Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.
The failure of a FETUS to attain its expected FETAL GROWTH at any GESTATIONAL AGE.
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Specialized arterial vessels in the umbilical cord. They carry waste and deoxygenated blood from the FETUS to the mother via the PLACENTA. In humans, there are usually two umbilical arteries but sometimes one.
The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (HEART/embryology) only on the basis of time.
The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Morphological and physiological development of FETUSES.
Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.
The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.
A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.
Physiologic or biochemical monitoring of the fetus. It is usually done during LABOR, OBSTETRIC and may be performed in conjunction with the monitoring of uterine activity. It may also be performed prenatally as when the mother is undergoing surgery.
A complication of pregnancy in which the UMBILICAL CORD wraps around the fetal neck once or multiple times. In some cases, cord entanglement around fetal neck may not affect pregnancy outcome significantly. In others, the nuchal cord may lead to restricted fetal blood flow, oxygen transport, fetal development, fetal movement, and complicated delivery at birth.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.
Physical activity of the FETUS in utero. Gross or fine fetal body movement can be monitored by the mother, PALPATION, or ULTRASONOGRAPHY.

Fetal growth rate and adverse perinatal events. (1/138)

OBJECTIVE: To study fetal weight gain and its association with adverse perinatal events in a serially scanned high-risk population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 200 pregnant women considered at increased risk of uteroplacental insufficiency had a total of 1140 scans in the third trimester, with a median of six scans in each pregnancy. The average fetal growth rate was retrospectively calculated for the last 6 weeks to birth, and expressed as daily weight gain in grams per day. Adverse pregnancy outcome was defined as operative delivery for fetal distress, acidotic umbilical artery pH (< 7.15), or admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). RESULTS: Fetuses with normal outcome in this high-risk pregnancy population had an average antenatal growth rate of 24.2 g/day. Compared to pregnancies with normal outcome, the growth rate was slower in those that required operative delivery for fetal distress (20.9 g/day, p < 0.05) and those that required admission to the NICU (20.3 g/day, p < 0.05). The growth rate in pregnancies resulting in acidotic umbilical artery pH also seemed lower, but this did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Impaired fetal weight gain prior to birth is associated with adverse perinatal events suggestive of growth failure.  (+info)

Maternal placental abnormality and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. (2/138)

To determine whether placental abnormality (placental abruption or placental previa) during pregnancy predisposes an infant to a high risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the authors conducted a population-based case-control study using 1989-1991 California linked birth and death certificate data. They identified 2,107 SIDS cases, 96% of whom were diagnosed through autopsy. Ten controls were randomly selected for each case from the same linked birth-death certificate data, matched to the case on year of birth. About 1.4% of mothers of cases and 0.7% of mothers of controls had either placental abruption or placenta previa during the index pregnancy. After adjustment for potential confounders, placental abnormality during pregnancy was associated with a twofold increase in the risk of SIDS in offspring (odds ratio = 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.3-3.1). The individual effects of placental abruption and placenta previa on the risk of SIDS did not differ significantly. An impaired fetal development due to placental abnormality may predispose an infant to a high risk of SIDS.  (+info)

Glucose metabolism and beta-cell mass in adult offspring of rats protein and/or energy restricted during the last week of pregnancy. (3/138)

An association between low birth weight and later impaired glucose tolerance was recently demonstrated in several human populations. Although fetal malnutrition is probably involved, the biological bases of such a relationship are not yet clear, and animal studies on the matter are scarce. The present study was aimed to identify, in adult (8-wk) female offspring, the effects of reduced protein and/or energy intake strictly limited to the last week of pregnancy. Thus we have tested three protocols of gestational malnutrition: a low-protein isocaloric diet (5 instead of 15%), with pair feeding to the mothers receiving the control diet; a restricted diet (50% of the control diet); and a low-protein restricted diet (50% of low-protein diet). Only the low-protein diet protocols, independent of total energy intake, led to a lower birth weight. The adult offspring female rats in the three deprived groups exhibited no decrease in body weight and no major impairment in glucose tolerance, glucose utilization, or glucose production (basal state and hyperinsulinemic clamp studies). However, pancreatic insulin content and beta-cell mass were significantly decreased in the low-protein isocaloric diet group compared with the two energy-restricted groups. Such impairment of beta-cell mass development induced by protein deficiency limited to the last part of intrauterine life could represent a situation predisposing to impaired glucose tolerance.  (+info)

Altered arterial concentrations of placental hormones during maximal placental growth in a model of placental insufficiency. (4/138)

Pregnant ewes were exposed chronically to thermoneutral (TN; 20+/-2 degrees C, 30% relative humidity; n=8) or hyperthermic (HT; 40+/-2 degrees C 12 h/day, 35+/-2 degrees C 12 h/day, 30% relative humidity, n=6) environments between days 37 and 93 of pregnancy. Ewes were killed following 56 days of exposure to either environment (days in treatment (dit)), corresponding to 93+/-1 day post coitus (dpc). Maternal core body temperatures (CBT) in HT ewes were significantly elevated above the TN ewes (HT; 39.86+/-0.1 degrees C vs TN; 39.20+/-0.1 degrees C; P<0.001). Both groups of animals displayed circadian CBT, though HT ewes had elevated amplitudes (HT; 0.181+/-0.002 degrees C vs TN; 0.091+/-0.002 degrees C; P<0.001) and increased phase shift constants (HT; 2100 h vs TN; 1800 h; P<0.001). Ewes exposed to chronic heat stress had significantly reduced progesterone and ovine placental lactogen (oPL) concentrations from 72 and 62 dpc respectively (P<0.05), corresponding to approximately 30 dit. However, when compared with the TN ewes, HT cotyledonary tissue oPL mRNA and protein concentrations were not significantly different (P>0.1). Prolactin concentrations rose immediately upon entry into the HT environment, reaching concentrations approximately four times that of TN ewes, a level maintained throughout the study (HT; 216.31+/-32.82 vs TN; 54. 40+/-10.0; P<0.0001). Despite similar feed intakes and euglycemia in both groups of ewes, HT fetal body weights were significantly reduced when compared with TN fetuses (HT; 514.6+/-48.7 vs TN; 703. 4+/-44.8; P<0.05), while placental weights (HT; 363.6+/-63.3 vs TN; 571.2+/-95.9) were not significantly affected by 56 days of heat exposure. Furthermore, the relationship between body weight and fetal length, the ponderal index, was significantly reduced in HT fetuses (HT; 3.01+/-0.13 vs TN; 3.57+/-0.18; P<0.05). HT fetal liver weights were also significantly reduced (HT; 27.31+/-4.73 vs TN; 45.16+/-6.16; P<0.05) and as a result, the brain/liver weight ratio was increased. This study demonstrates that chronic heat exposure lowers circulating placental hormone concentrations. The observation that PL mRNA and protein contents are similar across the two treatments, suggests that reduced hormone concentrations are the result of impaired trophoblast cell development, specifically trophoblast migration. Furthermore, the impact of heat exposure during maximal placental growth is great enough to restrict early fetal development, even before the fetal maximal growth phase (100 dpc-term). These data highlight that intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) may result primarily from placental trophoblast cell dysfunction, and secondarily from later reduced placental size.  (+info)

