Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).
A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria isolated from skin lesions, blood, inflammatory exudates, and the upper respiratory tract of humans. It is a group A hemolytic Streptococcus that can cause SCARLET FEVER and RHEUMATIC FEVER.
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.
A funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the ESOPHAGUS, and air to the LARYNX and LUNGS. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx).
A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.
A febrile disease occurring as a delayed sequela of infections with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES. It is characterized by multiple focal inflammatory lesions of the connective tissue structures, such as the heart, blood vessels, and joints (POLYARTHRITIS) and brain, and by the presence of ASCHOFF BODIES in the myocardium and skin.
An accumulation of purulent material in the area between the PALATINE TONSIL and its capsule.
Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).
A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)
A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.
Surgical removal of a tonsil or tonsils. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Inflammation of the lymph nodes.
Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.
Monitoring of information sources of potential value in detecting an emerging epidemic, whether naturally occurring or the result of bioterrorism.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
Areas designated for use by the armed forces personnel.
A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.
Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present.
Semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining the sodium salt of penicillin G with N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine.
The practice of administering medications in a manner that poses more risk than benefit, particularly where safer alternatives exist.
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.
Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.

Pharmacokinetics of glycosylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (lenograstim) in healthy male volunteers. (1/635)

AIMS: The aim of this open, randomised, crossover, parallel-group study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and neutrophil responses of lenograstim when administered subcutaneously (s.c.) and intravenously (i.v.). METHODS: A total of 27 healthy male volunteers was recruited. Lenograstim doses (0.5, 2, 5, or 10 microg kg(-1)) were administered s.c. or i.v. once-daily for 5 days, and then, after a 10-day washout period, vice versa for a further 5 days. Lenograstim concentrations and absolute neutrophil counts (ANCs) were measured predosing and postdosing on days 1 and 5. RESULTS: Maximum serum concentrations of lenograstim were higher following i.v. dosing (mean 5.2-185.5 vs 0.7-30.0 ng ml(-1) after s.c. dosing on day 1) and attained sooner (median 0.5-0.8 vs 4.7-8.7 h on day 1). However, apparent elimination half-lives of lenograstim were longer following s.c. dosing (mean 2.3-3.3 vs 0.8-1.2 h after i.v. dosing on days 1 and 5). ANCs increased in a dose-dependent manner with both routes of lenograstim, but more prolonged rises and higher ANC peaks were attained following s.c. doses. ANCs peaked on day 6 following 5 microg kg(-1) s.c. doses (mean peak=26.3x10(9) cells l(-1)), but on day 2 after 5 microg kg(-1) i.v. doses (mean peak = 12.4 x 10(9) cells l(-1)). Irrespective of route, the most common adverse events were headaches and back/spine pain; at doses of up to 5 microg kg(-1) these were mild and generally well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: While supporting the use of both s.c. and i.v. administered lenograstim to treat neutropenia, these results demonstrate that neutrophil responses are more sustained and prolonged with the s.c. route.  (+info)

Characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes isolates from the San Francisco Bay area of northern California. (2/635)

During 1994 and 1995, 157 isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes from patients with invasive disease were consecutively collected in the San Francisco Bay area to determine the frequency of antimicrobial resistance. Susceptibility testing was performed according to the guidelines of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards by the disk method and by broth microdilution. For comparison of susceptibility patterns, an additional 149 strains were randomly collected from patients with pharyngitis. For San Francisco County, 32% of the isolates from invasive-disease-related specimens but only 9% of the isolates from throat cultures from the same period were resistant to erythromycin (P = 0.0007). Alameda County and Contra Costa County had rates of resistance of +info)

Improving diagnostic accuracy of bacterial pharyngitis by near patient measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP) (3/635)

BACKGROUND: Sore throat or pharyngitis is an extremely prevalent condition in primary care. There is a diagnostic dilemma in differentiating bacterial and non-bacterial infections for adequate use of antibiotics. Standard diagnostic procedures take too long for an immediate decision. AIM: To evaluate, if near patient C-reactive protein measurement in the general practice surgery improves diagnostic accuracy. METHOD: One hundred and seventy-nine consecutive patients with sore throat, from 15 general practitioners (GPs) in southern Germany (phase 1) and 161 consecutive patients from 14 GPs (phase 2), were examined physically and a throat-swab was taken and white blood-cell count (WBC) and CRP-measurement were performed. In phase 1, CRP was measured centrally to assess the method's diagnostic value and the adequate threshold. In the second phase, near patient CRP was measured and CRP values were used to make a diagnosis. RESULTS: Using relative operating characteristics (ROC) analysis, the diagnostic value of CRP measurement was much better than WBC count (area under curve = 0.85 versus 0.68). All diagnostic parameters improved when using the near patient CRP measurement. Sensitivity went up from 0.61 (95% confidence interval = 0.45-0.75) to 0.78 (0.61-0.90), specificity went up from 0.73 (0.65-0.81) to 0.82 (0.73-0.88). Positive and negative predictive value improved significantly as well. Diagnostic accuracy went up from 70.1% to 81.0%. Out of 1000 theoretical patients with sore throat, 109 more will be treated correctly when using CRP measurement as a diagnostic tool. CONCLUSIONS: Use of near patient CRP measurement can improve diagnostic accuracy in the differentiation of bacterial and non-bacterial pharyngitis in primary care, and potentially results in a more adequate use of antibiotics.  (+info)

Lemierre's syndrome (necrobacillosis). (4/635)

Lemierre's syndrome or postanginal septicaemia (necrobacillosis) is caused by an acute oropharyngeal infection with secondary septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and frequent metastatic infections. Fusobacterium necrophorum is the most common pathogen isolated from the patients. The interval between the oropharyngeal infection and the onset of the septicaemia is usually short. The most common sites of septic embolisms are the lungs and joints, and other locations can be affected. A high degree of clinical suspicion is needed to diagnose the syndrome. Computed tomography of the neck with contrast is the most useful study to detect internal jugular vein thrombosis. Treatment includes intravenous antibiotic therapy and drainage of septic foci. The role of anticoagulation is controversial. Ligation or excision of the internal jugular vein may be needed in some cases.  (+info)

Health effects among workers in sewage treatment plants. (5/635)

OBJECTIVES: To further assess the presence of fatigue, symptoms of diarrhoea, and inflammation of airways among people working in sewage plants and the relation to airborne bacterial endotoxin at the workplace. METHODS: 34 Employees in sewage treatment plants and 35 controls were selected. They underwent a questionnaire investigation, and spirometry and airway responsiveness were measured. Measurements were made of airborne endotoxin at different workplaces. RESULTS: The amount of airborne endotoxin varied between 3.8 and 32,170 ng/m3. Workers reported significantly higher nose irritation, tiredness, and diarrhoea. Airway responsiveness was increased among sewage workers, but no differences between the groups were found for spirometry. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm previous studies on the presence of airways and intestinal inflammation among workers in sewage treatment plants. The most likely causative agent is endotoxin, and at 14 of 23 workplaces, concentrations exceeded recommended guidelines.  (+info)

Group C streptococci isolated from throat swabs: a laboratory and clinical study. (6/635)

