The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.
Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)
A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)
A primary headache disorder that is characterized by severe, strictly unilateral PAIN which is orbital, supraorbital, temporal or in any combination of these sites, lasting 15-180 min. occurring 1 to 8 times a day. The attacks are associated with one or more of the following, all of which are ipsilateral: conjunctival injection, lacrimation, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, facial SWEATING, eyelid EDEMA, and miosis. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)
Secondary headache disorders attributed to a variety of cranial or cervical vascular disorders, such as BRAIN ISCHEMIA; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS.
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)
Conditions with HEADACHE symptom that can be attributed to a variety of causes including BRAIN VASCULAR DISORDERS; WOUNDS AND INJURIES; INFECTION; drug use or its withdrawal.
Use of a metal casting, usually with a post in the pulp or root canal, designed to support and retain an artificial crown.
Recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches, not preceded or accompanied by an aura, in attacks lasting 4-72 hours. It is characterized by PAIN of moderate to severe intensity; aggravated by physical activity; and associated with NAUSEA and / or PHOTOPHOBIA and PHONOPHOBIA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)
Tapping fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae.
A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)
The injection of autologous blood into the epidural space either as a prophylactic treatment immediately following an epidural puncture or for treatment of headache as a result of an epidural puncture.
A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system.
Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.
Primary headache disorders that show symptoms caused by the activation of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. These autonomic features include redness and tearing of the EYE, nasal congestion or discharge, facial SWEATING and other symptoms. Most subgroups show unilateral cranial PAIN.
Decarboxylated monoamine derivatives of TRYPTOPHAN.
A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.
The outermost of the three MENINGES, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord.
Reduction of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID pressure characterized clinically by HEADACHE which is maximal in an upright posture and occasionally by an abducens nerve palsy (see ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES), neck stiffness, hearing loss (see DEAFNESS); NAUSEA; and other symptoms. This condition may be spontaneous or secondary to SPINAL PUNCTURE; NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; DEHYDRATION; UREMIA; trauma (see also CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA); and other processes. Chronic hypotension may be associated with subdural hematomas (see HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL) or hygromas. (From Semin Neurol 1996 Mar;16(1):5-10; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp637-8)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication.
Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of EYE DISEASES; MIGRAINE; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; MENINGITIS; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with DEPRESSION and other MENTAL DISORDERS.
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.
Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system.
A tooth from which the dental pulp has been removed or is necrotic. (Boucher, Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Neuralgic syndromes which feature chronic or recurrent FACIAL PAIN as the primary manifestation of disease. Disorders of the trigeminal and facial nerves are frequently associated with these conditions.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the nervous system, central and peripheral, or demonstration of neurologic function or dysfunction.
A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).
Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)
Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Treatment to improve one's health condition by using techniques that can reduce PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS; or both.
Facilities providing diagnostic, therapeutic, and palliative services for patients with severe chronic pain. These may be free-standing clinics or hospital-based and serve ambulatory or inpatient populations. The approach is usually multidisciplinary. These clinics are often referred to as "acute pain services". (From Br Med Bull 1991 Jul;47(3):762-85)
Hyperextension injury to the neck, often the result of being struck from behind by a fast-moving vehicle, in an automobile accident. (From Segen, The Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Best evidence topic report. Headache in paediatric head injury. (1/25)

A short cut review was carried out to establish whether headache was a significant indicator of the severity of head injury in children. 301 papers were found using the reported searches, of which 2 presented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The author, date, and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results, and study weaknesses of these best papers are tabulated. It is concluded that headache is not an independent risk factor for intracranial injury in children.  (+info)

Post-traumatic headache from moderate head injury. (2/25)

The onset of post-traumatic headache occurs frequently in children, where it is often caused by severe head injuries, therefore, it is part of a post-traumatic syndrome, rather than of an independent headache and in this case no cause is clearly evident. The problem, conversely, arises in post-traumatic headache after a light trauma, since it is difficult to establish the cause-effect link. We have studied PTH incidence for one year in the patients of the emergency ward of the Saint Charles of Nancy Hospital, compared to the activity of 4 Italian headache centres. At the Saint Charles of Nancy Hospital of 98 patients with PTH after a moderate head trauma, 18 had acute and 26 chronic PTH, the majority ceased after six months. In the Italian headache centres 1,656 patients were examined, of these 3.2% suffered from PTH: 25 acute, 29 chronic. These data confirm the poor evidence of PTH after a light trauma and lead to doubt of the existence of this nosological entity.  (+info)

A case of post-traumatic cervicogenic headache treated by cervical cord stimulation. (3/25)

The case of a 26-year-old woman suffering from cervical trauma with disc herniation presenting with arm and neck pain is presented. She underwent cervical discectomy with fusion because the pain did not improve with medical therapies; as the neck pain resumed after surgery, a cervical cord neurostimulator was implanted, with improvement for cervicogenic headache. This report underlines the presence of two pathologies and the relationship between C2 and trigeminal pathways.  (+info)

Diagnosing cervicogenic headache. (4/25)

The notion that disorders of the cervical spine can cause headache is more than a century old, yet there is still a great deal of debate about cervicogenic headache (CEH) in terms of its underlying mechanisms, its signs and symptoms, and the most appropriate treatments for it. CEH is typically a unilateral headache that can be provoked by neck movement, awkward head positions or pressure on tender points in the neck. The headaches can last hours or days, and the pain is usually described as either dull or piercing. Convergence of the upper cervical roots on the nucleus caudalis of the trigeminal tract is the most commonly accepted neurophysiological explanation for CEH. In most cases, CEH is caused by pathology in the upper aspect of the cervical spine, but the type and exact location of the pathology varies substantially among individual cases. Anaesthetic blocks may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis of CEH, showing that the source of pain is in the neck. Differential diagnosis is sometimes a challenge because CEH can be mistaken for other forms of unilateral headache, especially unilateral migraine without aura. Neuroimaging and kinematic analysis of neck motion may aid in diagnosing difficult CEH.  (+info)

Headache in patients with cervical radiculopathy: a prospective study with selective nerve root blocks in 275 patients. (5/25)

Since many years we routinely use diagnostic selective nerve root blocks (SNRB) at our department when evaluating patients with cervical radiculopathy. Frequently patients who also presented with headache reported that the headache disappeared when the nerve root responsible for the radicular pain was blocked with local anaesthetics. Headache has been described as a companioning symptom related to cervical radiculopathy but has never before been evaluated with SNRB performed in the lower cervical spine. For this reason we added to our routine an evaluation of the response from the SNRB on headache in patients with cervical radiculopathy. The aim was to describe the frequency of headache in patients with cervical radiculopathy and its response to a selective nerve root block of the nerve root/roots responsible for the radiculopathy. Can nerve root compression in the lower cervical spine produce headache? In this consecutive series of 275 patients with cervical radiculopathy, 161 patients reported that they also suffered from daily or recurrent headache located most often unilaterally on the same side as the radiculopathy. All patients underwent a careful clinical examination by a neurosurgeon and a MRI of the cervical spine. The significantly compressed root/roots, according to the MRI, underwent SNRB with a local anaesthetic. The effect of the nerve root block on the radiculopathy and the headache was carefully noted and evaluated by a physiotherapist using visual analogue scales (VAS) before and after the SNRB. All patients with headache had tender points in the neck/shoulder region on the affected side. Patients with headache graded significantly more limitations in daily activities and higher pain intensity in the neck/shoulder/arm than patients without headache. After selective nerve root block, 59% of the patients with headache reported 50% or more reduction of headache and of these 69% reported total relief. A significant correlation was seen between reduced headache intensity and reduced pain in the neck, shoulder and arm. The result indicates that cervical root compression from degenerative disease in the lower cervical spine producing radiculopathy might also induce headache.  (+info)

Clinical efficacy of radiofrequency cervical zygapophyseal neurotomy in patients with chronic cervicogenic headache. (6/25)

The purpose of the present study was to assess the clinical efficacy of radiofrequency (RF) cervical zygapophyseal joint neurotomy in patients with cervicogenic headache. A total of thirty consecutive patients suffering from chronic cervicogenic headaches for longer than 6 months and showing a pain relief by greater than 50% from diagnostic/prognostic blocks were included in the study. These patients were treated with RF neurotomy of the cervical zygapophyseal joints and were subsequently assessed at 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, and at 12 months following the treatment. The results of this study showed that RF neurotomy of the cervical zygapophyseal joints significantly reduced the headache severity in 22 patients (73.3%) at 12 months after the treatment. In conclusion, RF cervical zygapophyseal joint neurotomy has shown to provide substantial pain relief in patients with chronic cervicogenic headache when carefully selected.  (+info)

Prevention of traumatic headache, dizziness and fatigue with creatine administration. A pilot study. (7/25)

AIM: The complex pathobiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) offers numerous targets for potential neuroprotective agents. We evaluate the clinical benefit after creatine (Cr) administration in children and adolescents. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, comparative, open- labelled pilot study of the possible neuroprotective effect of Cr was carried out on 39 children and adolescents, aged between 1 and 18 years of age, with TBI. The Cr was administered for 6 months, at a dose of 0.4 g/kg in an oral suspension form every day. For categorical variables, we used the Chi-square test to identify differences between controls and cases. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value <0.05 and not statistically significant if p-value >0.1. RESULTS: The administration of Cr to children and adolescents with TBI improved results in several parameters, including duration of post traumatic amnesia (PTA), duration of intubation, intensive care unit stay. Significant improvement was recorded in the categories of headache (p<0.001), dizziness (p=0.005) and fatigue (p<0.001), aspects in all patients. No side effects were seen due to Cr administration. CONCLUSION: More specific examinations including brain spectroscopy for in vivo evaluation of Cr can be done, in order to draw conclusions for the optimal duration and manner of Cr supply, as well as its possible role for the prevention of TBI complications, in double blind studies.  (+info)

Deep cervical plexus block for the treatment of cervicogenic headache. (8/25)

BACKGROUND: Cervicogenic headache descriptors include its unilateral nature, "signs and symptoms linking it to the neck," and trauma of the neck. Since the pain often occurs over the C2 or C3 nerve root, we used a modification of the deep cervical block technique for treatment of this refractory type headache. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of a modified deep cervical block for treatment of cervicogenic headache. DESIGN: Prospective case study. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients referred to our pain clinic participated in this study. All patients had undergone extensive screening/diagnostic testing. The blocks were performed unilaterally, without inducing a risk of invading the neural foramen, and repeat injection of the contra-lateral side occurred at >1 week after initial injection. Patients were followed for a 6-month period using a pain diary and questionnaire. Pain was assessed pre- and post-injection and 3 and 6 months post treatments. RESULTS: The mean treatment period was 59 +/- 61 days. The mean values for pre- and post-injection series pain scores (0-10 pain scale) were 9.54 +/- 1.53 and 6.75 +/- 3.23 respectively (p <0.001). Thirty-three percent (33%) of the patients reported pain scores of < or = 4 on the 0-10 pain scale after their last treatment. Effectiveness of the therapy following the injection procedure was rated to be 42% effective for all first injections and 40% effective for last injections (p =NS). Six months evaluations showed that return of moderate to severe pain took 6.62 +/- 8.1 weeks. At the 3 and 6 months follow up evaluations, mean pain scores had returned to 8.41 +/- 2.96 and 8.83 +/- 2.78, respectively. Ten patients (24%) had pain scores < or = 4 at the 3-month evaluation while 7 of the patients (18%) had pain scores < or = 4 at the 6-month evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that for some patients this series of blocks provided effective pain relief for 3 months post treatment but by 6 months the pain had returned to pre-treatment levels. This block technique significantly diminished pain after the initial as well as the last treatment. These clinically significant changes in pain relief suggest that more aggressive selective therapy targeting these nerve routes might provide longer lasting relief.  (+info)

A headache is defined as pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck. It can be a symptom of various underlying conditions such as stress, sinus congestion, migraine, or more serious issues like meningitis or concussion. Headaches can vary in intensity, ranging from mild to severe, and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light and sound. There are over 150 different types of headaches, including tension headaches, cluster headaches, and sinus headaches, each with their own specific characteristics and causes.

