Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the nervous system, central and peripheral, or demonstration of neurologic function or dysfunction.
Diseases characterized by injury or dysfunction involving multiple peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process may primarily affect myelin or nerve axons. Two of the more common demyelinating forms are acute inflammatory polyradiculopathy (GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME) and POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DEMYELINATING. Polyradiculoneuritis refers to inflammation of multiple peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots.
A condition where damage to the peripheral nervous system (including the peripheral elements of the autonomic nervous system) is associated with chronic ingestion of alcoholic beverages. The disorder may be caused by a direct effect of alcohol, an associated nutritional deficiency, or a combination of factors. Clinical manifestations include variable degrees of weakness; ATROPHY; PARESTHESIAS; pain; loss of reflexes; sensory loss; diaphoresis; and postural hypotension. (From Arch Neurol 1995;52(1):45-51; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1146)
Diagnosis of disease states by recording the spontaneous electrical activity of tissues or organs or by the response to stimulation of electrically excitable tissue.
An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)
The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.
A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

Leukoencephalopathy in multiple myeloma: two case reports. (1/283)

BACKGROUND: No case of leukoencephalopathy has been reported associated with multiple myeloma. PATIENTS: We report on two patients with a very rare association of leukoencephalopathy and multiple myeloma revealed by cognitive impairment. RESULTS: Chemotherapy has improved neurological and biological signs. Radiological abnormalities have been stabilized. CONCLUSION: The authors suggest that leukoencephalopathy is probably a direct cerebral expression of malignant gammopathy.  (+info)

Neurobehavioural effects of occupational exposure to cadmium: a cross sectional epidemiological study. (2/283)

BACKGROUND: A patient with unexplained minor behavioural changes associated with an axonal sensorimotor polyneuropathy had a history of chronic occupational exposure to cadmium (Cd). Although animal studies have shown that Cd is a potent neurotoxicant, little is known about its toxicity for the human central nervous system. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic potential of chronic occupational exposure to Cd on neurobehavioural functions. METHODS: A cross sectional epidemiological study was conducted ina group of Cd workers and an age matched control group. Eighty nine adult men (42 exposed to Cd and 47 control workers) were given a blinded standardised examination that consisted of computer assisted neurobehavioural tests (neurobehavioural examination system), a validated questionnaire to assess neurotoxic complaints (neurotoxicity symptom checklist--60, NSC-60), and a standardised self administered questionnaire to detect complaints consistent with peripheral neuropathy and dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. Historical and current data on biomonitoring of exposure to Cd, either the highest value of Cd in urine (CdU in microgram Cd/g creatinine) of each Cd worker during work (CdUmax) or the current value (CdUcurrent) of each control, were available as well as data on microproteinuria. RESULTS: Cd workers (CdUmax: mean (range), 12.6 (0.4-38.4)) performed worse than the controls (CdUcurrent: mean (range), 0.7 (0.1-2.0)) on visuomotor tasks, symbol digit substitution (p = 0.008), and simple reaction time to direction (p = 0.058) or location (p = 0.042) of a stimulus. In multiple linear regression analysis, symbol digit substitution, simple direction reaction time test, and simple location reaction time test were significantly related to CdUmax, (beta = 0.35 (p < 0.001), beta = 0.25 (p = 0.012), and beta = 0.23 (p = 0.021) respectively). More complaints consistent with peripheral neuropathy (p = 0.004), complaints about equilibrium (p = 0.015), and complaints about concentration ability (p = 0.053) were found in the group exposed to Cd than in the control group, and these variables correlated positively with CdUmax (peripheral neuropathy: beta = 0.38, p < 0.001; equilibrium: beta = 0.22, p = 0.057; concentration ability: beta = 0.27, p = 0.020). CONCLUSION: Slowing of visuomotor functioning on neurobehavioural testing and increase in complaints consistent with peripheral neuropathy, complaints about equilibrium, and complaints about concentration ability were dose dependently associated with CdU. Age, exposure to other neurotoxicants, or status of renal function could not explain these findings. The present study also indicates that an excess of complaints may be detected in Cd workers before signs of microproteinuria induced by Cd occur.  (+info)

Asymptomatic electrophysiologic carpal tunnel syndrome in diabetics: entrapment or polyneuropathy. (3/283)

Electrophysiologic carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is common and is frequently asymptomatic in diabetics. In order to evaluate the clinical significance of asymptomatic electrophysiologic CTS, the nerve conduction studies (NCS) of 48 diabetics with asymptomatic electrophysiologic CTS were compared with those of 56 age and gender-matched controls, as well as 50 patients with symptomatic CTS without diabetes. Nerve conduction velocities of the ulnar, peroneal, and posterior tibial nerves were significantly slower in diabetics with asymptomatic electrophysiologic CTS than in normal controls. Compared to symptomatic non-diabetic CTS, there was also significant slowing of the median and ulnar nerve conduction velocities in asymptomatic diabetic CTS. However, in diabetics with asymptomatic CTS, abnormalities of the distal segment of the median NCS were more prominent compared with those of all the other tested nerves. These findings suggested that asymptomatic electrophysiologic CTS in diabetics is a manifestation of increased vulnerability to the entrapment of the peripheral nerve.  (+info)