AIMS: To determine the prevalence of beta haemolytic, Lancefield group C streptococci in throat swabs taken in routine clinical practice, and correlate the species identified with presenting clinical features. METHODS: One year, laboratory based prospective study, using a questionnaire to elicit clinical information. RESULTS: 4.4% of throat swabs yielded group C streptococci, of which 38% belonged to S equisimilis and 53% to S anginosus-milleri group (SAM). Pyrexia was more common in patients with S equisimilis, but other clinical features did not differ significantly between the two groups. No S zooepidemicus was isolated. CONCLUSIONS: Species identification of group C streptococci from throat swabs does not appear to be clinically useful in this patient population. However, the prevalence and spectrum of organisms is similar to that reported in N America, where studies suggest a possible role in some cases of severe pharyngitis. Observational studies such as this lack power to resolve the issue of pathogenicity, for which a placebo controlled trial of antibiotic treatment is ideally required.  (+info)

A study of small-colony, beta-haemolytic, Lancefield group C streptococci within the anginosus group: description of Streptococcus constellatus subsp. pharyngis subsp. nov., associated with the human throat and pharyngitis. (7/635)

beta-Haemolytic, Lancefield group C streptococci within the anginosus-species group were shown by genetic and phenotypic criteria to be heterogeneous and to constitute two distinct taxa related at subspecies level to Streptococcus constellatus and Streptococcus anginosus, respectively. The first group, referred to here as DNA group 1, comprised six strains with 86-100% intragroup overall genomic DNA relatedness; five of the strains were originally isolated from the human throat and one was from an abdominal mass. They shared 61-77% DNA relatedness (delta Tm values = 1.2-1.5 degrees C) with reference strains of S. constellatus and were clearly differentiated from S. constellatus (now named Streptococcus constellatus subsp. constellatus) by the ability to produce beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-D-fucosidase, beta-D-galactosidase and beta-D-glucosidase. The name S. constellatus subsp. pharyngis is proposed for these strains on the grounds that they are genetically and phenotypically distinct and exhibit a predeliction for the human throat, being isolated also from cases of pharyngitis. The DNA G + C content is 35-37 mol%. The type strain is MM9889aT (= NCTC 13122T). The second group (DNA group 2) was formed by five beta-haemolytic, Lancefield group C strains originally isolated from various human infections. DNA group 2 strains (81-100% intragroup DNA relatedness) shared 60-72% DNA relatedness (delta Tm values = 2.1-4.1 degrees C) with S. anginosus strains NCTC 10713T and MAS 283 but were not clearly differentiated phenotypically from S. anginosus, showed no clear pattern of clinical association, and therefore are not formally proposed as a new subspecies here.  (+info)

Characteristics of Streptococcus pyogenes serotype M1 and M3 isolates from patients in Japan from 1981 to 1997. (8/635)

Streptococcus pyogenes isolates obtained in 1981 to 1997 from patients and healthy subjects were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns, biotyping, and the presence of spe genes encoding streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins. Changes in the profiles were shown in the serotype M1/T1 isolates from pharyngitis over this period, but not in serotype M3/T3 isolates. The characteristics of isolates from patients with toxic shock-like syndrome (TSLS) were comparable to those of the other isolates, including those from healthy subjects. This finding suggests that further phenotypic and molecular characterization, such as investigating the genomic difference represented by the pathogenicity island, of isolates with apparently the same profiles would be necessary to determine the etiology of diseases caused by S. pyogenes, including TSLS.  (+info)

Pharyngitis is the medical term for inflammation of the pharynx, which is the back portion of the throat. This condition is often characterized by symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and scratchiness in the throat. Pharyngitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections (such as the common cold), bacterial infections (such as strep throat), and irritants (such as smoke or chemical fumes). Treatment for pharyngitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include medications to relieve symptoms or antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection.

Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive, beta-hemolytic streptococcus bacterium that causes various suppurative (pus-forming) and nonsuppurative infections in humans. It is also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS) due to its ability to produce the M protein, which confers type-specific antigenicity and allows for serological classification into more than 200 distinct Lancefield groups.

S. pyogenes is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, erysipelas, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. In rare cases, it can lead to invasive diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS).

The bacterium is typically transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected skin lesions. Effective prevention strategies include good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing and avoiding sharing personal items, as well as prompt recognition and treatment of infections to prevent spread.

Streptococcal infections are a type of infection caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes). These bacteria can cause a variety of illnesses, ranging from mild skin infections to serious and potentially life-threatening conditions such as sepsis, pneumonia, and necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease).

Some common types of streptococcal infections include:

* Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) - an infection of the throat and tonsils that can cause sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
* Impetigo - a highly contagious skin infection that causes sores or blisters on the skin.
* Cellulitis - a bacterial infection of the deeper layers of the skin and underlying tissue that can cause redness, swelling, pain, and warmth in the affected area.
* Scarlet fever - a streptococcal infection that causes a bright red rash on the body, high fever, and sore throat.
* Necrotizing fasciitis - a rare but serious bacterial infection that can cause tissue death and destruction of the muscles and fascia (the tissue that covers the muscles).

Treatment for streptococcal infections typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect a streptococcal infection, as prompt treatment can help prevent serious complications.

The pharynx is a part of the digestive and respiratory systems that serves as a conduit for food and air. It is a musculo-membranous tube extending from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra where it becomes continuous with the esophagus.

The pharynx has three regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is the uppermost region, which lies above the soft palate and is connected to the nasal cavity. The oropharynx is the middle region, which includes the area between the soft palate and the hyoid bone, including the tonsils and base of the tongue. The laryngopharynx is the lowest region, which lies below the hyoid bone and connects to the larynx.

The primary function of the pharynx is to convey food from the oral cavity to the esophagus during swallowing and to allow air to pass from the nasal cavity to the larynx during breathing. It also plays a role in speech, taste, and immune defense.

Penicillin V, also known as Penicillin V Potassium, is an antibiotic medication used to treat various bacterial infections. It belongs to the class of medications called penicillins, which work by interfering with the bacteria's ability to form a protective covering (cell wall), causing the bacteria to become more susceptible to destruction by the body's immune system.

Penicillin V is specifically used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and ear. It is also used to prevent recurrent rheumatic fever and chorea (Sydenham's chorea), a neurological disorder associated with rheumatic fever.

The medication is available as oral tablets or liquid solutions and is typically taken by mouth every 6 to 12 hours, depending on the severity and type of infection being treated. As with any antibiotic, it is important to take Penicillin V exactly as directed by a healthcare professional and for the full duration of treatment, even if symptoms improve before all doses have been taken.

Penicillin V is generally well-tolerated, but like other penicillins, it can cause allergic reactions in some people. It may also interact with certain medications, so it is important to inform a healthcare provider of any other medications being taken before starting Penicillin V therapy.

Rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory disease that may occur following an untreated Group A streptococcal infection, such as strep throat. It primarily affects children between the ages of 5 and 15, but it can occur at any age. The condition is characterized by inflammation in various parts of the body, including the heart (carditis), joints (arthritis), skin (erythema marginatum, subcutaneous nodules), and brain (Sydenham's chorea).

The onset of rheumatic fever usually occurs 2-4 weeks after a streptococcal infection. The exact cause of the immune system's overreaction leading to rheumatic fever is not fully understood, but it involves molecular mimicry between streptococcal antigens and host tissues.

The Jones Criteria are used to diagnose rheumatic fever, which include:

1. Evidence of a preceding streptococcal infection (e.g., positive throat culture or rapid strep test, elevated or rising anti-streptolysin O titer)
2. Carditis (heart inflammation), including new murmurs or changes in existing murmurs, electrocardiogram abnormalities, or evidence of heart failure
3. Polyarthritis (inflammation of multiple joints) – typically large joints like the knees and ankles, migratory, and may be associated with warmth, swelling, and pain
4. Erythema marginatum (a skin rash characterized by pink or red, irregularly shaped macules or rings that blanch in the center and spread outward)
5. Subcutaneous nodules (firm, round, mobile lumps under the skin, usually over bony prominences)
6. Sydenham's chorea (involuntary, rapid, irregular movements, often affecting the face, hands, and feet)

Treatment of rheumatic fever typically involves antibiotics to eliminate any residual streptococcal infection, anti-inflammatory medications like corticosteroids or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to manage symptoms and prevent long-term heart complications, and secondary prophylaxis with regular antibiotic administration to prevent recurrent streptococcal infections.