Headache disorders refer to a group of conditions characterized by recurrent headaches that cause significant distress and impairment in daily functioning. The most common types of headache disorders are tension-type headaches, migraines, and cluster headaches.

Tension-type headaches are typically described as a dull, aching sensation around the head and neck, often accompanied by tightness or pressure. Migraines, on the other hand, are usually characterized by moderate to severe throbbing pain on one or both sides of the head, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound, and visual disturbances.

Cluster headaches are relatively rare but extremely painful, with attacks lasting from 15 minutes to three hours and occurring several times a day for weeks or months. They typically affect one side of the head and are often accompanied by symptoms such as redness and tearing of the eye, nasal congestion, and sweating on the affected side of the face.

Headache disorders can have a significant impact on quality of life, and effective treatment often requires a multidisciplinary approach that may include medication, lifestyle changes, and behavioral therapies.

A tension-type headache (TTH) is a common primary headache disorder characterized by mild to moderate, non-throbbing head pain, often described as a tight band or pressure surrounding the head. The pain typically occurs on both sides of the head and may be accompanied by symptoms such as scalp tenderness, neck stiffness, and light or sound sensitivity.

TTHs are classified into two main categories: episodic and chronic. Episodic TTHs occur less than 15 days per month, while chronic TTHs occur 15 or more days per month for at least three months. The exact cause of tension-type headaches is not fully understood, but they are believed to be related to muscle tension, stress, anxiety, and poor posture.

Treatment options for TTHs include over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, relaxation techniques, stress management, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications. In some cases, prescription medications may be necessary to manage chronic TTHs.

A cluster headache is a type of primary headache disorder characterized by severe, one-sided headaches that occur in clusters, meaning they happen several times a day for several weeks or months and then go into remission for a period of time. The pain of a cluster headache is typically intense and often described as a sharp, stabbing, or burning sensation around the eye or temple on one side of the head.

Cluster headaches are relatively rare, affecting fewer than 1 in 1000 people. They tend to affect men more often than women and usually start between the ages of 20 and 50. The exact cause of cluster headaches is not fully understood, but they are thought to be related to abnormalities in the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that regulates various bodily functions, including hormone production and sleep-wake cycles.

Cluster headache attacks can last from 15 minutes to several hours and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as redness or tearing of the eye, runny nose, sweating, or swelling on the affected side of the face. During a cluster period, headaches typically occur at the same time each day, often at night or in the early morning.

Cluster headaches can be treated with various medications, including triptans, oxygen therapy, and local anesthetics. Preventive treatments such as verapamil, lithium, or corticosteroids may also be used to reduce the frequency and severity of cluster headache attacks during a cluster period.

A vascular headache is a type of headache that is primarily caused by disturbances in the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain and surrounding tissues. The two most common types of vascular headaches are migraines and cluster headaches.

Migraines are characterized by intense, throbbing pain on one or both sides of the head, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound, and visual disturbances known as auras. They can last from several hours to days.

Cluster headaches, on the other hand, are characterized by severe, one-sided pain around the eye or temple that occurs in clusters, meaning they occur several times a day for weeks or months, followed by periods of remission. Cluster headaches are often accompanied by symptoms such as redness and tearing of the eye, nasal congestion, and sweating on the affected side of the face.

Other types of vascular headaches include toxic headaches caused by exposure to certain substances or drugs, and headaches associated with high blood pressure or other medical conditions that affect the blood vessels in the brain.

A migraine disorder is a neurological condition characterized by recurrent headaches that often involve one side of the head and are accompanied by various symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound, and visual disturbances. Migraines can last from several hours to days and can be severely debilitating. The exact cause of migraines is not fully understood, but they are believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors that affect the brain and blood vessels. There are different types of migraines, including migraine without aura, migraine with aura, chronic migraine, and others, each with its own specific set of symptoms and diagnostic criteria. Treatment typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes, medications, and behavioral therapies to manage symptoms and prevent future attacks.

Secondary headache disorders refer to headaches that are caused by an underlying medical condition, structural abnormality, or injury. These headaches can have various characteristics and patterns, and their symptoms may mimic those of primary headache disorders such as migraine or tension-type headaches. However, in order to diagnose a secondary headache disorder, the healthcare provider must identify and address the underlying cause.

Examples of conditions that can cause secondary headache disorders include:

* Intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain)
* Brain tumors or other space-occupying lesions
* Meningitis or encephalitis (infections of the membranes surrounding the brain or the brain itself)
* Sinusitis or other respiratory infections
* Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ)
* Giant cell arteritis (a condition that affects the blood vessels in the head and neck)
* Substance use or withdrawal (such as from caffeine or alcohol)
* Medications (such as nitroglycerin or blood pressure-lowering drugs)

It is important to note that secondary headache disorders can be serious and even life-threatening, so it is essential to seek medical attention if you experience a new or unusual headache, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, weakness, numbness, or difficulty speaking.

The post and core technique is a dental restorative procedure that involves the use of a post made of metal or other materials, which is placed inside the root canal of a severely damaged tooth, to provide support and retention for a dental core. The dental core is then built up using various materials such as composite resin, glass ionomer cement, or amalgam, to restore the missing portion of the tooth structure. This technique is often used as a foundation for a dental crown in cases where there is not enough remaining tooth structure to support the crown on its own. The post and core restoration helps to reinforce the tooth, prevent fractures, and improve the overall functionality and esthetics of the restored tooth.

"Migraine without Aura," also known as "Common Migraine," is defined by the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3) as follows:

"Headaches fulfilling criteria C and D:

C. At least five attacks fulfilling criterion B

B. Headache lasting 4-72 hours (untreated or unsuccessfully treated)

1. a) Has at least two of the following characteristics:
b) One-sided location
c) Pulsating quality
d) Moderate or severe pain intensity
e) Aggravation by or causing avoidance of routine physical activity (e.g., walking or climbing stairs)

D. During headache at least one of the following:

1. a) Nausea and/or vomiting
2. b) Photophobia and phonophobia"

In simpler terms, Migraine without Aura is a recurring headache disorder characterized by moderate to severe headaches that typically occur on one side of the head, have a pulsating quality, and are aggravated by physical activity. The headaches last between 4 and 72 hours if not treated or if treatment is unsuccessful. Additionally, during the headache, at least one of the following symptoms must be present: nausea/vomiting, sensitivity to light (photophobia), or sensitivity to sound (phonophobia).

A spinal puncture, also known as a lumbar puncture or a spinal tap, is a medical procedure in which a thin, hollow needle is inserted between two vertebrae in the lower back to extract cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space. This procedure is typically performed to diagnose conditions affecting the central nervous system, such as meningitis, encephalitis, or subarachnoid hemorrhage, by analyzing the CSF for cells, chemicals, bacteria, or viruses. Additionally, spinal punctures can be used to administer medications or anesthetics directly into the CSF space, such as in the case of epidural anesthesia during childbirth.

The medical definition of a spinal puncture is: "A diagnostic and therapeutic procedure that involves introducing a thin needle into the subarachnoid space, typically at the lumbar level, to collect cerebrospinal fluid or administer medications."

"Migraine with Aura" is a neurological condition that is formally defined by the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) as follows:

"An migraine attack with focal neurological symptoms that usually develop gradually over 5 to 20 minutes and last for less than 60 minutes. Motor weakness is not a feature of the aura."

The symptoms of an aura may include visual disturbances such as flickering lights, zigzag lines, or blind spots; sensory disturbances such as tingling or numbness in the face, arms, or legs; and speech or language difficulties. These symptoms are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain and typically precede or accompany a migraine headache, although they can also occur without a headache.

It's important to note that not all people who experience migraines will have an aura, and some people may have an aura without a headache. If you are experiencing symptoms of a migraine with aura or any other type of headache, it is recommended that you consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

A blood patch, epidural is a medical procedure used to treat a post-dural puncture headache (PDPH), which can occur after a lumbar puncture or spinal anesthesia. During the procedure, a small amount of the patient's own blood is withdrawn and injected into the epidural space, forming a clot that seals the dural tear and alleviates the headache.

The blood patch procedure involves several steps:

1. The patient is typically placed in a lateral decubitus position (lying on their side) to widen the intervertebral space.
2. The area is cleaned and prepared for the injection, similar to other sterile procedures.
3. Using a local anesthetic, the skin and underlying tissues are numbed to minimize discomfort during the procedure.
4. A thin needle is inserted into the epidural space, usually at the same level as the original dural puncture.
5. Once the needle is in the correct position, a small amount of blood (usually around 10-20 mL) is drawn from a vein in the patient's arm.
6. The withdrawn blood is then slowly injected into the epidural space through the needle.
7. After the injection, the needle is removed, and the patient is monitored for any adverse reactions or complications.

The clot formed by the injected blood helps to seal the dural tear, preventing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from leaking into the epidural space and causing a headache. The blood patch procedure typically provides rapid relief from PDPH, with most patients experiencing significant improvement within 30 minutes to an hour after the injection. However, in some cases, multiple blood patches may be required to achieve complete resolution of the headache.

Neurology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of diseases and disorders of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, muscles, and autonomic nervous system. Neurologists are medical doctors who specialize in this field, diagnosing and treating conditions such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and various types of headaches and pain disorders. They use a variety of diagnostic tests, including imaging studies like MRI and CT scans, electrophysiological tests like EEG and EMG, and laboratory tests to evaluate nerve function and identify any underlying conditions or abnormalities. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, rehabilitation, or lifestyle modifications.

Analgesics are a class of drugs that are used to relieve pain. They work by blocking the transmission of pain signals in the nervous system, allowing individuals to manage their pain levels more effectively. There are many different types of analgesics available, including both prescription and over-the-counter options. Some common examples include acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin), and opioids such as morphine or oxycodone.

The choice of analgesic will depend on several factors, including the type and severity of pain being experienced, any underlying medical conditions, potential drug interactions, and individual patient preferences. It is important to use these medications as directed by a healthcare provider, as misuse or overuse can lead to serious side effects and potential addiction.

In addition to their pain-relieving properties, some analgesics may also have additional benefits such as reducing inflammation (like in the case of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs) or causing sedation (as with certain opioids). However, it is essential to weigh these potential benefits against the risks and side effects associated with each medication.

