemia, enlargement of the spleen, and increased risk of infections and bleeding.
5. Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia (CNL): A rare disorder characterized by the overproduction of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow, leading to an increased number of these cells in the blood. CNL can lead to an increased risk of infections and organ damage.

MPDs are typically treated with a combination of therapies, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation. The choice of treatment depends on several factors, including the subtype of MPD, the patient's age and overall health, and the presence of any comorbidities.

A psychological interview is a clinical assessment tool used by mental health professionals to gather information about a person's cognitive, emotional, and behavioral status. It is a structured or unstructured conversation between the clinician and the client aimed at understanding the client's symptoms, concerns, personal history, current life situation, and any other relevant factors that contribute to their psychological state.

The interview may cover various topics such as the individual's mental health history, family background, social relationships, education, occupation, coping mechanisms, and substance use. The clinician will also assess the person's cognitive abilities, emotional expression, thought processes, and behavior during the interview to help form a diagnosis or treatment plan.

The psychological interview is an essential component of a comprehensive mental health evaluation, as it provides valuable insights into the individual's subjective experiences and helps establish a therapeutic relationship between the clinician and the client. It can be conducted in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, private practices, or community centers.

Dissociative disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by disruptions or dysfunctions in memory, consciousness, identity, or perception. These disturbances can be sudden or ongoing and can interfere significantly with a person's ability to function in daily life. The main types of dissociative disorders include:

1. Dissociative Amnesia: This disorder is characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually due to trauma or stress.
2. Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder): In this disorder, a person exhibits two or more distinct identities or personalities that recurrently take control of their behavior.
3. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder: This disorder involves persistent or recurring feelings of detachment from one's self (depersonalization) or the environment (derealization).
4. Other Specified Dissociative Disorder and Unspecified Dissociative Disorder: These categories are used for disorders that do not meet the criteria for any of the specific dissociative disorders but still cause significant distress or impairment.

Dissociative disorders often develop as a way to cope with trauma, stress, or other overwhelming life experiences. Treatment typically involves psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), as well as medication for co-occurring conditions such as anxiety or depression.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMD) refer to a group of conditions that cause pain and dysfunction in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the muscles that control jaw movement. The TMJ is the hinge joint that connects the lower jaw (mandible) to the skull (temporal bone) in front of the ear. It allows for movements required for activities such as eating, speaking, and yawning.

TMD can result from various causes, including:

1. Muscle tension or spasm due to clenching or grinding teeth (bruxism), stress, or jaw misalignment
2. Dislocation or injury of the TMJ disc, which is a small piece of cartilage that acts as a cushion between the bones in the joint
3. Arthritis or other degenerative conditions affecting the TMJ
4. Bite problems (malocclusion) leading to abnormal stress on the TMJ and its surrounding muscles
5. Stress, which can exacerbate existing TMD symptoms by causing muscle tension

Symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders may include:
- Pain or tenderness in the jaw, face, neck, or shoulders
- Limited jaw movement or locking of the jaw
- Clicking, popping, or grating sounds when moving the jaw
- Headaches, earaches, or dizziness
- Difficulty chewing or biting
- Swelling on the side of the face

Treatment for TMD varies depending on the severity and cause of the condition. It may include self-care measures (like eating soft foods, avoiding extreme jaw movements, and applying heat or cold packs), physical therapy, medications (such as muscle relaxants, pain relievers, or anti-inflammatory drugs), dental work (including bite adjustments or orthodontic treatment), or even surgery in severe cases.

Perceptual and Motor Skills. 104 (3 Pt 2): 1355-66. doi:10.2466/pms.104.4.1355-1366. PMID 17879670. S2CID 11775613. Caulfield ... Expressive language disorder is one of the "specific developmental disorders of speech and language" recognised by the tenth ... Auditory processing disorder Speech-Language Pathology Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder "Expressive language ... "F80.1 Expressive language disorder". ICD-10 Version:2010. "Expressive language disorder - developmental". MedlinePlus Medical ...
Perceptual and Motor Skills. 86, 1, 163-70. Alcañiz, M., Perpiña, C., Baños, R., Lozano, J.A., Montesa, J., Botella, C., Garcia ... Binge eating disorder (BED) Obese individuals with binge eating disorder have been compared with obese controls to see if there ... Examples of disorder-related stimuli include food, shape, weight and size. This heightened attention to disorder-related ... This suggests that regardless of the type of eating disorder, individuals with eating disorders view food in similar ways and ...
Perceptual and Motor Skills. 82 (3 Pt 1): 1051-8. doi:10.2466/pms.1996.82.3.1051. PMID 8774050. S2CID 30095594. Wilfley DE, ... Eating disorders are classified as Axis I disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders (DSM-IV ... Axis II disorders are subtyped into 3 "clusters": A, B and C. The causality between personality disorders and eating disorders ... Anxiety disorders, depression and substance abuse are common among people with eating disorders. These disorders do not include ...
Perceptual and Motor Skills. 115 (3): 811-832. doi:10.2466/03.10.15.PMS.115.6.811-832. PMID 23409595. S2CID 8775922. Saygin D, ... Specifically disorders including panic disorder and depressive disorders were more likely to occur. Other sources also support ... obsessive-compulsive disorder, and personality disorders. It is very common for psychological disorders to overlap and even ... the child might have separation anxiety disorder. About 4% of children have the disorder. Separation anxiety disorder is very ...