A Peritonsillar Abscess (also known as a Quinsy) is a localized collection of pus in the peritonsillar space, which is the potential space between the tonsillar capsule and the pharyngeal constrictor muscle. It is a serious complication of tonsillitis or pharyngitis, often caused by bacterial infection. The abscess can cause severe pain, difficulty swallowing, fever, and swelling of the neck and face. If left untreated, it can lead to more severe complications such as airway obstruction or the spread of infection. Treatment typically involves drainage of the abscess, antibiotics, and supportive care.

Pyoderma is a term used in medicine to describe a bacterial skin infection. It's derived from two Greek words: "pyon" meaning pus and "derma" meaning skin.

The infection can result in inflammation, often characterized by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain. Pus-filled blisters or boils may also form, which can rupture and crust over as the infection progresses.

Pyoderma can occur in people of all ages but is particularly common in children. The causative bacteria are often Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. The condition can be superficial, affecting only the top layer of the skin (epidermis), or it can be deeper, involving the dermis and/or subcutaneous tissue.

Treatment typically involves antibiotics, either topical or oral, depending on the severity and extent of the infection. In some cases, drainage of pus-filled abscesses may be necessary. Preventive measures such as good hygiene and keeping skin clean and dry can help reduce the risk of pyoderma.

Aphthous stomatitis, also known simply as canker sores, is a medical condition that involves the development of small, painful ulcers in the mouth. These ulcers typically appear on the inside of the lips or cheeks, under the tongue, or on the gums. They are usually round or oval with a white or yellow center and a red border.

Aphthous stomatitis is not contagious and is thought to be caused by a variety of factors, including stress, hormonal changes, nutritional deficiencies, and injury to the mouth. The ulcers typically heal on their own within one to two weeks, although larger or more severe sores may take longer to heal.

Treatment for aphthous stomatitis is generally focused on relieving symptoms, as there is no cure for the condition. This may include using over-the-counter mouth rinses or topical gels to numb the area and reduce pain, as well as avoiding spicy, acidic, or hard foods that can irritate the ulcers. In some cases, prescription medications may be necessary to help manage more severe or persistent cases of aphthous stomatitis.

Streptococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, spherical bacteria that typically form pairs or chains when clustered together. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. They are non-motile and do not produce spores.

Streptococcus species are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some strains are part of the normal flora of the body, while others can cause a variety of infections, ranging from mild skin infections to severe and life-threatening diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, and toxic shock syndrome.

The pathogenicity of Streptococcus species depends on various virulence factors, including the production of enzymes and toxins that damage tissues and evade the host's immune response. One of the most well-known Streptococcus species is Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus (GAS), which is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and rheumatic fever.

It's important to note that the classification of Streptococcus species has evolved over time, with many former members now classified as different genera within the family Streptococcaceae. The current classification system is based on a combination of phenotypic characteristics (such as hemolysis patterns and sugar fermentation) and genotypic methods (such as 16S rRNA sequencing and multilocus sequence typing).

A tonsillectomy is a surgical procedure in which the tonsils, two masses of lymphoid tissue located on both sides of the back of the throat, are removed. This procedure is typically performed to treat recurrent or severe cases of tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils), sleep-disordered breathing such as obstructive sleep apnea, and other conditions where the tonsils are causing problems or complications. The surgery can be done under general anesthesia, and there are various methods for removing the tonsils, including traditional scalpel excision, electrocautery, and laser surgery. After a tonsillectomy, patients may experience pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing, but these symptoms typically improve within 1-2 weeks post-surgery.

Lymphadenitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of one or more lymph nodes, which are small, bean-shaped glands that are part of the body's immune system. Lymph nodes contain white blood cells called lymphocytes, which help fight infection and disease.

Lymphadenitis can occur as a result of an infection in the area near the affected lymph node or as a result of a systemic infection that has spread through the bloodstream. The inflammation causes the lymph node to become swollen, tender, and sometimes painful to the touch.

The symptoms of lymphadenitis may include fever, fatigue, and redness or warmth in the area around the affected lymph node. In some cases, the overlying skin may also appear red and inflamed. Lymphadenitis can occur in any part of the body where there are lymph nodes, including the neck, armpits, groin, and abdomen.

The underlying cause of lymphadenitis must be diagnosed and treated promptly to prevent complications such as the spread of infection or the formation of an abscess. Treatment may include antibiotics, pain relievers, and warm compresses to help reduce swelling and discomfort.

Tonsillitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and infection of the tonsils, which are two masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the back of the throat. The tonsils serve as a defense mechanism against inhaled or ingested pathogens; however, they can become infected themselves, leading to tonsillitis.

The inflammation of the tonsils is often accompanied by symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, swollen and tender lymph nodes in the neck, cough, headache, and fatigue. In severe or recurrent cases, a tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils) may be recommended to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.

Tonsillitis can be caused by both viral and bacterial infections, with group A streptococcus being one of the most common bacterial causes. It is typically diagnosed based on a physical examination and medical history, and sometimes further confirmed through laboratory tests such as a throat swab or rapid strep test. Treatment may include antibiotics for bacterial tonsillitis, pain relievers, and rest to aid in recovery.

Biosurveillance is the formal term used to describe the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of biologic data, including the monitoring of human, animal, and environmental health indicators to provide real-time or near-real-time information used for early detection and warning of potential public health emergencies, such as bioterrorism attacks, infectious disease outbreaks, or other hazards.

Biosurveillance systems typically involve the use of advanced technologies, such as data mining, pattern recognition algorithms, and geographic information systems (GIS), to rapidly analyze large volumes of data from various sources, including electronic health records, laboratory test results, veterinary reports, and environmental sensors. The goal is to quickly identify any unusual patterns or anomalies that may indicate a potential public health threat, allowing for timely intervention and mitigation efforts to be implemented.

Effective biosurveillance requires close collaboration between various stakeholders, including public health officials, healthcare providers, veterinarians, and laboratory personnel, as well as strong partnerships with private sector organizations that have access to relevant data sources. Ultimately, the goal of biosurveillance is to improve public health preparedness and response capabilities, protect populations from potential health threats, and save lives.

Streptococcal vaccines are immunizations designed to protect against infections caused by Streptococcus bacteria. These vaccines contain antigens, which are substances that trigger an immune response and help the body recognize and fight off specific types of Streptococcus bacteria. There are several different types of streptococcal vaccines available or in development, including:

1. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV): This vaccine protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae, a type of bacteria that can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and other serious infections. PCV is recommended for all children under 2 years old, as well as older children and adults with certain medical conditions.
2. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV): This vaccine also protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae, but it is recommended for adults 65 and older, as well as younger people with certain medical conditions.
3. Streptococcus pyogenes vaccine: This vaccine is being developed to protect against Group A Streptococcus (GAS), which can cause a variety of infections, including strep throat, skin infections, and serious diseases like rheumatic fever and toxic shock syndrome. There are several different GAS vaccine candidates in various stages of development.
4. Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine: This vaccine is being developed to protect against Group B Streptococcus (GBS), which can cause serious infections in newborns, pregnant women, and older adults with certain medical conditions. There are several different GBS vaccine candidates in various stages of development.