Placental blood flow measured by simultaneous multigate spectral Doppler imaging in pregnancies complicated by placental vascular abnormalities. (5/138)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of placental blood flow measurements by simultaneous multigate spectral Doppler imaging in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and for early detection of placental vascular abnormalities in high- and low-risk pregnancies. METHODS: To assess the sensitivity and specificity of abnormal placental blood flow in detecting IUGR, we followed 22 women whose pregnancies were complicated by IUGR at 28-34 weeks' gestation, and compared the findings with those obtained in 22 matched controls. We defined placental blood flow impedance as abnormal when 10% of placental pulsatility index (PI) measurements were greater than, or equal to, the mean umbilical artery PI (placental PI/umbilical PI > or = 1). To determine the predictive value of abnormal placental blood flow measurement for identifying developing uteroplacental insufficiency, we examined an unselected group of 100 low- and high-risk patients at 20-22 weeks' gestation. We correlated the Doppler findings with the development of pre-eclampsia, IUGR, placental abruption, oligohydramnios and the presence of persistent late decelerations during labor. RESULTS: Placental blood flow determination was more sensitive than umbilical artery blood flow in detecting abnormal umbilical-placental flow impedances as manifested by the presence of IUGR. Of the 100 mixed high- and low-risk patients examined at 20-22 weeks, 32 had abnormal placental blood flow. Of these, 19 (59.4%) subsequently developed pathologies associated with placental vascular disease. Of the 68 patients with normal placental blood flow, only six (8.8%) developed such pathologies. The sensitivity was 76% (19/25), with positive predictive value 59.4% (19/32); the specificity was 82.7% (62/75), with negative predictive value 91.2% (62/68). CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal intraplacental blood flow at 28-34 weeks' gestation is strongly associated with IUGR. In addition, it has moderate positive and negative predictive values for identifying subsequent development of uteroplacental vascular abnormalities.  (+info)

Effects of placental insufficiency on the ovine fetal renin-angiotensin system. (6/138)

We postulated that chronic placental insufficiency would be associated with reduced expression of renal renin and angiotensinogen genes in the fetal sheep. Placental development was restricted in ewes by removing the majority of caruncles prior to mating (placentally restricted (PR) group). The weights of PR fetuses were significantly reduced (P < 0.05, 2.98 +/- 0.33 kg) compared to control fetuses (4.20 +/- 0.30 kg). Kidney weights were also significantly reduced in the PR fetuses (P < 0.05, 8.4 +/- 0.9 g) compared with control fetuses (12.2 +/- 1.3 g). The ratios of renal renin/-actin mRNA levels were significantly reduced in PR fetuses (P < 0.001, 0.35 +/- 0.02) when compared to control animals (0.98 +/- 0.13). The renal angiotensinogen mRNA/18S rRNA ratio was significantly lower (P < 0.05, 0.28 +/- 0.13) in PR fetuses compared with control fetuses (0.72 +/- 0.10), while hepatic angiotensinogen was unaffected. There was a positive correlation between renal renin mRNA and renal angiotensinogen mRNA levels (r = 0.65, P < 0.05, n = 12). It is unlikely that these changes in renal angiotensinogen and renin mRNA were due to the small increment in plasma cortisol levels (< 5 nmol l-1). There was, however, a positive correlation between arterial PO2 and renal renin mRNA (r2 = 0.77, P < 0.01). Plasma renin levels were not different between the two groups. Thus, restriction of nutrient and oxygen supply throughout fetal life was associated with suppression of renal renin and renal angiotensinogen gene expression, with no effect on hepatic angiotensinogen mRNA levels. This specific suppression of fetal renal renin and angiotensinogen expression could alter the activity of the intrarenal RAS and so affect growth and development of the kidney.  (+info)

A prospective management study of slow-release aspirin in the palliation of uteroplacental insufficiency predicted by uterine artery Doppler at 20 weeks. (7/138)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of low-dose, slow-release aspirin in reducing the incidence and/or severity of pregnancy complications in women identified as high risk of developing problems associated with uteroplacental insufficiency, namely pre-eclampsia or delivering a small-for-gestational age (SGA) baby. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized management study. One thousand and twenty-two women of mixed parity underwent color flow/pulsed Doppler (CFPD) imaging of the uterine arteries at the time of the 17-23 week (mean 19.9) anomaly scan. Women who were screen positive were randomized to a control or treatment group. The treatment group was given 100-mg slow-release aspirin (Disprin CV) daily and followed up at regular intervals. Women in the routine group received routine antenatal care. Main outcome measures were pre-eclampsia and SGA < 3rd centile. Secondary outcome measures were: SGA < 10th centile, pre-eclampsia requiring delivery before 34 weeks, placental abruption, an Apgar score < 7 at 5 min, admission to neonatal intensive care unit or a pregnancy that resulted in a stillbirth or neonatal death. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for severe and any complications. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixteen women were screen positive according to the defined criteria. One hundred and three women were assigned to the treatment group and 113 to the control group. The difference in the incidence of pre-eclampsia and SGA < 3rd centile between the control and treatment groups did not reach statistical significance. There was a statistically significant reduction in any (OR 0.41 (CI 0.35-0.45), P < 0.01) and severe pregnancy complications (OR 0.43 (CI 0.21-0.84), P < 0.05) in the treatment group compared with the controls. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of slow-release aspirin to women identified as high risk, using color Doppler imaging of the uterine arteries at 20 weeks' gestation, did not significantly alter the incidence of pre-eclampsia or delivery of a SGA baby. It did, however, improve the outcome by reducing the overall incidence of complications associated with uteroplacental insufficiency.  (+info)

Coronary heart disease after prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine, 1944-45. (8/138)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of prenatal exposure to maternal malnutrition on coronary heart disease in people born around the time of the Dutch famine, 1944-45. DESIGN: Historical cohort study. SETTING: Community study. PATIENTS: Singletons born alive between November 1943 and February 1947 for whom detailed birth records were available. DESIGN: The prevalence of coronary heart disease was compared between those exposed to famine in late gestation (n = 120), in mid-gestation (n = 108), or in early gestation (n = 68), and those born in the year before the famine or those conceived in the year after the famine (non-exposed subjects, n = 440). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of coronary heart disease, defined as the presence of angina pectoris according to the Rose questionnaire, Q waves on the ECG, or a history of coronary revascularisation. RESULTS: The prevalence of coronary heart disease was higher in those exposed in early gestation than in non-exposed people (8.8% v 3.2%; odds ratio adjusted for sex 3.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1 to 8.1). The prevalence was not increased in those exposed in mid gestation (0.9%) or late gestation (2.5%). People with coronary heart disease tended to have lower birth weights (3215 g v 3352 g, p = 0.13), and smaller head circumferences at birth (32.2 cm v 32.8 cm, p = 0.05), but the effect of exposure to famine in early gestation was independent of birth weight (adjusted odds ratio 3.2, 95% CI 1.2 to 8.8). CONCLUSIONS: Although the numbers are very small, this is the first evidence suggesting that maternal malnutrition during early gestation contributes to the occurrence of coronary heart disease in the offspring.  (+info)

Placental insufficiency is a condition in which the placenta does not provide adequate nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus. This can occur due to various reasons, such as poor placental development, damage to the placenta, or problems with the blood flow to the placenta. As a result, the fetus may receive less oxygen and nutrients than it needs for proper growth and development, which can lead to a range of complications, including low birth weight, preterm birth, and developmental delays.