Enhancement of AA-amyloid formation in mice by transthyretin amyloid fragments and polyethylene glycol. (4/283)

The mechanism behind amyloid formation is unknown in all types of amyloidosis. Several substances can enhance amyloid formation in animal experiments. To induce secondary systemic amyloid (AA-type amyloid) formation, we injected silver nitrate into mice together with either amyloid fibrils obtained from patients with familial polyneuropathy (FAP) type I or polyethylene glycol (PEG). Mice injected with silver nitrate only served as controls. Amyloid deposits were detectable at day 3 in animals injected with amyloid fibrils and in those injected with PEG, whereas in control mice, deposits were not noted before day 12. Our results indicate that amyloid fibrils from FAP patients and even a non-sulfate containing polysaccharide (PEG) have the potential to act as amyloid-enhancing factors.  (+info)

Abeta fibers mediate cutaneous reflexes during human walking. (5/283)

During human gait, transmission of cutaneous reflexes from the foot is controlled specifically according to the phase of the step cycle. These reflex responses can be evoked by nonnociceptive stimuli, and therefore it is thought that the large-myelinated and low-threshold Abeta afferent fibers mediate these reflexes. At present, this hypothesis is not yet verified. To test whether Abeta fibers are involved the reflex responses were studied in patients with a sensory polyneuropathy who suffer from a predominant loss of large-myelinated Abeta fibers. The sural nerve of both patients and healthy control subjects was stimulated electrically at a nonnociceptive intensity during the early and late swing phases while they walked on a treadmill. The responses were studied by recording electromyographic (EMG) activity of the biceps femoris (BF) and tibialis anterior (TA) of the stimulated leg. In both phases, large facilitatory responses were observed in the BF of the healthy subjects. These facilitations were reduced significantly in the BF of the patients, indicating that Abeta fibers mediate these reflexes. In TA similar results were obtained. The absolute response magnitude across the two phases was significantly smaller for the patients than for the healthy subjects. The TA responses for the healthy subjects were on average facilitatory during early swing and suppressive during end swing. Both facilitations and suppressions were considerably smaller for the patients, indicating that both types of responses are mediated by Abeta fibers. It is concluded that low-threshold Abeta sensory fibers mediate these reflexes during human gait. The low threshold and the precise phase-dependent control of these responses suggest that these responses are important in the regulation of gait. The loss of such reflex activity may be related to the gait impairments of these patients.  (+info)

Diabetic neuropathy examination: a hierarchical scoring system to diagnose distal polyneuropathy in diabetes. (6/283)

OBJECTIVE: Existing physical examination scoring systems for distal diabetic polyneuropathy (PNP) do not fulfill all of the following criteria: validity, manageability, predictive value, and hierarchy The aim of this study was to adapt the Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS) to diagnose PNP in diabetes so that it fulfills these criteria. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 73 patients with diabetes were examined with the NDS. Monofilaments and biothesiometry were used as clinical standards for PNP to modify the NDS. RESULTS: A total of 43 men and 30 women were studied; mean duration of diabetes was 15 years (1-43), and mean age was 57 years (19-90). A total of 24 patients had type 1 diabetes, and 49 patients had type 2 diabetes. Clinically relevant items were selected from the original 35 NDS items (specific item scored positive in >3 patients). The resulting 8-item Diabetic Neuropathy Examination (DNE) score could accurately predict the results of the clinical standards and is strongly hierarchical (H value 0.53). The sensitivity and specificity of the DNE at a cut-off level of 3 to 4 were 0.96 and 0.51 for abnormal monofilament scores, respectively. For abnormal vibration perception threshold scores, these values were 0.97 and 0.59, respectively. Reproducibility as assessed by inter- and intrarater agreement was good. CONCLUSIONS: The DNE is a sensitive and well-validated hierarchical scoring system that is fast and easy to perform in clinical practice.  (+info)

4'-Iodo-4'-deoxydoxorubicin disrupts the fibrillar structure of transthyretin amyloid. (7/283)

Transthyretin (TTR) is a tetrameric protein synthesized mainly by the liver and the choroid plexus, from where it is secreted into the plasma and the cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. Some forms of polyneuropathy, vitreopathy, and cardiomyopathy are caused by the deposition of normal and/or mutant TTR molecules in the form of amyloid fibrils. Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy is the most common form of TTR amyloidosis related to the V30M variant. It is still unclear the process by which soluble proteins deposit as amyloid. The treatment of amyloid-related disorders might attempt the stabilization of the soluble protein precursor to retard or inhibit its deposition as amyloid; or aim at the resorption of the deposited amyloid. The anthracycline 4'-iodo-4'-deoxydoxorubicin (I-DOX) has been shown to reduce the amyloid load in immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis. We investigated 1) whether I-DOX has affinity for TTR amyloid in tissues, 2) determined the I-DOX binding constants to TTR synthetic fibrils, and 3) determined the nature of the effect of I-DOX on TTR fibrils. We report that 1) I-DOX co-localizes with amyloid deposits in tissue sections of patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy; 2) I-DOX strongly interacts with TTR amyloid fibrils and presents two binding sites with k(d) of 1.5 x 10(-11) mol/L and 5.6 x 10(-10) mol/L, respectively; and 3) I-DOX disrupts the fibrillar structure of TTR amyloid into amorphous material, as assessed by electron microscopy but does not solubilize the fibrils as confirmed by filter assays. These data support the hypothesis that I-DOX and less toxic derivatives can prove efficient in the treatment of TTR-related amyloidosis.  (+info)