Overall, streptococcal vaccines play an important role in preventing bacterial infections and reducing the burden of disease caused by Streptococcus bacteria.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.

When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.

Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.

The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.

Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Military Facilities" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Military facilities generally refer to buildings, land, and infrastructure used by military forces for various purposes, such as training, housing troops, manufacturing weapons, or storing military equipment. It does not fall under the purview of medical definitions. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I would be happy to help!

Impetigo is a common and highly contagious skin infection that mainly affects infants and children. It is caused by two types of bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus). The infection typically occurs in areas of the body with broken or damaged skin, such as cuts, scrapes, insect bites, or rashes.

There are two forms of impetigo: non-bullous and bullous. Non-bullous impetigo, also known as crusted impetigo, begins as small blisters or pimples that quickly rupture, leaving a yellowish-crusted, honey-colored scab. These lesions can be itchy and painful, and they often occur around the nose, mouth, and hands. Non-bullous impetigo is more commonly caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.

Bullous impetigo, on the other hand, is characterized by larger fluid-filled blisters that are usually painless and do not itch. These blisters can appear anywhere on the body but are most common in warm, moist areas such as the armpits, groin, or diaper region. Bullous impetigo is primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Impetigo is typically treated with topical antibiotics, such as mupirocin (Bactroban) or retapamulin (Altabax), applied directly to the affected area. In more severe cases, oral antibiotics may be prescribed. It is essential to cover the lesions and maintain good hygiene practices to prevent the spread of impetigo to others.

Scarlet Fever is a bacterial illness that mainly affects children and is characterized by a bright red rash on the body, high fever, and a sore throat. It's caused by Group A Streptococcus bacteria (Strep throat) and is treatable with antibiotics. The distinctive red rash associated with Scarlet Fever is due to toxins produced by the bacteria, which can also cause other symptoms such as flushed face, strawberry tongue, and a pale ring around the mouth. If left untreated, Scarlet Fever can lead to serious complications like kidney damage or rheumatic fever.

Penicillin G Benzathine is a type of antibiotic that is used to treat various bacterial infections. According to the International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, Penicillin G Benzathine is a "water-soluble salt of penicillin G, which has a very high degree of stability and provides prolonged low-level serum concentrations after intramuscular injection."

It is often used to treat infections caused by streptococci and treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis. Penicillin G Benzathine works by interfering with the ability of these bacteria to form a cell wall, which is essential for their survival. Without a functional cell wall, the bacteria are unable to grow and multiply, and are eventually destroyed by the body's immune system.

Penicillin G Benzathine is typically administered via intramuscular injection, and its prolonged release allows for less frequent dosing compared to other forms of penicillin. However, it may not be suitable for all patients, particularly those with a history of allergic reactions to penicillin or other antibiotics. As with any medication, Penicillin G Benzathine should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider.

Inappropriate prescribing is a term used to describe the prescription of medications that are not indicated, are not at the correct dose, or have potential adverse effects outweighing their benefits for a particular patient. This can include prescribing medications for indications not approved by regulatory authorities (off-label use), using incorrect dosages, and failing to consider potential drug interactions or contraindications. Inappropriate prescribing can lead to medication errors, adverse drug reactions, increased healthcare costs, and reduced therapeutic effectiveness, posing a significant patient safety concern.

Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) is defined as a chronic heart condition caused by damage to the heart valves due to untreated or inadequately treated streptococcal throat infection (strep throat). The immune system's response to this infection can mistakenly attack and damage the heart tissue, leading to inflammation and scarring of the heart valves. This damage can result in narrowing, leakage, or abnormal functioning of the heart valves, which can further lead to complications such as heart failure, stroke, or infective endocarditis.

RHD is a preventable and treatable condition if detected early and managed effectively. It primarily affects children and young adults in developing countries where access to healthcare and antibiotics for strep throat infections may be limited. Long-term management of RHD typically involves medications, regular monitoring, and sometimes surgical intervention to repair or replace damaged heart valves.

Bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are a type of protein found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. The outer membrane is a unique characteristic of gram-negative bacteria, and it serves as a barrier that helps protect the bacterium from hostile environments. OMPs play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and selective permeability of the outer membrane. They are involved in various functions such as nutrient uptake, transport, adhesion, and virulence factor secretion.

OMPs are typically composed of beta-barrel structures that span the bacterial outer membrane. These proteins can be classified into several groups based on their size, function, and structure. Some of the well-known OMP families include porins, autotransporters, and two-partner secretion systems.

Porins are the most abundant type of OMPs and form water-filled channels that allow the passive diffusion of small molecules, ions, and nutrients across the outer membrane. Autotransporters are a diverse group of OMPs that play a role in bacterial pathogenesis by secreting virulence factors or acting as adhesins. Two-partner secretion systems involve the cooperation between two proteins to transport effector molecules across the outer membrane.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial OMPs is essential for developing new antibiotics and therapies that target gram-negative bacteria, which are often resistant to conventional treatments.

Erythromycin is a type of antibiotic known as a macrolide, which is used to treat various types of bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting the bacteria's ability to produce proteins, which are necessary for the bacteria to survive and multiply. Erythromycin is often used to treat respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and sexually transmitted diseases. It may also be used to prevent endocarditis (inflammation of the lining of the heart) in people at risk of this condition.

Erythromycin is generally considered safe for most people, but it can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It may also interact with other medications, so it's important to tell your doctor about all the drugs you are taking before starting erythromycin.

Like all antibiotics, erythromycin should only be used to treat bacterial infections, as it is not effective against viral infections such as the common cold or flu. Overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which makes it harder to treat infections in the future.

Chorea is a medical term that describes an involuntary movement disorder characterized by brief, irregular, and abrupt jerky movements. These movements often occur randomly and can affect any part of the body. Chorea can also cause difficulty with coordination and balance, and can sometimes be accompanied by muscle weakness or rigidity.

The term "chorea" comes from the Greek word "χορεία" (khoréia), which means "dance," reflecting the graceful, dance-like movements that are characteristic of this condition. Chorea can occur as a symptom of various underlying medical conditions, including neurological disorders such as Huntington's disease, Sydenham's chorea, and cerebral palsy, as well as metabolic disorders, infections, and certain medications.

Treatment for chorea depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include medications to help control the involuntary movements, physical therapy to improve coordination and balance, and lifestyle modifications to reduce the risk of injury from falls or other accidents. In some cases, surgery may be recommended as a last resort for severe or refractory chorea.