When used appropriately, analgesics can significantly improve a person's quality of life by helping them manage their pain effectively and allowing them to engage in daily activities more comfortably.

Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias (TACs) is a group of primary headache disorders characterized by unilateral, severe head pain associated with ipsilateral cranial autonomic features. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD-3) classifies TACs into four types:

1. Cluster Headache: Severe, strictly unilateral, orbital, supraorbital, or temporal pain lasting 15 minutes to three hours and occurring in clusters (usually at the same time of day for several weeks or months). The attacks are associated with ipsilateral cranial autonomic symptoms such as conjunctival injection, lacrimation, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, forehead sweating, eyelid edema, and/or pupillary miosis.
2. Paroxysmal Hemicrania: Short-lasting (2-30 minutes) but recurrent attacks of severe unilateral head pain accompanied by ipsilateral cranial autonomic features. The attacks occur more than five times a day and are often associated with agitation or restlessness during the attack.
3. Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache Attacks (SUNHA): This category includes two subtypes: SUNCT (Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform headache attacks with Conjunctival injection and Tearing) and SUNA (Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform headache attacks with Autonomic symptoms). These disorders are characterized by moderate to severe unilateral head pain lasting 5 minutes to 6 hours, accompanied by cranial autonomic features.
4. Hemicrania Continua: A continuous, strictly unilateral headache of mild to moderate intensity with occasional exacerbations of severe pain. The attacks are associated with ipsilateral cranial autonomic symptoms and/or migrainous features such as photophobia, phonophobia, or nausea.

TACs are considered rare disorders, and their pathophysiology is not entirely understood. However, it is believed that they involve the trigeminal nerve and its connections to the brainstem. Treatment typically involves medications targeting the underlying mechanisms of these headaches, such as triptans for migraine-like features or anticonvulsants for neuralgiform pain. In some cases, invasive procedures like nerve blocks or neurostimulation may be considered.

Tryptamines are a class of organic compounds that contain a tryptamine skeleton, which is a combination of an indole ring and a ethylamine side chain. They are commonly found in nature and can be synthesized in the lab. Some tryptamines have psychedelic properties and are used as recreational drugs, such as dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and psilocybin. Others have important roles in the human body, such as serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, and sleep. Tryptamines can also be found in some plants and animals, including certain species of mushrooms, toads, and catnip.

Sumatriptan is a selective serotonin receptor agonist, specifically targeting the 5-HT1D and 5-HT1B receptors. It is primarily used to treat migraines and cluster headaches. Sumatriptan works by narrowing blood vessels around the brain and reducing inflammation that leads to migraine symptoms.

The medication comes in various forms, including tablets, injectables, and nasal sprays. Common side effects of sumatriptan include feelings of warmth or hotness, tingling, tightness, pressure, heaviness, pain, or burning in the neck, throat, jaw, chest, or arms.

It is important to note that sumatriptan should not be used if a patient has a history of heart disease, stroke, or uncontrolled high blood pressure. Additionally, it should not be taken within 24 hours of using another migraine medication containing ergotamine or similar drugs such as dihydroergotamine, methysergide, or caffeine-containing analgesics.

Dura Mater is the thickest and outermost of the three membranes (meninges) that cover the brain and spinal cord. It provides protection and support to these delicate structures. The other two layers are called the Arachnoid Mater and the Pia Mater, which are thinner and more delicate than the Dura Mater. Together, these three layers form a protective barrier around the central nervous system.

Intracranial hypotension is a medical condition characterized by reduced pressure within the cranial cavity (the space containing brain and cerebrospinal fluid). This can occur due to several reasons, most commonly being a spontaneous or traumatic CSF leak (cerebrospinal fluid leak) from the dural membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The decrease in CSF pressure can cause various symptoms such as headaches (often positional), nausea, vomiting, neck pain, blurred vision, ringing in the ears, and cognitive impairment. Treatment typically involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, which may include bed rest, hydration, caffeine, epidural blood patch procedures, or surgical repair of CSF leaks.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

The trigeminal nerve, also known as the fifth cranial nerve or CNV, is a paired nerve that carries both sensory and motor information. It has three major branches: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3). The ophthalmic branch provides sensation to the forehead, eyes, and upper portion of the nose; the maxillary branch supplies sensation to the lower eyelid, cheek, nasal cavity, and upper lip; and the mandibular branch is responsible for sensation in the lower lip, chin, and parts of the oral cavity, as well as motor function to the muscles involved in chewing. The trigeminal nerve plays a crucial role in sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and pressure in the face and mouth, and it also contributes to biting, chewing, and swallowing functions.

Photophobia is a condition characterized by an abnormal sensitivity to light. It's not a fear of light, despite the name suggesting otherwise. Instead, it refers to the discomfort or pain felt in the eyes due to exposure to light, often leading to a strong desire to avoid light. This can include both natural and artificial light sources.

The severity of photophobia can vary greatly among individuals. Some people may only experience mild discomfort in bright light conditions, while others may find even moderate levels of light intolerable. It can be a symptom of various underlying health issues, including eye diseases or disorders like uveitis, keratitis, corneal abrasions, or optic neuritis, as well as systemic conditions such as migraines, meningitis, or certain medications that increase light sensitivity.

Pain measurement, in a medical context, refers to the quantification or evaluation of the intensity and/or unpleasantness of a patient's subjective pain experience. This is typically accomplished through the use of standardized self-report measures such as numerical rating scales (NRS), visual analog scales (VAS), or categorical scales (mild, moderate, severe). In some cases, physiological measures like heart rate, blood pressure, and facial expressions may also be used to supplement self-reported pain ratings. The goal of pain measurement is to help healthcare providers better understand the nature and severity of a patient's pain in order to develop an effective treatment plan.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Facial pain is a condition characterized by discomfort or pain felt in any part of the face. It can result from various causes, including nerve damage or irritation, injuries, infections, dental problems, migraines, or sinus congestion. The pain can range from mild to severe and may be sharp, dull, constant, or intermittent. In some cases, facial pain can also be associated with other symptoms such as headaches, redness, swelling, or changes in sensation. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause are essential for effective management of facial pain.

A neurological examination is a series of tests used to evaluate the functioning of the nervous system, including both the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body). It is typically performed by a healthcare professional such as a neurologist or a primary care physician with specialized training in neurology.

During a neurological examination, the healthcare provider will assess various aspects of neurological function, including:

1. Mental status: This involves evaluating a person's level of consciousness, orientation, memory, and cognitive abilities.
2. Cranial nerves: There are 12 cranial nerves that control functions such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, and movement of the face and neck. The healthcare provider will test each of these nerves to ensure they are functioning properly.
3. Motor function: This involves assessing muscle strength, tone, coordination, and reflexes. The healthcare provider may ask the person to perform certain movements or tasks to evaluate these functions.
4. Sensory function: The healthcare provider will test a person's ability to feel different types of sensations, such as touch, pain, temperature, vibration, and proprioception (the sense of where your body is in space).
5. Coordination and balance: The healthcare provider may assess a person's ability to perform coordinated movements, such as touching their finger to their nose or walking heel-to-toe.
6. Reflexes: The healthcare provider will test various reflexes throughout the body using a reflex hammer.

The results of a neurological examination can help healthcare providers diagnose and monitor conditions that affect the nervous system, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, or peripheral neuropathy.

A nonvital tooth is one that no longer has a living or viable pulp, which contains the nerves and blood vessels inside the tooth. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as tooth decay that has progressed deeply into the tooth, dental trauma, or previous invasive dental procedures. As a result, the tooth loses its sensitivity to temperature changes and may darken in color. Nonvital teeth typically require root canal treatment to remove the dead pulp tissue, disinfect the canals, and fill them with an inert material to preserve the tooth structure and function.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Facial neuralgia is a general term that refers to painful conditions affecting the facial nerves. It is often used to describe two specific disorders: trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia.

1. Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), also known as tic douloureux, is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, one of the major nerves of the face. The trigeminal nerve is responsible for sensations in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. Trigeminal neuralgia causes intense, stabbing, electric shock-like pain in the areas of the face where the branches of the nerve are distributed: the lower jaw, upper jaw, and cheek. The pain usually affects one side of the face, is triggered by light touch or other stimuli, and can last from a few seconds to several minutes.

2. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN) is a similar but less common condition that involves the glossopharyngeal nerve, which is responsible for sensations in the throat, tongue, and ear on one side of the face. GPN causes sharp, stabbing pain in these areas, often triggered by swallowing, talking, or coughing.

Both trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia can be debilitating and significantly impact a person's quality of life. The exact cause of these conditions is not always clear, but they are often associated with nerve compression by blood vessels or tumors, age-related changes in the nerves and blood vessels, multiple sclerosis, or other underlying medical conditions. Treatment options may include medications to manage pain, surgical procedures to decompress the affected nerves, or, in some cases, radiofrequency ablation or gamma knife radiosurgery to destroy a portion of the nerve and reduce pain signals.

The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.

Neck pain is discomfort or soreness in the neck region, which can extend from the base of the skull to the upper part of the shoulder blades, caused by injury, irritation, or inflammation of the muscles, ligaments, or nerves in the cervical spine. The pain may worsen with movement and can be accompanied by stiffness, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the neck, arms, or hands. In some cases, headaches can also occur as a result of neck pain.

Neurological diagnostic techniques are medical tests and examinations used to identify and diagnose conditions related to the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. These techniques can be divided into several categories:

1. Clinical Examination: A thorough physical examination, including a neurological evaluation, is often the first step in diagnosing neurological conditions. This may involve assessing a person's mental status, muscle strength, coordination, reflexes, sensation, and gait.

2. Imaging Techniques: These are used to produce detailed images of the brain and nervous system. Common imaging techniques include:

- Computed Tomography (CT): This uses X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the brain and other parts of the body.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the brain and other internal structures.
- Functional MRI (fMRI): This is a type of MRI that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET): This uses small amounts of radioactive material to produce detailed images of brain function.
- Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT): This is a type of nuclear medicine imaging that uses a gamma camera and a computer to produce detailed images of brain function.

3. Electrophysiological Tests: These are used to measure the electrical activity of the brain and nervous system. Common electrophysiological tests include:

- Electroencephalography (EEG): This measures the electrical activity of the brain.
- Evoked Potentials (EPs): These measure the electrical response of the brain and nervous system to sensory stimuli, such as sound or light.
- Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS): These measure the speed and strength of nerve impulses.
- Electromyography (EMG): This measures the electrical activity of muscles.

4. Laboratory Tests: These are used to analyze blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and other bodily fluids for signs of neurological conditions. Common laboratory tests include:

- Complete Blood Count (CBC): This measures the number and type of white and red blood cells in the body.
- Blood Chemistry Tests: These measure the levels of various chemicals in the blood.
- Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap): This is used to collect cerebrospinal fluid for analysis.
- Genetic Testing: This is used to identify genetic mutations associated with neurological conditions.

5. Imaging Studies: These are used to produce detailed images of the brain and nervous system. Common imaging studies include:

- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the brain and nervous system.
- Computed Tomography (CT): This uses X-rays to produce detailed images of the brain and nervous system.
- Functional MRI (fMRI): This measures changes in blood flow in the brain during cognitive tasks.
- Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI): This is used to assess white matter integrity in the brain.
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS): This is used to measure chemical levels in the brain.