Manning WH, Johnston KL, Beasley DS (February 1977). "The performance of children with auditory perceptual disorders on a time- ... Dawes P, Bishop D (2009). "Auditory processing disorder in relation to developmental disorders of language, communication and ... Draft of New Zealand APD Guidelines on Auditory Processing Disorder (2018) Published by the Auditory Processing Disorders ... Working Group on Auditory Processing Disorders (2005). "(Central) Auditory Processing Disorders-The Role of the Audiologist [ ...
Hallucinations and/or unusual perceptual experiences. Negative symptoms (anhedonia, affective flattening, alogia, avolition) ... Neurological sleep disorders such as narcolepsy, insomnia, circadian rhythm disorder, etc. Conditions affecting perceptions and ... Because these are frequently found in cases of autistic disorders, criteria could be met for multiple neurological disorders, ... Tourette syndrome or Tic disorder. Epilepsy or Seizure disorder. Parkinsonian syndrome features such as tremors, stiff ...
p 513 Peters, Emmanuelle R.; Nunn, Julia A.; Pickering, Alan D.; Hemsley, David R. (2002). "Perceptual organization deficits in ... metabolic disorders, and endocrine disorders. Other psychiatric disorders must then be ruled out. In delusional disorder, mood ... Additional features of delusional disorder include the following: It is a primary disorder. It is a stable disorder ... www.health.am/psy/delusional-disorder Delusional Disorder. Retrieved 7 August 2012 Munro, Alistair (1999). Delusional disorder ...
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(10), 1449-1463. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0773-9 Kuhl, P. K. (2010). Brain ... Perceptual narrowing has also been implicated in synaesthesia. Most of the research done to date in the area of perceptual ... Perceptual narrowing is a developmental process during which the brain uses environmental experiences to shape perceptual ... Evidence suggests that perceptual narrowing, especially phoneme distinction, is heavily reliant on infants' social interaction ...
... perceptual disturbances (e.g., time slowing, macropsia); micro-amnesias; transient stupor; and/or alterations in sensory-motor ... major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, personality disorders, substance use disorders, and eating disorders. ... OSDD is the most common dissociative disorder and is diagnosed in 40% of dissociative disorder cases. It is often co-morbid ... June 2009). "A naturalistic study of dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified patients ...
Brosnan, M. J. (1998). "Spatial ability in children's play with Lego blocks". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 87 (1): 19-28. doi: ... Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 34 (5): 557-571. doi:10.1007/s10803-004-2550-0. Educational Toys, Play Edo. " ...
Psychiatry focuses on affective, behavioral, cognitive, and perceptual disorders. Anesthesiology focuses on perception of pain ... U.S. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Brain basics: genes at work in the brain. Date last modified: ... Nanoparticles in medicine are versatile in treating neurological disorders showing promising results in mediating drug ... its functions and disorders. It is a multidisciplinary science that combines physiology, anatomy, molecular biology, ...
2006). Classification Manual of Voice Disorders-I. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum ... Takahashi, H.; Koike, Y. (1976). "Some perceptual dimensions and acoustical correlates of pathologic voices". Acta Oto- ... 2006). Classification Manual of Voice Disorders-I. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum ... Shipp, Thomas; Huntington, Dorothy A. (1 November 1965). "Some Acoustic and Perceptual Factors in Acute-Laryngitic Hoarseness ...
"Tactile perceptual processes and their relationship to somatoform disorders". J Abnorm Psychol. 121 (2): 530-43. CiteSeerX 10.1 ... There is usually co-morbidity with other psychological disorders, particularly mood disorders or anxiety disorders. Research ... The symptoms do not all have to occur at the same time, but may occur over the course of the disorder. A somatization disorder ... Somatoform disorder, unspecified. Although somatization disorder has been studied and diagnosed for more than a century, there ...
Sep 2001). "Perceptual illusions in eating disorders: rigid and fluctuating styles". Journal of Behavior Therapy and ... Aug 1997). "Alexithymia in patients with eating disorders: an investigation using a new projective technique". Perceptual and ... 1997). "Eating disorders and antecedent anxiety disorders: a controlled study". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 96 (2): 101-107 ... Costa PT, McCrae RR (1990). "Personality disorders and the five factor model of personality". Journal of Personality Disorders ...
... suggested that self-disorders and psychosis may arise from attempts to compensate for perceptual incoherence and proposed a ... such as delusional disorder, major depressive disorder, or bipolar disorder. The presence of self-disorders may have predictive ... bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Detecting self-disorders may also be useful ... The presence of self-disorders is evidence for a diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder over autism spectrum disorder. ...
"Perceptual skills of children with developmental coordination disorder" (PDF). Human Movement Science. 20 (1-2): 111-33. doi: ... as a motor disorder, in the category of neurodevelopmental disorders. The exact proportion of people with the disorder is ... "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and developmental coordination disorder: Two separate disorders or do they share a ... as a discrete motor disorder under the broader heading of neurodevelopmental disorders. It is often described as a disorder in ...