The medical definition of placental insufficiency is: "a condition in which the placenta fails to provide adequate support to the developing fetus, resulting in impaired fetal growth and development." This condition can be diagnosed through various tests, such as ultrasound, fetal monitoring, and blood tests, and may require close monitoring and management throughout pregnancy to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the baby.

Fetal growth retardation, also known as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is a condition in which a fetus fails to grow at the expected rate during pregnancy. This can be caused by various factors such as maternal health problems, placental insufficiency, chromosomal abnormalities, and genetic disorders. The fetus may be smaller than expected for its gestational age, have reduced movement, and may be at risk for complications during labor and delivery. It is important to monitor fetal growth and development closely throughout pregnancy to detect any potential issues early on and provide appropriate medical interventions.

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

The umbilical arteries are a pair of vessels that develop within the umbilical cord during fetal development. They carry oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood from the mother to the developing fetus through the placenta. These arteries arise from the internal iliac arteries in the fetus and pass through the umbilical cord to connect with the two umbilical veins within the placenta. After birth, the umbilical arteries become ligaments (the medial umbilical ligaments) that run along the inner abdominal wall.

The fetal heart is the cardiovascular organ that develops in the growing fetus during pregnancy. It starts to form around 22 days after conception and continues to develop throughout the first trimester. By the end of the eighth week of gestation, the fetal heart has developed enough to pump blood throughout the body.

The fetal heart is similar in structure to the adult heart but has some differences. It is smaller and more compact, with a four-chambered structure that includes two atria and two ventricles. The fetal heart also has unique features such as the foramen ovale, which is a hole between the right and left atria that allows blood to bypass the lungs, and the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta and diverts blood away from the lungs.

The fetal heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood from the placenta to the rest of the body and returning deoxygenated blood back to the placenta for re-oxygenation. The rate of the fetal heartbeat is faster than that of an adult, typically ranging from 120 to 160 beats per minute. Fetal heart rate monitoring is a common method used during pregnancy and childbirth to assess the health and well-being of the developing fetus.

A fetus is the developing offspring in a mammal, from the end of the embryonic period (approximately 8 weeks after fertilization in humans) until birth. In humans, the fetal stage of development starts from the eleventh week of pregnancy and continues until childbirth, which is termed as full-term pregnancy at around 37 to 40 weeks of gestation. During this time, the organ systems become fully developed and the body grows in size. The fetus is surrounded by the amniotic fluid within the amniotic sac and is connected to the placenta via the umbilical cord, through which it receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother. Regular prenatal care is essential during this period to monitor the growth and development of the fetus and ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery.

Fetal development is the process in which a fertilized egg grows and develops into a fetus, which is a developing human being from the end of the eighth week after conception until birth. This complex process involves many different stages, including:

1. Fertilization: The union of a sperm and an egg to form a zygote.
2. Implantation: The movement of the zygote into the lining of the uterus, where it will begin to grow and develop.
3. Formation of the embryo: The development of the basic structures of the body, including the neural tube (which becomes the brain and spinal cord), heart, gastrointestinal tract, and sensory organs.
4. Differentiation of tissues and organs: The process by which different cells and tissues become specialized to perform specific functions.
5. Growth and maturation: The continued growth and development of the fetus, including the formation of bones, muscles, and other tissues.

Fetal development is a complex and highly regulated process that involves the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Proper nutrition, prenatal care, and avoidance of harmful substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and drugs are important for ensuring healthy fetal development.

I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Adrenal insufficiency is a condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of certain hormones, primarily cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol helps regulate metabolism, respond to stress, and suppress inflammation, while aldosterone helps regulate sodium and potassium levels in the body to maintain blood pressure.

Primary adrenal insufficiency, also known as Addison's disease, occurs when there is damage to the adrenal glands themselves, often due to autoimmune disorders, infections, or certain medications. Secondary adrenal insufficiency occurs when the pituitary gland fails to produce enough adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol.

Symptoms of adrenal insufficiency may include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, low blood pressure, dizziness, and darkening of the skin. Treatment typically involves replacing the missing hormones with medications taken orally or by injection.

Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-related disorder, typically characterized by the onset of high blood pressure (hypertension) and damage to organs, such as the kidneys, after the 20th week of pregnancy. It is often accompanied by proteinuria, which is the presence of excess protein in the urine. Pre-eclampsia can lead to serious complications for both the mother and the baby if left untreated or unmanaged.

The exact causes of pre-eclampsia are not fully understood, but it is believed that placental issues, genetic factors, and immune system problems may contribute to its development. Risk factors include first-time pregnancies, history of pre-eclampsia in previous pregnancies, chronic hypertension, obesity, older age (35 or older), and assisted reproductive technology (ART) pregnancies.

Pre-eclampsia can progress to a more severe form called eclampsia, which is characterized by the onset of seizures. HELLP syndrome, another severe complication, involves hemolysis (breaking down of red blood cells), elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count.

Early detection and management of pre-eclampsia are crucial to prevent severe complications. Regular prenatal care, including frequent blood pressure checks and urine tests, can help identify early signs of the condition. Treatment typically involves close monitoring, medication to lower blood pressure, corticosteroids to promote fetal lung maturity, and, in some cases, delivery of the baby if the mother's or baby's health is at risk.

Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.

During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.

Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.

Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

Organ size refers to the volume or physical measurement of an organ in the body of an individual. It can be described in terms of length, width, and height or by using specialized techniques such as imaging studies (like CT scans or MRIs) to determine the volume. The size of an organ can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, body size, and overall health status. Changes in organ size may indicate various medical conditions, including growths, inflammation, or atrophy.

Birth weight refers to the first weight of a newborn infant, usually taken immediately after birth. It is a critical vital sign that indicates the baby's health status and is used as a predictor for various short-term and long-term health outcomes.