Persistence of tropical ataxic neuropathy in a Nigerian community. (8/283)

OBJECTIVES: The term tropical ataxic neuropathy (TAN) is currently used to describe several neurological syndromes attributed to toxiconutritional causes. However, TAN was initially proposed to describe a specific neurological syndrome seen predominantly among the Ijebu speaking Yorubas in south western Nigeria. In this study, the prevalence of TAN was determined in Ososa, a semiurban community in south western Nigeria described as endemic for TAN in 1969, and its neurological features were compared with Strachan's syndrome, prisoners of war neuropathy, the epidemic neuropathy in Cuba, and konzo. METHODS: A census of Ososa was followed by door to door screening of all subjects aged 10 years and above with a newly designed screening instrument. Subjects who screened positive had a neurological examination, and the diagnosis of TAN was made if any two or more of bilateral optic atrophy, bilateral neurosensory deafness, sensory gait ataxia, or distal symmetric sensory polyneuropathy were present. RESULTS: A total of 4583 inhabitants were registered in the census. Of these, 3428 subjects aged 10 years and above were screened. The diagnosis of TAN was made in 206 of 323 subjects who screened positive for TAN. The prevalence of TAN was 6. 0%, 3.9% in males and 7.7% in females. The highest age specific prevalence was 24% in the 60-69 years age group in women. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of TAN in Ososa continues at a higher prevalence than was reported 30 years ago. Its neurological features and natural history do not resemble those described for Strachan syndrome, epidemic neuropathy in Cuba, or konzo. The increasing consumption of cassava foods linked to its causation makes TAN of public health importance in Nigeria, the most populous African country.  (+info)

Polyneuropathy is a medical condition that refers to the damage or dysfunction of peripheral nerves (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord) in multiple areas of the body. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory, motor, and autonomic signals between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.

In polyneuropathies, this communication is disrupted, leading to various symptoms depending on the type and extent of nerve damage. Commonly reported symptoms include:

1. Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
2. Muscle weakness and cramps
3. Loss of reflexes
4. Burning or stabbing pain
5. Balance and coordination issues
6. Increased sensitivity to touch
7. Autonomic dysfunction, such as bowel, bladder, or digestive problems, and changes in blood pressure

Polyneuropathies can be caused by various factors, including diabetes, alcohol abuse, nutritional deficiencies, autoimmune disorders, infections, toxins, inherited genetic conditions, or idiopathic (unknown) causes. The treatment for polyneuropathy depends on the underlying cause and may involve managing underlying medical conditions, physical therapy, pain management, and lifestyle modifications.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) diseases, also known as Peripheral Neuropathies, refer to conditions that affect the functioning of the peripheral nervous system, which includes all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, controlling sensations, movements, and automatic functions such as heart rate and digestion.

PNS diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, toxins, metabolic disorders, trauma, or autoimmune conditions. The symptoms of PNS diseases depend on the type and extent of nerve damage but often include:

1. Numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet
2. Muscle weakness or cramps
3. Loss of reflexes
4. Decreased sensation to touch, temperature, or vibration
5. Coordination problems and difficulty with balance
6. Sexual dysfunction
7. Digestive issues, such as constipation or diarrhea
8. Dizziness or fainting due to changes in blood pressure

Examples of PNS diseases include Guillain-Barre syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, diabetic neuropathy, and peripheral nerve injuries. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the underlying cause but may involve medications, physical therapy, lifestyle changes, or surgery.

Neurological diagnostic techniques are medical tests and examinations used to identify and diagnose conditions related to the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. These techniques can be divided into several categories:

1. Clinical Examination: A thorough physical examination, including a neurological evaluation, is often the first step in diagnosing neurological conditions. This may involve assessing a person's mental status, muscle strength, coordination, reflexes, sensation, and gait.

2. Imaging Techniques: These are used to produce detailed images of the brain and nervous system. Common imaging techniques include:

- Computed Tomography (CT): This uses X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the brain and other parts of the body.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the brain and other internal structures.
- Functional MRI (fMRI): This is a type of MRI that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET): This uses small amounts of radioactive material to produce detailed images of brain function.
- Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT): This is a type of nuclear medicine imaging that uses a gamma camera and a computer to produce detailed images of brain function.

3. Electrophysiological Tests: These are used to measure the electrical activity of the brain and nervous system. Common electrophysiological tests include:

- Electroencephalography (EEG): This measures the electrical activity of the brain.
- Evoked Potentials (EPs): These measure the electrical response of the brain and nervous system to sensory stimuli, such as sound or light.
- Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS): These measure the speed and strength of nerve impulses.
- Electromyography (EMG): This measures the electrical activity of muscles.

4. Laboratory Tests: These are used to analyze blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and other bodily fluids for signs of neurological conditions. Common laboratory tests include:

- Complete Blood Count (CBC): This measures the number and type of white and red blood cells in the body.
- Blood Chemistry Tests: These measure the levels of various chemicals in the blood.
- Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap): This is used to collect cerebrospinal fluid for analysis.
- Genetic Testing: This is used to identify genetic mutations associated with neurological conditions.

