Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome
Hypertensive Encephalopathy
Eclampsia
Occipital Lobe
Brain Edema
Headache
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal
Seizures
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Brain Diseases
Lung Abscess
JC Virus
Leukoencephalopathies
CADASIL
Dementia, Multi-Infarct
Reversible bilateral pyramidal tract lesions after hypertensive crisis and cerebral seizures. (1/75)
This is a rare case of reversible high signal-intensity changes along the pyramidal tracts in a patient with reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS). A 38-year-old man was admitted to hospital for loss of consciousness and generalized seizures. His systolic blood pressure was 220 mmHg. Neurological examination revealed bilateral pyramidal-tract signs, and paresis of the right arm. Initial MRI showed increased signal intensities on T2-weighted, FLAIR and diffusion-weighted imaging in the following regions: bilateral temporo-occipital white matter and cortex, dorsal parts of the lentiform nuclei, bilateral caudate nuclei and external capsule. High signal intensities were observed in the pyramidal tracts as well. On patient follow-up, MRI signal abnormalities and clinical symptoms were completely resolved after antihypertensive treatment. (+info)Gemcitabine-induced reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. (2/75)
Gemcitabine is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent for a variety of tumor types. Although this nucleoside analogue antineoplastic agent is similar in structure to cytarabine, central nervous system toxicities have rarely been attributed to gemcitabine. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) is a rare but increasingly identifiable clinicoradiologic process in cancer patients associated with cytotoxic and immunosuppressive agents. The syndrome is characterized by acute to subacute onset of headache, nausea, vomiting, altered mental status, seizures, stupor, and visual disturbances. The pathophysiology of RPLS continues to remain controversial but likely involves loss of cerebrovascular autoregulation leading to arteriole leakage. Radiologically, posterior occipital white matter edema is noted, with characteristic findings on magnetic resonance imaging. Often the syndrome is reversible with treatment of concurrent hypertension or removal of the causative agent; however, failure to quickly recognize the syndrome and discontinue the offending agent may result in profound and permanent central nervous system dysfunction or death. This article describes a case of RPLS attributed to gemcitabine use for pancreatic cancer. Such a descriptive case serves as a platform for the discussion of the syndrome, proposed mechanisms of central nervous system damage, and review of the currently available literature on the topic. With increased awareness of RPLS by oncologists and other medical providers, cancer patient care may be improved and further insight into this complication of therapy through continued research may be gained. (+info)Catheter angiography, MR angiography, and MR perfusion in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. (3/75)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The cause of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is unknown. Two primary hypotheses exist: 1) hypertension exceeding auto-regulatory limits leading to forced hyper-perfusion and 2) vasoconstriction and hypo-perfusion leading to ischemia with resultant edema. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the catheter angiography (CA), MR angiography (MRA), and MR perfusion (MRP) features in PRES in order to render further insight into its mechanism of origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 47 patients with PRES, 9 CAs and 43 MRAs were evaluated for evidence of vasculopathy (vasoconstriction and vasodilation), and 15 MRP studies were evaluated for altered relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in PRES lesions and regions. Visualization of vessels on MRA and toxicity blood pressures were compared with the extent of hemispheric vasogenic edema. RESULTS: Vasculopathy was present in 8 of 9 patients on CA (direct correlation to MRA in 3/6 patients). At MRA, moderate to severe vessel irregularity consistent with vasoconstriction and vasodilation was present in 30 of 43 patients and vessel pruning or irregularity in 7 patients, with follow-up MRA demonstrating reversal of vasoconstriction or vasodilation in 9 of 11 patients. Vasogenic edema was less in patients with hypertension compared with patients who were normotensive. Preserved normal length of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) was commonly seen in patients with severe hypertension despite diffuse or focal vasoconstriction or vasodilation. In these patients, lengthier visualization of the distal PCA correlated with a lower grade of hemispheric edema (P = .002). Cortical rCBV was significantly reduced in 51 of 59 PRES lesions and regions compared with a healthy reference cortex (average 61% of reference cortex) with mild decrease in the remainder. CONCLUSION: Vasculopathy was a common finding on CA and MRA in our patients with PRES, and MRP demonstrated reduced cortical rCBV in PRES lesions. Vasogenic edema was reduced in patients with hypertension, and superior distal PCA visualization correlated with reduced hemispheric edema in patients with PRES and severe hypertension. (+info)Neuropsychiatric lupus and reversible posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome: a challenging clinical dilemma. (4/75)