Typically, a full-term newborn's weight ranges from 5.5 to 8.8 pounds (2.5 to 4 kg), although normal birth weights can vary significantly based on factors such as gestational age, genetics, maternal health, and nutrition. Low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg), while high birth weight is greater than 8.8 pounds (4 kg).

Low birth weight babies are at a higher risk for various medical complications, including respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, infections, and developmental delays. High birth weight babies may face challenges with delivery, increased risk of obesity, and potential metabolic issues later in life. Regular prenatal care is essential to monitor fetal growth and ensure a healthy pregnancy and optimal birth weight for the baby.

Renal insufficiency, also known as kidney failure, is a medical condition in which the kidneys are unable to properly filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood. This results in a buildup of these substances in the body, which can cause a variety of symptoms such as weakness, shortness of breath, and fluid retention. Renal insufficiency can be acute, meaning it comes on suddenly, or chronic, meaning it develops over time. It is typically diagnosed through blood tests, urine tests, and imaging studies. Treatment may include medications to control symptoms, dietary changes, and in severe cases, dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Venous insufficiency is a medical condition that occurs when the veins, particularly in the legs, have difficulty returning blood back to the heart due to impaired valve function or obstruction in the vein. This results in blood pooling in the veins, leading to symptoms such as varicose veins, swelling, skin changes, and ulcers. Prolonged venous insufficiency can cause chronic pain and affect the quality of life if left untreated.

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a condition characterized by the reduced ability to digest and absorb nutrients due to a lack of digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine glands in the pancreas. These enzymes, including lipases, amylases, and proteases, are necessary for breaking down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in food during the digestion process.

When EPI occurs, undigested food passes through the gastrointestinal tract, leading to malabsorption of nutrients, which can result in various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, weight loss, and steatorrhea (fatty stools). EPI is often associated with chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic cancer, or other conditions that damage the exocrine glands in the pancreas.

EPI can be diagnosed through various tests, including fecal elastase testing, fecal fat quantification, and imaging studies to assess the structure and function of the pancreas. Treatment typically involves replacing the missing enzymes with oral supplements taken with meals and snacks to improve digestion and absorption of nutrients. In addition, dietary modifications and management of underlying conditions are essential for optimal outcomes.

Fetal monitoring is a procedure used during labor and delivery to assess the well-being of the fetus. It involves the use of electronic devices to measure and record the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions. The information obtained from fetal monitoring can help healthcare providers identify any signs of fetal distress, such as a decreased fetal heart rate, which may indicate the need for interventions or an emergency cesarean delivery.

There are two main types of fetal monitoring: external and internal. External fetal monitoring involves placing sensors on the mother's abdomen to detect the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions. Internal fetal monitoring, which is typically used during high-risk deliveries, involves inserting an electrode into the fetus' scalp to measure the fetal heart rate more accurately.

Fetal monitoring can provide valuable information about the fetus's well-being during labor and delivery, but it is important to note that it has limitations and may not always detect fetal distress in a timely manner. Therefore, healthcare providers must use their clinical judgment and other assessment tools, such as fetal movement counting and visual examination of the fetus, to ensure the safe delivery of the baby.

A nuchal cord is a medical term that refers to the situation where the umbilical cord wraps around the neck of the fetus. This can happen at any time during pregnancy or delivery. In most cases, a nuchal cord does not cause harm to the baby, especially if it is loose and slippery. However, if the cord is tight or wrapped multiple times around the neck, it may affect the baby's oxygen supply and lead to complications such as fetal distress, low heart rate, or even stillbirth in rare cases.

Healthcare providers typically monitor the baby's heart rate during labor and delivery to detect any signs of distress caused by a nuchal cord. If necessary, they may perform an assisted delivery or cesarean section to ensure the safe delivery of the baby.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

A "periodical" in the context of medicine typically refers to a type of publication that is issued regularly, such as on a monthly or quarterly basis. These publications include peer-reviewed journals, magazines, and newsletters that focus on medical research, education, and practice. They may contain original research articles, review articles, case reports, editorials, letters to the editor, and other types of content related to medical science and clinical practice.

As a "Topic," periodicals in medicine encompass various aspects such as their role in disseminating new knowledge, their impact on clinical decision-making, their quality control measures, and their ethical considerations. Medical periodicals serve as a crucial resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, students, and other stakeholders to stay updated on the latest developments in their field and to share their findings with others.

Fetal movement, also known as quickening, refers to the first perceived movements of the fetus in the uterus during pregnancy. These movements are often described as a fluttering sensation in the lower abdomen and are usually felt by pregnant individuals between 18 and 25 weeks of gestation, although they may occur earlier or later depending on various factors such as the position of the placenta and whether it is a first-time pregnancy.

Fetal movements are an important sign of fetal well-being, and pregnant individuals are typically advised to monitor them regularly starting from around 28 weeks of gestation. A decrease in fetal movement or the absence of fetal movement for an extended period may indicate a problem and should be reported to a healthcare provider immediately.

Fetal movements can be described as kicks, rolls, jabs, or turns, and they become stronger and more frequent as the pregnancy progresses. By 32 weeks of gestation, most fetuses move around 10 times per hour, and by 37 weeks, they typically move around 30 times per day. However, it is important to note that every fetus has its own pattern of movements, and what is normal for one may not be normal for another.