Two implications of this theory are that children and adults with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) would be more reactive to ... O'Neill, M.; Jones, R.S.P. (1997). Sensory Perceptual Abnormalities in Autism: A Case for More Research. Journal of Autism and ... Arousal is not a new construct and was originally proposed as an explanatory theory for autism spectrum disorders. ... Corbett, B.A.; Simon, D. (2013). Adolescence, Stress and Cortisol in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Open Access Autism, 1(1), 2. ...
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) People with general anxiety disorder are highly sensitive to external anxiety triggering ... O'Neill M, Jones RS (June 1997). "Sensory-perceptual abnormalities in autism: a case for more research?". Journal of Autism and ... Autistic spectrum disorders People with autistic spectrum disorders including autism and Asperger syndrome experience auditory ... Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) People with PTSD are prone to sensory overload due to a general hypersensitivity to ...
"Selective Attention and Perceptual Load in Autism Spectrum Disorder" (PDF). Psychological Science. 20 (11): 1388-1393. doi: ... Visual search is a type of perceptual task requiring attention that typically involves an active scan of the visual environment ... One possibility is that people with autism have enhanced perceptual capacity. This means that autistic individuals are able to ... Remington, Anna M; John G Swettenham; Nilli Lavie (May 2012). "Lightening the load: perceptual load impairs visual detection in ...
Traumatic brain injury can result in severe motor speech disorders; dysarthria is the most common such disorder, accounting for ... and Perceptual Features". In Murdoch, B. E.; Theodoros, D. G. (eds.). Traumatic Brain Injury: Associated Speech, Language, and ... Augmentative and Alternative Communication Disorders for Adults with Acquired Neurologic Disorders. Baltimore: P. H. Brookes ... Dysarthria, a speech disorder resulting from neurological damage to the motor-speech system, occurs in an estimated 31% to 88% ...
"ABNORMAL OPTOKINETIC AND PERCEPTUAL SPAN PARAMETERS IN CEREBELLAR-VESTIBULAR DYSFUNCTION AND RELATED ANXIETY DISORDERS". ... Levinson became the director of the Medical Dyslexic and Attention Deficit Disorder Treatment Centre on Long Island. He is now ... One of the additional psychological problems Levinson determined was associated with the same brain disorder is the rise of ... Dina Bair (2012). "ADD & Dyslexia: Inner Ear Disorder". WGN. Retrieved December 12, 2012. Brian Sullivan (February 5, 1978). " ...
Perceptual control theory Developmental coordination disorder Sensory processing Bernstein N. (1967). The Coordination and ... Salter, Jennifer E.; Laurie R. Wishart; Timothy D. Lee; Dominic Simon (2004). "Perceptual and motor contributions to bimanual ... helping to identify deviations in typical movement patterns and underlying neurological disorders. Another hypothesis proposes ...
These mental disorders include various affective, behavioural, cognitive, and perceptual abnormalities. Academic discipline - ... History of psychiatry Glossary of psychiatry Mental disorder Classification of mental disorders History of mental disorder ... Social psychiatry - branch of psychiatry that focuses on the interpersonal and cultural context of mental disorder and mental ... Biological psychiatry - approach to psychiatry that aims to understand mental disorders in terms of the biological function of ...
To date, more than 100 of these studies supporting the use of colored overlays and lenses to treat the perceptual processing ... Loew, S.J.; Watson, K. (2012). "A prospective genetic marker of the visual perception disorder Meares-Irlen syndrome". ... Perceptual and Motor Skills. 89 (1): 83-113. doi:10.2466/pms.1999.89.1.83. PMID 10544403. S2CID 26076221. Wilkins, A.J.; Evans ... Perceptual and Motor Skills. 91 (3 Pt 1): 707-724. doi:10.2466/pms.2000.91.3.707. PMID 11153837. S2CID 45587679. Soares, FA; ...
"Productivity of the performance of visual perceptual tasks and symptom severity in patients with schizotypal disorder". ... Antisocial personality disorder Bipolar disorder Borderline personality disorder Dysthymia Narcissistic personality disorder ... disorder Major depressive disorder Paranoid personality disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder Schizoid personality disorder ... personality disorders) Paranoid personality disorder Schizoid personality disorder Schizotypy Dissociative Identity Disorder ...
Mental disorders may consist of several affective, behavioral, cognitive and perceptual components. The acknowledgement and ... due to the belief that chemical imbalances resulted in mental disorders. A more scientific reason behind mental disorders but ... drugs used in mental disorders). Different perspectives on the causes of psychological disorders arose. Some believed that ... Stigma against mental disorders can lead people with mental health conditions not to seek help. Two types of mental health ...
Oates J (2009). "Auditory-perceptual evaluation of disordered voice quality: pros, cons and future directions". Folia ... ASHA: Voice Disorders ASHA: Clinical Topics - Voice Disorders Overview (CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list, CS1 maint: ... toward improved treatment outcomes assessment in voice disorders". Journal of Communication Disorders. 43 (3): 161-74. doi: ... Auditory-perceptual measures are the most commonly used tool by clinicians to evaluate the voice quality due to its quick and ...
Vestibular Disorder Association, Based on an article written by Dr. Jeffrey P. Staab. "Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness ... However, the condition is categorized as chronic functional vestibular disorder, not as a structural or psychiatric condition. ... Proposals include renaming it persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) which better captures the multiple aspects of the ... Consensus document of the committee for the Classification of Vestibular Disorders of the Bárány Society". J Vestib Res. 27 (4 ...