Pseudotumor cerebri, also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension, is a condition characterized by increased pressure around the brain without any identifiable cause such as a tumor or other space-occupying lesion. The symptoms mimic those of a brain mass, hence the term "pseudotumor."

The primary manifestation of this condition is headaches, often accompanied by vision changes like blurry vision, double vision, or temporary loss of vision, and pulsatile tinnitus (a rhythmic whooshing sound in the ears). Other symptoms can include neck pain, nausea, vomiting, and papilledema (swelling of the optic nerve disc). If left untreated, pseudotumor cerebri can lead to permanent vision loss.

The exact cause of pseudotumor cerebri remains unknown, but it has been associated with certain factors such as obesity, rapid weight gain, female gender (particularly during reproductive years), sleep apnea, and the use of certain medications like tetracyclines, vitamin A derivatives, and steroid withdrawal. Diagnosis typically involves a series of tests including neurological examination, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scan), and lumbar puncture to measure cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Treatment usually focuses on lowering intracranial pressure through medications, weight loss, and sometimes surgical interventions like optic nerve sheath fenestration or shunting procedures.

Amitriptyline is a type of medication known as a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). It is primarily used to treat depression, but it also has other therapeutic uses such as managing chronic pain, migraine prevention, and treating anxiety disorders. Amitriptyline works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which help to regulate mood and alleviate pain.

The medication is available in various forms, including tablets and liquid solutions, and it is typically taken orally. The dosage of amitriptyline may vary depending on the individual's age, medical condition, and response to treatment. It is essential to follow the prescribing physician's instructions carefully when taking this medication.

Common side effects of amitriptyline include drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and weight gain. In some cases, it may cause more severe side effects such as orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure upon standing), cardiac arrhythmias, and seizures. It is crucial to inform the healthcare provider of any pre-existing medical conditions or current medications before starting amitriptyline therapy, as these factors can influence its safety and efficacy.

Amitriptyline has a well-established history in clinical practice, but it may not be suitable for everyone due to its potential side effects and drug interactions. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using this medication.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMD) refer to a group of conditions that cause pain and dysfunction in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the muscles that control jaw movement. The TMJ is the hinge joint that connects the lower jaw (mandible) to the skull (temporal bone) in front of the ear. It allows for movements required for activities such as eating, speaking, and yawning.

TMD can result from various causes, including:

1. Muscle tension or spasm due to clenching or grinding teeth (bruxism), stress, or jaw misalignment
2. Dislocation or injury of the TMJ disc, which is a small piece of cartilage that acts as a cushion between the bones in the joint
3. Arthritis or other degenerative conditions affecting the TMJ
4. Bite problems (malocclusion) leading to abnormal stress on the TMJ and its surrounding muscles
5. Stress, which can exacerbate existing TMD symptoms by causing muscle tension

Symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders may include:
- Pain or tenderness in the jaw, face, neck, or shoulders
- Limited jaw movement or locking of the jaw
- Clicking, popping, or grating sounds when moving the jaw
- Headaches, earaches, or dizziness
- Difficulty chewing or biting
- Swelling on the side of the face

Treatment for TMD varies depending on the severity and cause of the condition. It may include self-care measures (like eating soft foods, avoiding extreme jaw movements, and applying heat or cold packs), physical therapy, medications (such as muscle relaxants, pain relievers, or anti-inflammatory drugs), dental work (including bite adjustments or orthodontic treatment), or even surgery in severe cases.

Neurosurgical procedures are operations that are performed on the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These procedures are typically carried out by neurosurgeons, who are medical doctors with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. Neurosurgical procedures can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including traumatic injuries, tumors, aneurysms, vascular malformations, infections, degenerative diseases, and congenital abnormalities.

Some common types of neurosurgical procedures include:

* Craniotomy: A procedure in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to gain access to the brain. This type of procedure may be performed to remove a tumor, repair a blood vessel, or relieve pressure on the brain.
* Spinal fusion: A procedure in which two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together using bone grafts and metal hardware. This is often done to stabilize the spine and alleviate pain caused by degenerative conditions or spinal deformities.
* Microvascular decompression: A procedure in which a blood vessel that is causing pressure on a nerve is repositioned or removed. This type of procedure is often used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, a condition that causes severe facial pain.
* Deep brain stimulation: A procedure in which electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a battery-operated device called a neurostimulator. The neurostimulator sends electrical impulses to the brain to help alleviate symptoms of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.
* Stereotactic radiosurgery: A non-invasive procedure that uses focused beams of radiation to treat tumors, vascular malformations, and other abnormalities in the brain or spine. This type of procedure is often used for patients who are not good candidates for traditional surgery due to age, health status, or location of the lesion.

Neurosurgical procedures can be complex and require a high degree of skill and expertise. Patients considering neurosurgical treatment should consult with a qualified neurosurgeon to discuss their options and determine the best course of action for their individual situation.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Relaxation therapy is not a specific type of therapy with its own distinct medical definition. Rather, relaxation is a common element that is incorporated into many types of therapies and techniques aimed at reducing stress, anxiety, and promoting physical and mental relaxation. These techniques can include various forms of mind-body interventions such as deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, guided imagery, meditation, yoga, tai chi, and biofeedback.

The goal of relaxation therapy is to help individuals learn to control their physiological responses to stress and anxiety, leading to a reduction in muscle tension, lower heart rate and blood pressure, and an overall sense of calm and well-being. While relaxation therapy is not typically used as a standalone treatment for medical conditions, it can be a useful adjunctive therapy when combined with other treatments for a variety of physical and mental health concerns.

A pain clinic, also known as a pain management center or pain treatment center, is a healthcare facility that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of various types and levels of pain. These clinics are typically staffed with interdisciplinary teams of medical professionals, such as anesthesiologists, neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, and physical therapists, who work together to provide comprehensive and personalized care for patients experiencing chronic or acute pain.

Pain clinics may offer a range of treatments, including medications, injections, nerve blocks, physical therapy, psychological counseling, and complementary therapies like acupuncture and massage. The goal of these clinics is to help patients manage their pain effectively, improve their quality of life, and increase their functionality and mobility.

It's important to note that while pain clinics can be very helpful for many people, it's essential to do your research and choose a reputable clinic with licensed and experienced medical professionals who prioritize patient safety and evidence-based treatments.

Whiplash injuries are a type of soft tissue injury to the neck that occurs when the head is suddenly and forcefully thrown backward (hyperextension) and then forward (hyperflexion). This motion is similar to the cracking of a whip, hence the term "whiplash."

Whiplash injuries are most commonly associated with rear-end automobile accidents, but they can also occur from sports accidents, physical abuse, or other traumatic events. The impact of these forces on the neck can cause damage to the muscles, ligaments, tendons, and other soft tissues in the neck, resulting in pain, stiffness, and limited mobility.

In some cases, whiplash injuries may also cause damage to the discs between the vertebrae in the spine or to the nerves exiting the spinal cord. These types of injuries can have more serious consequences and may require additional medical treatment.

Whiplash injuries are typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical examination, patient history, and imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment for whiplash injuries may include pain medication, physical therapy, chiropractic care, or in some cases, surgery.