... or utero-placental insufficiency is the failure of the placenta to deliver sufficient nutrients to the ... The following characteristics of placentas have been said to be associated with placental insufficiency, however all of them ... so none of them can be used to accurately diagnose placental insufficiency:[citation needed] Abnormally thin placenta (less ...
Placental insufficiency, otherwise known as uteroplacental vascular insufficiency, results from insufficient blood supply to ... "Placental expression of VEGF, PlGF and their receptors in a model of placental insufficiency-intrauterine growth restriction ( ... "Placental Insufficiency". MalaCards. Regnault, T. R.; Orbus, R. J.; De Vrijer, B.; Davidsen, M. L.; Galan, H. L.; Wilkening, R ... Placental growth factor (PlGF) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PGF gene. Placental growth factor (PGF) is a ...
It is used in ultrasound testing of umbilical artery for placental insufficiency. RI should not exceed 0.60 at 30 weeks of ...
Risk factors of thrifty phenotype include advanced maternal age and placental insufficiency. The ability to conserve, acquire ...
Late decelerations: a result of placental insufficiency, which can result in fetal distress. Monitoring usually shows ...
Causes include post-term pregnancy, placental insufficiency, and NSAID use by the mother.[citation needed] Decreased size of ... the amount of lung damage dictates whether or not treatment is efficacious in reversing newborn lung insufficiency. Other ...
Very large infarcts lead to placental insufficiency and may result in fetal death. Maternal floor infarcts are not considered ... Small placental infarcts, especially at the edge of the placental disc, are considered to be normal at term. Large placental ... A placental infarction results from the interruption of blood supply to a part of the placenta, causing its cells to die. ... Placental disease Marcorelles, P. (Mar 2010). "[Placenta and preeclampsia: relationships between anatomical lesions and ...
Most cases affect preterm birth infants and result from placental insufficiency and/or fetal hypoxia. Other causes, such as ...
However, sometimes the placenta involutes, and multiple infarcts and villous degeneration cause placental insufficiency ... Clifford, Stewart H. (January 1954). "Postmaturity-With placental dysfunction: Clinical syndrome and pathologic findings". The ...
... associated with placental insufficiency Amnion nodosum; failure of secretion by the cells of the amnion covering the placenta ... Low amniotic fluid can be attributed to a maternal, fetal, placental or idiopathic cause and can result in poor fetal outcomes ... The development of oligohydramnios may be idiopathic or have a maternal, fetal, or placental cause. Conditions such as ... Sonographic evaluation of the fetus is done to identify fetal anomalies, aneuploidy, fetal growth restriction, or placental ...
Henriksen T, Clausen T (February 2002). "The fetal origins hypothesis: placental insufficiency and inheritance versus maternal ...
The abnormal trophoblast invasion, lead to overall uteroplacental insufficiencies and uteroplacental underperfusion. It is due ... A placental disease is any disease, disorder, or pathology of the placenta. Ischemic placental disease leads to the attachment ... Also, exposure to sudden trauma can increase the risk of placental abruption which coincides with placental disease. There is ... Also, cases of still births can be associated with placental disease. Preeclampsia is considered to be linked with Placental ...
This also is consistent with the observation that placental insufficiency has been associated with disruptions of development ...
Deterioration in placental functioning, referred to as placental insufficiency, may be related to mother-to-child transmission ... They are decreased with toxemia, choriocarcinoma, and Placental insufficiency. The placenta and fetus may be regarded as a ... "Placental Weights: Means, Standard Deviations, and Percentiles by Gestational Age". Placental and Gestational Pathology. 2017. ... Handwerger S, Freemark M (April 2000). "The roles of placental growth hormone and placental lactogen in the regulation of human ...
Some of these include low birth weight, placental insufficiency, chromosomal disorders, preterm deliveries, gestational ...
A cerebroplacental ratio lower than 1-1.1 in uncomplicated pregnancies is indicative of placental insufficiency, independent of ... Moreta, Daphne; Benzie, Ron (November 2017). "Cerebro-placental ratio - Is it time to start putting it to use?". Australasian ... "The CErebro Placental RAtio as indicator for delivery following perception of reduced fetal movements, protocol for an ...
This limits the blood flow through the placenta and ultimately leads to placental insufficiency, and the baby is no longer ... Reduced placental perfusion - Once a pregnancy has surpassed the 40-week gestation period, doctors closely monitor the mother ... If there is a reduction in the number of movements it could indicate placental deterioration. Doppler fetal monitor is a hand- ... for signs of placental deterioration. Toward the end of pregnancy, calcium is deposited on the walls of blood vessels, and ...
... on Amniotomy in the Treatment of Placental Insufficiency Syndrome in 1964. Sinnathuray was appointed Professor and Head of the ...
"Altered arterial concentrations of placental hormones during maximal placental growth in a model of placental insufficiency". ... severe placental insufficiency and chronic hypoxia, congenital malformations, congenital infections, placental abruption, cord ... usually associated with placental insufficiency, placental abruption, or a umbilical cord accident. This chronic hypoxia also ... In order to adapt to the chronic hypoxia associated with placental insufficiency, blood flow is redirected to the brain to try ...
The growth-restricting impacts of placental insufficiency resulting from velamentous cord insertion can also augment the ... In normal pregnancies, the umbilical cord inserts into the middle of the placental mass and is completely encased by the ... One theory is that velamentous cord insertion may arise from the process of placental trophotropism, which is the phenomenon ... Kalafat E, Thilaganathan B, Papageorghiou A, Bhide A, Khalil A (2018). "Significance of placental cord insertion site in twin ...
Other factors that promote the passage of meconium in utero include placental insufficiency, maternal hypertension, pre- ...
... placental insufficiency and fetal hypoxia due to membrane rupture. The development of birth defects associated with maternal ... The integrity of embryofetal development and placental function can be monitored by fetal echocardiography and ultrasound ...
Also a placental abruption (in which there is premature separation of the placenta) can lead to obstetrical hemorrhage, ... As well as cervical insufficiency defined as a midtrimester (14th-26th week) dilation of the cervix which may need medical ... Besides placenta previa and placental abruption, uterine rupture can occur, which is a very serious condition leading to ... Causes of bleeding before and during childbirth include cervicitis, placenta previa, placental abruption and uterine rupture. ...
... and it occurs as a haemodynamic adaptation in foetuses which have placental insufficiency. The underlying mechanism is thought ... will be one factor taken into consideration when deciding whether to artificially deliver a baby with placental insufficiency ...
... or recognized features of placental insufficiency Laboratory:[citation needed] Anti-cardiolipin IgG and/or IgM measured by ... A frequent cause of such complications is placental infarctions. In some cases, APS seems to be the leading cause of ...
Maternal phenylketonuria Poorly controlled gestational diabetes Hyperthermia Maternal hypothyroidism Placental insufficiency ...
... placental insufficiency, umbilical cord prolapse), birth trauma during labor and delivery, and complications around birth or ... Teng J, Chang T, Reyes C, Nelson KB (October 2012). "Placental weight and neurologic outcome in the infant: a review". The ...
... loss of blood outside of the circulatory system Brain contusion or injury Multifocal cerebrovascular insufficiency Placental ...
... placental insufficiency MeSH C13.703.634.404 - embolism, amniotic fluid MeSH C13.703.700.173 - abortion, septic MeSH C13.703. ... placental site MeSH C13.703.720.949.416.875 - hydatidiform mole MeSH C13.703.720.949.416.875.500 - hydatidiform mole, invasive ...