Some cases of pharyngitis are caused by fungal infection, such as Candida albicans, causing oral thrush. Pharyngitis may also ... Chronic pharyngitis may be catarrhal, hypertrophic, or atrophic.[citation needed] Tonsillitis is a subtype of pharyngitis. If ... Acute pharyngitis is the most common cause of a sore throat and, together with cough, it is diagnosed in more than 1.9 million ... Pharyngitis is inflammation of the back of the throat, known as the pharynx. It typically results in a sore throat and fever. ...
Pharyngitis, the broader category into which Streptococcal pharyngitis falls, is diagnosed in 11 million people annually in the ... Streptococcal pharyngitis, also known as streptococcal sore throat (strep throat), is pharyngitis (an infection of the pharynx ... Recurrent episodes of pharyngitis which test positive for GAS may also represent a person who is a chronic carrier of GAS who ... This is an uncommon but highly specific finding in streptococcal pharyngitis. A set of large tonsils in the back of the throat ...
Long SS (July 1999). "Syndrome of Periodic Fever, Aphthous stomatitis, Pharyngitis, and Adenitis (PFAPA)--what it isn't. What ... April 2011). "Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis (PFAPA) is a disorder of innate immunity and Th1 ... Padeh S, Stoffman N, Berkun Y (May 2008). "Periodic fever accompanied by aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis ... Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis syndrome is a medical condition, typically occurring in young ...
... pharyngitis; and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Using the chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) experimental model of ...
Up to 15% of acute pharyngitis cases may be caused by bacteria, most commonly Streptococcus pyogenes, a group A streptococcus ... Acute URTIs include rhinitis, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and laryngitis often referred to as a common cold, and their ... Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis (strep throat) typically presents with a sudden onset of sore ... Bisno AL (January 2001). "Acute pharyngitis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (3): 205-11. doi:10.1056/ ...
Anjos LM, Marcondes MB, Lima MF, Mondelli AL, Okoshi MP (July 2014). "Streptococcal acute pharyngitis". Revista da Sociedade ...
... pharyngitis, usually exudative; and symmetrical adenopathy. The mode of HCMV transmission from person to person is unknown, but ...
"Pharyngitis-Tonsillitis in Children and Adults" (PDF). Institut national d'excellence en santé et en services sociaux (INESSS ... ISBN 978-0-19-966077-3. Thuma P (2001). "Pharyngitis and tonsillitis". In Hoekelman RA, Adam HM, Nelson NM, Weitzman ML (eds ... An acute sore throat may be diagnosed as tonsillitis, pharyngitis, or tonsillopharyngitis (also called pharyngotonsillitis), ... and pharyngitis due to the spread of infection. An abscess may develop lateral to the tonsil during an infection, typically ...
But, if the rapid antigen detection test is negative (indicating that they do not have group A strep pharyngitis), then a ... One in ten children who are infected with group A streptococcal pharyngitis will develop scarlet fever. The rash of scarlet ... It can present less than 10 days after the group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Strep throat spreads by close contact among ... ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6. Wessels, Michael R. (2016). "Pharyngitis and Scarlet Fever". In Ferretti, Joseph J.; Stevens, Dennis L ...
If you have pharyngitis, avoid infecting others by covering your mouth when coughing and wear a mask. Allergic Reaction ... Less often, bacteria may also cause pharyngitis. Both of these organisms enter the body via the nose or mouth as aerosolized ... Sore Throat or Pharyngitis MedicineNet. Retrieved on 2010-02-05 (Articles with short description, Short description matches ... Retrieved on 2010-02-05 Pharyngitis Analysis American Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved on 2010-02-05 Strep Throat Mayo ...
Often it follows streptococcal pharyngitis. They do not typically occur in those who have had a tonsillectomy. Diagnosis is ...
Lymphadenopathy occurs commonly; pharyngitis and rhinorrhea less frequently. Diarrhea is rare. About 50% of people report ...
Pichichero has written a textbook about streptococcal pharyngitis. A board-certified immunologist, he was on the team of ... Pichichero, Michael (2007). Clinical Management of Streptococcal Pharyngitis. Professional Communications. ISBN 9781932610154 ...
Streptococcal pharyngitis, also known as strep throat, is an infection of the respiratory tract caused by group A Strep, ... Common symptoms associated with streptococcal pharyngitis include sore throat, fever, white excretions at the back of the mouth ... Choby, Beth A. (2009-03-01). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Streptococcal Pharyngitis". American Family Physician. 79 (5): 383-390 ... and cervical adenopathy (swollen lymph nodes underneath the chin and around the neck area). Streptococcal pharyngitis can lead ...
... symptoms include pharyngitis, bronchitis, and keratitis. Treatment is mainly supportive; gastric decontamination with activated ...
pharyngis as a cause of pharyngitis (55). S. intermedius is the species in this group most commonly isolated from brain and ...
Bygbjerg, I.C.; Johansen, H.K. (1991). "Manchineel poisoning complicated by streptococcal pharyngitis and impetigo". Ugeskr. ...
This causes pharyngitis and 'pseudomembrane' in the throat. The strains which are toxigenic are ones which have been infected ...
Since the major cause of bacterial pharyngitis is GAS, the presence of this organism in a person's throat may be seen as a ... GAS pharyngitis is a self-limiting infection that will usually resolve within a week without medication. However, antibiotics ... A rapid strep test may assist a clinician in deciding whether to prescribe an antibiotic to a person with pharyngitis, a common ... Some clinical guidelines recommend the use of RSTs in people with pharyngitis, but others do not. US guidelines are more ...
Throat: Tonsillitis and pharyngitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Chest and lungs: Chronic bronchitis caused by ...
Baltimore RS (February 2010). "Re-evaluation of antibiotic treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis". Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 22 (1 ... but also after streptococcal pharyngitis, for which it is also known as postinfectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN) or ...
"Update on the management of acute pharyngitis in children". Ital J Pediatr. 37: 10. doi:10.1186/1824-7288-37-10. PMC 3042010. ...
Randel A (September 2013). "IDSA Updates Guideline for Managing Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis". American Family Physician. ... ducreyi Pharyngitis or tonsillitis caused by S. pyogenes as an alternative to first-line therapy in individuals who cannot use ...
"Serologic evidence of chlamydial and mycoplasmal pharyngitis in adults". Science. 222 (4626): 927-9. doi:10.1126/science. ...
A. haemolyticum is the cause of pharyngitis (sore throat) in up to 2.5% of cases. In one study, it was the causative agent of ... A. haemolyticum infection is most common in 15- to 25-year-old persons and manifests as exudative pharyngitis and/or ... It has been known to cause head and neck infections, pharyngitis, and sinusitis (Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infections). It ... 1995). "Arcanobacterium haemolyticum and streptococcal pharyngitis in army conscripts". Scand J Infect Dis. 27 (1): 17-18. doi: ...
Which treatments provide the most relief for pharyngitis pain?". The Journal of Family Practice. 60 (5): 293-4. PMID 21544279. ...
In April 1938, he took ill with streptococcal pharyngitis; this prevented him from taking up his next posting in Palestine, ...
Pain in sore throat is the hallmark of acute pharyngitis. Sore throat is usually caused by a viral infection. The infection is ...
Four of the five patients had severe pharyngitis and submandibular lymphadenitis. Yersinia pestis was isolated from the camel's ...
Otorhinolaryngology: glandular fever, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, post-tonsillectomy, radiation or intubation mucositis. It may ...
Some cases of pharyngitis are caused by fungal infection, such as Candida albicans, causing oral thrush. Pharyngitis may also ... Chronic pharyngitis may be catarrhal, hypertrophic, or atrophic.[citation needed] Tonsillitis is a subtype of pharyngitis. If ... Acute pharyngitis is the most common cause of a sore throat and, together with cough, it is diagnosed in more than 1.9 million ... Pharyngitis is inflammation of the back of the throat, known as the pharynx. It typically results in a sore throat and fever. ...
