A funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the ESOPHAGUS, and air to the LARYNX and LUNGS. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx).
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.
Pathological processes involving the PHARYNX.
The muscles of the PHARYNX are voluntary muscles arranged in two layers. The external circular layer consists of three constrictors (superior, middle, and inferior). The internal longitudinal layer consists of the palatopharyngeus, the salpingopharyngeus, and the stylopharyngeus. During swallowing, the outer layer constricts the pharyngeal wall and the inner layer elevates pharynx and LARYNX.
The bottom portion of the pharynx situated below the OROPHARYNX and posterior to the LARYNX. The hypopharynx communicates with the larynx through the laryngeal inlet, and is also called laryngopharynx.
A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.
The act of taking solids and liquids into the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT through the mouth and throat.
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.
Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.
The middle portion of the pharynx that lies posterior to the mouth, inferior to the SOFT PALATE, and superior to the base of the tongue and EPIGLOTTIS. It has a digestive function as food passes from the mouth into the oropharynx before entering ESOPHAGUS.
The structure at the pharyngoesophageal junction consisting chiefly of the CRICOPHARYNGEUS MUSCLE. It normally occludes the lumen of the ESOPHAGUS, except during SWALLOWING.
A tubular organ of VOICE production. It is located in the anterior neck, superior to the TRACHEA and inferior to the tongue and HYOID BONE.
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.
A movable fold suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate. The uvula hangs from the middle of the lower border.
Nonparasitic free-living flatworms of the class Turbellaria. The most common genera are Dugesia, formerly Planaria, which lives in water, and Bipalium, which lives on land. Geoplana occurs in South America and California.
The functional hereditary units of HELMINTHS.
A fleshy extension at the back of the soft palate that hangs above the opening of the throat.
A mobile U-shaped bone that lies in the anterior part of the neck at the level of the third CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. The hyoid bone is suspended from the processes of the TEMPORAL BONES by ligaments, and is firmly bound to the THYROID CARTILAGE by muscles.
The muscular membranous segment between the PHARYNX and the STOMACH in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
A portion of the animal phylum Chordata comprised of the subphyla CEPHALOCHORDATA; UROCHORDATA, and HYPEROTRETI, but not including the Vertebrata (VERTEBRATES). It includes nonvertebrate animals having a NOTOCHORD during some developmental stage.
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.
The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS of the carotid sinus.
The oval-shaped oral cavity located at the apex of the digestive tract and consisting of two parts: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.
Branches of the VAGUS NERVE. The superior laryngeal nerves originate near the nodose ganglion and separate into external branches, which supply motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscles, and internal branches, which carry sensory fibers. The RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE originates more caudally and carries efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. The laryngeal nerves and their various branches also carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.
Total or partial excision of the larynx.
A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Measurement of the pressure or tension of liquids or gases with a manometer.
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)
PHENOTHIAZINES with an amino group at the 3-position that are green crystals or powder. They are used as biological stains.
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.
Descriptive anatomy based on three-dimensional imaging (IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL) of the body, organs, and structures using a series of computer multiplane sections, displayed by transverse, coronal, and sagittal analyses. It is essential to accurate interpretation by the radiologist of such techniques as ultrasonic diagnosis, MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, and computed tomography (TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED). (From Lane & Sharfaei, Modern Sectional Anatomy, 1992, Preface)
A DIVERTICULUM at the upper end of the ESOPHAGUS through the cricopharyngeal muscle at the junction of the PHARYNX and the esophagus.
The upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms are defined as abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the respiratory system, including the nose, sinuses, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, and lungs, which can be benign or malignant, with the potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
Examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the larynx performed with a specially designed endoscope.
A granulomatous disease caused by KLEBSIELLA RHINOSCLEROMATIS infection. Despite its name, this disease is not limited to the nose and NASOPHARYNX but may affect any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, sometimes with extension to the lip and the skin.
Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.
Semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining penicillin G with PROCAINE.
A group of organs stretching from the MOUTH to the ANUS, serving to breakdown foods, assimilate nutrients, and eliminate waste. In humans, the digestive system includes the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT and the accessory glands (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
A movement, caused by sequential muscle contraction, that pushes the contents of the intestines or other tubular organs in one direction.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Uruguay" is a country's name located in South America and it doesn't have a medical definition. If you have any questions related to medical conditions, diseases, or healthcare in Uruguay, I would be happy to help with those!
A class of free-living freshwater flatworms of North America.
Organs, tissues, or cells taken from the body for grafting into another area of the same body or into another individual.
Production of an image when x-rays strike a fluorescent screen.
An abnormal twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis.
The technology of transmitting light over long distances through strands of glass or other transparent material.
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.
Endoscopes for examining the interior of the esophagus.

Sustained reduction in the carriage of Neisseria meningitidis as a result of a community meningococcal disease control programme. (1/1759)

The effect of a community intervention programme of antibiotics and meningitis vaccine on pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis was investigated. Carriage rates were determined in pupils at both secondary schools (ages 11-18 years) included in the community intervention programme and compared with two schools outside the area matched for socio-economic status. A total of 1869 pupils were studied 6 months after the programmes, and 2457 pupils after 11 months. Six months after the programme was completed there was a 72% reduction in pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in pupils attending the schools in the intervention area compared with pupils in the control schools. After 11 months this difference persisted in the 11-14 age group but not in the 15-18 age group. No resistance to the antibiotics used in the programme was found. A community intervention programme of antibiotics and vaccine for the control of meningococcal disease led to a long-term reduction in Neisseria meningitidis carriage in some age groups.  (+info)

Identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from primary cultures by a slide agglutination test. (2/1759)

Hen antigonococcal lipopolysaccharide hen serum was used in a simple slide agglutination test for the identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from primary isolates.  (+info)

Effect of obesity and erect/supine posture on lateral cephalometry: relationship to sleep-disordered breathing. (3/1759)

Craniofacial and upper airway anatomy, obesity and posture may all play a role in compromising upper airway patency in patients with the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between obesity, facial structure and severity of sleep-disordered breathing using lateral cephalometric measurements and to assess the effect of body posture on cephalometric measurements of upper airway calibre variables in obese and non-obese subjects. Lateral cephalometry was carried out in erect and supine postures in 73 awake male subjects randomly selected from patients referred for polysomnography who had a wide range of apnoea/hypopnoea frequencies (1-131 events x h sleep(-1)). Subjects were divided into non-obese (body mass index (BMI) < 30 kg x m(-2); n=42) and obese (BMI > or = 30 kg x m(-2); n=31) groups. Significant but weak correlations were found between apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) and measurements reflecting upper airway dimensions: uvular protrusion-posterior pharyngeal wall (r=-0.26, p<0.05) and hyoid-posterior pharyngeal wall (r=0.26, p<0.05). Multiple regression using both upper airway dimensions improved the correlation to AHI (r=0.34, p=0.01). Obese subjects had greater hyoid-posterior pharyngeal wall distances than non-obese subjects, both erect (42+/-5 versus 39+/-4 mm, respectively (mean+/-SD) p<0.01) and supine (43+/-5 versus 40+/-4 mm, p<0.05). Skeletal craniofacial structure was similar in obese and non-obese subjects. In conclusion, measurements reflecting upper airway size were correlated with the severity of sleep-disordered breathing. Differences in upper airway size measurements between obese and non-obese subjects were independent of bony craniofacial structure.  (+info)

Cephalometric abnormalities in non-obese and obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. (4/1759)

The aim of this work was to comprehensively evaluate the cephalometric features in Japanese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and to elucidate the relationship between cephalometric variables and severity of apnoea. Forty-eight cephalometric variables were measured in 37 healthy males and 114 male OSA patients, who were classed into 54 non-obese (body mass index (BMI) <27 kg x m(-2), apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI)=25.3+/-16.1 events x h(-1)) and 60 obese (BMI > or = 27 kg x m(-2), AHI=45.6+/-28.0 events h(-1)) groups. Diagnostic polysomnography was carried out in all of the OSA patients and in 19 of the normal controls. The non-obese OSA patients showed several cephalometric defects compared with their BMI-matched normal controls: 1) decreased facial A-P distance at cranial base, maxilla and mandible levels and decreased bony pharynx width; 2) enlarged tongue and inferior shift of the tongue volume; 3) enlarged soft palate; 4) inferiorly positioned hyoid bone; and 5) decreased upper airway width at four different levels. More extensive and severe soft tissue abnormalities with a few defects in craniofacial bony structures were found in the obese OSA group. For the non-obese OSA group, the stepwise regression model on AHI was significant with two bony structure variables as determinants: anterior cranial base length (S-N) and mandibular length (Me-Go). Although the regression model retained only linear distance between anterior vertebra and hyoid bone (H-VL) as an explainable determinant for AHI in the obese OSA group, H-VL was significantly correlated with soft tissue measurements such as overall tongue area (Ton), inferior tongue area (Ton2) and pharyngeal airway length (PNS-V). In conclusion, Japanese obstructive sleep apnoea patients have a series of cephalometric abnormalities similar to those described in Caucasian patients, and that the aetiology of obstructive sleep apnoea in obese patients may be different from that in non-obese patients. In obese patients, upper airway soft tissue enlargement may play a more important role in the development of obstructive sleep apnoea, whereas in non-obese patients, bony structure discrepancies may be the dominant contributing factors for obstructive sleep apnoea.  (+info)

Craniofacial modifications in children with habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea: a case-control study. (5/1759)

Habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea in children, which are frequently associated with adenotonsillar hypertrophy, may begin early in life and in relation with orocraniofacial features. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of early bone craniofacial modifications in young children with a long history of habitual snoring. Twenty-six habitually snoring children (mean age 4.6 yrs) were studied by nocturnal portable recording or diurnal polysomnography, cephalometry and orthodontic evaluation. A comparison of cephalometric findings was made between the studied group and 26 age-matched children (mean age 5.1 yrs) with no history of snoring or respiratory problems during sleep. The cephalometric analyses showed a significant increase in craniomandibular intermaxillar, lower and upper goniac angles with a retroposition and posterior rotation of the mandible (high angle face) and a reduction in the rhinopharynx space caused by higher thickness of adenoids in habitually snoring children compared with controls. Cross-bites and labial incompetence as well as daytime symptoms and familiarity for habitual snoring were found in most of the studied group of snorers compared with controls. The results indicate that upper airway obstruction during sleep is associated with mild but significant cephalometric and craniofacial modifications in children complaining of habitual snoring. Whether this skeletal conformation is genetically determined or influenced by the early onset of habitual snoring remains to be assessed.  (+info)

Comparison of isolation media for recovery of Burkholderia cepacia complex from respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis. (6/1759)

Burkholderia cepacia selective agar (BCSA) has previously been devised for isolation of B. cepacia from respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis and tested under research laboratory conditions. Here we describe a study in which BCSA, oxidation-fermentation polymyxin bacitracin lactose agar (OFPBL), and Pseudomonas cepacia agar (PCA) were compared in routine culture procedures for the ability to grow B. cepacia and inhibit other organisms. Three hundred twenty-eight specimens from 209 patients at two pediatric centers and 328 specimens from 109 adults were tested. Plates were inoculated, incubated, and read for quality and quantity of growth at 24, 48, and 72 h. Five (1.5%) specimens from 4 (1.9%) children and 75 (22.9%) specimens from 16 (14.7%) adults grew B. cepacia complex. At 24, 48, and 72 h, BCSA achieved 43, 93, and 100% detection, respectively; OFPBL achieved 26, 84, and 96%, respectively; and PCA achieved 33, 74, and 84% detection, respectively. Quality was assessed as pinpoint or good growth. At 24 h, most cultures growing B. cepacia complex had pinpoint colonies. By 48 and 72 h, 48 and 69% of B. cepacia complex cultures, respectively, had good growth on BCSA, while on OFPBL 19 and 30%, respectively, had good growth and on PCA 11 and 18%, respectively, had good growth. BCSA was superior to OFPBL and PCA in suppressing organisms other than B. cepacia complex; 40 non-B. cepacia complex organisms were isolated from BCSA, 263 were isolated from OFPBL, and 116 were isolated from PCA. We conclude that BCSA is superior to OFPBL and PCA in its ability to support the growth of B. cepacia complex and to suppress other respiratory organisms.  (+info)

A persistent pharyngohyostapedial artery: embryologic implications. (7/1759)

A 3-year-old child was examined because of otorrhagia. CT scans showed an unusual vessel, confirmed by angiography, related to a persistent pharyngohyostapedial artery. This embryonic persistent artery associated with the normal internal carotid artery would explain the "duplication" aspect of the internal carotid artery.  (+info)

Primitive nervous systems: electrophysiology of the pharynx of the polyclad flatworm, Enchiridium punctatum. (8/1759)

1. Electrical activity accompanying motor activity can be recorded from the excised pharynx of Enchiridium punctatum. Multiple stimuli elicit behaviour which consists of an initial aperture closure followed by extension and then peristalsis. If the stimulus parameters are increased the preparation bends from side to side instead of proceeding through the behavioural sequence. Bending appears to inhibit other movements differentially. 2. The conduction involved with peristalsis is polarized and proceeds in a proximal direction. 3. With stimulus intensities greater than those needed to produce the behavioural response an initial muscle potential (IMP) is evoked. The IMP is frequency sensitive. Maximum facilitation occurs within 100 ms and drops to 50% of maximum within 250 ms. 4. Conduction velocities of the IMP range from 0-05 m s-1 to 1-9 m s-1. Conduction velocities appear to increase with facilitation.  (+info)

The pharynx is a part of the digestive and respiratory systems that serves as a conduit for food and air. It is a musculo-membranous tube extending from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra where it becomes continuous with the esophagus.

The pharynx has three regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is the uppermost region, which lies above the soft palate and is connected to the nasal cavity. The oropharynx is the middle region, which includes the area between the soft palate and the hyoid bone, including the tonsils and base of the tongue. The laryngopharynx is the lowest region, which lies below the hyoid bone and connects to the larynx.

The primary function of the pharynx is to convey food from the oral cavity to the esophagus during swallowing and to allow air to pass from the nasal cavity to the larynx during breathing. It also plays a role in speech, taste, and immune defense.

Pharyngeal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the pharynx, which is the part of the throat that lies behind the nasal cavity and mouth, and above the esophagus and larynx. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Pharyngeal neoplasms can occur in any part of the pharynx, which is divided into three regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. The most common type of pharyngeal cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, which arises from the flat cells that line the mucosal surface of the pharynx.

Risk factors for developing pharyngeal neoplasms include tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Symptoms may include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, ear pain, neck masses, and changes in voice or speech. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the neoplasm, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Pharyngeal diseases refer to conditions that affect the pharynx, which is the part of the throat that lies behind the nasal cavity and mouth, and above the esophagus and larynx. The pharynx plays a crucial role in swallowing, speaking, and breathing. Pharyngeal diseases can cause symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, pain during swallowing, swollen lymph nodes, and earaches.

Some common pharyngeal diseases include:

1. Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the pharynx, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
2. Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, which are two masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the back of the throat.
3. Epiglottitis: Inflammation of the epiglottis, a flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe during swallowing to prevent food and liquids from entering the lungs.
4. Abscesses: A collection of pus in the pharynx caused by a bacterial infection.
5. Cancer: Malignant tumors that can develop in the pharynx, often caused by smoking or heavy alcohol use.
6. Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing due to nerve damage, muscle weakness, or structural abnormalities in the pharynx.
7. Stridor: Noisy breathing caused by a narrowed or obstructed airway in the pharynx.

Treatment for pharyngeal diseases depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, pain relievers, surgery, or radiation therapy.

The pharyngeal muscles, also known as the musculature of the pharynx, are a group of skeletal muscles that make up the walls of the pharynx, which is the part of the throat located just above the esophagus and behind the nasal and oral cavities. These muscles play a crucial role in several vital functions, including:

1. Swallowing (deglutition): The pharyngeal muscles contract in a coordinated sequence to propel food or liquids from the mouth through the pharynx and into the esophagus during swallowing.
2. Speech: The contraction and relaxation of these muscles help shape the sounds produced by the vocal cords, contributing to the production of speech.
3. Respiration: The pharyngeal muscles assist in maintaining an open airway during breathing, especially during sleep and when the upper airways are obstructed.

The pharyngeal muscles consist of three layers: the outer circular muscle layer, the middle longitudinal muscle layer, and the inner inferior constrictor muscle layer. The specific muscles that make up these layers include:

1. Superior constrictor muscle (outer circular layer)
2. Middle constrictor muscle (middle longitudinal layer)
3. Inferior constrictor muscle (inner inferior constrictor layer)
4. Stylopharyngeus muscle
5. Salpingopharyngeus muscle
6. Palatopharyngeus muscle
7. Buccinator muscle (partially contributes to the middle longitudinal layer)

These muscles work together to perform their various functions, and any dysfunction in these muscles can lead to problems like swallowing difficulties (dysphagia), speech impairments, or respiratory issues.

The hypopharynx is the lower part of the pharynx, which is the muscular tube that extends from the back of the nasal cavity and mouth to the esophagus and trachea. The hypopharynx lies posterior to the larynx and is divided into three regions: the pyriform (or piriform) sinuses, the postcricoid area, and the posterior pharyngeal wall. It serves as a passageway for both food and air, and any abnormalities or diseases in this region can lead to swallowing difficulties, aspiration, and other serious medical conditions.

'Caenorhabditis elegans' is a species of free-living, transparent nematode (roundworm) that is widely used as a model organism in scientific research, particularly in the fields of biology and genetics. It has a simple anatomy, short lifespan, and fully sequenced genome, making it an ideal subject for studying various biological processes and diseases.

Some notable features of C. elegans include:

* Small size: Adult hermaphrodites are about 1 mm in length.
* Short lifespan: The average lifespan of C. elegans is around 2-3 weeks, although some strains can live up to 4 weeks under laboratory conditions.
* Development: C. elegans has a well-characterized developmental process, with adults developing from eggs in just 3 days at 20°C.
* Transparency: The transparent body of C. elegans allows researchers to observe its internal structures and processes easily.
* Genetics: C. elegans has a fully sequenced genome, which contains approximately 20,000 genes. Many of these genes have human homologs, making it an excellent model for studying human diseases.
* Neurobiology: C. elegans has a simple nervous system, with only 302 neurons in the hermaphrodite and 383 in the male. This simplicity makes it an ideal organism for studying neural development, function, and behavior.

Research using C. elegans has contributed significantly to our understanding of various biological processes, including cell division, apoptosis, aging, learning, and memory. Additionally, studies on C. elegans have led to the discovery of many genes associated with human diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic conditions.

Deglutition is the medical term for swallowing. It refers to the process by which food or liquid is transferred from the mouth to the stomach through a series of coordinated muscle movements and neural responses. The deglutition process involves several stages, including oral preparatory, oral transit, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases, each of which plays a critical role in ensuring safe and efficient swallowing.

Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty with swallowing, which can result from various underlying conditions such as neurological disorders, structural abnormalities, or muscular weakness. Proper evaluation and management of deglutition disorders are essential to prevent complications such as aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition, and dehydration.