5. Imaging Studies: These are used to produce detailed images of the brain and nervous system. Common imaging studies include:

- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the brain and nervous system.
- Computed Tomography (CT): This uses X-rays to produce detailed images of the brain and nervous system.
- Functional MRI (fMRI): This measures changes in blood flow in the brain during cognitive tasks.
- Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI): This is used to assess white matter integrity in the brain.
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS): This is used to measure chemical levels in the brain.

Polyradiculoneuropathy is a medical term that refers to a condition affecting multiple nerve roots and peripheral nerves. It's a type of neuropathy, which is damage or disease affecting the peripheral nerves, and it involves damage to the nerve roots as they exit the spinal cord.

The term "poly" means many, "radiculo" refers to the nerve root, and "neuropathy" indicates a disorder of the nerves. Therefore, polyradiculoneuropathy implies that multiple nerve roots and peripheral nerves are affected.

This condition can result from various causes, such as infections (like Guillain-Barre syndrome), autoimmune disorders (such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis), diabetes, cancer, or exposure to toxins. Symptoms may include weakness, numbness, tingling, or pain in the limbs, which can progress and become severe over time. Proper diagnosis and management are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing further nerve damage.

Alcoholic neuropathy is a type of nerve damage that occurs due to excessive alcohol consumption. It's caused by the toxic effects of alcohol and its byproducts on nerves throughout the body, particularly in the peripheral nervous system. The condition typically develops over time, with symptoms becoming more severe as alcohol abuse continues.

The symptoms of alcoholic neuropathy can vary widely depending on which nerves are affected. However, common symptoms include:

1. Numbness or tingling in the arms and legs
2. Muscle weakness and cramps
3. Loss of reflexes
4. Difficulty with balance and coordination
5. Pain or burning sensations in the extremities
6. Heat intolerance
7. Bladder and bowel dysfunction
8. Sexual dysfunction

Treatment for alcoholic neuropathy typically involves addressing the underlying alcohol abuse, as well as managing symptoms with medications and physical therapy. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and manage complications. It's important to note that abstaining from alcohol is the only way to prevent further nerve damage and improve symptoms over time.

Electrodiagnosis, also known as electromyography (EMG), is a medical diagnostic procedure that evaluates the health and function of muscles and nerves. It measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscles at rest and during contraction, as well as the conduction of electrical signals along nerves.

The test involves inserting a thin needle electrode into the muscle to record its electrical activity. The physician will ask the patient to contract and relax the muscle while the electrical activity is recorded. The resulting data can help diagnose various neuromuscular disorders, such as nerve damage or muscle diseases, by identifying abnormalities in the electrical signals.

Electrodiagnosis can be used to diagnose conditions such as carpal tunnel syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, muscular dystrophy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), among others. It is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and management of neuromuscular disorders, helping physicians to develop appropriate treatment plans for their patients.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nervous system, leading to muscle weakness, tingling sensations, and sometimes paralysis. The peripheral nervous system includes the nerves that control our movements and transmit signals from our skin, muscles, and joints to our brain.

The onset of GBS usually occurs after a viral or bacterial infection, such as respiratory or gastrointestinal infections, or following surgery, vaccinations, or other immune system triggers. The exact cause of the immune response that leads to GBS is not fully understood.

GBS typically progresses rapidly over days or weeks, with symptoms reaching their peak within 2-4 weeks after onset. Most people with GBS experience muscle weakness that starts in the lower limbs and spreads upward to the upper body, arms, and face. In severe cases, the diaphragm and chest muscles may become weakened, leading to difficulty breathing and requiring mechanical ventilation.

The diagnosis of GBS is based on clinical symptoms, nerve conduction studies, and sometimes cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as pain management, physical therapy, and respiratory support if necessary. In addition, plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may be used to reduce the severity of symptoms and speed up recovery.

While most people with GBS recover completely or with minimal residual symptoms, some may experience long-term disability or require ongoing medical care. The prognosis for GBS varies depending on the severity of the illness and the individual's age and overall health.

Diabetic neuropathies refer to a group of nerve disorders that are caused by diabetes. High blood sugar levels can injure nerves throughout the body, but diabetic neuropathies most commonly affect the nerves in the legs and feet.

There are four main types of diabetic neuropathies:

1. Peripheral neuropathy: This is the most common type of diabetic neuropathy. It affects the nerves in the legs and feet, causing symptoms such as numbness, tingling, burning, or shooting pain.
2. Autonomic neuropathy: This type of neuropathy affects the autonomic nerves, which control involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and bladder function. Symptoms may include dizziness, fainting, digestive problems, sexual dysfunction, and difficulty regulating body temperature.
3. Proximal neuropathy: Also known as diabetic amyotrophy, this type of neuropathy affects the nerves in the hips, thighs, or buttocks, causing weakness, pain, and difficulty walking.
4. Focal neuropathy: This type of neuropathy affects a single nerve or group of nerves, causing symptoms such as weakness, numbness, or pain in the affected area. Focal neuropathies can occur anywhere in the body, but they are most common in the head, torso, and legs.