The meaning of PHARYNGITIS is inflammation of the pharynx. ... Examples of pharyngitis in a Sentence. Recent Examples on the ... 2022 Having viral or bacterial pharyngitis or the Epstein-Barr virus may also increase a persons risk. -. Korin Miller, SELF, ... 2018 About 35 percent of retail visits for children are for pharyngitis - sore throats. -. Aaron E. Carroll, New York Times, 12 ... acute pharyngitis including streptococcal pharyngitis, acute conjunctivitis, cough, headache, all pneumonias, and other acute ...
Common respiratory viruses account for the vast majority of cases (see Viral Pharyngitis), and these are usually self-limited. ... Pharyngitis, or sore throat, is often caused by infection. ... Although GABHS pharyngitis usually is a self-limited entity, on ... For more information on pharyngitis in children, see the Medscape Reference article Pediatric Pharyngitis. ... encoded search term (Bacterial Pharyngitis) and Bacterial Pharyngitis What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Acute pharyngitis is an inflammatory syndrome of the pharynx and/or tonsils caused by several different groups of ... Viral pharyngitis can be caused by numerous viruses. ... encoded search term (Viral Pharyngitis) and Viral Pharyngitis ... Viral pharyngitis can be caused by numerous viruses. Acute pharyngitis is an inflammatory syndrome of the pharynx and/or ... Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 cause gingivitis, stomatitis, and pharyngitis. Acute herpetic pharyngitis is the most ...
... also called a throat infection or pharyngitis, is a painful inflammation of the back part of the throat (pharynx). Pharyngitis ... The main symptom of pharyngitis is a sore throat and pain with swallowing. In infectious pharyngitis, other symptoms vary ... Sore throat (pharyngitis) April 12, 2023 * Reviewed by Howard E. LeWine, MD, Chief Medical Editor, Harvard Health Publishing ... Like viral pharyngitis, strep throat can spread quickly and easily within a community, especially during late winter and early ...
Streptococcal pharyngitis fact sheet, P-42092 Sore throat - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ... Strep throat Streptococcal pharyngitis (sore throat), or strep throat, is an infection of the throat and tonsils caused by ... Streptococcal pharyngitis (sore throat), or "strep throat," is an infection of the throat and tonsils caused by the bacterium ...
A ubiquitous organism, S pyogenes is the most common bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis, accounting for 15-30% of cases in ... Pharyngitis. Acute pharyngitis represents one of the most common reasons children are seen by a pediatrician. Yet, despite the ... Acute pharyngitis. N Engl J Med. 2001 May 10. 344(19):1479; author reply 1480. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Because pharyngitis and tonsillitis may result from various infectious etiologies other than S pyogenes infection, the ...
Different antibiotic treatments for group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android ... "Different Antibiotic Treatments for Group a Streptococcal Pharyngitis." The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, vol. 3, ... Different antibiotic treatments for group A streptococcal pharyngitis.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 03 17; 3:CD004406.CD ... Different Antibiotic Treatments for Group a Streptococcal Pharyngitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 03 17;3:CD004406. ...
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Centers RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.. ...
Estimate likelihood of Streptococcal pharyngitis as the etiology for sore throat ... Attia Criteria for Evaluation of Pharyngitis. Estimate likelihood of Streptococcal pharyngitis as the etiology for sore throat ... A meta-analysis of clinical decision rules (CDR) for the diagnosis of GABHS pharyngitis was performed in 20133. The conclusion ... Streptococcal pharyngitis in children: A meta-analysis of clinical decision rules and their clinical variables. ...
Pharyngitis. Definition: Inflammation of the throat most often caused by viral and bacterial infections. Other causes include ... Synonyms (terms occurring on more labels are shown first): pharyngitis, throat inflammation, throat soreness and irritation, ...
Alternate Names : Pharyngitis. Overview, Causes, & Risk Factors , Symptoms & Signs , Diagnosis & Tests , Prevention & ...
Pharyngitis Treatment Market Size, Share, Trends, By Product Type Outlook (Tablets, Capsules, Injectable, Others), By Disease ... Pharyngitis Treatment Market. Pharyngitis Treatment Market Size, Share, Trends, By Product Type Outlook (Tablets, Capsules, ...
1986). Foodborne streptococcal pharyngitis after a party.. 101(2). Berkley, Seth F. et al. "Foodborne streptococcal pharyngitis ... Title : Foodborne streptococcal pharyngitis after a party. Personal Author(s) : Berkley, Seth F.;Rigau-Pérez, José G.;Facklam, ... "Foodborne streptococcal pharyngitis after a party." vol. 101, no. 2, 1986. Export RIS Citation Information.. ... Disease Outbreaks Epidemiologic Methods Food Contamination Food Microbiology Humans Pharyngitis Research Article Streptococcus ...
If the throat is mainly affected, it is called pharyngitis. These infections are spread by close contact with others. Heres ... Pharyngitis and tonsillitis are infections that cause inflammation. If the tonsils are mainly affected, it is called ... Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis. What are pharyngitis and tonsillitis?. Pharyngitis and tonsillitis are throat infections that ... Key points about pharyngitis and tonsillitis. * Pharyngitis and tonsillitis are throat infections that cause inflammation. ...
Streptococcal pharyngitis answers are found in the Diagnosaurus powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, ... Streptococcal Pharyngitis [Internet]. In: Diagnosaurus. McGraw-Hill Education; 2014. [cited 2023 December 10]. Available from: ... Zeiger, Roni F.. "Streptococcal Pharyngitis." Diagnosaurus, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2014. Medicine Central, im. ... unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Diagnosaurus/114084/all/Streptococcal_pharyngitis. Zeiger RFR. Streptococcal pharyngitis. ...
Pharyngitis, the best natural remedies and healthy tips to follow ... Pharyngitis, the best natural remedies and healthy tips to ... Pharyngitis, simple but powerful remedies that come from tradition and have been studied by science are now at your service. ...
If the throat is mainly affected, it is called pharyngitis. These infections are spread by close contact with others. Heres ... Pharyngitis and tonsillitis are infections that cause inflammation. If the tonsils are mainly affected, it is called ... Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis. What are pharyngitis and tonsillitis?. Pharyngitis and tonsillitis are throat infections that ... Key points about pharyngitis and tonsillitis. * Pharyngitis and tonsillitis are throat infections that cause inflammation. ...
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Pharyngitis is contagious, so anyone in close proximity to someone with the illness, is at risk. Social situations with ... Kline JA, Runge JW (1994) Streptococcal pharyngitis: a review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. J Emerg Med 12 (5 ... Dajani A, Taubert K, Ferrieri P, Peter G, Shulman S (1995) Treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis and prevention of ... Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Pharyngitis_risk_factors&oldid=1677044" ...
Pharyngitis is defined as an infection or irritation of the pharynx and/or tonsils. The etiology is usually infectious, with ... Pharyngitis occurs with much greater frequency in the pediatric population. Approximately 15-30% of pharyngitis cases among ... Sudden onset is consistent with GAS pharyngitis; pharyngitis after several days of coughing or rhinorrhea is more consistent ... encoded search term (Pharyngitis) and Pharyngitis What to Read Next on Medscape ...
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Pharyngitis/tonsillitis (mild to moderate). 250 mg every 12 hours. 10. Acute bacterial maxillary sinusitis (mild to moderate). ... Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis. CEFTIN tablets are indicated for the treatment of adult patients and pediatric patients (13 years and ... suspension is indicated for the treatment of pediatric patients aged 3 months to 12 years with mild-to-moderate pharyngitis/ ... older) with mild-to-moderate pharyngitis/tonsillitis caused by susceptible strains of Streptococcus pyogenes. ...
A 12-year-old girl presents to her pediatrician for a sore throat. Her symptoms began approximately 1 week ago after she attended a sleepover. Since then she experienced a sore throat and noted a temperature of 101°F (38.3°C). She denies a cough but has noticed increasing fatigue and difficulty swallowing due to pain. On physical exam, she has anterior cervical lymphadenopathy and patchy tonsillar exudates and swelling. A rapid antigen detection test is positive for group A streptococcus infection, which prompted treatment with penicillin V. ...