Laryngeal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the larynx, also known as the voice box. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Laryngeal neoplasms can affect any part of the larynx, including the vocal cords, epiglottis, and the area around the vocal cords called the ventricle.

Benign laryngeal neoplasms may include papillomas, hemangiomas, or polyps. Malignant laryngeal neoplasms are typically squamous cell carcinomas, which account for more than 95% of all malignant laryngeal tumors. Other types of malignant laryngeal neoplasms include adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma.

Risk factors for developing laryngeal neoplasms include smoking, alcohol consumption, exposure to industrial chemicals, and a history of acid reflux. Symptoms may include hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, sore throat, ear pain, or a lump in the neck. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the neoplasm but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.

'Caenorhabditis elegans' (C. elegans) is a type of free-living, transparent nematode (roundworm) that is often used as a model organism in scientific research. C. elegans proteins refer to the various types of protein molecules that are produced by the organism's genes and play crucial roles in maintaining its biological functions.

Proteins are complex molecules made up of long chains of amino acids, and they are involved in virtually every cellular process, including metabolism, DNA replication, signal transduction, and transportation of molecules within the cell. In C. elegans, proteins are encoded by genes, which are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules that are then translated into protein sequences by ribosomes.

Studying C. elegans proteins is important for understanding the basic biology of this organism and can provide insights into more complex biological systems, including humans. Because C. elegans has a relatively simple nervous system and a short lifespan, it is often used to study neurobiology, aging, and development. Additionally, because many of the genes and proteins in C. elegans have counterparts in other organisms, including humans, studying them can provide insights into human disease processes and potential therapeutic targets.

The oropharynx is the part of the throat (pharynx) that is located immediately behind the mouth and includes the back one-third of the tongue, the soft palate, the side and back walls of the throat, and the tonsils. It serves as a passageway for both food and air, and is also an important area for the immune system due to the presence of tonsils.

The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) is a band of muscle fibers located at the upper end of the esophagus, where it meets the throat or pharynx. The UES acts as a physiological barrier between the pharynx and the esophagus, helping to prevent the reflux of gastric contents into the upper airway.

During swallowing, the UES relaxes to allow the passage of food from the mouth into the esophagus, and then contracts again to prevent the backflow of food or stomach acid into the throat. The UES also plays a role in protecting the airway during activities such as coughing, sneezing, or vomiting, by closing to prevent the entry of foreign materials or fluids into the lungs.

Abnormalities in UES function can contribute to various swallowing disorders and respiratory symptoms, such as aspiration, coughing, and choking.

The larynx, also known as the voice box, is a complex structure in the neck that plays a crucial role in protection of the lower respiratory tract and in phonation. It is composed of cartilaginous, muscular, and soft tissue structures. The primary functions of the larynx include:

1. Airway protection: During swallowing, the larynx moves upward and forward to close the opening of the trachea (the glottis) and prevent food or liquids from entering the lungs. This action is known as the swallowing reflex.
2. Phonation: The vocal cords within the larynx vibrate when air passes through them, producing sound that forms the basis of human speech and voice production.
3. Respiration: The larynx serves as a conduit for airflow between the upper and lower respiratory tracts during breathing.

The larynx is located at the level of the C3-C6 vertebrae in the neck, just above the trachea. It consists of several important structures:

1. Cartilages: The laryngeal cartilages include the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages, as well as the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages. These form a framework for the larynx and provide attachment points for various muscles.
2. Vocal cords: The vocal cords are thin bands of mucous membrane that stretch across the glottis (the opening between the arytenoid cartilages). They vibrate when air passes through them, producing sound.
3. Muscles: There are several intrinsic and extrinsic muscles associated with the larynx. The intrinsic muscles control the tension and position of the vocal cords, while the extrinsic muscles adjust the position and movement of the larynx within the neck.
4. Nerves: The larynx is innervated by both sensory and motor nerves. The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides motor innervation to all intrinsic laryngeal muscles, except for one muscle called the cricothyroid, which is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Sensory innervation is provided by the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

The larynx plays a crucial role in several essential functions, including breathing, speaking, and protecting the airway during swallowing. Dysfunction or damage to the larynx can result in various symptoms, such as hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, or stridor (a high-pitched sound heard during inspiration).

A mouth neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth or tumor in the oral cavity, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant mouth neoplasms are also known as oral cancer. They can develop on the lips, gums, tongue, roof and floor of the mouth, inside the cheeks, and in the oropharynx (the middle part of the throat at the back of the mouth).

Mouth neoplasms can have various causes, including genetic factors, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Symptoms may include a lump or thickening in the oral soft tissues, white or red patches, persistent mouth sores, difficulty swallowing or speaking, and numbness in the mouth. Early detection and treatment of mouth neoplasms are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing complications.

The soft palate, also known as the velum, is the rear portion of the roof of the mouth that is made up of muscle and mucous membrane. It extends from the hard palate (the bony front part of the roof of the mouth) to the uvula, which is the small piece of tissue that hangs down at the back of the throat.

The soft palate plays a crucial role in speech, swallowing, and breathing. During swallowing, it moves upward and backward to block off the nasal cavity, preventing food and liquids from entering the nose. In speech, it helps to direct the flow of air from the mouth into the nose, which is necessary for producing certain sounds.

Anatomically, the soft palate consists of several muscles that allow it to change shape and move. These muscles include the tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae, palatopharyngeus, and palatoglossus. The soft palate also contains a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves that provide sensation and help regulate its function.

Planarians are not a medical term, but rather a type of flatworms that belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes. They are known for their ability to regenerate and reproduce asexually. Planarians are often studied in the fields of biology and regenerative medicine due to their unique capacity to regrow lost body parts. However, some planarian species can also be parasitic and infect humans, causing diseases such as intestinal schistosomiasis or cercarial dermatitis. Therefore, while planarians themselves are not a medical term, they have relevance to certain medical fields.

Genes are the fundamental units of heredity in living organisms. They are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and are located on chromosomes. Genes carry the instructions for the development and function of an organism, including its physical and behavioral traits.

Helminths, also known as parasitic worms, are a type of parasite that can infect various organs and tissues in humans and animals. They have complex life cycles that involve multiple hosts and stages of development. Examples of helminths include roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes.

In the context of genetics, genes from helminths are studied to understand their role in the biology and evolution of these parasites, as well as to identify potential targets for the development of new drugs or vaccines to control or eliminate helminth infections. This involves studying the genetic makeup of helminths, including their DNA, RNA, and proteins, and how they interact with their hosts and the environment.

The uvula is a small, conical piece of soft tissue that hangs down from the middle part of the back of the soft palate (the rear-most portion of the roof of the mouth). It contains muscle fibers and mucous glands, and its function is associated with swallowing, speaking, and protecting the airway. During swallowing, the uvula helps to prevent food and liquids from entering the nasal cavity by blocking the opening between the oral and nasal cavities (the nasopharynx). In speech, it plays a role in shaping certain sounds like "a" and "u."

The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone located in the anterior neck, superior to the thyroid cartilage. It does not articulate with any other bones and serves as an attachment point for various muscles, including those involved in swallowing, breathing, and speaking. The unique structure of the hyoid bone allows it to support the tongue and contribute to the stability of the airway.

The esophagus is the muscular tube that connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach. It is located in the midline of the neck and chest, passing through the diaphragm to enter the abdomen and join the stomach. The main function of the esophagus is to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for digestion.

The esophagus has a few distinct parts: the upper esophageal sphincter (a ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the throat), the middle esophagus, and the lower esophageal sphincter (another ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the stomach). The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow food and liquids to enter the stomach and then contracts to prevent stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus.

The walls of the esophagus are made up of several layers, including mucosa (a moist tissue that lines the inside of the tube), submucosa (a layer of connective tissue), muscle (both voluntary and involuntary types), and adventitia (an outer layer of connective tissue).

Common conditions affecting the esophagus include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, esophageal strictures, and eosinophilic esophagitis.

Chordata is a phylum in the animal kingdom that includes animals with a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a post-anal tail at some point during their development. Nonvertebrate Chordates include two classes: Tunicata (sea squirts and salps) and Cephalochordata (lancelets). These animals do not have a backbone or vertebral column, which is why they are considered nonvertebrate. Despite the lack of a vertebral column, these animals share other common characteristics with Vertebrates, such as a circulatory system and a complex nervous system.

Deglutition disorders, also known as swallowing disorders, are conditions that affect the ability to move food or liquids from the mouth to the stomach safely and efficiently. These disorders can occur at any stage of the swallowing process, which includes oral preparation (chewing and manipulating food in the mouth), pharyngeal phase (activating muscles and structures in the throat to move food toward the esophagus), and esophageal phase (relaxing and contracting the esophagus to propel food into the stomach).

Symptoms of deglutition disorders may include coughing or choking during or after eating, difficulty initiating a swallow, food sticking in the throat or chest, regurgitation, unexplained weight loss, and aspiration (inhaling food or liquids into the lungs), which can lead to pneumonia.

Deglutition disorders can be caused by various factors, such as neurological conditions (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis), structural abnormalities (e.g., narrowing or blockage of the esophagus), muscle weakness or dysfunction, and cognitive or behavioral issues. Treatment for deglutition disorders may involve dietary modifications, swallowing exercises, medications, or surgical interventions, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve (IX), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. It originates from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem and has several functions:

1. Sensory function: The glossopharyngeal nerve provides general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue, the tonsils, the back of the throat (pharynx), and the middle ear. It also carries taste sensations from the back one-third of the tongue.
2. Special visceral afferent function: The nerve transmits information about the stretch of the carotid artery and blood pressure to the brainstem.
3. Motor function: The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle, which helps elevate the pharynx during swallowing. It also provides parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland, stimulating saliva production.
4. Visceral afferent function: The glossopharyngeal nerve carries information about the condition of the internal organs in the thorax and abdomen to the brainstem.