The risk of developing diabetic neuropathies increases with the duration of diabetes and poor blood sugar control. Other factors that may contribute to the development of diabetic neuropathies include genetics, age, smoking, and alcohol consumption.

Neural conduction is the process by which electrical signals, known as action potentials, are transmitted along the axon of a neuron (nerve cell) to transmit information between different parts of the nervous system. This electrical impulse is generated by the movement of ions across the neuronal membrane, and it propagates down the length of the axon until it reaches the synapse, where it can then stimulate the release of neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons or target cells. The speed of neural conduction can vary depending on factors such as the diameter of the axon, the presence of myelin sheaths (which act as insulation and allow for faster conduction), and the temperature of the environment.

Demyelinating diseases are a group of disorders that are characterized by damage to the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering surrounding nerve fibers in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord. Myelin is essential for the rapid transmission of nerve impulses, and its damage results in disrupted communication between the brain and other parts of the body.

The most common demyelinating disease is multiple sclerosis (MS), where the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath. Other demyelinating diseases include:

1. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): An autoimmune disorder that typically follows a viral infection or vaccination, causing widespread inflammation and demyelination in the brain and spinal cord.
2. Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) or Devic's Disease: A rare autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord, leading to severe vision loss and motor disability.
3. Transverse Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord causing damage to both sides of one level (segment) of the spinal cord, resulting in various neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, depending on which part of the spinal cord is affected.
4. Guillain-Barré Syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that causes rapid-onset muscle weakness, often beginning in the legs and spreading to the upper body, including the face and breathing muscles. It occurs when the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves' myelin sheath.
5. Central Pontine Myelinolysis (CPM): A rare neurological disorder caused by rapid shifts in sodium levels in the blood, leading to damage to the myelin sheath in a specific area of the brainstem called the pons.

These diseases can result in various symptoms, such as muscle weakness, numbness, vision loss, difficulty with balance and coordination, and cognitive impairment, depending on the location and extent of the demyelination. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms, modifying the immune system's response, and promoting nerve regeneration and remyelination when possible.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid. It is the first antibody to be produced in response to an initial exposure to an antigen, making it an important part of the body's primary immune response. IgM antibodies are large molecules that are composed of five basic units, giving them a pentameric structure. They are primarily found on the surface of B cells as membrane-bound immunoglobulins (mlgM), where they function as receptors for antigens. Once an mlgM receptor binds to an antigen, it triggers the activation and differentiation of the B cell into a plasma cell that produces and secretes large amounts of soluble IgM antibodies.

IgM antibodies are particularly effective at agglutination (clumping) and complement activation, which makes them important in the early stages of an immune response to help clear pathogens from the bloodstream. However, they are not as stable or long-lived as other types of antibodies, such as IgG, and their levels tend to decline after the initial immune response has occurred.

In summary, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the primary immune response to antigens by agglutination and complement activation. It is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid, and it is produced by B cells after they are activated by an antigen.