Strawberry Tongue in Streptococcal Pharyngitis. April 6, 2021. by medihelp A 5-year-old girl presented to the pediatric clinic ... The throat culture was positive for group A streptococcus, and a diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis was made. A strawberry ...
  • citation needed] Tonsillitis is a subtype of pharyngitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because pharyngitis and tonsillitis may result from various infectious etiologies other than S pyogenes infection, the diagnosis should be confirmed. (medscape.com)
  • This condition is called tonsillitis/pharyngitis. (youngmenshealthsite.org)
  • Your child may have pharyngitis, tonsillitis, or both (pharyngotonsillitis). (tidelandshealth.org)
  • What causes pharyngitis and tonsillitis in a child? (tidelandshealth.org)
  • Which children are at risk for pharyngitis and tonsillitis? (tidelandshealth.org)
  • What are the symptoms of pharyngitis and tonsillitis in a child? (tidelandshealth.org)
  • The symptoms of pharyngitis and tonsillitis can be like other health conditions. (tidelandshealth.org)
  • How are pharyngitis and tonsillitis diagnosed in a child? (tidelandshealth.org)
  • How are pharyngitis and tonsillitis treated in a child? (tidelandshealth.org)
  • How can I help prevent pharyngitis and tonsillitis in my child? (tidelandshealth.org)
  • What are possible complications of pharyngitis and tonsillitis in a child? (tidelandshealth.org)
  • Most throat infections are caused by a common virus, but bacterial infections can also cause tonsillitis or pharyngitis. (sanned.ca)
  • The terms tonsillitis and pharyngitis are often used interchangeably, but they refer to distinct sites of inflammation. (amboss.com)
  • Acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis are particularly common in children and young adults and are primarily caused by viruses or group A streptococci ( GAS ). (amboss.com)
  • The presence of any of the red flag features listed below may indicate suppurative and/or invasive complications of acute tonsillitis and/or pharyngitis , such as deep neck infections (e.g., peritonsillar abscess , retropharyngeal abscess ), cervical lymphadenitis , mastoiditis , and rarely, sepsis . (amboss.com)
  • Samples were col- coccus) is still the most frequent cause of lected from patients with acute pharyngitis, pharyngitis in children and can lead to se- diagnosed on the basis of fever over 38 °C, vere post-infection sequelae including sore throat, pharyngeal exudates and acute rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis inflammatory tonsillitis. (who.int)
  • Chronic pharyngitis may be catarrhal, hypertrophic, or atrophic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clergyman's sore throat or clergyman's throat is an archaic term formerly used for chronic pharyngitis associated with overuse of the voice as in public speaking. (wikipedia.org)
  • Magneto- laser-phoresis with heparin in the treatment of patients with chronic pharyngitis. (maxwellmagneticmeds.co.za)
  • The results of treatment of various forms of chronic pharyngitis by magnetolaserophoresis (MLP) with heparin show that MLP is more effective in hypertrophic chronic pharyngitis. (maxwellmagneticmeds.co.za)
  • It is emphasized that when planning treatment of chronic pharyngitis one should take into consideration the state of the gastrointestinal tract. (maxwellmagneticmeds.co.za)
  • A differentiation can be made between acute pharyngitis, which is caused by viruses or bacteria and the most common form, and chronic pharyngitis, which is suffered for a long time and is due to certain external irritants or harmful substances. (fastlyheal.com)
  • Chronic pharyngitis, that is, one in which the infection remains for several weeks or for a long time, is caused by continuous contact with those substances or conditions that can irritate the pharyngeal mucosa. (fastlyheal.com)
  • Pharyngitis is inflammation of the back of the throat, known as the pharynx. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pharyngitis is the most common cause of a sore throat. (wikipedia.org)
  • Streptococcal pharyngitis or strep throat is caused by a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GAS). (wikipedia.org)
  • Your health care provider usually diagnoses pharyngitis by examining your throat. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Pharyngitis, or sore throat, is a leading cause of outpatient care and can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection. (ncqa.org)
  • Disease rates are also pharyngitis estimates (1,257,058 throat swab samples) particularly high among persons of Mori and Pa- with ARF incidence (792 hospitalizations) in Auckland cific Islander ethnicity in New Zealand ( 4 - 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • If GAS pharyngitis is the sole ini- the sore throat management aspect of the RFPP had 2 tiator of ARF, then we would expect this infection components: school-based throat swabbing clinics and to be most common in groups in which incidence rapid-response primary healthcare clinics (PHCs). (cdc.gov)
  • Throat culture remains the criterion standard diagnostic test for streptococcal pharyngitis. (medscape.com)
  • When the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis seems particularly likely based on examination findings or when social factors necessitate an immediate decision about antibiotic therapy, the use of rapid antigen detection tests capable within minutes of identifying GAS directly from the throat swab is a reasonable option in most practice settings. (medscape.com)
  • Fast Five Quiz: Pharyngitis (Sore Throat) - Medscape - Dec 14, 2022. (medscape.com)
  • Pharyngitis is redness, pain, and swelling of the throat (pharynx). (tidelandshealth.org)
  • The inflammation of the mucosa that lines the pharynx is what is known as pharyngitis , a very common condition that causes discomfort, pain or clearing in the throat, making it difficult, in many cases, to swallow food or liquids. (fastlyheal.com)
  • The main symptom of pharyngitis is a sore throat, but depending on the causes, one symptom or another may occur. (fastlyheal.com)
  • If you've ever experienced the discomfort of a sore throat, you might be wondering if your health insurance covers the treatment for pharyngitis. (freeadvice.com)
  • The pharynx is the technical name for the throat, and therefore pharyngitis is the technical name for a sore throat. (centennialmedical.com)
  • However, pharyngitis and a sore throat are not the same things. (centennialmedical.com)
  • While a sore throat may mean pain in the throat, pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharynx which causes pain. (centennialmedical.com)
  • Therefore pharyngitis is a symptom of being sick and a sore throat is a pain in the throat for one reason or another. (centennialmedical.com)
  • The common cold, flu, measles, chickenpox, and group A streptococcus or strep throat are just a few bacterial and viral causes of pharyngitis. (centennialmedical.com)
  • Urgent care can help relieve patients' pain caused by sore throats and assist with treating the underlying cause of the sore throat or pharyngitis. (centennialmedical.com)
  • Acute inflammation of the throat or pharyngitis can be related to the common cold, influenza, or a more serious condition such as mononucleosis. (time-to-run.com)
  • Refer your patient for recurrent pharyngitis if they have had 7 or more episodes of throat infection in the past 1 year, 5 or more episodes per year for the past 2 years, or 3 or more episodes per year for the past 3 years. (seattlechildrens.org)
  • Cephalosporins may be used as first-line therapy if the patient has a history of recurrent pharyngitis infection, recent antibiotic use, or a high penicillin failure rate documented in the community. (medscape.com)
  • A smaller trial of 28 children applied less stringent criteria for diagnosing PFAPA and probably also included participants with alternative types of recurrent pharyngitis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • For more details, see the Recurrent Pharyngitis algorithm in "Resources for Providers" below. (seattlechildrens.org)
  • Treating the immunocompetent patient who presents with an upper respiratory infection: pharyngitis, sinusitis, and bronchitis. (medscape.com)
  • Assesses the percentage of episodes for members 3 years of age and older with a diagnosis of pharyngitis, dispensed an antibiotic and received a group A streptococcus test for the episode. (ncqa.org)
  • A higher rate indicates completion of the appropriate testing required to merit antibiotic treatment for pharyngitis. (ncqa.org)
  • 1 Viral pharyngitis does not require antibiotic treatment, but antibiotics continue to be inappropriately prescribed. (ncqa.org)
  • We characterized the frequency and appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing for pharyngitis in children. (theincidentaleconomist.com)