... or placental insufficiency Lethal congenital or chromosomal abnormalities Cervical dilation is greater than 4 centimeters ... placental abruption, a cardiac disease, or another condition which indicates that the pregnancy should not continue. Maternal ...
... a skin condition that results from increased pressure in the venous system of the lower leg Placental insufficiency, ... Insufficiency may refer to: Aortic insufficiency (AI), also known as aortic regurgitation (AR), the leaking of the aortic valve ... mostly located on the lateral surface of the ankle or the distal digits Chronic venous insufficiency or CVI is a medical ... a temporary set of symptoms due to decreased blood flow in the posterior circulation of the brain Adrenal insufficiency, a ...
He performed the first successful ovulation induction in women with hypothalamic-pituitary insufficiency using human pituitary ... as well as characterization of human pituitary and placental gonadotropins. ...
Placental insufficiency or utero-placental insufficiency is the failure of the placenta to deliver sufficient nutrients to the ... The following characteristics of placentas have been said to be associated with placental insufficiency, however all of them ... so none of them can be used to accurately diagnose placental insufficiency:[citation needed] Abnormally thin placenta (less ...
A woman with placental insufficiency usually does not have any symptoms. However, certain diseases, such as preeclampsia, which ... Avoiding these substances may help prevent placental insufficiency and other pregnancy complications. ...
This is one of the major factors fueling the global placental insufficiency treatment market. ... Placental insufficiency is also known as placental dysfunction. It is a rare but serious complication of pregnancy. Smoking and ... Placental Insufficiency Treatment Market to Perceive Substantial Growth by the End 2026. ... Albany, NY -- (SBWIRE) -- 02/06/2019 -- Placental insufficiency is a complication of pregnancy, wherein the placenta is unable ...
Study 3 assessed the effects of MCS on vitamin B-12 status in mice with and without placental insufficiency. In addition, data ... support for further research on the use of choline for improving placental function and mitigating placental insufficiency. ... a model of placental insufficiency. Study 1 investigated the effects of maternal choline supplementation (MCS) on pregnancy ... Placental betaine concentrations were strongly predictive of fetal weights, suggesting betaine supply may be a determinant of ...
Placental insufficiency associated with hypertension accounted for most stillbirths. Placental findings consistent with chronic ... Hypertension and placental insufficiency were associated with most stillbirths in this tertiary care setting. ... Verbal autopsies; maternal HIV, CD4 and HIV RNA testing; stillbirth HIV PCR testing; and placental pathology (blinded to HIV ... and there were few women with acute placental insufficiency (8%). As with the HAART treated women, placental insufficiency was ...
One of the few established genetic contributors to placental insufficiency and non-syndromic FGR is trisomy confined to the ... One of the few established genetic contributors to placental insufficiency and non-syndromic FGR is trisomy confined to the ... Genomic profiling in the placenta : toward a greater understanding of genetic variation contributing to placental insufficiency ... Genomic profiling in the placenta : toward a greater understanding of genetic variation contributing to placental insufficiency ...
... due to placental insufficiency (PI) is an important cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. There is also evidence that FGR ... and late onset FGR are different and that late onset placental insufficiency (LOPI) may be present even in the presence of a ... 6 of these had evidence of late onset placental insufficiency and 4 were small for gestational age. This left 210 study ... it was seen as a reassuring sign that no significant placental disease is present. However, studies have shown that the ...
Toxemia of pregnancy and placental insufficiency. Intrauterine growth retardation has many causes, the most important being ...
DLK1 is a promising marker for placental insufficiency.",. keywords = "biomarker, growth restriction, placental insufficiency, ... SB and LB were stratified as placental insufficiency cases (small for gestational age ,5% or circulatory lesions on placental ... SB and LB were stratified as placental insufficiency cases (small for gestational age ,5% or circulatory lesions on placental ... SB and LB were stratified as placental insufficiency cases (small for gestational age ,5% or circulatory lesions on placental ...
Risk Calculator for Placental Abruption. Placental Abruption Risk Calculator INPUT Values include:. * * * * "…Uterine Bleeding ...
Placental Circulation / physiology * Placental Insufficiency / diagnostic imaging * Placental Insufficiency / mortality* * ... Predictors of neonatal outcome in early-onset placental dysfunction Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Feb;109(2 Pt 1):253-61. doi: 10.1097/ ... specific estimates and predictors of neonatal morbidity and mortality in early onset fetal growth restriction due to placental ...
placental insufficiency. IDs. placental insufficiency DOID:3891. MESH:D010927. UMLS_CUI:C0032051. ...
How do you test for placental insufficiency?. Tests that can detect placental insufficiency include:. *pregnancy ultrasound to ...
Diseases : Placental Insufficiency, Pregnancy Complications. Additional Keywords : Risk Factors. Problem Substances : Aspartame ... Aspartame induced a significant decrease in the mean placental weight and the mean thickness of both labyrinth and basal zones. ...
Placenta problems during pregnancy, such as placenta previa, placental abruption, or placental insufficiency, raise the risk of ... Placental Insufficiency. MedlinePlus. December 2, 2020.. *Cerebral Palsy: Symptoms and Causes. Mayo Clinic. September 1, 2021. ...
Chronic placental hypoxia is one of the root causes of placental insufficiencies that result in pre-eclampsia and maternal ... Placental Hypoxia During Early Pregnancy Causes Maternal Hypertension and Placental Insufficiency in the Hypoxic Guinea Pig ... In summary, this animal model of placental HPX identifies several aspects of abnormal placental development, including ... and is an ideal animal model to study placental development. We hypothesized that chronic placental hypoxia of the pregnant ...
Many IUGR cases are caused by placental insufficiency. In these cases, there is deficient remodeling of uterine spiral arteries ... 2019). Placental epigenetic clocks: estimating gestational age using placental DNA methylation levels. Aging 11 (12), 4238. doi ... 2004). Placental growth retardation due to loss of imprinting of Phlda2. Mech. Dev. 121 (10), 1199-1210. doi:10.1016/j.mod. ... Placental function can be influenced by many environmental exposures, such as maternal smoking and obesity (Reijnders et al., ...
... in placental insufficiency and atypical neurodevelopment; translational studies (particularly therapeutic strategies to prevent ... elucidating factors involved in regulating placental metabolism, placental perfusion, and analyte transfer from the mother to ... Placental Structure and Function. Strategic Plan Theme 3: Setting the Foundation for Healthy Pregnancies and Lifelong Wellness ... placental insufficiency). *John Ilekis, Program Director/Health Sciences Administrator. Main Research Areas: Fetal ...
In acute placental insufficiency such as abruptio placenta, pregnant women are 11 times more prone to stillbirths (Saftlas et ... This was done in an attempt to model an insult of placental insufficiency to premature infants. This protocol in near-term ... We report a rabbit model of in utero placental insufficiency, in which hypertonia is accompanied by marked abnormalities in ... As expected from human studies of acute placental insufficiency (Saftlas et al., 1991), stillbirths were observed in the ...
The patient gave birth to a healthy postterm infant without evidence of placental insufficiency. Placental pathologic analysis ... Systematic review and meta-analysis: rapid diagnostic tests versus placental histology, microscopy and PCR for malaria in ... placental antigen expression might increase the risk for delayed P. falciparum presentation (10-12). The patients sickle cell ... placental histology, polymerase chain reaction and detection of histidine-rich protein 2 in plasma. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54: ...