2006) reviewed ample studies comparing headaches to post-traumatic headaches and found that there is wide heterogeneity in the ... Headaches that occur after a concussion may feel like migraine headaches or tension-type headaches. Most headaches are tension- ... headaches and post-traumatic stress disorder: assessment findings in a consecutive series". Headache. 32 (3): 147-151. doi: ... 3-5. ISBN 0-19-505301-X. Evans RW (February 2004). "Post-traumatic headaches". Neurologic Clinics. 22 (1): 237-49, viii. doi: ...
Evans RW (2004). "Post-traumatic headaches". Neurologic Clinics. 22 (1): 237-249. doi:10.1016/S0733-8619(03)00097-5. PMID ... in mild traumatic brain injuries, it may also occur in moderate and severe cases of traumatic brain injury. A diagnosis may be ... Post-concussion syndrome (PCS), is a set of symptoms that a person may experience for weeks, months, or occasionally years ... Rao V, Lyketsos C (2000). "Neuropsychiatric sequelae of traumatic brain injury". Psychosomatics. 41 (2): 95-103. doi:10.1176/ ...
Evans RW (2004). "Post-traumatic headaches". Neurologic Clinics. 22 (1): 237-249. doi:10.1016/S0733-8619(03)00097-5. PMID ... systems Head injury criterion Mild traumatic brain injury Neuropsychological test Post-concussion syndrome Post-traumatic ... Post-concussion syndrome is believed to be able to arise for reasons aside from sustaining a (mild) traumatic brain injury. In ... The Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire, version from N.S. King et al, 1995 Post Concussion Syndrome (Use dmy ...
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The soldiers suffered headaches, vision and hearing problems, sleep loss, cognitive problems, balance issues and post-traumatic ... "We will not accept the lies that are coming out to protect diplomatic relations," she wrote in the inaugural post, dated three ... "Killing of U.S. soldiers in Jordan appears to have been deliberate, investigators say". The Denver Post. 2016-11-22. Retrieved ... The U.S. government initially failed to recognize all the soldiers with traumatic brain injuries, applying instead a standard ...
... and traumatic SAH has been correlated with other markers of poor outcome such as post traumatic epilepsy, hydrocephalus, and ... This type of headache is referred to as "sentinel headache", because it is presumed to result from a small leak (a "warning ... The classic symptom of subarachnoid hemorrhage is thunderclap headache (a headache described as "like being kicked in the head ... Traumatic SAH usually occurs near the site of a skull fracture or intracerebral contusion. It often happens in the setting of ...
Individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have a high comorbidity with chronic pain. Patients with both PTSD and ... Chronic headache and orofacial pain: pain that originates in the head or face, and occurs for 50% or more days over a 3 months ... Chronic post-traumatic pain: pain lasting 3 months after an injury or surgery, excluding infectious or pre-existing conditions ... Fishbain DA, Pulikal A, Lewis JE, Gao J (April 2017). "Chronic Pain Types Differ in Their Reported Prevalence of Post-Traumatic ...
DID has a high correlation with, and has been described as a form of, complex post-traumatic stress disorder. There is a ... The most common presenting complaint of DID is depression, with headaches being a common neurological symptom. Comorbid ... A study was conducted to develop an "expertise-based prognostic model for the treatment of complex post-traumatic stress ... What may be expressed as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults may become dissociative identity disorder when ...
... traumatic stress; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); complex post-traumatic stress disorder; suicidal thoughts or attempts ... headaches; fatigue; loss of motivation; stomach problems; eating disorders (such as weight loss or gain); alcoholism; feeling ... the odds of suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after deployment on operations increase by a factor of nine. ... 73-92 ISBN 978-0-7914-0457-7.[page needed] Boland, 2002[page needed] Foa, EB; Street, GP (2001). "Women and traumatic events". ...
... is sometimes used for nightmares in post-traumatic stress disorder, but there have not been studies longer than nine ... Nabilone has also been used for medication overuse headache. Nabilone can increase - rather than decrease - postoperative pain ... The Journal of Headache and Pain. 13 (8): 677-84. doi:10.1007/s10194-012-0490-1. PMC 3484259. PMID 23070400. Sholler DJ, ... headache, nausea, disorientation, depersonalization, hallucinations, and asthenia. Nabilone is a partial agonist of the ...
Other headaches diagnosed in the emergency department include post-traumatic headache (20%), headache related to a problem with ... of headaches are primary headaches. Most of these primary headaches are tension headaches. Most people with tension headaches ... The first step to diagnosing a headache is to determine if the headache is old or new. A "new headache" can be a headache that ... The daily-persistent headaches along with the hypnic headache and thunderclap headaches are considered primary headaches as ...
... "post-traumatic headache' ". He died at Yarraville, Victoria on 16 October 1990. He was appointed Member of the Order of the ...
... post-traumatic stress disorder, alcoholism, depression, and cluster headaches. Some of the well known particular psychedelic ... January 2021). "Pharmacological-assisted Psychotherapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: a systematic review and meta- ... and post-traumatic stress disorder. The United States Food and Drug Administration has granted "breakthrough therapy" status, ... for post-traumatic stress disorder). Humans have long consumed psychedelic substances derived from cacti, seeds, bark, and ...
... headache, and physiological symptoms including irregular heartbeat and diarrhoea. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The ... or less traumatic elements of the traumatic experience) may make memories for the traumatic experience itself less accessible ... Not being able to integrate traumatic memories seems to be linked to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). According to van der ... Evidence of the spontaneous recovery of traumatic memories has been shown, and recovered memories of traumatic childhood abuse ...
... is sometimes prescribed off-label to treat social phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, insomnia, premenstrual ... The side effects of oxazepam are similar to those of other benzodiazepines, and may include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, ...
It is applied by the US Army to assist soldiers to recover from post-traumatic stress disorder. There is limited scientific ... while autonomic symptoms of high anxiety such as headache, giddiness, chest pain, palpitations, sweating and abdominal pain ... Money, Nisha (Winter 2009). "Yoga Nidra (iRest): A 'New Twist' on Treatment for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (Part I)" (PDF ... and then adopt a yoga-based Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) reduction program utilizing a form of Yoga Nidra. The program ...
Looking at just post-traumatic stress disorder, which is "a mental disorder that may develop after exposure to exceptionally ... headache, back pain, stomach pain, and memory problems," (Oram et al. 9). The mental health implications range from depression ... Bisson, Jonathan I; Cosgrove, Sarah; Lewis, Catrin; Roberts, Neil P (26 November 2015). "Post-traumatic stress disorder". BMJ. ... and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)," are revealed (175). Of course, this seems obvious, considering that these women are ...
... was statistically no better than placebo in improving stroke recovery at 3 months post-stroke. Additionally, recent ... Common side effects include abdominal discomfort, headaches, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Frequently, they can be ... improves cognitive functioning after traumatic brain injury and could potentially play a role in treating severe traumatic ... in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury". 10 (1) (Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology ed.): 45-54. doi:10.1007/s11481-014-9570-0 ...
migraine headaches, MS, Parkinson's disease) Psychiatric conditions (ex. bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, post- ... traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia) At a federal level, legislation pertaining to disability was limited in the 18th and ... Transition preparation from K-12 education to post-secondary education or career was initially written into IDEA to begin at ... Tens of thousands of people are now calling for his freedom". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-10-28. Service, ...
... and post-traumatic stress disorder. Fluvoxamine's side-effect profile is very similar to other SSRIs: constipation, ... gastrointestinal problems, headache, anxiety, irritation, sexual problems, dry mouth, sleep problems and a risk of suicide at ... Headache Hyperhidrosis (excess sweating) Insomnia Loss of appetite Malaise Nausea Nervousness Palpitations Restlessness Sexual ... Pharmacogenetic Aspects of COVID-19 Management and Post-COVID-19 Depression Treatment with Fluvoxamine. Psychiatr Danub. 2022 ...
... demyelinating polyneuropathy Chronic pain Cluster headache Cockayne syndrome Coffin-Lowry syndrome Coma Complex post-traumatic ... Polyneuropathy PMG Polio Polymicrogyria Polymyositis Porencephaly Post-polio syndrome Postherpetic neuralgia Posttraumatic ... Giant cell inclusion disease Globoid cell leukodystrophy Gray matter heterotopia Guillain-Barré syndrome Head injury Headache ... encephalopathy Superficial siderosis Sydenham's chorea Syncope Synesthesia Syringomyelia Substance use disorder Traumatic ...
... and post-traumatic headaches suggesting inflammation as the cause of the headaches. NDPH as an inflammatory, post-infectious ... "Post-infectious headache: A reactive headache?". The Journal of Headache and Pain. 12 (4): 467-73. doi:10.1007/s10194-011-0346- ... It is one of the types of primary headache syndromes that present as a chronic daily headache, which is a headache present for ... is a primary headache syndrome which can mimic chronic migraine and chronic tension-type headache. The headache is daily and ...
"Persistent posttraumatic headaches are the most common long-term consequence of mild traumatic brain injuries (concussions) in ... Blood pressure drug could prevent posttraumatic headaches June 20, 2023. Prazosin now offers an evidence-based approach to ... Posttraumatic headaches often do not respond to treatment. Researchers hope the findings with prazocin can change that. © Getty ... "This study is the only clinical trial of an oral medication to demonstrate efficacy for posttraumatic headache. Because ...
Chronic headache pain is one of the most commonly reported comorbid pain conditions with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ... Exacerbated Headache-Related Pain in the Single Prolonged Stress Preclinical Model of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.. ... Exacerbated Headache-Related Pain in the Single Prolonged Stress Preclinical Model of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. ... Exacerbated Headache-Related Pain in the Single Prolonged Stress Preclinical Model of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. ...
Learn about post traumatic headaches, which usually occurs after a head or neck injury, including common symptoms and diagnosis ... Diagnosing Post-traumatic headache. The International Headache Society defines the post-traumatic headache as:. A - Headache ... A post-traumatic headache occurs after an injury to the head or neck. In fact, headache is the most common symptom people ... Headache goes away within three months after head trauma. *Headache hasnt gone away, but the injury was less than three months ...
If you are suffering from Post-Traumatic Headache, bordfreesupply.com can provide you with the drugs and medication you need ... Symptoms can include a dull, throbbing headache, sensitivity to light and sound, and difficulty concentrating. ... Post-Traumatic Headache is a type of headache that can occur after a traumatic event such as a car accident, physical assault, ... Post-Traumatic Headache is a type of headache that can occur after a traumatic event such as a car accident, physical assault, ...
Tag: Post Traumatic headaches. Pain and Suffering Damages Discussed for Severe Post Traumatic Migraine Headaches. Written by ... The Plaintiff suffered various injuries the most serious of which were post-traumatic migraine headaches. These were so ... Reasons for judgement were released today awarding a Plaintiff damages for post accident migraine headaches.. In todays case ( ... and continuing generalized moderate headaches with severe migraine headaches, occurring two or three times per week. The pain ...
Post-traumatic headache is the most common symptom following a brain injury. Learn more. ... Headache is one of the most common symptoms after traumatic brain injury (often called "post-traumatic headache"). Over 30% of ... For certain headaches like migraine, a family history is common.. Should I worry about having a headache?. Most headaches are ... Rebound headaches. Sometimes the very medicines used to treat headaches can actually cause headaches. When pain medicines are ...
These headaches can continue for up to a year following the initial injury. ... The Journal Pediatrics recently reported that headaches are a common complaint among children following a concussion or other ... Surprisingly the research showed that girls were typically at a greater risk of suffering from post-concussion headaches than ... Headaches Are Common In Children With Traumatic Brain Injury. Updated on: 11/11/2019 ...
... headaches with neck pain are the most common types of pain after a traumatic brain injury. About half of people with a TBI ... Managing Post-Traumatic Headaches After Traumatic Brain Injury. A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a sudden jolt to your head ... This type of headache is often called a tension headache. It is probably the most common type of TBI headache. ... This is called rebound headache. The best way to manage your headaches is with self-care, also called headache hygiene. Here ...
... headaches with neck pain are the most common types of pain after a traumatic brain injury. About half of people with a TBI ... Managing Post-Traumatic Headaches After Traumatic Brain Injury. A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a sudden jolt to your head ... This type of headache is often called a tension headache. It is probably the most common type of TBI headache. ... This is called rebound headache. The best way to manage your headaches is with self-care, also called headache hygiene. Here ...
Heres what may be causing your headache, and how to treat it. ... You can have headaches in different locations like behind the ... Post-traumatic stress headaches. Those who have experienced post-traumatic stress have an increased risk of headaches. ... Post-traumatic stress headache treatment. If youve had a brain injury or other post-traumatic stress that could be the root ... Post-traumatic headache. (2016).. https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/post-traumatic-headache/. ...