Overall, the glossopharyngeal nerve plays a crucial role in swallowing, taste, saliva production, and monitoring blood pressure and heart rate.

In medical terms, the mouth is officially referred to as the oral cavity. It is the first part of the digestive tract and includes several structures: the lips, vestibule (the space enclosed by the lips and teeth), teeth, gingiva (gums), hard and soft palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and salivary glands. The mouth is responsible for several functions including speaking, swallowing, breathing, and eating, as it is the initial point of ingestion where food is broken down through mechanical and chemical processes, beginning the digestive process.

The laryngeal nerves are a pair of nerves that originate from the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) and provide motor and sensory innervation to the larynx. There are two branches of the laryngeal nerves: the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

The superior laryngeal nerve has two branches: the external branch, which provides motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle and sensation to the mucous membrane of the laryngeal vestibule; and the internal branch, which provides sensory innervation to the mucous membrane of the laryngeal vestibule.

The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides motor innervation to all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle, and sensation to the mucous membrane below the vocal folds. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve has a longer course than the left one, as it hooks around the subclavian artery before ascending to the larynx.

Damage to the laryngeal nerves can result in voice changes, difficulty swallowing, and respiratory distress.

A laryngectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the larynx, also known as the voice box. This is typically performed in cases of advanced laryngeal cancer or other severe diseases of the larynx. After the surgery, the patient will have a permanent stoma (opening) in the neck to allow for breathing. The ability to speak after a total laryngectomy can be restored through various methods such as esophageal speech, tracheoesophageal puncture with a voice prosthesis, or electronic devices.

In medical terms, pressure is defined as the force applied per unit area on an object or body surface. It is often measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) in clinical settings. For example, blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the arteries and is recorded as two numbers: systolic pressure (when the heart beats and pushes blood out) and diastolic pressure (when the heart rests between beats).

Pressure can also refer to the pressure exerted on a wound or incision to help control bleeding, or the pressure inside the skull or spinal canal. High or low pressure in different body systems can indicate various medical conditions and require appropriate treatment.

'Digestive System Neoplasms' refer to new and abnormal growths of tissue in the digestive system that can be benign or malignant. These growths are also known as tumors, and they can occur in any part of the digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon and rectum), liver, bile ducts, pancreas, and gallbladder. Neoplasms in the digestive system can interfere with normal digestion and absorption of nutrients, cause bleeding, obstruct the digestive tract, and spread to other parts of the body (metastasis) if they are malignant.

Benign neoplasms are not cancerous and do not usually spread to other parts of the body. They can often be removed surgically and may not require further treatment. Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and can invade nearby tissues and organs and spread to other parts of the body. Treatment for malignant neoplasms in the digestive system typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

The causes of digestive system neoplasms are varied and include genetic factors, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors (such as diet and smoking), and infectious agents. Prevention strategies may include maintaining a healthy diet, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, practicing safe sex, getting vaccinated against certain viral infections, and undergoing regular screenings for certain types of neoplasms (such as colonoscopies for colorectal cancer).

Manometry is a medical test that measures pressure inside various parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It is often used to help diagnose digestive disorders such as achalasia, gastroparesis, and irritable bowel syndrome. During the test, a thin, flexible tube called a manometer is inserted through the mouth or rectum and into the area being tested. The tube is connected to a machine that measures and records pressure readings. These readings can help doctors identify any abnormalities in muscle function or nerve reflexes within the digestive tract.

Pharyngitis is the medical term for inflammation of the pharynx, which is the back portion of the throat. This condition is often characterized by symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and scratchiness in the throat. Pharyngitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections (such as the common cold), bacterial infections (such as strep throat), and irritants (such as smoke or chemical fumes). Treatment for pharyngitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include medications to relieve symptoms or antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection.

Head and neck neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the head and neck region, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These tumors can develop in various sites, including the oral cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx, paranasal sinuses, salivary glands, and thyroid gland.

Benign neoplasms are slow-growing and generally do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause problems if they grow large enough to press on surrounding tissues or structures. Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, can invade nearby tissues and organs and may also metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body.

Head and neck neoplasms can have various symptoms depending on their location and size. Common symptoms include difficulty swallowing, speaking, or breathing; pain in the mouth, throat, or ears; persistent coughing or hoarseness; and swelling or lumps in the neck or face. Early detection and treatment of head and neck neoplasms are crucial for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

'Azure stains' is a term used in pathology to describe a histological staining technique that uses a type of dye called methyl blue, which turns the stained structures a blue-purple color. This technique is often used to stain acid mucins, which are found in various types of tissues and can be indicative of certain medical conditions.

In particular, azure stains are sometimes used to help diagnose certain types of cancer, such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma, a type of salivary gland tumor that produces acid mucins. The staining technique can help pathologists identify the presence and distribution of these mucins within the tumor cells, which can aid in making an accurate diagnosis and determining the best course of treatment.

It's worth noting that there are several different types of histological stains that use various dyes to highlight different structures or features within tissues. Azure stains are just one example of these techniques, and they are typically used in conjunction with other staining methods to provide a comprehensive picture of the tissue being examined.

Aspiration pneumonia is a type of pneumonia that occurs when foreign materials such as food, liquid, or vomit enter the lungs, resulting in inflammation or infection. It typically happens when a person inhales these materials involuntarily due to impaired swallowing mechanisms, which can be caused by various conditions such as stroke, dementia, Parkinson's disease, or general anesthesia. The inhalation of foreign materials can cause bacterial growth in the lungs, leading to symptoms like cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. Aspiration pneumonia can be a serious medical condition, particularly in older adults or individuals with weakened immune systems, and may require hospitalization and antibiotic treatment.

Cross-sectional anatomy refers to the study and visualization of the internal structures of the body as if they were cut along a plane, creating a two-dimensional image. This method allows for a detailed examination of the relationships between various organs, tissues, and structures that may not be as easily appreciated through traditional observation or examination.

In cross-sectional anatomy, different imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound are used to create detailed images of the body's internal structures at various depths and planes. These images can help medical professionals diagnose conditions, plan treatments, and assess the effectiveness of interventions.

Cross-sectional anatomy is an important tool in modern medicine, as it provides a more comprehensive understanding of the human body than traditional gross anatomy alone. By allowing for a detailed examination of the internal structures of the body, cross-sectional anatomy can help medical professionals make more informed decisions about patient care.

A Zenker diverticulum is a small, pouch-like structure that forms in the back of the throat (pharynx), specifically in the area called the hypopharynx. It's an acquired condition, which means it develops over time due to increased pressure in the pharyngeal muscles, leading to the formation of the diverticulum. This condition is more common in older adults and can cause difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), regurgitation of undigested food, halitosis (bad breath), and occasionally coughing or choking, especially when lying down. The diagnosis is typically made through a barium swallow X-ray study or an endoscopic examination. Treatment usually involves surgical intervention to remove the diverticulum and relieve symptoms.

In medical terms, the "head" is the uppermost part of the human body that contains the brain, skull, face, eyes, nose, mouth, and ears. It is connected to the rest of the body by the neck and is responsible for many vital functions such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and thought processing. The head also plays a crucial role in maintaining balance, speech, and eating.

Respiratory tract neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, and lungs. These growths can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Malignant neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade nearby tissues, spread to other parts of the body, and interfere with normal respiratory function, leading to serious health consequences.

Respiratory tract neoplasms can have various causes, including genetic factors, exposure to environmental carcinogens such as tobacco smoke, asbestos, and radon, and certain viral infections. Symptoms of respiratory tract neoplasms may include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pain, hoarseness, or blood in the sputum. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or PET scans, as well as biopsies to determine the type and extent of the tumor. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Developmental gene expression regulation refers to the processes that control the activation or repression of specific genes during embryonic and fetal development. These regulatory mechanisms ensure that genes are expressed at the right time, in the right cells, and at appropriate levels to guide proper growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis of an organism.

Developmental gene expression regulation is a complex and dynamic process involving various molecular players, such as transcription factors, chromatin modifiers, non-coding RNAs, and signaling molecules. These regulators can interact with cis-regulatory elements, like enhancers and promoters, to fine-tune the spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development.

Dysregulation of developmental gene expression can lead to various congenital disorders and developmental abnormalities. Therefore, understanding the principles and mechanisms governing developmental gene expression regulation is crucial for uncovering the etiology of developmental diseases and devising potential therapeutic strategies.

Laryngoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the examination of the larynx, which is the upper part of the windpipe (trachea), and the vocal cords using a specialized instrument called a laryngoscope. The laryngoscope is inserted through the mouth or nose to provide a clear view of the larynx and surrounding structures. This procedure can be performed for diagnostic purposes, such as identifying abnormalities like growths, inflammation, or injuries, or for therapeutic reasons, such as removing foreign objects or taking tissue samples for biopsy. There are different types of laryngoscopes and techniques used depending on the reason for the examination and the patient's specific needs.

Rhinoscleroma is a chronic, granulomatous infection that primarily affects the nasal mucosa. It's caused by the bacterium Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis (formerly named Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis). The disease is characterized by the formation of firm, woody granulomas that can lead to destruction of the nasal structures and deformity of the nose if left untreated.

The infection typically progresses through three stages: catarrhal, granulomatous, and fibrotic. In the catarrhal stage, there is a persistent runny nose and nasal congestion. The granulomatous stage is characterized by the formation of nodules and plaques in the nasal passages, which can cause crusting, foul-smelling discharge, and difficulty breathing through the nose. In the fibrotic stage, the tissues of the nose become thickened, hardened, and scarred, leading to deformity and loss of function.