Denny-Brown defines agnosia as a disorder in formation or use of symbolic concepts, such as recognizing body parts; in naming ... Fazlullah, S. "Tactile Perceptual Rivalry and Tactile-Amorphosynthesis in the Localization of Cerebral Lesions." Postgraduate ... Heilman, K. M. & Valenstein, E. [1979]. Neglect and related disorders. New York: Oxford University Press. Heilman, K. M. & Van ... Unsworth, C. A. [2007]. Cognitive and Perceptual Dysfunction. Philadelphia: Davis Company. Weintraub, S., Ahern, G. L., Daffner ...
Unfortunately, exactly how one passes from initial dissatisfaction with one's body to actual perceptual disorder is still ... Body image disorder is a characteristic symptom of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. In both of these disorders, an ... "Feeding and Eating Disorders". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association. 22 May ... Body dysmorphic disorder, meanwhile, is an obsessive-compulsive disorder characterized by disproportionate concern for minimal ...
... the amount of perceptual cues available could be either large or small. We observed that social judgment was atypical in the ... whether it could be related to a degraded sensitivity to facial perceptual cues. Individuals with ASD (n = 33) and IQ- and age- ... analyses on synthetic stimuli found a similar performance and a similar effect of the amount of perceptual cues in both groups ... A degraded sensitivity to facial perceptual cues might contribute to atypical social interactions in autism spectrum disorder ( ...
Visual perceptual problems. At the beginning of the 20th century, dyslexia was believed to be caused by defects in the visual ... Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Washington, DC: American ... encoded search term (Reading Learning Disorder) and Reading Learning Disorder What to Read Next on Medscape ... specific learning disorder (SLD) is the umbrella term for mathematics, reading, and written expression disorders. It is now a ...
In a perceptual simultaneity task, individuals with ASD demonstrate superior performance compared to typically developing (TD) ... in ASD in response to a wide variety of tasks and these differences may be related to superior performance in perceptual ... Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are associated with anomalies in time perception. ... Perceptual simultaneity, Adolescent, Adult, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Evoked Potentials ...
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (2019). * Perceptual Expectations of Object Stimuli Modulate Repetition ... Ewbank, M. P., von dem Hagen, E. A. H., Powell, T. E., Henson, R. N. & Calder, A. J. The effect of perceptual expectation on ... Instead, perceptual rather than conceptual familiarity might be required. Grotheer and Kovács10 themselves argue that many ... van Boxtel, J. A. & Lu, H. A predictive coding perspective on autism spectrum disorders. Front. Psychol. 4, 19 (2013). ...
ORSATI, Fernanda Tebexreni et al. Perceptual patterns in developmental disorders: eye tracking for social pictures and non- ... The perceptual pattern of individuals with PDD had more omissions (t [20] = 2,362; p = 0.028) and less use of organized ... One of the main difficulties in children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) is social interaction. Eye tracking ...
Colored overlays enhance visual perceptual performance in children with autism spectrum disorders ... Colored overlays enhance visual perceptual performance in children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum ... Colored overlays enhance visual perceptual performance in children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum ... Colored overlays enhance visual perceptual performance in children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum ...
Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) often display atypical learning styles; however, little is known regarding ... Together, these findings shed light on how experience shapes perceptual processing across space and time in the brain. ... We observed that following the acquisition of perceptual priors, different degraded images are represented much more distinctly ... The experiment was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke ( ...
... ... This study compared the performance of children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) to that of two control groups: one ... These findings suggest that these children possess specific deficits in processing affective/perceptual material. Future ...
Perceptual and Motor Skills. 104 (3 Pt 2): 1355-66. doi:10.2466/pms.104.4.1355-1366. PMID 17879670. S2CID 11775613. Caulfield ... Expressive language disorder is one of the "specific developmental disorders of speech and language" recognised by the tenth ... Auditory processing disorder Speech-Language Pathology Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder "Expressive language ... "F80.1 Expressive language disorder". ICD-10 Version:2010. "Expressive language disorder - developmental". MedlinePlus Medical ...
... if the perceptual integration performance is different in children with ASD in comparison with their typically developed (TD) … ... Priming Global Processing Strategy Improves the Perceptual Performance of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders , mijn-bsl ... Priming Global Processing Strategy Improves the Perceptual Performance of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Auteurs: ... Priming Global Processing Strategy Improves the Perceptual Performance of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders ...
Visual Perceptual Disorder: What Is This And How Is It Treated? - Dr. Gong May 24, 2010 - 11:39am ...
Information about the schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders, assessment and guidelines for health professionals ... Perceptual or sensory changes:. *Hallucinations: having the sense of experiencing something that really isnt there (e.g., ... Schizoaffective disorder (co-occurring symptoms of psychosis and a mood disorder, such as depression or bipolar disorder, and ... Schizotypal personality disorder. Assessment Tools. To decide whether a young person may be experiencing a psychotic disorder, ...
Perceptual asymmetry in schizophrenia and affective disorder: Implications from a right hemisphere task. ... Dive into the research topics of Perceptual asymmetry in schizophrenia and affective disorder: Implications from a right ...
Perceptual Processes (PS4037) 15 Credit Points. Interaction with the world around us involves perceptual processing using our ... and disorders of motor control. ...