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a type of anxiety disorder. It can occur after you have gone through an extreme ... Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a type of anxiety disorder. It can occur after you have gone through an extreme ... Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a type of anxiety disorder. It can occur after you have gone through an extreme ... National Institute of Mental Health -- www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/index.shtml ...
keywords = "brain concussion, craniocerebral trauma, headache, post-concussion syndrome, post-traumatic headache", ... Headache triggers have not been previously studied in post-traumatic headache (PTH). The present study explored the frequency ... Headache triggers have not been previously studied in post-traumatic headache (PTH). The present study explored the frequency ... Headache triggers have not been previously studied in post-traumatic headache (PTH). The present study explored the frequency ...
Post-traumatic headache is a common sequela of traumatic brain injury and is classified as a secondary headache disorder. In ... N2 - Post-traumatic headache is a common sequela of traumatic brain injury and is classified as a secondary headache disorder. ... AB - Post-traumatic headache is a common sequela of traumatic brain injury and is classified as a secondary headache disorder. ... abstract = "Post-traumatic headache is a common sequela of traumatic brain injury and is classified as a secondary headache ...
... the persistent post-concussion symptoms improve as well. One of the most important new treatments for concussion is sub-symptom ... Understanding the role of dysautonomia in persistent post-concussion symptoms is still in its infancy but there are studies ... they have their own classification under the umbrella of post-traumatic headache (PTH). ... Persistent headaches are arguably the most common problem associated with persistent post-concussion symptoms. While these ...
2006) reviewed ample studies comparing headaches to post-traumatic headaches and found that there is wide heterogeneity in the ... Headaches that occur after a concussion may feel like migraine headaches or tension-type headaches. Most headaches are tension- ... headaches and post-traumatic stress disorder: assessment findings in a consecutive series". Headache. 32 (3): 147-151. doi: ... 3-5. ISBN 0-19-505301-X. Evans RW (February 2004). "Post-traumatic headaches". Neurologic Clinics. 22 (1): 237-49, viii. doi: ...
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as acquired brain injury, head injury, or brain injury, causes substantial disability ... How prevalent is acute posttraumatic headache in traumatic brain injury (TBI)?. How is chronic posttraumatic headache in ... Persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury: Deep phenotyping and treatment patterns. ... Posttraumatic headache: Tension-type headaches are the most common form, but exacerbations of migraine-like headaches are also ...
Post-traumatic headaches. Neuralgias and facial pain. View Faculty Collaborative Database profile. ... Medical management of adult headache.. (Freitag FG, Schloemer F.) Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2014 Apr;47(2):221-37 PMID: ... Headache Medicine Fellowship, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2014-2015 ...
A Prospective Controlled Treatment Trial for Post-Traumatic Headaches. Post-traumatic headaches (PTH) are the most common ... complaint after traumatic brain injury, possibly generated by a number of stressors to the trigeminovascular and cervical ...
... the panel provided recommendations and treatment guidelines for TMS in managing neuropathic pain and headaches. In addition, ... Keywords: TMS; acute pain; headache; neuropathic pain; pain; persistent headache; post-traumatic brain injury related headache ... Primary Headache Disorders, and Posttraumatic Brain Injury related Headaches (PTBI-HA), and remaining three assessing the ... 2 Director, Center for Pain and Headache Research, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA. ...
Minor Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-Traumatic Headache. This course will cover the pathophysiology and the diagnosis of minor ... We will also look at the concept of posttraumatic headache. After describing the phenotypic... ... Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (formerly called pseudotumor cerebri) is a cause of headache, along with optic nerve edema ... Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (formerly called pseudotumor cerebri) is a cause of headache, along with optic nerve edema ...
Photophobia and Pupillary Autonomic Dysfunction as Biomarkers of Post-Traumatic Headache Dr. Melissa Cortez just received a K23 ... to study sensory and autonomic dysfunction in post-traumatic headache ... Larry Carr contacted the University of Utah Healths Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center and shared his story with Drs ...
Post-Traumatic Headache Management ​​​​​​​. Visit our Health Information section and find dedicated resources to help you ... interventions and treatment in​​ mild traumatic brain injury. This event will bring together the clinical, research and legal ...
The most common types of chronic daily headache are chronic migraines and chronic tension-type headaches. If a red flag for a ... Several prophylactic treatments for chronic daily headache can reduce headache frequency and severity, as well as improve ... All patients should be asked about medication overuse, which can increase the frequency of headaches. Patients who overuse ... Chronic daily headache is defined as the presence of a headache on 15 days or more per month for at least three months. ...
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as acquired brain injury, head injury, or brain injury, causes substantial disability ... How prevalent is acute posttraumatic headache in traumatic brain injury (TBI)?. How is chronic posttraumatic headache in ... Persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury: Deep phenotyping and treatment patterns. ... Posttraumatic headache: Tension-type headaches are the most common form, but exacerbations of migraine-like headaches are also ...
Physicians also are looking for post- concussive symptoms. Somatic symptoms include:. • Headache. ... Many of the soldiers suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of their blast injuries. At Virginia NeuroCare, ... Traumatic Brain Injury: A Public Health Epidemic?. August 1, 2005. Myrna E. Watanabe, PhD ... If you explain to peo- ple what post-concussive symptoms are and that they get better over time, [this] decreases the length of ...
Post-Concussional Headache. Cephalgia. 1994; 14:273-9.. 16. Massey W, Scherokman B, Post-Traumatic Headaches, Neurologic ... 18. Flanagan S, Physiatric Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury,. Headache: Abstracts from other Journals. 2000 Jan; 40(1 ... headaches and neck pain were the main reason for his inability. to concentrate. Once his pain was relieved, his ability to con- ... headaches or pain, are their problems purely neurophysiologi-. cal or are they possibly psychological in nature? The most com- ...
White matter hyperintensities and cerebral microbleeds in persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain ... are more prevalent in people with persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), com... ... links reduced headache impact to cognitive function improvement in mild traumatic brain injury with posttraumatic headache ... New daily persistent headache (NPDH) is a rare primary headache that is highly disabling. The pathophysiology of NDPH is still ...
Posttraumatic Headache. *Chapter 26. Dizziness, Imbalance, and Vestibular Dysfunction. *Chapter 27. Vision Problems ... Textbook of Traumatic Brain Injury, Third Edition. Edited by Jonathan M. Silver, M.D., Thomas W. McAllister, M.D., and David B ... The Textbook of Traumatic Brain Injury is a must-read for all of those working in any of the multitude of disciplines that ... Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Adolescents. *Chapter 40. Chronic Disease Management for ...
Pediatric Post-Traumatic Headaches. Headache Cooperative of the Pacific 2013 Winter Conference. Ojai, CA. Jan 26, 2014. ... Epidemiology of Pediatric Post-Concussive Headaches. Scottsdale Headache Symposium, American Headache Society. Scottsdale, AZ. ... Post-Traumatic Headaches in Children and Adolescents. University of Washington Dept, of Neurology Grand Rounds. Seattle, WA. ... Headache Following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review. Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Conference, Seattle Childrens ...
Migraine headaches. *Post-operative pain. *Post-traumatic stress disorder. Biochemical response prompted by placebos. New ...
  • To test this effect, the researchers conducted a pilot study with 48 Veterans and service members with headaches caused by mild TBI, also known as a concussion. (va.gov)
  • The leading medical journal, Pediatrics, recently reported that headaches are a common complaint among children following a concussion or other form of traumatic brain injury . (injurytriallawyer.com)
  • According to the study children that have suffered a concussion or other head injury are far more likely to report headaches than kids that have suffered other types of injuries. (injurytriallawyer.com)
  • Surprisingly the research showed that girls were typically at a greater risk of suffering from post-concussion headaches than their male counterparts. (injurytriallawyer.com)
  • Persistent headaches are arguably the most common problem associated with persistent post-concussion symptoms. (thebrainhealthmagazine.com)
  • While it has become a well-established concept that the autonomic nervous system is subject to dysfunction after a concussion, it wasn't understood whether it played a role in headache syndromes. (thebrainhealthmagazine.com)
  • Understanding the role of dysautonomia in persistent post-concussion symptoms is still in its infancy but there are studies showing that when the signs of autonomic dysfunction improve, the persistent post-concussion symptoms improve as well. (thebrainhealthmagazine.com)
  • See Pediatric Concussion and Other Traumatic Brain Injuries , a Critical Images slideshow, to help identify the signs and symptoms of TBI, determine the type and severity of injury, and initiate appropriate treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Post-concussion syndrome (PCS), also known as persisting symptoms after concussion, is a set of symptoms that may continue for weeks, months, years after a concussion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Loss of consciousness is not required for a diagnosis of concussion or post-concussion syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, it is important that patients find help as soon as they notice lingering symptoms within one month, and especially when they notice their mental health deteriorating, since they are at risk of post-concussion syndrome depression. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the past, the term PCS was also used to refer to immediate physical symptoms or post-concussive symptoms following a minor TBI or concussion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Headaches that occur after a concussion may feel like migraine headaches or tension-type headaches. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two years ago, Dr. Larry Carr contacted the University of Utah Health's Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center and shared his story with Drs. Elisabeth Wilde and David Tate-launching a. (utah.edu)
  • Most importantly, your husband should see a specialist with an expertise in assessing individuals after these kinds of traumas and someone familiar not only with concussion but also the assortment of traumatic consequences that can occur from these kinds of falls including cervical trauma-related disorders, post-traumatic headache (which can have many different potential causes), and post-traumatic psychological impairment. (brainline.org)
  • Are you a service member, family member, or caregiver wondering about the common symptoms of mild traumatic brain injury, also known as concussion, and how to manage them? (health.mil)
  • This fact sheet is designed to educate deployed service members about traumatic brain injuries immediately after concussion injury. (health.mil)
  • Elizabeth Kirkpatrick, the physical therapist for the Fort Drum Traumatic Brain Injury Clinic at Fort Drum, New York, uses a model of the inner ear to show how a concussion can lead to dizziness and other problems. (health.mil)
  • Dr. Stoler is also the author of Coping with Concussion and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. (voanews.com)
  • First of all, what is a brain injury, whether it is traumatic or a concussion, or otherwise, what constitutes the medical definition of a brain injury? (voanews.com)
  • A lot of veterans coming back from Iraq, Afghanistan have had traumatic brain injuries because of explosive concussion. (voanews.com)
  • If you suspect it's a more serious injury such as a Traumatic Brain Injury or Post Concussion Syndrome contact GJEL Accident Attorneys right away for a free case review. (gjel.com)
  • Post-concussion syndrome is a set of symptoms that can occur after a concussion and can last for weeks or months. (gjel.com)
  • As a result, knockouts are common and combat sports unfortunately have a high incidence of acute traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) such as concussion, subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, intracranial hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and cerebral contusion. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Acute PTH was considered present when a patient reported a headache score of greater than or equal to 2 on the Rivermead Post-concussion Questionnaire at 2 weeks postinjury (ie, headache is at least a mild problem compared with pre-injury). (bvsalud.org)
  • Persistent PTH was defined when a patient with acute PTH reported a Rivermead Post-concussion Questionnaire headache score of greater than or equal to 2 at the scheduled follow-up examinations. (bvsalud.org)
  • Exacerbated Headache-Related Pain in the Single Prolonged Stress Preclinical Model of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Chronic headache pain is one of the most commonly reported comorbid pain conditions with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients and resistant to effective treatment, yet no combined preclinical model of the two disorders has been reported. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a type of anxiety disorder . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Post-traumatic headache is a common sequela of traumatic brain injury and is classified as a secondary headache disorder. (usuhs.edu)
  • Post-traumatic headache is increasingly being recognised as a heterogeneous headache disorder, with patients often classified into subphenotypes that might be more responsive to specific therapies. (usuhs.edu)