Reversible posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) has been increasingly recognized and reported in the literature. While the condition has been well described in patients with acute hypertension, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, post-transplantation and chemotherapy, RPLS has been increasingly identified in patients with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Though experience in the diagnosis and management of RPLS in patients with SLE is likely accumulating, few have systematically worked out the strategy to distinguish RPLS from neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) and lupus-related complications of the central nervous system (CNS). Prompt recognition of, and differentiation between, these conditions is essential since their clinical presentations substantially overlap and yet their management strategy and subsequent outcomes can be entirely different. Indeed, inappropriate treatment such as augmentation of immunosuppression may be detrimental to patients with RPLS. A high index of suspicion of RPLS, prompt magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, including diffusion imaging, exclusion of CNS infection and metabolic derangement, a comprehensive medication review accompanied by timely and aggressive control of blood pressure and seizure are keys to successful management of RPLS. Such treatment strategy ensures a very high chance of total neurological recovery in lupus patients with RPLS. (+info)Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in 2 HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. (5/75)
(+info)Isolated cerebellar reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome in a patient with end stage renal disease. (6/75)
We report an adult end-stage renal disease patient with only cerebellum involvement of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS). A 37-year-old woman, diagnosed as chronic glomerulonephritis, was admitted to our hospital with progressive visual disturbance and severe headache. MRI revealed hyperintense signal intensity changes restricted in the cortex and subcortical white matter of the cerebellum. With appropriate control of blood pressure and intracranial pressure, her symptoms were improved and complete resolution of previous hyperinternse lesion was shown on MRI after the 19th day of admission. This is first case of isolated cerebellar involvement of RPLS without other cerebral involvement in an adult. (+info)Delayed CSF enhancement in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. (7/75)
(+info)Nephrotic state as a risk factor for developing posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in paediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome. (8/75)
(+info)Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (PLS) is a neurological disorder characterized by the presence of vasogenic edema (swelling due to leakage of fluid from blood vessels) in the white matter (part of the brain that contains nerve fibers) of the posterior regions (occipital and parietal lobes) of the brain.
The symptoms of PLS can vary but often include headache, altered mental status, seizures, visual disturbances, and hypertension (high blood pressure). The exact cause of PLS is not fully understood, but it has been associated with certain conditions such as eclampsia, preeclampsia, kidney failure, autoimmune disorders, and the use of certain medications.
PLS is typically diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment usually involves addressing the underlying cause of PLS, controlling hypertension if present, and managing seizures if they occur. With prompt and appropriate treatment, most patients with PLS have a good prognosis and recover completely. However, in severe cases, PLS can lead to permanent neurological damage or even death.
Hypertensive encephalopathy is a serious neurological condition that occurs due to extremely high blood pressure, which is not adequately controlled. This leads to the leakage of fluid and blood into the brain (cerebral edema) and disrupts the normal functioning of the brain. Symptoms may include severe headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, visual disturbances, and in severe cases, coma. Immediate medical attention is required to reduce blood pressure and prevent potential long-term damage or even death.
Eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication characterized by the onset of seizures or convulsions in a woman who has already developed preeclampsia, which is a condition marked by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys. Eclampsia can occur before, during, or after delivery and is considered a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. It can pose significant risks to both the mother and the baby, including premature birth, fetal growth restriction, and even maternal and fetal death.
The exact causes of eclampsia are not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to problems with the placenta and abnormal blood vessel development in the uterus. Risk factors for developing eclampsia include preexisting medical conditions such as chronic hypertension or diabetes, a history of preeclampsia or eclampsia in previous pregnancies, multiple gestation (carrying more than one baby), and certain genetic factors.
Treatment for eclampsia typically involves delivering the baby as soon as possible to prevent further complications. In some cases, medication may be given to manage seizures and prevent their recurrence. Close monitoring of both the mother and the baby is essential to ensure the best possible outcomes.