Rhinoscleroma is most commonly found in developing countries with poor socioeconomic conditions, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. It's more prevalent in populations with limited access to healthcare and clean water, as well as those living in overcrowded conditions. The disease primarily affects young adults and children, and it has a slight female predominance.

Treatment for rhinoscleroma typically involves long-term antibiotic therapy using agents such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracyclines, or fluoroquinolones. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove scar tissue and restore nasal function. Preventive measures include improving living conditions, access to clean water, and early detection and treatment of the disease.

Endoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the use of an endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, to examine the interior of a body cavity or organ. The endoscope is inserted through a natural opening in the body, such as the mouth or anus, or through a small incision. The images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the physician to visualize the internal structures and detect any abnormalities, such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. Endoscopy can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as taking tissue samples for biopsy, or for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps or performing minimally invasive surgeries.

Penicillin G Procaine is a formulation of penicillin G, an antibiotic derived from the Penicillium fungus, combined with procaine, a local anesthetic. This combination is often used for its extended-release properties and is administered intramuscularly. It is primarily used to treat moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of streptococci and staphylococci.

The procaine component helps to reduce the pain at the injection site, while penicillin G provides the antibacterial action. The extended-release formulation allows for less frequent dosing compared to immediate-release penicillin G. However, its use has become less common due to the development of other antibiotics and routes of administration.

The digestive system is a complex group of organs and glands that process food. It converts the food we eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. The digestive system also eliminates waste from the body. It is made up of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food.

The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Other organs that are part of the digestive system include the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands.

The process of digestion begins in the mouth, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva. The food then travels down the esophagus and into the stomach, where it is broken down further by stomach acids. The digested food then moves into the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The remaining waste material passes into the large intestine, where it is stored until it is eliminated through the anus.

The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play important roles in the digestive process as well. The liver produces bile, a substance that helps break down fats in the small intestine. The pancreas produces enzymes that help digest proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. The gallbladder stores bile until it is needed in the small intestine.

Overall, the digestive system is responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste. It plays a critical role in maintaining our health and well-being.

Peristalsis is an involuntary muscular movement that occurs in the digestive tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. It is characterized by alternate contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles in the walls of these organs, which creates a wave-like motion that helps propel food, fluids, and waste through the digestive system.

The process of peristalsis begins with a narrowing or constriction of the muscle in one area of the digestive tract, followed by a relaxation of the muscle in the adjacent area. This creates a localized contraction that moves along the length of the organ, pushing its contents forward. The wave of contractions continues to move along the digestive tract until it reaches the anus, where waste is eliminated from the body.

Peristalsis plays a crucial role in maintaining proper digestion and absorption of nutrients, as well as in the elimination of waste products from the body. Disorders that affect peristalsis, such as gastrointestinal motility disorders, can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, or diarrhea.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uruguay" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in South America, known officially as the Oriental Republic of Uruguay. If you have any questions about medical terms or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help!

To provide some general information about Uruguay, it is bordered by Argentina to the west and Brazil to the north and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to the south and southeast. The capital and largest city of Uruguay is Montevideo. Uruguay is known for its rich cultural history, beautiful landscapes, and progressive social policies.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Turbellaria" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in biology, specifically a class within the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms). Turbellarians are free-living, flatworms that are typically characterized by their unsegmented body and the presence of cilia for locomotion. They include freshwater, marine, and terrestrial species. If you have a medical term or concept in mind, I would be happy to help define it for you.

A transplant is a medical procedure where an organ or tissue is removed from one person (the donor) and placed into another person (the recipient) for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or failing organ or tissue with a healthy functioning one. The transplanted organ or tissue can come from a deceased donor, a living donor who is genetically related to the recipient, or a living donor who is not genetically related to the recipient.

Transplantation is an important medical intervention for many patients with end-stage organ failure or severe tissue damage, and it can significantly improve their quality of life and longevity. However, transplantation is a complex and risky procedure that requires careful matching of donor and recipient, rigorous evaluation and preparation of the recipient, and close monitoring and management of the transplanted organ or tissue to prevent rejection and other complications.

Fluoroscopy is a type of medical imaging that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of the body. A continuous X-ray beam is passed through the body part being examined, and the resulting fluoroscopic images are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the medical professional to view the structure and movement of the internal organs and bones in real time.

Fluoroscopy is often used to guide minimally invasive procedures such as catheterization, stent placement, or joint injections. It can also be used to diagnose and monitor a variety of medical conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal injuries, and cardiovascular diseases.

It is important to note that fluoroscopy involves exposure to ionizing radiation, and the risks associated with this exposure should be carefully weighed against the benefits of the procedure. Medical professionals are trained to use the lowest possible dose of radiation necessary to obtain the desired diagnostic information.

A "torsion abnormality" is not a standard medical term, but I believe you are asking about torsional deformities or abnormalities related to torsion. Torsion refers to a twisting force or movement that can cause structures to rotate around their long axis. In the context of medical definitions:

Torsional abnormality could refer to a congenital or acquired condition where anatomical structures, such as blood vessels, muscles, tendons, or bones, are twisted or rotated in an abnormal way. This can lead to various complications depending on the structure involved and the degree of torsion.

For instance, in congenital torsional deformities of long bones (like tibia or femur), the rotation of the bone axis can cause issues with gait, posture, and joint function. In some cases, this may require surgical intervention to correct the abnormality.

In the context of vascular torsion abnormalities, such as mesenteric torsion, it could lead to bowel ischemia due to the twisting of blood vessels that supply the intestines. This can be a surgical emergency and requires immediate intervention to restore blood flow and prevent further damage.

It's essential to consult with a medical professional for a precise diagnosis and treatment options if you or someone else experiences symptoms related to torsional abnormalities.

Fiber optic technology in the medical context refers to the use of thin, flexible strands of glass or plastic fibers that are designed to transmit light and images along their length. These fibers are used to create bundles, known as fiber optic cables, which can be used for various medical applications such as:

1. Illumination: Fiber optics can be used to deliver light to hard-to-reach areas during surgical procedures or diagnostic examinations.
2. Imaging: Fiber optics can transmit images from inside the body, enabling doctors to visualize internal structures and tissues. This is commonly used in medical imaging techniques such as endoscopy, colonoscopy, and laparoscopy.
3. Sensing: Fiber optic sensors can be used to measure various physiological parameters such as temperature, pressure, and strain within the body. These sensors can provide real-time data during surgical procedures or for monitoring patients' health status.

Fiber optic technology offers several advantages over traditional medical imaging techniques, including high resolution, flexibility, small diameter, and the ability to bend around corners without significant loss of image quality. Additionally, fiber optics are non-magnetic and can be used in MRI environments without causing interference.

"Foreign bodies" refer to any object or substance that is not normally present in a particular location within the body. These can range from relatively harmless items such as splinters or pieces of food in the skin or gastrointestinal tract, to more serious objects like bullets or sharp instruments that can cause significant damage and infection.

Foreign bodies can enter the body through various routes, including ingestion, inhalation, injection, or penetrating trauma. The location of the foreign body will determine the potential for harm and the necessary treatment. Some foreign bodies may pass through the body without causing harm, while others may require medical intervention such as removal or surgical extraction.

It is important to seek medical attention if a foreign body is suspected, as untreated foreign bodies can lead to complications such as infection, inflammation, and tissue damage.

Airway obstruction is a medical condition that occurs when the normal flow of air into and out of the lungs is partially or completely blocked. This blockage can be caused by a variety of factors, including swelling of the tissues in the airway, the presence of foreign objects or substances, or abnormal growths such as tumors.

When the airway becomes obstructed, it can make it difficult for a person to breathe normally. They may experience symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. In severe cases, airway obstruction can lead to respiratory failure and other life-threatening complications.

There are several types of airway obstruction, including:

1. Upper airway obstruction: This occurs when the blockage is located in the upper part of the airway, such as the nose, throat, or voice box.
2. Lower airway obstruction: This occurs when the blockage is located in the lower part of the airway, such as the trachea or bronchi.
3. Partial airway obstruction: This occurs when the airway is partially blocked, allowing some air to flow in and out of the lungs.
4. Complete airway obstruction: This occurs when the airway is completely blocked, preventing any air from flowing into or out of the lungs.

Treatment for airway obstruction depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, removing the obstruction may be as simple as clearing the airway of foreign objects or mucus. In other cases, more invasive treatments such as surgery may be necessary.

An esophagogastroduodenoscope, often referred to as an "esophagogastroscopy" or simply "esophagoscope," is a medical device used for visual examination of the upper digestive tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. It is a long, flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, which allows doctors to see detailed images of the inside of these organs and diagnose various conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers, and cancer. The procedure of using an esophagogastroduodenoscope is called an "esophagogastroduodenoscopy" or "EGD."