Screening Test for Auditory Perceptual Disorders. Test of Auditory Perceptual Skills. Pitch Pattern Sequence Test. Competing ... Perceptual-Motor (PM). Alertness. Monitoring and Coordination multi-tasking. The preliminary data demonstrated that it was ...
E569: Teaching Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Update 1998. E618: Teaching College Students with ... Perceptual Impairments; Reading Difficulties; *Teaching Methods; Writing Difficulties EJ479403 EC607963 When Academic ... An appendix describes medications for attention deficit disorders.. Descriptors: Adult Basic Education; *Adult Literacy; * ... Descriptors: *Adults; *Definitions; *Learning Disabilities; Quality of Life; Symptoms (Individual Disorders) Identifiers: ...
... perceptual disorders, rehabilitation, sensorimotor learning, Diagnosis, Experience-dependent non-use, Perceptual disorders, ... by Keyword: perceptual disorders. Hirsch T, Barthel M, Aarts P, Chen YA, Freivogel S, Johnson MJ, Jones TA, Jongsma MLA, Maier ...
Perceptual Disorders / diagnosis* * Perceptual Disorders / etiology* * Psychomotor Performance / physiology* * Schizophrenia / ... Antithetical asymmetry in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder: a line bisection study Bipolar Disord. 2010 May;12(3): ... However, lateralization is underexamined in bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) and the available literature suggests the ...
Increased fronto-striatal reward prediction errors moderate decision making in obsessive-compulsive disorder - Volume 47 Issue ... Metacognitive impairments extend perceptual decision making weaknesses in compulsivity. Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue. 1, ... Frontostriatal Dysfunction During Decision Making in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ... Walitza, S, Melfsen, S, Jans, T, Zellmann, H, Wewetzer, C, Warnke, A (2011). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and ...
Iarocci, G., & McDonald, J. (2006). Sensory integration and the perceptual experience of persons with autism. Journal of Autism ... Gardiner, E., & Iarocci, G. (2014). Students with autism spectrum disorder in the university context: Peer acceptance predicts ... Orienting in response to gaze and the social use of gaze among children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and ... Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(1), 117-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-0045-2 ...
It is a perceptual distortion of movement that can be due to a dysfunction of one or several sensory systems that contribute to ... Types of Vestibular Disorders. , Pediatric Vestibular Disorders. , Part I: Vestibular Dysfunction in Children: Incidence, ... Pediatric Vestibular Disorders. Vestibular disorders affect children When the vestibular system in children is disrupted it ... The Vestibular Disorders Association (VeDA) strives to create an inclusive community where everyone feels valued, represented, ...
Perceptual disorders; Hearing loss; Sleep disorders; Farmers; Agricultural workers; Age factors; Risk factors; Injuries ... In this dissertation, perceptual impairment was explored as a risk factor for injury among rural populations. Three research ...
Fixity of belief, perceptual aberration, and magical ideation in obsessive-compulsive disorder ... Pathologies referred included: adaptational disorders 24.4%; depression disor-ders 17.7%, anxiety disorders 17.2% and dysthymia ... Since OCD is a heterogeneous disorder, it is likely that regionally specific pathology in the disorder will be variable. ... Such evidence is collected with respect to other disorders; such as eating disorders and depression and suggests that ...
Clinical psychologists assess and treat mental, emotional and behavioral disorders.. *Cognitive and perceptual psychologists ... body image disorders, etc.) to help you find the right fit for your needs. Therapy sessions are typically 50-60 minutes long. ...
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by deficits in social reciprocity and communication, as well as by repetitive ... Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by deficits in social reciprocity and communication, as well as repetitive ... ONeill, M., and Jones, R. (1997). Sensory-perceptual abnormalities in autism: a case for more research? J. Autism Dev. Disord. ... Aspergers disorder or Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified; and (b) have no history of seizure disorders ...
This is codified in the thermodynamic concept that for an isolated system entropy (disorder) on the average increases. It is ... normal perceptual tasks and may therefore simply reflect a lack of sophistication on our part with regard to perceptual ... widely distributed perceptual ability. F. Technology Series: Short Range Remote Viewing Because remote viewing is a perceptual ... A PERCEPTUAL CHANNEL FOR INFORMATION TRANSFER OVER KILOMETER DISTANCES: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND RECENT RESEARCH. Document ...
Successful treatment of auditory perceptual disorder in individuals with Friedreich ataxia. Neuroscience 2010; 171 (2) 552-555 ... Personal FM systems for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and/or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): ... Auditory Processing Disorders: Assessment, Management, and Treatment. 2nd Ed. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing; 2013: 59-87 ... 7 Cameron S, Dillon H, Newall P. The listening in spatialized noise test: an auditory processing disorder study. J Am Acad ...
Tactile perceptual processes and their relationship to somatoform disorders.. A Katzer, D Oberfeld, W Hiller, AL Gerlach, M ...
The ALJ found plaintiff had severe impairments of schizoaffective disorder bipolar type, personality disorder, and borderline ... No perceptual disturbances were noted. Plaintiffs fund of information and 3 A GAF score "is a numeric scale of 0 through 100 ... Horton diagnosed plaintiff with alteration of consciousness and developmental disorder. She noted plaintiff had a history of a ... Psychiatric Assn, Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 32 (5th ed. Text revision 2000)). 9 thought content ...