placental insufficiency 656.5. *. placenta previa 641.0. *. with hemorrhage 641.1. *. (planned) occurring after 37 completed ...
Extreme elevation of placental alkaline phosphatase as a marker of preterm delivery, placental insufficiency and low birth ... The gestation had signs of asymmetrical fetal hypotrophy induced by placental insufficiency. Laboratory tests showed elevated ( ... Ferianec V, Linhartová L. Extreme elevation of placental alkaline phosphatase as a marker of preterm delivery, placental ... Placental Insufficiency:blood, Predictive Value of Tests, Pregna. OBJECTIVE: Clinical case of extremely elevated levels of ...
Maternal Choline Supplementation Alters Fetal Growth Patterns in a Mouse Model of Placental Insufficiency ...
The population at highest risk for preterm birth due to hypertensive disorders or placental insufficiency? Black women, ...
The most common cause of stillbirth was placental insufficiency in 56 (26.2%) cases. A higher proportion of stillbirths that ... and placental abruption. Our study evaluates the relationship between ART and placental abnormalities compared with ... 0% p=0.014), placental abruption (2 vs. 0%; p=0.04), as well as an increased rate of velamentous cord insertion (12 vs. 3%, p, ... Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and placental abnormalities. Elizabeth Cochrane, Christine Pando, Gregory W. Kirschen ...
This contrasts with observations that fetal growth restriction due to placental insufficiency or preeclampsia results in ...
What are some special barriers to drug entry? blood-brain barrier, placental barrier What are some specialized sites for drug ... What are some adverse reactions of glucocorticoids? adrenal insufficiency, osteoporosis, increased vulnerability to infection, ...
Some of these include low birth weight, placental insufficiency, chromosomal disorders, preterm deliveries, gestational ...
... placental insufficiency, and abortion in these animals. These strains of C. psittaci are transmitted to persons when they are ...
  • Placenta problems during pregnancy, such as placenta previa, placental abruption, or placental insufficiency, raise the risk of cerebral palsy. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Placental abruption occurs when the placenta completely or partially separates from the uterus before a baby is born. (healthline.com)
  • Urine tests can be used to check for the presence of protein or other substances that may indicate placental abruption. (mylofamily.com)
  • To identify specific estimates and predictors of neonatal morbidity and mortality in early onset fetal growth restriction due to placental dysfunction. (nih.gov)
  • This contrasts with observations that fetal growth restriction due to placental insufficiency or preeclampsia results in smaller kidneys. (springer.com)
  • Placental insufficiency or utero-placental insufficiency is the failure of the placenta to deliver sufficient nutrients to the fetus during pregnancy, and is often a result of insufficient blood flow to the placenta. (wikipedia.org)
  • Avoiding these substances may help prevent placental insufficiency and other pregnancy complications. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Albany, NY -- ( SBWIRE ) -- 02/06/2019 -- Placental insufficiency is a complication of pregnancy, wherein the placenta is unable to deliver adequate nutrition to the fetus. (sbwire.com)
  • However, limited awareness in the developing countries regarding the effect of placenta insufficiency on the baby and the mother during pregnancy is anticipated to hamper the market in the next few years. (sbwire.com)
  • This dissertation research sought to examine the effects of choline supplementation during pregnancy in the Dlx3+/- mouse, a model of placental insufficiency. (cornell.edu)
  • Taken together, these studies suggest that higher levels of choline intake during pregnancy may be beneficial for the mother and fetus, and provide support for further research on the use of choline for improving placental function and mitigating placental insufficiency. (cornell.edu)
  • Women who have previously had a pregnancy complicated by cervical insufficiency or who have had surgery on their cervix are most susceptible. (healthline.com)
  • The study demonstrates that even low dose exposure to ETS during pregnancy leads to the significant deregulation of transcriptional regulation in placental and fetal cells. (nih.gov)
  • Nevertheless, the relationship between the expression patterns of H19/IGF2 and placental fatty acid metabolism throughout pig pregnancy remains poorly studied and unclear. (bvsalud.org)
  • Women with pregnancy-related abnormalities on ultrasound or laboratory testing, chronic or acute placental insufficiency, or prior use of other anti-TNF agents that had strong risk for teratogenicity were excluded. (medscape.com)
  • The authors concluded that there was no to minimal placental transfer of certolizumab to infants in this latter period of pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • We report a rabbit model of in utero placental insufficiency, in which hypertonia is accompanied by marked abnormalities in motor control. (jneurosci.org)
  • In this study, the characteristics of placental morphology, placental transcriptome, and cord serum metabolome were explored between the Kele piglets with LBW and the ones with normal birth weight (NBW). (bvsalud.org)
  • Besides, reduction in food intake of the mother, blood clotting disorder, drug abuse, preeclampsia, etc. are the other causes that can lead to placenta insufficiency. (sbwire.com)
  • Placental insufficiency is commonly associated with intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia, and spontaneous abortion. (cornell.edu)
  • I found that these variants were not associated with altered placental DNAme, and that there was only a trend for increased risk of placental insufficiency complications of FGR and/or preeclampsia. (ubc.ca)
  • In this review, 46 of the cases had severe malaria and 54 reported complications such as severe anemia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, renal insufficiency etc Footnote 15 . (canada.ca)
  • Other complications that may lead to a cesarean delivery are gestational diabetes, intrauterine growth retardation of at least one baby, and placental insufficiency. (pregnancy-info.net)
  • Additionally, cell salvage has proven beneficial and should be considered for various indications in obstetrics including hematologic disturbances, as well as various forms of placental disorders. (karger.com)
  • Few studies have performed pathologic placental examinations among HIV-infected women [10] - [15] , and none to our knowledge have focused specifically on stillbirth, or the relationship between HAART and stillbirth. (plos.org)
  • We sought to determine if DLK1 is associated with stillbirth (SB), with and without placental insufficiency. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Of the 21 women, one was excluded because of placental insufficiency and premature delivery and four were ineligible for other reasons. (medscape.com)
  • Placental pathologic analysis showed sickled maternal erythrocytes, pigment in perivillous fibrin, and mild lymphocytic deciduitis without immunohistochemical evidence of parasites. (cdc.gov)
  • However, studies have shown that the pathophysiology of early- and late onset FGR are different and that late onset placental insufficiency (LOPI) may be present even in the presence of a normal umbilical artery Doppler result. (sun.ac.za)
  • In 10 cases fetal anomalies were noted on ultrasound and these were also excluded - 6 of these had evidence of late onset placental insufficiency and 4 were small for gestational age. (sun.ac.za)
  • The authors point out the potential relationship between elevated placental isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase levels and placental insufficiency and the onset of a preterm delivery. (nel.edu)
  • The growing fetus and placenta must obtain adequate FAs received from the maternal circulation and facilitated by various placental FA carriers, including FA transport proteins (FATPs), FA translocase (FAT/CD36), and cytoplasmic FA binding proteins (FABPs). (bvsalud.org)