The occipital lobe is the portion of the cerebral cortex that lies at the back of the brain (posteriorly) and is primarily involved in visual processing. It contains areas that are responsible for the interpretation and integration of visual stimuli, including color, form, movement, and recognition of objects. The occipital lobe is divided into several regions, such as the primary visual cortex (V1), secondary visual cortex (V2 to V5), and the visual association cortex, which work together to process different aspects of visual information. Damage to the occipital lobe can lead to various visual deficits, including blindness or partial loss of vision, known as a visual field cut.
Brain edema is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain, leading to an increase in intracranial pressure. This can result from various causes, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, infection, brain tumors, or inflammation. The swelling of the brain can compress vital structures, impair blood flow, and cause neurological symptoms, which may range from mild headaches to severe cognitive impairment, seizures, coma, or even death if not treated promptly and effectively.
A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.
For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.
A headache is defined as pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck. It can be a symptom of various underlying conditions such as stress, sinus congestion, migraine, or more serious issues like meningitis or concussion. Headaches can vary in intensity, ranging from mild to severe, and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light and sound. There are over 150 different types of headaches, including tension headaches, cluster headaches, and sinus headaches, each with their own specific characteristics and causes.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare and serious demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that affects the white matter of the brain. It's caused by the reactivation of the John Cunningham virus (JCV) in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS, organ transplants, or hematologic malignancies.
In PML, the JCV infects and destroys the oligodendrocytes, which are the cells responsible for producing myelin, the fatty substance that insulates and protects nerve fibers. This results in multiple areas of focal demyelination throughout the brain, leading to progressive neurological symptoms such as cognitive decline, motor weakness, vision loss, and speech difficulties.
PML is a medical emergency, and prompt diagnosis and treatment of the underlying immunodeficiency are crucial for improving outcomes. Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment for PML itself, but restoring immune function can help slow or stop the progression of the disease.
A seizure is an uncontrolled, abnormal firing of neurons (brain cells) that can cause various symptoms such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, altered awareness, or changes in behavior. Seizures can be caused by a variety of factors including epilepsy, brain injury, infection, toxic substances, or genetic disorders. They can also occur without any identifiable cause, known as idiopathic seizures. Seizures are a medical emergency and require immediate attention.
Medical Definition:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.
Brain diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or structural abnormalities. They can affect different parts of the brain, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.
Some examples of brain diseases include:
1. Alzheimer's disease - a progressive degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease - a movement disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
3. Multiple sclerosis - a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
4. Epilepsy - a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
5. Brain tumors - abnormal growths in the brain that can be benign or malignant.
6. Stroke - a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause paralysis, speech difficulties, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Meningitis - an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
8. Encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune disorders.
9. Huntington's disease - a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination, cognitive function, and mental health.
10. Migraine - a neurological condition characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
Brain diseases can range from mild to severe and may be treatable or incurable. They can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life.
A lung abscess is a localized collection of pus in the lung parenchyma caused by an infectious process, often due to bacterial infection. It's characterized by necrosis and liquefaction of pulmonary tissue, resulting in a cavity filled with purulent material. The condition can develop as a complication of community-acquired or nosocomial pneumonia, aspiration of oral secretions containing anaerobic bacteria, septic embolism, or contiguous spread from a nearby infected site.
Symptoms may include cough with foul-smelling sputum, chest pain, fever, weight loss, and fatigue. Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques such as chest X-ray or CT scan, along with microbiological examination of the sputum to identify the causative organism(s). Treatment often includes antibiotic therapy tailored to the identified pathogen(s), as well as supportive care such as bronchoscopy, drainage, or surgery in severe cases.
The JC (John Cunningham) virus, also known as human polyomavirus 2 (HPyV-2), is a type of double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the Polyomaviridae family. It is named after the initials of the patient in whom it was first identified.
JC virus is a ubiquitous virus, meaning that it is commonly found in the general population worldwide. Most people get infected with JC virus during childhood and do not experience any symptoms. After the initial infection, the virus remains dormant in the kidneys and other organs of the body.
However, in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or who have undergone organ transplantation, JC virus can reactivate and cause a serious brain infection called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). PML is a rare but often fatal disease that affects the white matter of the brain, causing cognitive decline, weakness, and paralysis.
There is currently no cure for PML, and treatment is focused on managing the underlying immune deficiency and controlling the symptoms of the disease.