The pharynx (PL: pharynges) is the part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity, and above the esophagus and trachea ( ... The word pharynx (/ˈfærɪŋks/) is derived from the Greek φάρυγξ phárynx, meaning "throat". Its plural form is pharynges / ... Everted pharynx of Alitta virens (also known as Nereis virens), lateral view Pharynx of the flatworm Prorhynchus fontinalis ... "Pharynx". Earth's Lab. 8 August 2018. OED 2nd edition, 1989. Entry "pharynx" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, retrieved ...
In the pharynx, the sinus of Morgagni is the enclosed space between the upper border of the superior pharyngeal constrictor ... The Pharynx Archived 2012-01-21 at the Wayback Machine v t e (Webarchive template wayback links, Human head and neck, All stub ...
... The time of year has grown indifferent. Mildew of summer and the deepening snow Are both alike in ... "The Man Whose Pharynx Was Bad" is a poem from Wallace Stevens's first book of poetry, Harmonium. First published in 1921, it is ... With reference to "The Man Whose Pharynx Was Bad," Buttel and Bates are debating whether a change of season would allow the ... ". "The Man Whose Pharynx Was Bad" represents a moment in Harmonium's progress in which the poet proclaims diffidence about his ...
Its pharynx is connected to the mouth, allowing speech to occur, and food and liquid to pass down the throat. It is joined to ... It contains the pharynx and larynx. An important section of it is the epiglottis, separating the esophagus from the trachea ( ... "pharynx , Definition, Location, Function, Structure, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-09-01. "Larynx , anatomy ...
... nasal pharynx (nasopharynx), oral pharynx (oropharynx) and laryngeal pharynx (laryngopharynx - also referred to as the ... "The Pharynx". TeachMeAnatomy. TeachMe. 29 April 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017. Dubner, Sanford (19 June 2017). "Head and Neck ... The oropharynx is one of three divisions of the interior of the pharynx based on their relation to adjacent structures ( ... "Cancer of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx by Subsite" (PDF). SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2007. Surveillance, Epidemiology, ...
Pharynx presented. Genital synus presented. Ventral and genital suckers usually not combined. Cirrus and bursa absent. Two ...
... pair of bilateral groups of cephalic-gland cells at level of pharynx. Two pairs of eyespots anterior to pharynx lacking lenses ... Pharynx 45 µm wide. Male copulatory organ 72 µm long. Testis 65 µm long, 61 µm wide. Germarial bulb 41 µm wide. Egg 86-87 µm ... Pharynx subspherical; esophagus short to nonexistent; intestinal ceca blind, extending posteriorly into anterior portion of ...
... pharynx, subglobular; genital aperture in front of acetabulum, on median line; vitelline glands lying at posterior end and ... esophagus as long as pharynx; testes, two, in median line behind uterus; seminal vesicle dorsal to ovary and posterior border ...
Pharynx present. Intestinal crura begin preacetabular and end near the posterior end of the body. Vitellaria lateral. Genital ...
... pair of bilateral groups of cephalic-gland cells at level of pharynx. Four eyespots immediately anterior to pharynx, lacking ... Pharynx 54 μm wide. Male copulatory organ 114 μm long. Testis 91 μm long, 137 μm wide. Germarial bulb 60 μm wide. According to ... Pharynx ovate, muscular; esophagus short to nonexistent; intestinal ceca blind, extending posteriorly to peduncle, diverging ...
When prey is swallowed, it is liquefied in the pharynx by enzymes and by muscular contractions of the pharynx. The resulting ... The mouth and pharynx have both cilia and well-developed muscles. In other parts of the canal system, the gastrodermis is ... They cling to and creep on surfaces by everting the pharynx and using it as a muscular "foot". All but one of the known ... The internal cavity forms: a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx ("throat"); a wider area in the center that ...
... its short pharynx; carrying anterior subventral teeth and a posterior dorsal tooth in the same stomal chamber; having a short ...
Pharynx ovate, muscular; esophagus short to nonexistent; intestinal ceca blind, extending posteriorly to level of peduncle. ... Four eyespots lacking lenses immediately anterior to pharynx; members of posterior pair larger, equidistant or slightly closer ... pair of bilateral groups of cephalic-gland cells at level of pharynx. ...
Buttefield points to Fig 10F in Tzetlin A; Purschke G. (2005). "Pharynx and intestine". In Bartolomaeus T; Purschke G (eds.). ...
Lymphatics of pharynx. The lymphatics of the face. Buyten 2006. Robbins et al 2002. Brekel et al 1998. Mukherji 2002. ...
The pharynx is cylindrical. The prostatic vesicle has two portions, proximal and distal; the proximal portion is forked and ...
Pharynx with muscular wall; esophagus short to nonexistent; intestinal ceca blind, extending posteriorly to near anterior limit ... Posterior pair of eyespots lacking lenses, lying immediately anterior to pharynx (two specimens lacking one member of the pair ... pair of bilateral groups of cephalic-gland cells at level of pharynx. ...
Larynx, pharynx and tongue. Deep dissection. Posterior view. Larynx, pharynx and tongue. Deep dissection. Posterior view. This ... Larynx, pharynx and tongue. Deep dissection. Posterior view. ...
The pharynx is cylindrical. The specific epithet is derived from the Greek language words άνθρωπος (ánthropos), "man", and ...
... Larynx, pharynx and tongue. Deep dissection.Posterior view. Larynx, pharynx and tongue. Deep dissection.Posterior view ... Larynx, pharynx and tongue. Deep dissection.Posterior view. Ladefoged, Peter. 2006. A course in Phonetics. UCLA. WebMD (2009 ...
The pharynx is cylindrical. The prostatic vesicle has an oval, elongted proximal portion with folded walls and a narrow lumen, ...
Pharynx subspherical to subovate; esophagus short to nonexistent; intestinal ceca blind, extending posteriorly to near peduncle ... Two pairs of eyespots lacking lenses immediately anterior to pharynx; one to all eyespots poorly defined, apparently replaced ... pair of bilateral groups of cephalic-gland cells at level of pharynx. ...
The pharynx is cylindrical. The prostatic vesicle has a globose proximal portion with folded walls and a broad lumen, and a ...
... the pharynx also widens. She places it on a vowel chart closer to [ɘ]. According to Rocławski (1976:75,105), it is near-close ...
Pharynx with elaborated folds." Benthic, diurnals, because of its aposematic colors, it has no fear to crawl around to feed. ...
The pharynx is subdivided; the ventral part forming a respiratory tube that is isolated from the mouth by a valve called the ...
It can be distinguished by its rather short body (averaging 0.74 millimetres (0.029 in) in length); having a short pharynx; its ...
Ruffle pharynx with elaborated folds. Internal anatomy: The male apparatus is formed by a large seminal vesicle connected to an ...
The pharynx is bell-shaped. The male copulatory apparatus is simple, with a forward-directed seminal vesicle behind the ...
The torus tubarius (or torus of the auditory tube) is an elevation of the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx ... "The Pharynx". "Tonsil of torus tubarius = tubal tonsil in Arabic - Translation and Meaning in English Arabic Dictionary of All ...
The pharynx (PL: pharynges) is the part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity, and above the esophagus and trachea ( ... The word pharynx (/ˈfærɪŋks/) is derived from the Greek φάρυγξ phárynx, meaning "throat". Its plural form is pharynges / ... Everted pharynx of Alitta virens (also known as Nereis virens), lateral view Pharynx of the flatworm Prorhynchus fontinalis ... "Pharynx". Earths Lab. 8 August 2018. OED 2nd edition, 1989. Entry "pharynx" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, retrieved ...
For hands-on exercises, please go to SEER*Educate ...
You likely have heard of a larynx but do you know what a pharynx does and where it is? The larynx is what most people call the ... Where Is the Pharynx?. The first thing to know about the pharynx is its location. The pharynx is below both the oral and the ... The pharynx is divided into nasal, oral, and laryngeal sections.. The nasal section is called the nasopharynx or nasal pharynx ... What Are the Functions of the Pharynx?. Now that we have gone over all the different components of the pharynx, let us look at ...
Dermatology and the Pharynx. Kaposi sarcoma. Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a neoplasm of vascular endothelial and lymphoreticular ...
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Instant anatomy is a specialised web site for you to learn all about human anatomy of the body with diagrams, podcasts and revision questions
... oral cavity and pharynx C00-C14 is medical classification list by the World Health Organization ... Malignant neoplasms of lip, oral cavity and pharynx ICD-10-CM Code range C00-C14. The ICD-10 code range for Malignant neoplasms ... ICD-10 Code range (C00-C14), Malignant neoplasms of lip, oral cavity and pharynx contains ICD-10 codes for Malignant neoplasm ... Malignant neoplasm of other and ill-defined sites in the lip, oral cavity and pharynx ...
What Is Cancer Of The Pharynx? Cancer of the pharynx is a malignant growth of stratified squamous cells that line the pharynx, ... The pharynx is the area behind the mouth that serves as a passage for food from the mouth to the esophagus and for air from the ... This category comprises disorders of the pharynx that involve damage to its tissue due to malnutrition, autoimmune attack, or ... Q: What are stratified squamous cells that line the pharynx? A: Stratified squamous cells are thin, flat epithelial ... ...
Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancers, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2007-2019 ... Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancers, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2007-2019 Moist snuff, chewing tobacco is placed between ... Oral cavity and pharynx (OCP) cancers are known collectively as head and neck cancers1-4 and represent 2.9% of all new cancer ... The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of oral cavity and pharynx (OCP) cancer among service members in the ...
Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancers, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2007-2019 ... Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancers, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2007-2019 Moist snuff, chewing tobacco is placed between ... Oral cavity and pharynx (OCP) cancers are known collectively as head and neck cancers1-4 and represent 2.9% of all new cancer ... The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of oral cavity and pharynx (OCP) cancer among service members in the ...
Marseillevirus in the Pharynx of a Patient with Neurologic Disorders Sarah Aherfi, Philippe Colson, and Didier Raoult. ... Marseillevirus in the Pharynx of a Patient with Neurologic Disorders. ...