Polyneuropathies may be classified in different ways, such as by cause, by presentation, or by classes of polyneuropathy, in ... Hereditary polyneuropathy - scoliosis and hammer toes The causes of polyneuropathy can be divided into hereditary and acquired ... "Polyneuropathies. Medical information about polyneuropathy , Patient". Patient. Retrieved 2016-07-17. MD, Dr Sara J. Cuccurullo ... The diagnosis of polyneuropathy begins with a history (anamnesis) and physical examination to ascertain the pattern of the ...
... or polyneuropathy associated with an M component is a rare neurological disease characterized by ... "Polyneuropathy associated with an M component". The Swedish Information Centre for Rare Diseases. 2013-12-30. Archived from the ...
... is very similar to other axonal degenerative polyneuropathies and therefore can be difficult to ... The rate of incidence of alcoholic polyneuropathy involving sensory and motor polyneuropathy has been stated as from 10% to 50 ... When alcoholics have sensorimotor polyneuropathy as well as a nutritional deficiency, a diagnosis of alcoholic polyneuropathy ... Polyneuropathy spans a large range of severity. Some cases are seemingly asymptomatic and may only be recognized on careful ...
In August 2021 six patients with hereditary ATTR amyloidosis with polyneuropathy were given doses of NTLA-2001, based on a ... Scott LJ (August 2014). "Tafamidis: a review of its use in familial amyloid polyneuropathy". Drugs. 74 (12): 1371-8. doi: ... Familial amyloid polyneuropathy, also called transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis, transthyretin amyloidosis ... The medication tafamidis has been approved for the treatment of transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy in Europe. ...
... (CIP) and critical illness myopathy (CIM) are overlapping syndromes of diffuse, symmetric, ... Bolton CF; Gilbert JJ; Hahn AF; Sibbald, W.J. (November 1984). "Polyneuropathy in critically ill patients". J Neurol Neurosurg ... A number of terms are used to describe critical illness polyneuropathy, partially because there is often neuropathy and ... Chronic critical illness Latronico N, Bolton CF (2011). "Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy: a major cause of muscle ...
... late-onset polyneuropathy syndrome Myelin-associated glycoprotein-associated gammopathy, polyneuropathy, organomegaly, ... Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is an acquired autoimmune disease of the peripheral nervous system ... It has been suggested that multifocal motor neuropathy is distinct from chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and ... Odaka M, Tatsumoto M, Susuki K, Hirata K, Yuki N (2005). "Intractable chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy treated ...
... (GOLPP), previously described as idiopathic laryngeal paralysis (ILP), is a ... they found that this was just one prominent symptom of what was a very gradually progressing polyneuropathy of old age, which ... degenerative polyneuropathy that most commonly occurs in older medium-to-large breed dogs. Animals with this condition have ...
Polyneuropathy indicates that multiple nerves are involved, unlike mononeuropathy. Polyneuropathy usually involves motor nerve ... Polyneuropathy in dogs and cats is a collection of peripheral nerve disorders that often are breed-related in these animals. ... Distal symmetric polyneuropathy symptoms include atrophy of the distal leg muscles and the muscles of the head, and rear limb ... Polyneuropathy is caused by stretching or compression of nerves near bone by xanthomas, which are lipid deposits. It can cause ...
7 (4): 6. Grisold W, Oberndorfer S, Windebank AJ (2012). "Chemotherapy and polyneuropathies" (PDF). European Association of ...
Grisold W, Oberndorfer S, Windebank AJ (2012). "Chemotherapy and polyneuropathies" (PDF). European Association of Neurooncology ...
Grisold W, Oberndorfer S, Windebank AJ (2012). "Chemotherapy and polyneuropathies" (PDF). European Association of Neurooncology ...
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Some species may cause demyelinating polyneuropathies. The purging buckthorn (R. cathartica) is a widespread European native ...
2,5-Hexanediol may be further oxidized to 2,5-hexanedione, which is neurotoxic and produces a polyneuropathy. In view of this ... Rizzuto, N; De Grandis, D; Di Trapani, G; Pasinato, E (1980). "N-hexane polyneuropathy. An occupational disease of shoemakers ...
Reilly, Mary M.; King, Rosalind H. M. (1993). "Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy". Brain Pathology. 3 (2): 165-176. doi:10.1111/j ... Reilly earned her medical doctorate in 1996, focussing on familial amyloid polyneuropathy. She completed her neurological ... "Transthyretin gene analysis in European patients with suspected familial amyloid polyneuropathy". Neuromuscular Disorders. 6: ...
Wernicke's encephalopathy or polyneuropathy). Signs of thiamin deficiency are heart failure, memory loss, numbness of the hands ...
... chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Anti-MAG peripheral neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and its ... "Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy". Toxicol Rev. 24 (1): 37-49. doi:10.2165/00139709-200524010-00003. PMID ...
This carcinomatous polyneuropathy is associated with the presence of antibodies against onconeural antigen, Hu, Yo, amphiphysin ... Guillian-Barré Syndrome is a class of acute polyneuropathies that present with flaccid paralysis, they include acute ... Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) is an inflammatory neuropathy, which while pathophysiologically ... Immune dysfunction over the course of infection may also result in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy or ...
Cavernous sinus syndrome polyneuropathy. Mononucleosis - With supra-orbital oedema, the eyes become puffy and swollen. This may ...
Shin J Oh (2016). "Subacute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy". Neurology. 61 (11): 1507-1512. doi:10.1212/01.wnl. ... Shin J Oh (1992). ""Chronic sensory demyelinating neuropathy": chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy presenting as ... Chronic inflammatory axonal polyneuropathy (CIAP) Uniform type I fiber congenital neuromuscular disease as a new disease entity ...
Furthermore, certain organophosphates can cause OPIDN, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy. This is a disease, which ... ISBN 978-1-118-98248-8. Lotti M, Moretto A (2005-01-01). "Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy". Toxicological ...
"Polyneuropathy in Leonberger Dogs". Facebook. Barnett, Keith C.; Featherstone, Heidi J.; Heinrich, Christine L.; Lakhani, Ken H ... A study of "Leonberger polyneuropathy" was published in 2014. Genetic testing is to be done through a protocol administered in ... Bulanda, Susan (August 18, 2010). "Important research for Leonberger dogs, inherited polyneuropathy (IPN)". American Kennel ... Drögemüller, Cord (7 January 2014). "Genetic Testing for Inherited Polyneuropathies in Leonbergers 2.0" (PDF). Bern, ...