Leukoencephalopathies are a group of medical conditions that primarily affect the white matter of the brain, which consists mainly of nerve fibers covered by myelin sheaths. These conditions are characterized by abnormalities in the structure and function of the white matter, leading to various neurological symptoms such as cognitive decline, motor impairment, seizures, and behavioral changes.
The term "leukoencephalopathy" is derived from two Greek words: "leukos," meaning white, and "enkephalos," meaning brain. The suffix "-pathy" refers to a disease or suffering. Therefore, leukoencephalopathies refer specifically to diseases that affect the white matter of the brain.
There are various types of leukoencephalopathies, including genetic, metabolic, infectious, toxic, and immune-mediated forms. Some examples include multiple sclerosis, adrenoleukodystrophy, Alexander disease, Canavan disease, and Marchiafava-Bignami disease. The diagnosis of leukoencephalopathies typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies such as MRI, and sometimes genetic or laboratory testing to identify the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the specific type and severity of the condition and may include medications, dietary modifications, physical therapy, or supportive care.
CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy) is a genetic disorder that affects the small blood vessels in the brain. It is caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene, which leads to the progressive degeneration of these vessels.
The symptoms of CADASIL typically begin in middle age and include migraine with aura, recurrent strokes or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms such as depression and apathy. The condition can also cause physical disabilities such as difficulty walking and urinary incontinence.
CADASIL is an inherited disorder, meaning that it is passed down from parent to child through a mutated gene. If one parent has the disease, each child has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene and developing the condition. Currently, there is no cure for CADASIL, but treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Multi-infarct dementia (MID) is a specific type of dementia that is caused by multiple small strokes or mini-strokes (known as transient ischemic attacks or TIAs) in the brain. Also known as vascular dementia, multi-infarct dementia results from the interruption of blood flow to parts of the brain, leading to damage and death of brain tissue.
The term 'multi-infarct' refers to multiple areas (or infarcts) of damaged or dead tissue in the brain due to the lack of oxygen and nutrients caused by these small strokes. Over time, as more areas of the brain are affected, cognitive decline becomes apparent, leading to symptoms such as memory loss, difficulty with problem-solving, disorientation, language problems, and changes in mood or behavior.
Multi-infarct dementia is typically a progressive condition, meaning that symptoms worsen over time. However, the rate of progression can vary depending on factors such as the number and severity of strokes, underlying medical conditions, and lifestyle factors. It's important to note that multi-infarct dementia can be prevented or delayed by controlling risk factors for stroke, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, and high cholesterol.
X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.
The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.
CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.
In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.
CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.
In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.
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RPLS4
- Background: Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) is characterized by neuroimaging findings of reversible vasogenic subcortical edema without infarction. (elsevierpure.com)
- Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (RPLS): Permanently discontinue Unituxin and institute supportive care for signs and symptoms of RPLS. (nih.gov)
- Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (RPLS) has been reported in the clinical trials of Cyramza. (southcarolinablues.com)
- Posterior reversibelt encefalopatisyndrom (PRES) er også kalt reversibelt posterior leukoencepalopatisyndrom (RPLS) eller hyperperfusjonssyndrom. (relis.no)
Fossa3
- A CT (computed tomography) scan with normal results can rule out the possibility of the presence of a posterior fossa tumor and an acute hemorrhage, which would both have abnormal results. (wikipedia.org)
- Serial MRI showed progressive posterior fossa T2/fluid attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensity with gadolinium enhancement. (bvsalud.org)
- Additional foci of abnormal fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal and enhancement were noted within posterior fossa and supratentorial parenchyma. (cdc.gov)
Progressive4
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) resulting in death ( 5.4 , 6.3 ). (drugs.com)
- A patient with epilepsy on carbamazepine developed a rapidly progressive cerebellar syndrome. (bvsalud.org)
- Detection of John Cunningham virus DNA in the CSF confirmed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). (bvsalud.org)
- Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by reactivation of the JC virus. (msdmanuals.com)
Hypertension2