  • It is a perceptual distortion of movement that can be due to a dysfunction of one or several sensory systems that contribute to the ability to balance (i.e. vestibular, vision, somatosensation), or of central nervous system structures involved in balance abilities. (vestibular.org)
  • Although evidence for deficits in sensory (and multisensory) processing is abundant in the ASD literature, there are also a number of reports detailing enhanced perceptual capabilities in response to specific sensory stimuli. (frontiersin.org)
  • Developmental versus sensory deficit effects on perceptual processing in the reading disabled. (irlen.com)
  • The article in the Journal of Neuroscience (Sept. 22, 2010) is titled "Enhancing Perceptual Learning by Combining Practice with Additional Sensory Stimulation. (northwestern.edu)
  • Tinnitus is a sensory phantom perceptual disorder in which individuals hear a humming, buzzing, piercing, or other noise that does not correspond with physical sources. (medscape.com)
  • A degraded sensitivity to facial perceptual cues might contribute to atypical social interactions in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). (ed.gov)
  • Frontal evoked γ activity modulates behavioural performance in Autism Spectrum Disorders in a perceptual simultaneity task. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are associated with anomalies in time perception. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2 (3). (essex.ac.uk)
  • Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(1), 5-17. (bsl.nl)
  • Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(8), 1493-1504. (bsl.nl)
  • Evidence of reduced global processing in autism spectrum disorder. (bsl.nl)
  • Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(4), 1397-1408. (bsl.nl)
  • Students with autism spectrum disorder in the university context: Peer acceptance predicts intention to volunteer. (sfu.ca)
  • Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 44 (5), 1008-1915. (sfu.ca)
  • Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(9), 2228-2232. (sfu.ca)
  • Orienting in response to gaze and the social use of gaze among children with autism spectrum disorders. (sfu.ca)
  • Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43( 7),1584-1596. (sfu.ca)
  • Low- and high-level vision in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. (sfu.ca)
  • Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42, 2383-2392. (sfu.ca)
  • Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by deficits in social reciprocity and communication, as well as by repetitive behaviors and restricted interests. (frontiersin.org)
  • Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by deficits in social reciprocity, communication, and behavioral flexibility that emerge in the first few years of life ( American Psychiatric Association, 2000 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Modena International Conference on Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders. (irlen.com)
  • Altered reactivity and responses to auditory input are core to the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). (bvsalud.org)
  • Child psychiatry, especially attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and child autism, are not gaining much interest from Arab researchers. (who.int)
  • Studies of the effects of amplification with remote microphone hearing aids for children with auditory processing disorder or dyslexia consistently show therapeutic as well as assistive benefits from the amplification. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Handbook of (Central) Auditory Processing Disorder: Comprehensive Intervention: Volume II. (thieme-connect.com)
  • 6 Hoen M, Rogiers M, Mulder H. Auditory processing disorders II: experimental results on APD management with personal FM systems. (thieme-connect.com)
  • 7 Cameron S, Dillon H, Newall P. The listening in spatialized noise test: an auditory processing disorder study. (thieme-connect.com)
  • 9 Lagacé J, Jutras B, Gagné J-P. Auditory processing disorder and speech perception problems in noise: finding the underlying origin. (thieme-connect.com)
  • 11 Geffner D. Central auditory processing disorders: definition, description, and behaviors. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Auditory Processing Disorders: Assessment, Management, and Treatment. (thieme-connect.com)
  • 12 Rickard NA, Heidtke UJ, O'Beirne GA. Assessment of auditory processing disorder in children using an adaptive filtered speech test. (thieme-connect.com)
  • It proposes, in a comparative perspective, to assess the effect of the practice of an individual sport versus a team sport on auditory, temporal, spatial and perceptual abilities as well as on the self-esteem in motor disabled persons. (scirp.org)
  • Our study aimed to assess the effect of the practice of a team sport such as basketball on auditory and visual perceptual abilities as well as on the self-esteem among the persons with motor disability. (scirp.org)
  • To report the patient's characteristics, preoperative audiological profiles, surgical outcomes, and postoperative performance for children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) who ultimately received cochlear implants (CIs). (lww.com)
  • The experience of finding out about my auditory perceptual problems, after knowing about the rest of my learning disabilities, is all too typical. (ldonline.org)
  • Tina told me that I might have auditory perceptual problems," I told her. (ldonline.org)
  • This indicates that singers' perceptual preference for a performance space may be influenced by factors affecting both auditory feedback and vocal function. (bvsalud.org)
  • These findings suggest that these children possess specific deficits in processing affective/perceptual material. (american.edu)
  • There is also a lot of debate about whether specific language impairments, such as expressive language disorder, are caused by deficits in grammar or by a deficit in processing language information. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cognitive and perceptual psychologists study human perception, thinking and memory. (thumbtack.com)
  • Evaluation and treatment of communication, cognitive and swallowing abilities, congenital and developmental disorders in the pediatric population as well as acquired problems related to stroke, brain injury and neurological conditions. (deaconess.com)
  • Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. (bvsalud.org)
  • Due to the vague nature of the diagnosis of expressive language disorder, there is little specific scientific research that we can currently locate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, the presence of psychotic symptoms does not automatically indicate a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder, and a comprehensive assessment over time is necessary. (headspace.org.au)
  • Clinical Management of Swallowing Disorders, Fourth Edition examines the diagnosis and treatment of swallowing disorders in children and adults and emphasizes team management, swallowing safety, nutrition, behavioral treatments, and surgical options. (pluralpublishing.com)