PHARYNX AND THROAT. BIOLOGICAL CONFLICT OF THE PHARYNX AND THROAT SURFACE MUCOSA: Like the conflict linked to the upper two- ... DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION OF THE MOUTH AND PHARYNX SURFACE MUCOSA: The submucosa of the mouth and pharynx is covered with a cell ... On both sides of the pharynx lie the tonsils. Branching off the pharynx is the esophagus that carries food from the mouth to ... Today, the conflict linked to the left half of the mouth and pharynx correlates to an "outgoing (food) morsel" and to "not ...
Information about the SNOMED CT code 95001001 representing Neoplasm of uncertain behavior of pharynx. ... Mass of pharynx 71731000112108. Neoplasm of pharynx 126685009. Neoplasm of uncertain behavior of pharynx 95001001. SNOMED CT ... Neoplasm of uncertain behavior of lip, oral cavity and pharynx 271326004. Neoplasm of uncertain behavior of pharynx 95001001. ... Neoplasm of uncertain behavior of pharynx 95001001. SNOMED CT Concept 138875005. Clinical finding 404684003. Finding of head ...
Diseases of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea - v. 2--Diseases of the oesophagus, nose, and naso-pharynx ... A manual of diseases of the throat and nose : including the pharynx, larynx, trachea, oesophagus, nose and naso-pharynx by. ... A manual of diseases of the throat and nose : including the pharynx, larynx, trachea, oesophagus, nose and naso-pharynx ... v. 1--Diseases of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea - v. 2--Diseases of the oesophagus, nose, and naso-pharynx ...
The pharynx serves respiratory ? and digestive functions ?, and the chamber of the pharynx is lined entirely by mucosa. ... Facts on the Pharynx. Posted on December 16, 2020. December 16, 2020. by Dr. Chukwudi Ekomaru , 2 min read ... The pharynx is a cone-shaped muscular tube that connects the nasal ? and oral ? cavities to the esophagus and larynx. It starts ... Pharyngitis is an infection or irritation of the pharynx or tonsils, and it accounts for more than 12 million healthcare ...
encoded search term (Cleft Lip and Palate and Mouth and Pharynx Deformities) and Cleft Lip and Palate and Mouth and Pharynx ... Selected Mouth and Pharynx Deformities. The Robin sequence, macroglossia, ankyloglossia, epignathus, lingual thyroid, and a few ... A minority of patients, particularly those with the Robin sequence (see Robin sequence under Selected Mouth and Pharynx ... Cleft Lip and Palate and Mouth and Pharynx Deformities. Updated: Jul 26, 2023 ...
Malignant neoplasms of other and unspecified parts of the mouth is an ailment of the human body
Figure 1. (C) Direct pharyngoscopy showing exposed covered stent in the pharynx.. (D) Definitive vascular reconstruction of the ... Figure 1. (C) Direct pharyngoscopy showing exposed covered stent in the pharynx. (D) Definitive vascular reconstruction of the ...
... ... M. hominis and U. urealyticum were recovered from the pharynges of 149 (14.3%) and 154 (14.8%) of 1,044 participants, ... not associated with symptoms or signs or pharyngitis or with the isolation of gonococci or genital mycoplasmas from the pharynx ...
In the first instance, this applies to an exact delimitation of the pharynx caudally, Where the pharynx passes more or less ... Morphological Plan of the Pharynx. In considering the developmental changes in such a region as the pharynx, from the viewpoint ... Developmental Transformations of the Human Pharynx. From the above brief considerations it will be apparent that the pharynx of ... The different growth relations of the cephalic portion of the pharynx and the caudal portion of the pharynx (well illustrated ...
"https://om.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=pharynx&oldid=34722" irraa kan fudhatame ...
Pharynx Definition Pharynx is the passage that leads from the cavities of the nose and mouth to the larynx (voice box) and ... Air passes through the pharynx on the way to the lungs, and food enters the esophagus from the pharynx. The pharynx serves as a ... Structure and Functions of Pharynx. Pharynx is the 4-5 inches long semicircular fibromuscular tube, commonly referred to as the ... Its plural form is pharynges /fəˈrɪndʒiːz/ or pharynxes /ˈfærɪŋksəz/, and its adjective form is pharyngeal (/ˌfærɪnˈdʒiːəl/ or ...
2.Pharynx. This is another name for your throat. Its a tube about 5 inches long that goes from behind your nose to the top of ... your esophagus (which is the tube in your chest leading down to your stomach). Your pharynx includes your tonsils, the back of ...
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Whats the Pharynx?. The two openings of the airway (the nasal cavity and the mouth) meet at the pharynx (throat) at the back ... The pharynx (say: FAR-inks) is part of the digestive system as well as the respiratory system because it carries both food and ... At the bottom of the pharynx, this pathway divides in two:. *one for food - the esophagus (say: ih-SAH-fuh-gus), which leads to ...
Whats the Pharynx?. The two openings of the airway (the nasal cavity and the mouth) meet at the pharynx (throat) at the back ... The pharynx (say: FAR-inks) is part of the digestive system as well as the respiratory system because it carries both food and ... At the bottom of the pharynx, this pathway divides in two:. *one for food - the esophagus (say: ih-SAH-fuh-gus), which leads to ...
Uncomplicated Gonococcal Infection of the Pharynx. The majority of gonococcal infections of the pharynx are asymptomatic and ... in the pharynx with longer times higher than the strain MIC likely needed to prevent selection of mutant strains in the pharynx ... Recommended Regimen for Uncomplicated Gonococcal Infection of the Pharynx Among Adolescents and Adults ... Gonococcal infections of the pharynx are more difficult to eradicate than infections at urogenital and anorectal sites (862). ...
The pharynx is a fibromuscular tube that is semicircular in cross section and is situated directly anterior to the vertebral ... Interior of the Pharynx. The best way to examine the interior of the pharynx is either a sagittal cross-section or posteriorly ... Exterior of the Pharynx. From the posterior view, the exterior surface of the pharynx lies anterior to the cervical vertebrae. ... In addition, the pharynx communicates with the nasal cavity, the middle ear cavity, and the larynx. The pharynx is often ...
  • The pharynx carries food to the esophagus and air to the larynx. (wikipedia.org)
  • You likely have heard of a larynx but do you know what a pharynx does and where it is? (databasefootball.com)
  • The pharynx is below both the oral and the nasal cavities (the mouth and the nose), and just above the larynx and the esophagus. (databasefootball.com)
  • Remember that the pharynx is at a crossroads from which leads off, at the top, the passage to the mouth cavity and the passage to the nasal cavity, and below the passage to the larynx. (databasefootball.com)
  • When it comes to the respiratory system, the purpose of the pharynx is to allow the air that has been inhaled through the nasal cavity all the way down to the lungs, through the larynx and the windpipe. (databasefootball.com)
  • The pharynx is the area behind the mouth that serves as a passage for food from the mouth to the esophagus and for air from the nose and mouth to the larynx, or voice box. (glutenfreeworks.com)
  • Explore the most advanced Head & Neck 3D anatomy model on the market, updated for 2021, featuring over 2,000 remodeled structures, including a revamped larynx and pharynx. (3d4medical.com)
  • Pharynx is the passage that leads from the cavities of the nose and mouth to the larynx (voice box) and esophagus. (assignmentpoint.com)
  • Pharynx is the 4-5 inches long semicircular fibromuscular tube, commonly referred to as the throat that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx, and the oral cavity to the esophagus. (assignmentpoint.com)
  • Laryngopharynx - Also known as the hypopharynx, it is the last section of the pharynx, located between the epiglottis and the cricoid cartilage, continuing into the larynx and esophagus. (assignmentpoint.com)
  • In addition, the pharynx communicates with the nasal cavity, the middle ear cavity, and the larynx. (medscape.com)
  • The Nose, Pharynx and Larynx has below better with Translation. (mutter-kind-bindungsanalyse.de)
  • The Nose, Pharynx and Larynx of practical clips focuses 10(1. (mutter-kind-bindungsanalyse.de)
  • The Nose, Pharynx and Larynx described by FACTS? (mutter-kind-bindungsanalyse.de)
  • It constitutes one of the most elaborate motor functions, even in humans, because it requires the coordination of an extraordinary bilateral sequence of activation and inhibition of more than 25 pairs of muscles in the mouth, pharynx, and larynx, plus the esophagus. (nature.com)
  • The pharynx (PL: pharynges) is the part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity, and above the esophagus and trachea (the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs respectively). (wikipedia.org)
  • When it comes to the digestive system, the pharynx helps the ingested food to go into the esophagus through the lumen. (databasefootball.com)
  • Air passes through the pharynx on the way to the lungs, and food enters the esophagus from the pharynx. (assignmentpoint.com)
  • The pharynx serves as a vestibule or entryway for the trachea and esophagus. (assignmentpoint.com)
  • the circular muscles form constrictions that help push food to the esophagus and prevent air from being swallowed, while the longitudinal fibres lift the walls of the pharynx during swallowing. (assignmentpoint.com)
  • The pharynx serves as a continuation of the digestive cavity, providing a route from the oral cavity proper to the esophagus. (medscape.com)
  • Texture and Color Enhancement Imaging Increases Color Changes and Improves Visibility for Squamous Cell Carcinoma Suspicious Lesions in the Pharynx and Esophagus. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study aims to assess the color differences in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) suspicious lesions in the pharynx and esophagus using white light imaging (WLI), TXI mode1, TXI mode2, and narrow-band imaging (NBI). (bvsalud.org)
  • TXI mode1 can enhance color changes and improve the visibility of SCC suspicious lesions in the pharynx and esophagus , compared to WLI. (bvsalud.org)
  • Chemical burns of the mouth, pharynx and esophagus. (cdc.gov)
  • The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Sensory Innervation of the Human Pharynx. (teachable.com)
  • The oral section is called the oropharynx or oral pharynx. (databasefootball.com)
  • 1-3 The pharynx includes the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. (health.mil)
  • Oropharynx (Oral Pharynx) - The part after the nasopharynx, the oropharynx is the region behind the base of the tongue, between the soft palate and the epiglottis. (assignmentpoint.com)
  • Based on the location, the interior of the pharynx is often separated into three sections-the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. (medscape.com)