  • At the end of the intervention period the majority of providers perceived an improvement had occurred in their ability to communicate with families about the need for GAS pharyngitis testing and about antibiotic use. (ku.edu)
  • Pharyngitis is a type of upper respiratory tract infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pharyngitis may occur as part of a viral infection that also involves other organs, such as the lungs or bowel. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In patients with acute pharyngitis, group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection should be ruled out. (medscape.com)
  • Pharyngitis is defined as an infection or irritation of the pharynx or tonsils (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Pharyngitis is an irritation or infection of the tonsils or pharynx. (medscape.com)
  • These do not usually cause acute pharyngitis by themselves, but due to the presence of bacteria these bacteria can lead to acute inflammation of the pharynx. (fastlyheal.com)
  • In most cases, acute pharyngitis is caused by viruses, so antibiotics will not be prescribed, but analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce pain and inflammation, as well as mucolytics, if necessary, to decrease the viscosity of the pharyngeal mucus and / or antipyretics to lower fever. (fastlyheal.com)
  • While viral infections account for the majority of pharyngitis episodes, group A Streptococcus (GAS) is implicated in approximately 37% of episodes among children. (theincidentaleconomist.com)
  • Likewise, pharyngitis is also a symptom of other viral infections such as infectious mononucleosis, herpangina (presence of ulcers and sores inside the mouth), hand, foot and mouth disease or herpes. (fastlyheal.com)
  • It is unclear whether steroids are useful in acute pharyngitis, other than possibly in severe cases, but a recent (2020) review found that when used in combination with antibiotics they moderately improved pain and the likelihood of resolution. (wikipedia.org)
  • Proper testing and treatment of pharyngitis prevents the spread of sickness, while reducing unnecessary use of antibiotics. (ncqa.org)
  • Give example of seeing children with the acute nasopharyngitis (common cold) and acute pharyngitis) mention how there is no need for antibiotics if is non bacterial and recommend suggestions for home remedies. (bestnursingwriters.com)
  • Complications of viral pharyngitis are extremely uncommon. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Antimicrobial treatment of GAS pharyngitis can shorten illness duration, prevent complications, and minimize transmission to others. (theincidentaleconomist.com)
  • Pharyngitis: Approach to diagnosis and treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Pichichero ME, Casey JR. Systematic review of factors contributing to penicillin treatment failure in Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis. (medscape.com)
  • Prevention of rheumatic fever and diagnosis and treatment of acute Streptococcal pharyngitis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the Interdisciplinary Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and the Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnosis and treatment of pharyngitis in children. (medscape.com)
  • There is no specific treatment for viral pharyngitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • that is, prompt detection and an- stantial knowledge gaps with regard to ARF risk timicrobial treatment of GAS pharyngitis before devel- factors and pathogenesis impair disease prevention opment of ARF ( 11 , 12 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guideline for group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis recommends strict criteria for GAS testing to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment of colonized children. (ku.edu)
  • We sought to improve adherence to the IDSA guideline for testing and treatment of GAS pharyngitis in a large community pediatrics practice. (ku.edu)
  • It is estimated that annual expenditures for the treatment of adult pharyngitis will exceed US$1.2 billion annually. (nih.gov)
  • This substantial projection reinforces the need to evaluate diagnosis and treatment of adult pharyngitis in nontraditional settings. (nih.gov)
  • 8. For the treatment of any form of pharyngitis, it is recommended to take a rosehip decoction (possible for children). (health5.ru)
  • Likewise, the treatment of pharyngitis will depend on each particular case. (fastlyheal.com)
  • Acute pharyngitis is among the most common infectious diseases encountered in the United States, resulting in 13 million patient visits annually, with group A streptococcus (GAS) being a common causative pathogen. (nih.gov)
  • Background and Objective: Acute pharyngitis is a common diagnosis in ambulatory pediatrics. (ku.edu)
  • Pediatrics Central , peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540432/all/Pharyngitis__Acute. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Recommendations in this section are consistent with the 2012 Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) and the 2009 American Heart Association (AHA)/American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines on GAS pharyngitis . (amboss.com)
  • Acute pharyngitis is caused by infectious processes caused by viruses or bacteria, so they can be highly contagious. (fastlyheal.com)
  • Tonsillectomy for periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis syndrome (PFAPA). (ox.ac.uk)
  • BACKGROUND: Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome is a rare clinical syndrome of unknown cause usually identified in children. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Recurrence of periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome after tonsillectomy: case-based review. (bvsalud.org)
  • Periodic fever , aphthous stomatitis , pharyngitis , and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome is a recurrent fever syndrome for which tonsillectomy is a therapeutic option curing the disease in most patients . (bvsalud.org)
  • Kalra MG, Higgins KE, Perez ED. Common Questions About Streptococcal Pharyngitis. (medscape.com)
  • Acute pharyngitis is more common in winter and early spring. (medscape.com)
  • The second part of this two-part article reviews the principles of judicious antimicrobial therapy for cough, pharyngitis and the common cold in children. (aafp.org)
  • Penicillins, such as penicillin G benzathine , remain the drugs of choice for treating GAS pharyngitis because of lower cost, a narrower spectrum of activity, and proven safety record. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. (medscape.com)
  • Accuracy and precision of the signs and symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis in children: a systematic review. (medscape.com)
  • Acute pharyngitis in children is one of the most frequent illnesses for which primary care physicians are consulted. (nih.gov)
  • Prevalence estimates can help clinicians make informed decisions regarding diagnostic testing of children who present with symptoms of pharyngitis. (aap.org)
  • Mean annual distribution of GAS pharyngitis in PHCs among children 5-14 years of age, by ethnic group, Auckland, New Zealand, 2014-2016. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinical features predicting group A streptococcal pharyngitis in a Japanese paediatric primary emergency medical centre. (medscape.com)
  • Large-scale validation of the Centor and McIsaac scores to predict group A streptococcal pharyngitis. (medscape.com)
  • Jo SA, Ma SH, Kim S. Diagnostic Impact of Clinical Manifestations of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis. (medscape.com)
  • Join this global webinar focused on Group A Strep (GAS) pharyngitis diagnostics and patient care. (meplis.com)
  • Thus, it is important to All swabs were inoculated onto 5% establish the epidemiological patterns of horse blood agar plates, with nalidixic acid group A streptococci in different countries and colistin and incubated in a CO -en- and regions, and especially to serotype the 2 riched atmosphere for 24 hours at 37 °C. strains that have been isolated. (who.int)
  • Forty-three (43) pattern of group A streptococci in our strains of group A streptococci isolated country the present study was conducted from the patients were serotyped by stan- to determine the presence of group A strep- dard methods [ 13 ] at the Institut Für Ex- tococci in acute pharyngitis cases and in perimentelle Mikrobiologie, Jena, Germany. (who.int)
  • Conclusions: The majority of GAS pharyngitis testing in this practice was inconsistent with guideline recommendations for testing prior to intervention. (ku.edu)
  • Are you up to date on the practice essentials of pharyngitis, including key symptoms and best practices for evaluation, diagnosis, and management? (medscape.com)
  • Gottlieb M, Long B, Koyfman A. Clinical Mimics: An Emergency Medicine-Focused Review of Streptococcal Pharyngitis Mimics. (medscape.com)
  • Using centor criteria to diagnose streptococcal pharyngitis. (medscape.com)