  • The diagnosis and treatment of swallowing disorders is a major medical discipline that traverses multiple medical specialties, especially speech-language pathology and otolaryngology. (pluralpublishing.com)
  • Early detection and diagnosis of voice disorders in children is important to support speech and language development and optimal communication. (mottchildren.org)
  • Our team specializes in the diagnosis and management of speech and language disorders in children. (mottchildren.org)
  • One of the main difficulties in children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) is social interaction. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study compared the performance of children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) to that of two control groups: one matched by Verbal Mental age (VMC) and one by Performance Mental age (PMC) on tests designed to assess the perception of faces, facial expression, and affective situations. (american.edu)
  • Expressive language disorder is one of the "specific developmental disorders of speech and language" recognised by the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). (wikipedia.org)
  • As of the eleventh edition (ICD-11, current 1 January 2022), it is considered to be covered by the various categories of developmental language disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Light sensitivity and some pervasive developmental disorders: autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder. (irlen.com)
  • Developmental coordination disorder is a childhood disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A small number of school-age children have some kind of developmental coordination disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Developmental coordination disorder may occur alone or with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Children with developmental coordination disorder have problems with motor coordination compared to other children the same age. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Children with developmental coordination disorder are more likely to be overweight than other children their age. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Learning disabilities and developmental coordination disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Marcdante KJ, Kliegman RM, Schuh AM. Pervasive developmental disorders and psychoses. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Dyslexia Dyslexia is a general term for primary reading disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In synthetic stimuli, the amount of perceptual cues available could be either large or small. (ed.gov)
  • We observed that social judgment was atypical in the ASD group on photographic stimuli, but, contrarily to the prediction based on the degraded sensitivity hypothesis, analyses on synthetic stimuli found a similar performance and a similar effect of the amount of perceptual cues in both groups. (ed.gov)
  • It also showed that mere exposure to the perceptual stimuli used during practice on these tasks does not generate learning. (northwestern.edu)
  • But the Northwestern researchers found that robust learning occurred when they combined periods of practice that alone were too brief to cause learning with periods of mere exposure to perceptual stimuli. (northwestern.edu)
  • Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders are made up of disorders that include schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. (headspace.org.au)
  • Schizophrenia spectrum diagnoses make up about two-thirds of all psychotic disorders. (headspace.org.au)
  • People with psychotic disorders experience changes in the way they interpret reality. (headspace.org.au)
  • Psychotic disorders are rare before the age of 14 years, but there is a sharp increase in its prevalence between the ages of 15-17 years (4). (headspace.org.au)
  • However, lateralization is underexamined in bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) and the available literature suggests the possibility of greater lateralization, which is diametrically opposite to what is observed in schizophrenia. (nih.gov)
  • The etiology of reading disorders has been shown to involve disruption of phonemic processing. (medscape.com)
  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a syndrome of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In other words, can these perceptual abilities and the self-es teem be regarded as acquirable skills among the motor disabled? (scirp.org)
  • Moreover, the practice of a team or of an individual sport contributes more efficiently to the development of these two perceptual abilities, especially in the athletes with motor disability. (scirp.org)
  • Hamrouni, S., Hassen, S. B., Sofiene, K., Lagha, S., & Alem, J. (2017) Effects of the Practice of Team Sport or Individual Sport on Perceptual Abilities and on the Self-Esteem in the Persons with Motor Disability: A Comparative Study. (scirp.org)
  • And they hold potential for members of the general population with an interest in enhancing perceptual abilities -- for musicians seeking to sharpen their sensitivity to sound, people studying a second language or physicians learning to tell the difference between regular and irregular heartbeats. (northwestern.edu)
  • In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association released the Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM5). (medscape.com)
  • 2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. (bsl.nl)
  • Nicotine addiction is now referred to as tobacco use disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition ( DSM-5 ). (medscape.com)
  • The current study investigated whether face based social judgment is atypical in ASD and if so, whether it could be related to a degraded sensitivity to facial perceptual cues. (ed.gov)
  • Perceptual impairment and injury in rural populations. (cdc.gov)
  • In this dissertation, perceptual impairment was explored as a risk factor for injury among rural populations. (cdc.gov)
  • Six predictive factors for lowered QOL in children with CP were identified, namely age older than 6 years, swallowing disorders, more intense chronic pain, greater level of motor impairment, the use of botulinum toxin injection and the absence of verbal communication. (bvsalud.org)
  • Human subjects: The experiment was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (under protocol #14-N-0002). (elifesciences.org)
  • The condition is a communication disorder in which there are difficulties with verbal and written expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • Visual-perceptual difficulties and the impact on children's learning: are teachers missing the page? (irlen.com)
  • Hallucinogen persisting perceptual disorder (HPPD) may follow the ingestion of LSD or other hallucinogens in a subset of users. (erowid.org)
  • Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder. (acsedu.com)