Lewis RA (October 2017). "Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy". Current Opinion in Neurology. 30 (5): 508-512. ... chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, central pontine myelinosis, inherited demyelinating ...
Lotti M, Moretto A (2005). "Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy". Toxicol Rev. 24 (1): 37-49. doi:10.2165/00139709- ...
Botez MI, Peyronnard JM, Bachevalier J, Charron L (September 1978). "Polyneuropathy and folate deficiency". Archives of ... polyneuropathy, and chronic fatigue syndrome. These articles demonstrated the use of B vitamins in the treatment of neurologic ...
Işik, Metin; Doğan, İsmail; Kilinç, Levent; Çalgüneri̇, Meral (15 March 2012). "Familial Peripheric Polyneuropathy Plus ...
... chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). In this rare disease, the immune system (the body's defence system) ... chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Kawasaki disease, certain cases of HIV/AIDS and measles, Guillain-Barré ...
He was first to describe critical illness polyneuropathy in a series of patients. Dr. Bolton earned his medical degree from ... Charles F. Bolton (July 2010). "The discovery of critical illness polyneuropathy: a memoir". The Canadian Journal of ... Bolton; Gilbert; Hahn; Sibbald (November 1984). "Polyneuropathy in critically ill patients". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 47 ... While there he and colleagues described critical illness polyneuropathy, a severe weakness of the muscles of breathing and limb ...
... such as the distal symmetric polyneuropathy commonly seen in diabetic patients. The TST has proven to be a sensitive measure of ... "Signs and symptoms versus nerve conduction studies to diagnose diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy: Cl vs. NPhys trial: Cl vs ... "Sudomotor Testing of Diabetes Polyneuropathy". Frontiers in Neurology. 9: 803. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00803. PMC 6168653. PMID ... questionnaire and electrochemical skin conductance for diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and diabetic polyneuropathy ...
Callaghan BC, Price RS, Feldman EL (November 2015). "Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy: A Review". JAMA. 314 (20): 2172-2181. doi ... "The epidemiology and risk factors of chronic polyneuropathy". European Journal of Epidemiology. 31 (1): 5-20. doi:10.1007/ ...
Polyneuropathies may be classified in different ways, such as by cause, by presentation, or by classes of polyneuropathy, in ... Hereditary polyneuropathy - scoliosis and hammer toes The causes of polyneuropathy can be divided into hereditary and acquired ... "Polyneuropathies. Medical information about polyneuropathy , Patient". Patient. Retrieved 2016-07-17. MD, Dr Sara J. Cuccurullo ... The diagnosis of polyneuropathy begins with a history (anamnesis) and physical examination to ascertain the pattern of the ...
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a disorder that involves nerve swelling and irritation ( ... Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a disorder that involves nerve swelling and irritation ( ... CIDP is one cause of damage to nerves outside the brain or spinal cord (peripheral neuropathy). Polyneuropathy means several ... Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a disorder that involves nerve swelling and irritation ( ...
Sensory polyneuropathies, which are caused by dysfunction of peripheral sensory nerve fibers, are a heterogeneous group of ... Idiopathic sensory polyneuropathies are common although they should be considered a diagnosis of exclusion. The diagnostic ... Diagnosis and management of sensory polyneuropathy BMJ 2019; 365 :l1108 doi:10.1136/bmj.l1108 ... More research is needed into the underlying pathophysiology of nerve damage in these polyneuropathies to guide advances in ...
A distal painful sensorimotor polyneuropathy is the most common type of HIV-1 associated peripheral neuropathy. It usually ... A distal painful sensorimotor polyneuropathy is the most common type of HIV-1 associated peripheral neuropathy. [1, 2, 3, 4] It ... Symptomatic distal sensory polyneuropathy in HIV after age 50. Neurology. 2004 Apr 27. 62(8):1378-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... HIV-Associated Distal Painful Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy. Updated: Aug 08, 2019 * Author: Florian P Thomas, MD, PhD, MA, MS; ...
What does GALOP stand for? Definition of GALOP in the Abbreviations.com acronyms and abbreviations directory.
A Spanish group recently reported that four patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy carrying IgG4 ... Contactin 1 IgG4 associates to chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with sensory ataxia Brain. 2015 Jun;138(Pt 6): ... A Spanish group recently reported that four patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy carrying IgG4 ... We aimed to describe the clinical and serological features of Japanese chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy ...
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a progressive demyelina ... Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Manifesting as Neuropathy With Liability to Pressure Palsies. A Case Report. ... Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Manifesting as Neuropathy With Liability to Pressure Palsies: A Case Report ... Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Manifesting as Neuropathy With Liability to Pressure Palsies: A Case Report ...
... BMC Neurol. 2019 ... Background: In patients suffering from Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) disease severity is assessed by ...
Quantitative Surface Electromyography for Monitoring Patients with Inflammatory Polyneuropathy By A. Forster; By A. Forster ... Quantitative Surface Electromyography for Monitoring Patients with Inflammatory Polyneuropathy. Clin Sci (Lond) 1 January 1985 ...
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) market research incorporates data, product and service trends, value ... GlobalData provides extensive market research on Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) industry. ... Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP). Discover unique market-leading data and insights into the Chronic ... Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) Marketed and Pipeline Drugs Assessment, Clinical Trials and ...
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Detection of Diphtheritic Polyneuropathy by Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance, India Farrah J. Mateen1. , Sunil Bahl, Ajay ... Detection of Diphtheritic Polyneuropathy by Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance, India. ...
Polyneuropathy with the affection of medium-size afferent fibers (diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN), SP-CIDP) characterized by ... For example, polyneuropathy with affection of thick mylienating afferent fibers (as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1А type) minor ... Sensory Predominant Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (SP-CIDP), Diagnostics, Sensory Ataxia, Stabilometry ... Patients with SP-CIDP had signs of sensitive polyneuropathy when polymodal sensitivity method was applied: 100% of patients ...