  • New daily persistent headache (NDPH) is a rare primary headache disorder characterized by daily and persistent sudden onset headaches. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Advanced neuroimaging techniques have extensively contributed to elucidate the complex mechanisms underpinning the pathophysiology of migraine, a neurovascular disorder characterized by episodes of headache as. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A recently published paper highlights that while the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is more common in those with migraine than those without migraine irrespective of sex, the risk is greater in male migraineurs than female migraineurs. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Even post-traumatic stress disorder has been diagnosed among assaulted workers. (cdc.gov)
  • Beth King sustained a traumatic brain injury and was later diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. (health.mil)
  • The researchers were evaluating the possibility of using Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as a treatment modality for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (childbirth onset) during a subsequent pregnancy. (lamaze.org)
  • The researchers worked with three women who experienced traumatic births, were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (childbirth onset) and were now subsequently pregnant again. (lamaze.org)
  • More than twenty randomized studies have found EMDR to be effective in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD) and hundreds of case studies report effective relief. (lamaze.org)
  • Scientists and clinicians recognized that a small number of people exposed to the stress of various natural disasters, such as fires, hurricanes, and floods, could develop psychological sequelae such as major depression, chronic anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). (cdc.gov)
  • Many survivors also face EVD-related stigma and rejection from their communities ( 5 , 8 ) and suffer with posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, or anxiety ( 5 , 7 - 9 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Continued follow-up monitors changes in health status and indicates significant long term medical and psychological effects among first responders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and respiratory outcomes (i.e., asthma). (cdc.gov)
  • According to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, third edition, 92% of these ex-players met the diagnostic criteria for migraine - with 56% having episodic and 36% having chronic forms of the disorder. (medscape.com)
  • Most patients with primary headache disorders identify environmental stimuli (e.g., visual glare), situational factors (e.g., stress), physiological states (e.g., hormones), or activities (e.g., exercise) as triggers that elicit or worsen headache episodes. (monash.edu)
  • In summary, the pattern of headache triggers in persistent PTH after mild TBI appears somewhat different from that in primary headache disorders, with mental exertion emerging as uniquely important. (monash.edu)
  • While transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been studied for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, emerging evidence supports its use for pain and headache by stimulating either motor cortex (M1) or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). (nih.gov)
  • Seven task groups were formed under the guidance of a 5-member steering committee with four task groups assessing the utilization of TMS in the treatment of Neuropathic Pain (NP), Acute Pain, Primary Headache Disorders, and Posttraumatic Brain Injury related Headaches (PTBI-HA), and remaining three assessing the treatment for both pain and comorbid depression, and the cost-effectiveness and technological issues relevant to the treatment. (nih.gov)
  • This thematic series aims to provide a collection of papers addressing the novel pathophysiology and developing neuroimaging-guided treatments for headache disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Primary headache disorders in the Republic of Georgia Prevalence and risk factors. (nature.com)
  • The burden of chronic post-traumatic neurological injuries such as headache, dizziness, and cognitive and mood disorders in these sports is also unfortunately high. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Persistent posttraumatic headaches are the most common long-term consequence of mild traumatic brain injuries (concussions) in Veterans and active-duty service members, causing substantial distress and disability at home and work. (va.gov)
  • Headaches are common following a mild TBI, and they often become chronic and cause substantial disability and distress. (va.gov)
  • In fact, headache is the most common symptom people experience after a mild head injury. (migraine.com)
  • Headaches can also occur after mild to moderate injury or, in the case of severe TBI, after the initial healing has taken place. (brainline.org)
  • These headaches are not usually associated with nausea and can range from mild to severe. (brainline.org)
  • Forty-three out of every 100 kids who experienced a mild brain injury complained of headaches months later. (injurytriallawyer.com)
  • You could have a mild TBI but still have very painful headaches. (towerhealth.org)
  • Your headaches may be mild or severe. (towerhealth.org)
  • Participants with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) were recruited from outpatient specialty clinics and completed questionnaires at or soon after their initial clinic visit. (monash.edu)
  • Most patients with mild TBI in this consecutive series (82.7%) reported ongoing headaches. (monash.edu)
  • Pervasive avoidance of mental exertion to prevent headaches (cogniphobia) might be a worthwhile behavioral intervention target after mild TBI. (monash.edu)
  • PCS is medically classified as a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). (wikipedia.org)
  • needs update] It is not known what causes PCS to occur and persist, or why some people who have a mild traumatic brain injury later develop PCS while others do not. (wikipedia.org)
  • I have mild-to-moderate headaches for two weeks at a time. (headaches.org)
  • The headaches may occur regardless of whether the head injury was mild or severe. (headaches.org)
  • Recent research has suggested that injury caused by mild traumatic brain injury cannot be seen by typical diagnostic tests in many cases. (headaches.org)
  • INTRODUCTION: Post-traumatic headache secondary to mild traumatic brain injury in patients has become an important factor in their prognosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • The purpose of this meta-analysis protocol is to investigate the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in the treatment of headache secondary to mild traumatic brain injury. (bvsalud.org)
  • OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the prevalence of and risk factors for post-traumatic headache (PTH) attributed to mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). (bvsalud.org)
  • OBJECTIVE: This prospective, longitudinal cohort study examined the trajectory, classification, and features of posttraumatic headache after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although these headaches usually resemble migraine headaches symptomatically, they often fail to respond to the prevention treatments useful for migraines," said Raskind. (va.gov)
  • Reasons for judgement were released today awarding a Plaintiff damages for post accident migraine headaches. (bc-injury-law.com)
  • The Plaintiff suffered various injuries the most serious of which were post-traumatic migraine headaches. (bc-injury-law.com)
  • 52] In this case, counsel on both sides agree that this was a soft-tissue injury to the neck resulting in continuing neck pain, and continuing generalized moderate headaches with severe migraine headaches, occurring two or three times per week. (bc-injury-law.com)
  • The pain during such migraine headaches is excruciating, and her pain and suffering as a whole have affected very negatively almost every aspect of her life. (bc-injury-law.com)
  • While these headaches do look and feel similar to migraine headaches, they have their own classification under the umbrella of post-traumatic headache (PTH). (thebrainhealthmagazine.com)
  • Dr. Levi Howard and his team decided to see if symptoms of autonomic dysfunction could differentiate patients with PTH from patients with migraine headaches. (thebrainhealthmagazine.com)
  • While individually both migraine and PTSD are more common in women than men, a recent study by Peterlin and colleagues -- the only study to date to look at sex differences in the PTSD-migraine association -- suggests that men with migraines had up to a four-fold greater odds of PTSD than females who experience migraine headaches. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Here, we used a modified chronic headache pain model to investigate the contribution of single prolonged stress (SPS) model of PTSD with sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced hyperalgesia. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Health care providers do not know why traumatic events cause PTSD in some people, but not in others. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Past emotional trauma may increase your risk of PTSD after a recent traumatic event. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The age of the traumatic life event resulting in PTSD may also be an important factor for the sex differences in the PTSD-migraine association. (sciencedaily.com)
  • however, when the traumatic life event occurs after 12 years of age, the risk of PTSD is greater. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In contrast transportation accidents and combat, (two of the most common traumatic events reported by migraineurs with PTSD in one study), may be more commonly experienced by those older than 12 years of age. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Studies have also shown that the presence of PTSD in those with migraine is associated with greater headache-related disability than in migraine sufferers without PTSD. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Over 30% of people report having headaches which continue long after injury. (brainline.org)
  • Senior study author Dr. Murray Raskind, director of the VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center in Seattle, Washington, explained that few treatment options exist for this type of headache. (va.gov)
  • Post-Traumatic Headache is a type of headache that can occur after a traumatic event such as a car accident, physical assault, or a fall. (borderfreesupply.com)
  • This type of headache can occur when there has been some injury to the muscles and soft tissues in the neck and the back of the head. (brainline.org)
  • The first steps in treating any type of headache don't involve drugs or other therapy. (brainline.org)
  • The type of headache you get does not depend on the severity of your TBI. (towerhealth.org)
  • This type of headache is often called a tension headache. (towerhealth.org)
  • This type of headache can be brought on by intense physical activities, causing that throbbing sensation. (greatist.com)
  • An earlier study by members of the research group suggested that prazosin could reduce the frequency and severity of headaches caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI). (va.gov)
  • The headaches are caused by swelling or fluid accumulating in and around the brain. (migraine.com)
  • Why are headaches a problem after brain injury? (brainline.org)
  • Why do headaches happen after brain injury? (brainline.org)
  • These headaches can be caused by a variety of conditions, including a change in the brain caused by the injury, neck and skull injuries that have not yet fully healed, tension and stress, or side effects from medication. (brainline.org)
  • These kinds of headaches happen because an area of the brain becomes hypersensitive and can trigger a pain signal that spreads out to other parts of the brain (like the ripples that spread out after you drop a pebble in water). (brainline.org)
  • After that, a brain scan or other test is rarely needed in order to diagnose a headache accurately. (brainline.org)
  • Among kids with moderate or severe brain injuries, 37 out of every 100 complained of headaches. (injurytriallawyer.com)
  • A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a sudden jolt to your head that changes the way your brain works. (towerhealth.org)
  • It's not surprising that a headache would be the most common physical symptom after a brain injury. (towerhealth.org)
  • When you cut out caffeine, you're withdrawing it from your routine, which can change your brain chemistry and trigger a headache. (greatist.com)
  • Others say that these headaches are a result of a pain sensitization process occurring in the brain or spinal cord. (thebrainhealthmagazine.com)
  • By James A. Heuer, PA As a personal injury attorney for over 45 years, I have witnessed many of my clients successfully recover from a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). (thebrainhealthmagazine.com)
  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as acquired brain injury, head injury, or brain injury, causes substantial disability and mortality. (medscape.com)
  • Post-traumatic headaches (PTH) are the most common complaint after traumatic brain injury, possibly generated by a number of stressors to the trigeminovascular and cervical plexus networks, including. (childrenshospital.org)
  • This course will cover the pathophysiology and the diagnosis of minor traumatic brain injury, including the major factors which, together, make the diagnosis and treatment difficult and time dependent. (painweek.org)
  • Massive "plumes" of a key neurotransmitter surging in the brain could help explain the onset of migraine with aura-and potentially a broad swath of neurologic disease, including stroke and traumatic. (utah.edu)
  • Traumatic Brain Injury: A Public Health Epidemic? (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • These techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), electroencephalogram (EEG), and magnetoencephalography (MEG), have been used to study abnormal brain functions and structures in patients with different types of headaches. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, studies that aimed to develop new intervention approaches also applied neuroimaging techniques to associate the changes of brain responses with the changes of headache symptoms, exploring a deeper understanding of the treatment mechanism thus facilitating treatment protocols. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The brain functional network topology in new daily persistent headache (NDPH) is not well understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite the increased public awareness of traumatic brain injury (TBI), the complexities of the neuropsychiatric, neuropsychological, neurological, and other physical consequences of TBI of all severities across the lifespan remain incompletely understood by patients, their families, healthcare providers, and the media. (appi.org)
  • Keeping pace with advances in the diagnosis, treatment, and science of TBI, the Textbook of Traumatic Brain Injury , Third Edition, comprehensively fills this gap in knowledge. (appi.org)
  • The Textbook of Traumatic Brain Injury is a must-read for all of those working in any of the multitude of disciplines that contribute to the care and rehabilitation of persons with brain injury. (appi.org)
  • Headache after pediatric traumatic brain injury: a cohort study. (seattlechildrens.org)