  • As a general rule, nicotine does not produce perceptual or thought disorders, such as visual hallucinations or delusions. (medscape.com)
  • However, this research has not included patients with past or current psychosis, based on the assumption that psychosis will increase with ketamine administration, since side effects of ketamine can include transient "schizophrenia-like" psychotomimetic phenomena including perceptual disorders and hallucinations in healthy individuals, the investigators note. (medscape.com)
  • The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia disorder is just under 1 in every 100 people (1). (headspace.org.au)
  • Types of patients included those with bipolar or unipolar depression or depression in schizoaffective disorder or patients with schizophrenia and concurrent depression. (medscape.com)
  • Once diagnosed with a vestibular disorder such as positional vertigo, Meniere's disease, or chronic inner ear infections, our team will evaluate visual-motor skills, balance, gait, strength and coordination. (deaconess.com)
  • This podcast is a co-production of the Vestibular Disorders Association (VeDA) and Unfixed Media. (vestibular.org)
  • The UK's leading charity for people with vestibular (inner ear) disorders causing dizziness and imbalance. (menieres.org.uk)
  • The most dynamic fields of mental health research are anxiety and mood disorders and substance abuse. (who.int)
  • Pareidolia is the perceptual phenomenon by which we perceive familiar patterns in disorder. (skeptoid.com)
  • EVANSTON, Ill. --- Scientists long have recognized that many perceptual skills important for language comprehension and reading can be enhanced through practice. (northwestern.edu)
  • Clinical psychologists assess and treat mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. (thumbtack.com)
  • Rather than limiting learning disorders to diagnoses particular to reading, mathematics and written expression, the criteria describe shortcomings in general academic skills and provide detailed specifiers for the areas of reading, mathematics, and written expression. (medscape.com)
  • In a perceptual simultaneity task, individuals with ASD demonstrate superior performance compared to typically developing (TD) controls. (ox.ac.uk)
  • γ-activity, a robust marker of visual processing, is reportedly altered in ASD in response to a wide variety of tasks and these differences may be related to superior performance in perceptual simultaneity. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Previous research showed that individuals become better at many perceptual tasks by performing them again and again, typically making the training tedious and long in length. (northwestern.edu)
  • Physical education and perceptual motor training (combining movement with tasks that require thinking, like math or reading) are the best ways to treat coordination disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This research has established a hereditary component of the disorder 7-9 , a number of biochemical markers for problems associated with Irlen Syndrome 10-13 , and differences in brain function for individuals with Irlen Syndrome 14-19, 41 . (irlen.com)
  • Such children are more likely to developing reading disorders. (medscape.com)
  • The findings could lead to less effortful therapies for children who suffer from language learning impairments involving perceptual skills. (northwestern.edu)
  • C.S. Mott Children's Hospital provides comprehensive care for children with voice disorders. (mottchildren.org)
  • Dr. Gong describes visual perceptual issues and explains how this is treated. (empowher.com)
  • Visual Perceptual Disorder: What Is This And How Is It Treated? (empowher.com)
  • Prevalencia del síndrome Meares-Irlen/Estrés Visual que afecta la lectura en niños de tercer grado. (irlen.com)
  • I also had visual perceptual problems. (ldonline.org)
  • It is relevant to people who seek a more in-depth understanding of the brain and how damage through congenital conditions, injury, disease or disorders can affect its functioning and behaviour. (acsedu.com)
  • The nature of this perceptual channel is examined in a series of experiments carried out in the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory of Stanford Research Institute. (cia.gov)
  • Prior to our work much of the research into perceptual learning could be summed up as 'no pain, no gain,'" says Beverly Wright , first author of a study in the Sept. 22 Journal of Neuroscience and professor of communication sciences and disorders at Northwestern. (northwestern.edu)
  • This research is about the best way to formally represent psychological theories, e.g. the causes and characteristics of psychiatric disorders, in order to capture the complexity of human psychology and to make valid inferences. (lu.se)
  • Whether your child's voice disorder is the result of a congenital malformation, injury or the side effect of an illness, our comprehensive approach allows us to develop a treatment plan that addresses your child's unique needs. (mottchildren.org)
  • Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) Oppositional defiant disorder is a recurrent or persistent pattern of negative, defiant, or even hostile behavior directed at authority figures. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Conduct Disorder Conduct disorder is a recurrent or persistent pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or violates major age-appropriate societal norms or rules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Further studies on perceptual differences between photographs and synthetic pictures of faces might help understand atypical social judgment in ASD. (ed.gov)
  • We observed that following the acquisition of perceptual priors, different degraded images are represented much more distinctly in neural dynamics starting from ~500 ms after stimulus onset. (elifesciences.org)
  • We investigated neural mechanisms of decision making in OCD patients, including early and late onset of disorder, in terms of reward prediction errors (RPEs) using functional magnetic resonance imaging. (cambridge.org)
  • Clinical Management of Swallowing Disorders. (pluralpublishing.com)
  • Clinical Management of Swallowing Disorders, Fourth Edition is a core graduate-level textbook that addresses the needs of students who will treat swallowing disorders as well as clinicians who currently treat swallowing disorders in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, nursing homes, and private outpatient clinics. (pluralpublishing.com)
  • The Fourth Edition has been revised to bring the reader up to date in all aspects of the management of swallowing disorders. (pluralpublishing.com)
  • and (3) understanding the meaning of words, when decoding and fluency function well, as in a reading comprehension disorder. (medscape.com)
  • However, concomitant disorders such as depression and anxiety do increase the risk of suicide. (medscape.com)
  • Many voice disorders are associated with symptoms of hoarseness, raspiness, what may seem like a "weak and breathy" voice, and various asthma-like symptoms. (mottchildren.org)