Polyneuropathy is inadequately treated despite increasing symptom intensity in individuals with and without diabetes (PROTECT ... Polyneuropathy is inadequately treated despite increasing symptom intensity in individuals with and without diabetes (PROTECT ... Polyneuropathy is inadequately treated despite increasing symptom intensity in individuals with and without diabetes (PROTECT ... We previously reported in the PROTECT Study that 70% of type 2 diabetes patients with distal symmetric polyneuropathy were ...
Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) is caused by the extracellular deposition of amyloid fibrils of mutant transthyretin (TTR ... Ando E, Ando Y, Okamura R, Uchino M, Ando M, Negi A. Ocular manifestations of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy type I: long- ... Familial amyloid polyneuropathy: receptor for advanced glycation end products-dependent triggering of neuronal inflammatory and ... Aqueous humor erythropoietin levels in open-angle glaucoma patients with and without TTR V30M familial amyloid polyneuropathy. ...
Chronic idiopathic polyneuropathy presenting in middle or old age: a clinical and electrophysiological study of 75 patients. ... Chronic idiopathic polyneuropathy presenting in middle or old age: a clinical and electrophysiological study of 75 patients. ... On clinical grounds 44 patients had a sensorimotor, 29 patients a sensory, and two patients a motor polyneuropathy. The overall ... Electrophysiological and nerve biopsy studies were compatible with an axonal polyneuropathy. Antibodies against myelin ...
Updates in the management of polyneuropathy of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR): Treating the condition head-on. ... Updates in the management of polyneuropathy of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR): Treating the condition head-on ...
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is an inflammatory disorder of the peripheral nervous system. The ... An update on the management of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2012;5:359-373. ... Patient demographics and health plan paid costs in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2014;50:47- ... An update on the management of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2012;5:359-373. ...
... amyloidosis patients with and without polyneuropathy (PNP) and to corroborate previous observations that sNfL is increased in ...
depression; anxiety; diabetic polyneuropathy; risk factors Popis. Background Despite the high prevalence of depression and ... The study cohort included 347 pDSPN patients aged 63.4 years (median), 55.9% males; 311 pain-free diabetic polyneuropathy ( ... Risk factors for depression and anxiety in painful and painless diabetic polyneuropathy: A multicentre observational cross- ... Risk factors for depression and anxiety in painful and painless diabetic polyneuropathy: A multicentre observational cross- ...
Presentation] Clinical application of photoacoustic imaging to the evaluation of diabetic polyneuropathy2018. *. Author(s). ... Development of photoacoustic imaging system for prevention of lower limb amputation induced by diabetic polyneuropathy. ...
... and familial amyloid polyneuropathy ... and familial amyloid polyneuropathy. Mid-and long-term anxiety ...
To estimate the accuracy of Neuropad for the diagnosis and staging of distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DPN) across different ... Accuracy of the Neuropad Test for the Diagnosis of Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Nikolaos Papanas, MD; ... Distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DPN) was diagnosed through the NDS. The NDS is a standardized examination of ankle reflexes, ... Distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DPN) is a major debilitating complication of diabetes (1). DPN is associated with a ...
A randomized, controlled trial of a β2-agonist in painful polyneuropathy. Mimmi Gillving, Dyveke Demant, Jakob V Holbech, ... A randomized, controlled trial of a β2-agonist in painful polyneuropathy. Pain. 2021 maj 1;162(5):1364-1373. doi: 10.1097/j. ... A randomized, controlled trial of a β2-agonist in painful polyneuropathy. I: Pain. 2021 ; Bind 162, Nr. 5. s. 1364-1373. ... A randomized, controlled trial of a β2-agonist in painful polyneuropathy. / Gillving, Mimmi; Demant, Dyveke; Holbech, Jakob V ...
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis ... Chronic Acquired Demyelinating Polyneuropathy; Chronic Relapsing Polyneuropathy). By Michael Rubin , MDCM, New York ... Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy is an immune-mediated polyneuropathy characterized by symmetric weakness of ... Symptoms of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) resemble those of Guillain-Barré syndrome Guillain-Barré ...
CIDP (Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy). Posted by sherlock @sherlock, Jan 6, 2019 ... Heres some information about Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) from the National Organization of Rare ... https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/chronic-inflammatory-demyelinating-polyneuropathy/. You mentioned you have been ...
Evolving immunologic perspectives in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Yusuf A. Rajabally*, Shahram Attarian, ... Dive into the research topics of Evolving immunologic perspectives in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. ...
Reading RoadmapTrends in Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy Incidence Rates among Danish Individuals with Type 1 and Type 2 ... What is distal symmetric polyneuropathy?. Distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP) is a form of peripheral neuropathy that affects ... Understanding Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy. DSP is a form of peripheral neuropathy that affects both sides of the body ... Distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP) is a common complication in individuals with diabetes, affecting both Type 1 and Type 2 ...
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy and IVIG reactions. Posted by Tab4025 @tab4025, Jul 10, 2017 ... Id like to introduce you to a few other members who are talking about CIDP (chronic inflammatory demylenating polyneuropathy ... Id like to introduce you to a few other members who are talking about CIDP (chronic inflammatory demylenating polyneuropathy ... Id like to introduce you to a few other members who are talking about CIDP (chronic inflammatory demylenating polyneuropathy ...
Keywords: Childhood, Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Immunotherapy, IVIg, Neurofascin antibodies, Steroids * ... and treatment modalities of pediatric-onset chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) in Turkey. Methods: The ...

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