  • In the presence of normal neurologic and ophthalmologic examinations, the most common conditions associated with photophobia are migraine, blepharospasm, and traumatic brain injury. (researchgate.net)
  • These injuries could be the cause of the symptoms rather than the traumatic brain injury itself. (brainline.org)
  • Through fact sheets, booklets and guides-service members, veterans, their families and caregivers-can learn more about the common challenges experienced after sustaining a traumatic brain injury. (health.mil)
  • Those who have sustained a traumatic brain injury may face unique challenges, and this guide provides information and resources on how to navigate higher education while still prioritizing brain health care. (health.mil)
  • King's story illustrates the critical role collaboration plays among the Defense Health Agency's centers of excellence in improving recovery from a traumatic brain injury (TBI). (health.mil)
  • The joint efforts of the TBI, Psychological Health, Vision, and Hearing Centers of Excellence allow us to cover all aspects of care and management with these unique cases," said Gary McKinney, chief of clinical practice and clinical recommendations at the Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence (TBICoE) in Silver Spring, Maryland. (health.mil)
  • Surviving Traumatic Brain Injury: One Woman's Story. (voanews.com)
  • Dr. Diane Stoler is a neuropsychologist and sports psychologist and a traumatic brain injury survivor. (voanews.com)
  • The most common is the headaches, fatigue, they have like a brain fog. (voanews.com)
  • Well there's three categories if we want to talk about traumatic brain injury and they are based on the duration of time someone has been unconscious and having some form of amnesia or memory loss, either anterograde or retrograde. (voanews.com)
  • So when you saying he's six months in a coma, that's considered a severe traumatic brain injury. (voanews.com)
  • All three traumatic brain injuries all form dysregulation of neural circuitry in the brain. (voanews.com)
  • So when you have repeated hits like in soccer or in football and it's not treated and the brain does not-Then you're starting to see what you see in CTE which is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. (voanews.com)
  • Although many authors use the term brain injury to mean acute traumatic damage to the central nervous system (CNS), others use the term head injury, which allows inclusion of skull injuries, fractures, or soft tissue damage to the face or head without any obvious neurologic consequences. (medscape.com)
  • Brain contusions commonly are identified in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and represent regions of primary neuronal and vascular injury. (medscape.com)
  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability and is experienced by nearly 3 million people annually as a result of falls, vehicular accidents, or from being struck by or against an object. (cdc.gov)
  • Cognitive behavior therapy in group or individualized settings has been shown to reduce headache frequency and severity, and to improve overall quality of life. (aafp.org)
  • However, TBI of any severity has the potential to have long-lasting neurological effects, including headaches, cognitive/memory impairments, mood dysfunction, and fatigue as a result of neural damage and neuroinflammation. (cdc.gov)
  • The true incidence of post-traumatic Parkinsonism, dementia pugilistica (punch drunk syndrome), and chronic traumatic encephalopathy in these sports is likely substantial but remains unknown, coming to medical attention after the combatant has retired. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Chronic traumatic encephalopathy …may also be associated with headaches," he adds. (medscape.com)
  • Headache and dizziness occur immediately after the injury, but also can be long lasting. (wikipedia.org)
  • His headaches are pretty bad and include nausea and, at times, dizziness. (brainline.org)
  • The most common types of chronic daily headache are chronic migraines and chronic tension-type headaches. (aafp.org)
  • In headache syndromes, these techniques should open new ways for targeting the neural substrates at the basis of the diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Headache, fatigue and sleep problems often arise as a result of violence. (cdc.gov)
  • The study results appeared in the June 14, 2023, issue of Headache, the Journal of Head and Face Pain . (va.gov)
  • Sometimes the very medicines used to treat headaches can actually cause headaches. (brainline.org)
  • Some medications used to treat hypertension can cause headaches as a side effect, but not because of their effects on blood pressure. (greatist.com)
  • On the other hand, low blood pressure (aka hypotension) from common problems such as dehydration or even blood loss due to menstruation can commonly cause headaches and lightheadedness. (greatist.com)
  • These types of falls with injury to structures in the upper neck can also cause headaches. (brainline.org)
  • The development of non-invasive neuroimaging techniques has significantly advanced our understanding of headache pathophysiology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Neuroimaging studies have made an important contribution to our understanding of headache pathophysiology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The International Headache Society classification of chronic migraine was recently updated, and now allows co-diagnosis of chronic migraine and medication overuse headache. (nature.com)
  • Posted in ICBC Chronic Pain Cases , ICBC Headache Cases . (bc-injury-law.com)
  • The consensus of the medical experts has been that the plaintiff has reached the point of maximum medical improvement, and that the headaches and pain will continue indefinitely. (bc-injury-law.com)
  • When pain medicines are taken daily on a regular schedule, missing one or two doses can result in a headache. (brainline.org)
  • Because a jolt to your head also causes a jolt to your neck, headaches with neck pain are the most common types of pain after a TBI. (towerhealth.org)
  • Headaches that start with pain in the back of your neck and spread to your head. (towerhealth.org)
  • Strong pain medicines, called opiates or narcotics, are usually not the answer for TBI headaches. (towerhealth.org)
  • If you use pain relief medicines for a headache more than 3 days a week, you need to watch if your headaches are getting worse. (towerhealth.org)
  • Managing headache pain with self-care can help you heal faster. (towerhealth.org)
  • But the location of your headache can actually help tip you off to the cause of that persistent and annoying pain. (greatist.com)
  • What's the cause of your headache pain? (greatist.com)
  • and 3) assess the cost-effectiveness and technical issues relevant to the long-term clinical implementation of TMS for pain and headache. (nih.gov)
  • After extensive literature review, the panel provided recommendations and treatment guidelines for TMS in managing neuropathic pain and headaches. (nih.gov)
  • While prior to care the child's symptoms had been stable for 18 months, following two months of care his mother noted positive changes in behavior and reduction in his complaints of headaches and neck pain symptoms. (researchgate.net)
  • Study details are now available in Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain , published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Headache Society. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Todd Smitherman, PhD, from the University of Mississippi and Thomas Ward, MD, of the Dartmouth Medical School in New Hampshire reviewed extant medical literature to examine the psychosocial factors of gender and social role expectations, and coping strategies as they relate to sex and gender differences in headache pain. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Gender-based differences are not strictly biological and important psychosocial issues are involved with headache pain as well," Dr. Smitherman concluded. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Further research of the impact of sex and gender on psychosocial variables may help clinicians tailor treatment plans that reduce pain and disability for headache patients. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Studies have shown that non-headache pain…increases the risk of chronic migraine," notes Dr Evans. (medscape.com)
  • Secondary headaches. (greatist.com)
  • If a red flag for a secondary cause of headache is present, magnetic resonance imaging of the head should be performed. (aafp.org)
  • Secondary causes of headaches in children: when it isn't a migraine. (seattlechildrens.org)
  • 23] A large contribution to prolonged post-traumatic photophobia may be related to the comorbidity of migraine-like headache after TBI. (researchgate.net)
  • About one in seven chronic daily headaches can be blamed on head and neck injuries. (migraine.com)
  • Some have attributed these headaches to injuries in the cervical spine. (thebrainhealthmagazine.com)
  • Certainly, given the nature of his injury and his consistent complaints - especially the headaches but also the vertigo - it is possible that other injuries occurred at the time of the fall. (brainline.org)
  • If you've been throwing weight around the gym (or around the bedroom) and you have a pounding headache on the sides of your head, you may be experiencing an exertion headache. (greatist.com)
  • Mental exertion, stress, and lack of sleep were rated as the most potent headache triggers and among the most frequently avoided. (monash.edu)
  • Several prophylactic treatments for chronic daily headache can reduce headache frequency and severity, as well as improve overall quality of life. (aafp.org)
  • Biofeedback and relaxation techniques can decrease the frequency and severity of chronic daily headaches, and reduce medication use. (aafp.org)
  • Prazosin now offers an evidence-based approach to alleviate the suffering of Veterans and service members who have struggled for years with frequent posttraumatic headaches. (va.gov)
  • Although there are many other types of headaches, these are the most frequent. (brainline.org)
  • needs update] While most people have headaches of the same type they experienced before the injury, people diagnosed with PCS often report more frequent or longer-lasting headaches. (wikipedia.org)
  • Between 30% and 90% of people treated for PCS report having more frequent headaches and between 8% and 32% still report them a year after the injury. (wikipedia.org)
  • Making simple changes can often make a big difference in whether or not headaches occur. (brainline.org)
  • Although these headaches may occur in isolation, they are often part of the post-traumatic syndrome, which consists of headaches, personality changes and difficulty with concentration, nervousness and sleeping. (headaches.org)
  • For certain headaches like migraine, a family history is common. (brainline.org)
  • It is probably the most common type of TBI headache. (towerhealth.org)
  • Here are some of the causes behind common headache hangouts. (greatist.com)
  • Severe, uncontrolled high blood pressure , often called malignant hypertension, can contribute to headaches, although high blood pressure is not a common cause of headaches. (greatist.com)
  • needs update] A common condition associated with PCS is headache. (wikipedia.org)
  • A. Unfortunately, headaches are a common symptom following head injury. (headaches.org)
  • Traumatic subdural hematoma remains the most common cause of boxing related mortality. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Sleep problems, headaches and stomachaches are common. (cdc.gov)
  • Amitriptyline may reduce headache duration and severity compared with placebo for chronic tension-type headache. (aafp.org)
  • Tizanidine (Zanaflex) has some benefit in reducing the frequency, severity, and duration of chronic migraine and chronic tension-type headache. (aafp.org)
  • Symptoms can include a dull, throbbing headache, sensitivity to light and sound, and difficulty concentrating. (borderfreesupply.com)
  • Headaches can make it hard for you to carry out daily activities or can cause you to have more difficulty thinking and remembering things. (brainline.org)
  • Post-Lumbar Puncture and Other Low-Pressure Headaches Low-pressure headaches result from reduction in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume and pressure due to lumbar puncture or spontaneous or traumatic CSF leaks. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A 2018 study published in the American Headache Society's Journal Headache has raised an interesting question about the role of the autonomic nervous system in PTH. (thebrainhealthmagazine.com)
  • You can also see if different therapies are improving autonomic nervous system function in conjunction with headaches. (thebrainhealthmagazine.com)
  • Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (formerly called pseudotumor cerebri) is a cause of headache, along with optic nerve edema, and can lead to permanent visual loss. (painweek.org)
  • And remember, never try to treat headaches on your own with illegal drugs or alcohol. (towerhealth.org)
  • Our results indicate that traumatic stress exaggerated chronic SNP-induced nociceptive hypersensitivity, and that N/OFQ and activated satellite glia cells may play an important role in the interaction between both conditions. (iasp-pain.org)
  • These headaches are associated with muscle tension or muscle spasms and stress. (brainline.org)
  • However up to one half of all persons who injure their heads sufficiently to warrant hospitalization develop chronic post-traumatic headaches. (intelligentdental.com)
  • This study is the only clinical trial of an oral medication to demonstrate efficacy for posttraumatic headache. (va.gov)
  • The scarcity of evidence-based approaches has left clinicians to choose therapies on the basis of the primary headache phenotype (eg, migraine and tension-type headache) and that are most compatible with the clinical picture. (usuhs.edu)
  • Although the mean score on the Headache Impact Test-6 was a "substantial to severe" 58.9, only 35% of the migraineurs reported seeking clinical treatment. (medscape.com)
  • The diagnosis of post-traumatic headache is made by considering the timing with which the headache began in relation to the head injury. (headaches.org)
  • All patients should be asked about medication overuse, which can increase the frequency of headaches. (aafp.org)
  • Patients who overuse medications for abortive therapy for headache should be encouraged to stop the medications entirely and consider prophylactic treatment. (aafp.org)
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have no proven benefit for headache prophylaxis over placebo or tricyclic antidepressants in patients with chronic daily headache. (aafp.org)
  • Gabapentin (Neurontin) increases the number of headache-free days in patients with chronic daily headache when compared with placebo. (aafp.org)
  • All patients with chronic daily headache should be counseled about medication overuse, which can complicate the course of the headache. (aafp.org)
  • A post-traumatic headache occurs after an injury to the head or neck. (migraine.com)
  • You also can develop a rebound headache if you decrease the amount of caffeine you use. (brainline.org)
  • This is called rebound headache. (towerhealth.org)
  • Children may show post-traumatic reactions - but that's not all. (cdc.gov)