  • The upper portion of the pharynx, the nasopharynx, extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate. (wikipedia.org)
  • The auditory tube, which connects the middle ear to the pharynx, opens into the nasopharynx at the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nasal section is called the nasopharynx or nasal pharynx. (databasefootball.com)
  • La langue était le site le plus souvent touché de la cavité buccale (53,6 %) alors que le nasopharynx était impliqué dans 89,5 % des cancers du pharynx. (who.int)
  • From the posterior view, the exterior surface of the pharynx lies anterior to the cervical vertebrae. (medscape.com)
  • The exterior surface of the pharynx consists of voluntary muscle covered externally by a fine buccopharyngeal fascia, which is continuous with the external surface of the buccinator muscle. (medscape.com)
  • This plexus lies on the external surface of the pharynx. (kenhub.com)
  • It is the uppermost section of the pharynx, between the soft palate and the base of the human skull . (databasefootball.com)
  • The nasal pharynx is the home of the pharyngeal tonsils and the adenoids, which are on the posterior wall. (databasefootball.com)
  • On both sides of the pharynx lie the tonsils. (learninggnm.com)
  • The submucosa of the mouth and pharynx (including the lips, gums, palate, tongue, salivary glands, tonsils, and throat) consists of intestinal cylinder epithelium , originates from the endoderm and is therefore controlled from the brainstem. (learninggnm.com)
  • Pharyngitis is an infection or irritation of the pharynx or tonsils, and it accounts for more than 12 million healthcare encounters annually in the United States. (3d4medical.com)
  • Your pharynx includes your tonsils , the back of your tongue, and your soft palate. (webmd.com)
  • The large structures on the lateral aspect of the pharynx are the tonsils. (medscape.com)
  • In humans, the pharynx is part of the digestive system and the conducting zone of the respiratory system. (wikipedia.org)
  • But because the pharynx also has a key function in the digestive system , there needs to be something in place that would stop air from entering the digestive system. (databasefootball.com)
  • In the brainstem , the control centers of the organs of the digestive system and its descendants are positioned in a ring-form order , starting on the right brain hemisphere with the brain relays of the mouth and pharynx (incl. (learninggnm.com)
  • The pharynx (say: FAR-inks) is part of the digestive system as well as the respiratory system because it carries both food and air. (kidshealth.org)
  • Cancer of the pharynx is a malignant growth of stratified squamous cells that line the pharynx, or throat. (glutenfreeworks.com)
  • The two openings of the airway (the nasal cavity and the mouth) meet at the pharynx ( throat) at the back of the nose and mouth. (kidshealth.org)
  • The patient was given fluids and discharged as having pharyngitis (an inflammation of the throat or pharynx). (cdc.gov)
  • The posterior aspect of the pharynx is lined by the posterior pharyngeal wall and soft tissue that covers the cervical spine. (medscape.com)
  • The external surface is typically described from posterior and lateral views and includes external surface muscles that compose the wall of the pharynx, associated nerves, and blood supply. (medscape.com)
  • However, the interior of the pharynx is typically described from either a sagittal cross-section or a posterior view as a dissection in which the external wall of the pharynx is split midline. (medscape.com)
  • In this posterior view we can see the nerves that supply the pharynx and other important nervous structures of the spatium parapharyngeum. (kenhub.com)
  • Manipulations involve the pharynx and posterior third of the tongue require blocking of the glossopharyngeal nerve. (medscape.com)
  • To best interpret the anatomy of the pharynx, the pharynx is often divided into exterior and interior sections. (medscape.com)
  • Because both food and air pass through the pharynx, a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent aspiration. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thick fibres of muscle and connective tissue attach the pharynx to the base of the skull and surrounding structures. (assignmentpoint.com)
  • The pharynx is a fibromuscular tube that is semicircular in cross section and is situated directly anterior to the vertebral column. (medscape.com)
  • Cunnilingus was not associated with symptoms or signs or pharyngitis or with the isolation of gonococci or genital mycoplasmas from the pharynx. (nih.gov)
  • Oral cavity and pharynx (OCP) cancers are known collectively as head and neck cancers 1-4 and represent 2.9% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. 2 Among the estimated 53,260 new cases of OCP cancer in the U.S. in 2020, roughly half will survive 5 years. (health.mil)
  • La présente étude a estimé les fréquences relatives du cancer de la cavité buccale et du pharynx chez des patients yéménites atteints de cancers enregistrés en 2007 et 2008. (who.int)
  • Les cancers de la cavité buccale étaient nettement plus fréquents chez les femmes alors que les cancers du pharynx étaient beaucoup plus nombreux chez les hommes. (who.int)
  • The ICD-10 code range for Malignant neoplasms of lip, oral cavity and pharynx C00-C14 is medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). (aapc.com)
  • In the brainstem , the organs of the mouth and pharynx have two control centers that are orderly positioned within the ring form of the brain relays that control the organs of the alimentary canal . (learninggnm.com)
  • The video below shows a view of the pharynx through the mouth. (medscape.com)
  • The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of oral cavity and pharynx (OCP) cancer among service members in the active component military (i.e. (health.mil)
  • There were 443 cases of oral cavity and pharynx cancer in the active component during those 13 years. (health.mil)
  • 1-4 In order to provide a broad overview of OCP cancer in the active component service member population, cancer of any site anatomically located in the oral cavity or pharynx was included in this report. (health.mil)
  • If directly assigning Summary Stage 2000 (SS2000), use the *Pharynx, NOS and Other Ill-Defined Oral Cavity Sites* chapter on page 66 of the [SS2000 on-line manual](http://seer.cancer.gov/tools/ssm/SSSM2000-122012.pdf#page=66). (cancer.gov)
  • RÉSUMÉ Des études en milieu hospitalier ont révélé des fréquences relatives très élevées du cancer oropharyngé au Yémen. (who.int)
  • Les patients atteints d'un cancer de la cavité buccale étaient bien plus âgés que les patients souffrant d'un cancer du pharynx. (who.int)
  • Des proportions élevées de patients atteints d'un cancer de la cavité buccale (71,5 %) ou du pharynx (77,4 %) ont reçu un diagnostic à un stade avancé de la maladie. (who.int)
  • Worldwide those affecting the oral cavity, pharynx variations in oral cancer distribution or both sites. (who.int)
  • Every year, nearly 85,000 men and 34,000 women get cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx. (who.int)
  • It is also important in In humans, two sets of pharyngeal muscles form the pharynx and determine the shape of its lumen. (wikipedia.org)
  • What Are the Muscles in the Pharynx? (databasefootball.com)
  • There are several muscles in the pharynx that can generally be divided into two different structures: the outer circular layer and the inner longitudinal layer. (databasefootball.com)
  • This layer has three muscles that run along the pharynx. (databasefootball.com)
  • This is thanks to the circular muscles in the pharynx and their contractions. (databasefootball.com)
  • Six muscles are predominantly responsible for the voluntary actions of the pharynx: three pharyngeal constrictor muscles that are roughly circularly layered on top of one another and three vertically oriented muscles (stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, and palatopharyngeus). (medscape.com)
  • These spaces are bound medially by the pharynx and laterally by pterygoid muscles of the infratemporal fossa and the parotid fascia. (medscape.com)
  • The exterior wall of the pharynx consists primarily of four muscles: superior pharyngeal constrictor, middle pharyngeal constrictor, inferior pharyngeal constrictor, and stylopharyngeus. (medscape.com)
  • The glossopharyngeal nerve travels anteriorly from the jugular foramen along the lateral aspect of the pharynx in close proximity to the structures in the carotid sheath and the styloid process and in the neck lies between the internal and external carotid arteries. (medscape.com)
  • The images were then analyzed for variables related to alterations in the area of the pharynx and pharyngoesophageal segment during swallowing, as well as temporal measures related to these structures. (njit.edu)
  • Another key part of the respiratory system is the eustachian tubes that connect the pharynx and the middle ear, thus helping to equalize the air pressure in the eardrum. (databasefootball.com)
  • There is a passage that connects both the nasal and the oral pharynges, known as the isthmus. (databasefootball.com)
  • It is the part that comes after the nasal pharynx, behind the tongue base, between the epiglottis and the soft palate. (databasefootball.com)
  • They are the stylopharyngeus that extends from the styloid process to the pharynx, the palatopharyngeus that extends from the hard palate in the oral cavity, and the salpingopharyngeus that goes from the inferior cartilage of the Eustachian tube. (databasefootball.com)
  • At the superior aspect of the pharynx (bottom of the screen) is the inferior aspect of the soft palate with the dangling uvula. (medscape.com)
  • C140 Pharynx, NOS C142 Waldeyer ring C148 Overlapping lesion of lip, oral cavity **Note:** TNM is not defined for this schema. (cancer.gov)
  • The n. laryngeus superior arises from the ganglion inferius of the n. vagus and descends against the lateral wall of the pharynx. (kenhub.com)
  • The base of tongue forms the base of the pharynx. (medscape.com)
  • The following study began as an examination of the transformation of the second branchial or pharyngeal pouch} Of the branchial pouches that appear in the development of the embryonic pharynx of man, the second, and the second alone, possesses rather negative characteristics. (edu.au)
  • This category comprises disorders of the pharynx that involve damage to its tissue due to malnutrition, autoimmune attack, or malignancy. (glutenfreeworks.com)
  • Blood is supplied to the pharynx through the following arteries (external carotid arteries): lingual artery, pharyngeal artery, maxillary artery, and facial artery. (databasefootball.com)
  • The pharynx extends all the way from the base of the human skull to the lower end of the cartilage known as the cricoid. (databasefootball.com)
  • We, however, questioned the method to measure the cross-sectional area of the pharynx endoscopically. (asahq.org)