  • Absence of ILC2s leads to utero-placental abnormalities, including poor vascular remodelling, increased Il1b and decreased Il4, Il5 , and Il13 gene expression, and reduced alternative activation of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. (elifesciences.org)
  • The treatment for cervical insufficiency will depend on many factors, including the length of your cervix, your gestational age, and the outcome in previous pregnancies if you have been pregnant before. (healthline.com)
  • Placental insufficiency is also known as placental dysfunction. (sbwire.com)
  • however, the pathological mechanisms of placental dysfunction-induced IUGR in pigs remain unclear. (bvsalud.org)
  • ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: Intrauterine fetal growth restriction (FGR) due to placental insufficiency (PI) is an important cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. (sun.ac.za)
  • Cervical insufficiency is diagnosed by measuring the length of the cervix with ultrasound . (healthline.com)
  • The data suggest the effect of ETS on the fetus is primary indirect, mediated via deregulation of placental functions. (nih.gov)
  • The population at highest risk for preterm birth due to hypertensive disorders or placental insufficiency? (truthout.org)
  • because of placental insufficiency, and infants who have perinatal asphyxia. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Malaria parasites adhere to the placental vasculature, leading to impairment of the micro circulation and eventually placental insufficiency Footnote 1 Footnote 2 . (canada.ca)
  • I found that confined placental mosaicism of autosomal aneuploidies or rare candidate CNVs involving genes related to placental function or growth were present in about 18% of SGA cases, and that CNV load was not associated with SGA. (ubc.ca)
  • Placental nutrition transport was regulated by imprinted genes H19 and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2). (bvsalud.org)
  • DLK1 is a promising marker for placental insufficiency. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Extreme elevation of placental alkaline phosphatase as a marker of preterm delivery, placental insufficiency and low birth weight. (nel.edu)
  • Laboratory tests showed elevated (as much as a 10.5-fold increase) values of alkaline phosphatase enzyme, 94.05% of which was placental isoenzyme. (nel.edu)
  • Gene ontology analyses highlighted some important biological processes that might be associated with placental insufficiency and fetal growth restriction in PS, such as fatty acid catabolism, coagulation, regulation of growth, and response to steroid hormone stimulus. (nih.gov)
  • Placental betaine concentrations were strongly predictive of fetal weights, suggesting betaine supply may be a determinant of fetal growth. (cornell.edu)
  • In this thesis, I hypothesized that placental genomic imbalances, including aneuploidy and copy number variants (CNVs), and candidate single nucleotide variants in a gene relevant to DNA methylation (DNAme) are associated with poor fetal growth and/or altered placental DNAme. (ubc.ca)
  • Other serious problems due to this viral infection are damage of the central nervous system, fetal growth restriction, placental insufficiency and fetal death. (bvsalud.org)
  • Only 17 women had malaria ( Plasmodium falciparum ), 6 with peripheral parasitaemia and 11 with both peripheral parasitaemia and placental malaria. (who.int)
  • Chemoprophylaxis has been shown to reduce the risk of severe anemia, placental parasitemia, and low-birth weight Footnote 19 Footnote 20 Footnote 21 . (canada.ca)
  • Smoking and chronic high blood pressure are the two common causes of placental insufficiency. (sbwire.com)
  • Placental findings consistent with chronic hypertension were common among HIV-infected women who received HAART and among HIV-uninfected women (65% vs. 54%, p = 0.37), but less common among HIV-infected women not receiving HAART (28%, p = 0.003 vs. women on HAART). (plos.org)
  • Taken together, these data revealed dysplasia of the placental villus, insufficient supply of nutrients, and abnormal immune function of the placenta may be associated with the occurrence and development of LBW in Kele pigs. (bvsalud.org)
  • A woman with placental insufficiency usually does not have any symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Certain medicines can also increase the risk for placental insufficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Factors such as rise in the number of diabetic patients, obesity in pregnant women in the developing countries such as China and Japan, and advancement in health care facilities are likely to fuel the placenta insufficiency treatment market in Asia Pacific during the forecast period. (sbwire.com)
  • The analysis showed that zika can alter the placenta morphologically in obese pregnant women and aggravate insufficiency of the placental type I interferon pathway. (news-medical.net)
  • The molecular processes that govern placental structure and function are poorly understood, hindering targeted therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat these disorders. (nih.gov)
  • This is one of the major factors fueling the global placenta insufficiency treatment market. (sbwire.com)
  • This is one of the driving factors of the placenta insufficiency treatment market in Europe. (sbwire.com)
  • Study 2 explored the effects of MCS on aspects of placental function in the Dlx3+/- mouse. (cornell.edu)
  • Study 3 assessed the effects of MCS on vitamin B-12 status in mice with and without placental insufficiency. (cornell.edu)
  • It is instead increased, as 1-hydroxylase is upregulated by PTH-related protein (PTHrP), prolactin, and placental lactogen. (medscape.com)
  • In exploratory analysis of low DLK1, there was a significant difference between the odds ratio of having low DLK1 between preterm cases and controls for both SB and LB. There were no significant differences in geometric means nor low DLK1 between SB and LB. Conclusion In exploratory analysis, more placental insufficiency cases in preterm SB and LB had low DLK1. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Epidural anesthesia and placental insufficiency, analysis of a nationwide birth registry. (rug.nl)
  • and (6) expanding our understanding of placental structure and function to include populations with intellectual, developmental, and physical disabilities. (nih.gov)
  • Most women who have cervical insufficiency have no idea that their cervix is thinning or shortening. (healthline.com)
  • The patient gave birth to a healthy postterm infant without evidence of placental insufficiency. (cdc.gov)
  • Based on drug class, the global placenta insufficiency treatment market can be segmented into antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants. (sbwire.com)
  • In terms of distribution channel, the global placenta insufficiency treatment market can be divided into hospital pharmacies, medical stores, and others. (sbwire.com)
  • In terms of region, the global placenta insufficiency treatment market can be classified into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. (sbwire.com)
  • North America dominates the global placenta insufficiency treatment market. (sbwire.com)
  • Furthermore, advancement in tests and diagnosis, increase in per capita income, and availability of drugs are projected to augment the placenta insufficiency treatment market in Middle East & Africa region during the forecast period. (sbwire.com)
  • Key players operating in the global placenta insufficiency treatment market are Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Aralez Pharmaceuticals Inc., AstraZeneca, Biocon Limited, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, and Merck & Co., Inc. among others. (sbwire.com)
  • and placental pathology (blinded to HIV and treatment status) were performed. (plos.org)
  • It should be noted that zika, like dengue and SARS-CoV-2, is able to cross the placental barrier and infect the baby. (news-medical.net)
  • Traditionally fetal wellbeing in suspected SGA was assessed by umbilical artery Doppler (UAD) resistance index (RI) or pulsatility index (PI) and if found to be within the normal range, it was seen as a reassuring sign that no significant placental disease is present. (sun.ac.za)
  • Through these studies, I contributed to our understanding of genetic variation in the placenta and its association with FGR and placental insufficiency, and provided a foundation from which future studies can build. (ubc.ca)