- Side effects of treatment with VEGF-targeting angiogenesis inhibitors can include hemorrhage , clots in the arteries (with resultant stroke or heart attack), hypertension , impaired wound healing, reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (a brain disorder), and protein in the urine. (cancer.gov)
- CYRAMZA should be permanently discontinued in patients who experience severe bleeding, a GI perforation, an ATE, uncontrolled hypertension, Grade 3 or 4 IRR, PRES, or nephrotic syndrome. (epicos.com)
PRES3
- Dame med leddgikt har tidligere hatt posterior reversibelt encefalopatisyndrom (PRES) ved bruk av MabThera (rituximab). (relis.no)
- Patogenesen for PRES er ikke klar, men man tror at en svikt i cerebrovaskulær autoregulering er involvert med brudd i blodhjernebarrieren med påfølgende vasogent ødem. (relis.no)
- Kjennetegn på PRES er en nær universell restitusjon av kliniske symptomer og MR funn, vanligvis innen dager til uker etter seponering (2). (relis.no)
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome1
- Other underlying causes of sSAH, not diagnosed on MRI, were reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) based on clinical criteria and conventional angiography (n = 4), angiitis diagnosed by skin biopsy (n = 1), vascular malformation diagnosed on CT and digital subtraction angiographies (n = 3), and overanticoagulation (n = 1). (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
Cerebral2
- citation needed] Differential diagnosis may include:[citation needed] Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome Miller-Fisher syndrome Meningoencephalitis Cerebral abscess Tumor Hydrocephalus Inner-ear disease Acute vestibulitis Acute labyrinthitis Ataxia usually goes away without any treatment. (wikipedia.org)
- The MR angiogram (MRA) showed a marked narrowing of the M1 segment of the bilateral middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) and the right posterior cerebral artery (PCA). (ajnr.org)
Cerebellar syndrome1
- citation needed] Westphal reported the first documented case of post-viral cerebellar ataxia in 1872, where associations of reversible cerebellar syndrome were observed. (wikipedia.org)
Venous1
- Acute presentation with headache can be diagnostically challenging, as the clinician must consider evaluation of several potentially devastating conditions including vascular diseases (stroke, hemorrhage, venous sinus thrombosis, moyamoya, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome), facial and orbital bone infarcts, dental pain, and osteomyelitis. (elsevierpure.com)
Discontinue1
- Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: Permanently discontinue Unituxin and institute supportive management. (nih.gov)
TUMOR LYSIS SY1
- Tumor lysis syndrome: Administer aggressive intravenous hydration, anti-hyperuricemic agents, monitor renal function ( 5.5 ). (drugs.com)
Stroke2
- Clinical and radiological signs of delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy have not previously been reported following acute ischemic stroke. (biomedcentral.com)
- Clinical symptoms suggestive of delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy (DPHL) can be observed in very rare cases following successful revascularization therapy in large vessel occlusions, causing acute ischemic stroke. (biomedcentral.com)
Patient1
- The first patient had anti-phospholipid syndrome and optic neuritis, while the second patient suffered from posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome. (annals.edu.sg)
Clinically1
- The advent of disease-modifying medications appears to have significantly altered the course of MS. The administration of disease-modifying medications in the clinically isolated syndrome has been repeatedly demonstrated to delay the progression to clinically definite MS. [ 2 , 3 ] Not only may this therapy decrease relapse rates and new MRI lesions, but it may also reduce the development of confirmed disability. (medscape.com)
Administer1
- Capillary Leak Syndrome and Hypotension: Administer required prehydration and monitor patients closely during treatment. (nih.gov)
Headache1
- A 35-year-old woman receiving CsA for 1 month for myelodysplastic syndrome associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia experienced a sudden onset of blurred vision, headache, and loss of balance. (ajnr.org)
Occur3
- New onset or worsening encephalopathy, ascites, or hepatorenal syndrome can occur in an individual with Child-Pugh B or C cirrhosis. (southcarolinablues.com)
- In 1999, the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) research committee defined 19 specific neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) syndromes to achieve a consensus in defining this broad disease spectrum which accounts for 4% to 16% of SLE mortality and may affect as many as 90% of SLE patients.1 They can occur singly or in combination, and may co-exist with non-SLE-related neurological complications. (annals.edu.sg)
- This case demonstrates that clinical symptoms and morphological changes on magnetic resonance imaging compatible with delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy do not necessarily only occur with global hypoxia, but can also occur in patients with a large vessel occlusion in the corresponding vascular territories. (biomedcentral.com)
Cardiac1
- Coronary sinus, normally located between the LEFT ATRIUM and LEFT VENTRICLE on the posterior surface of the heart, can serve as an anatomical reference for cardiac procedures. (bvsalud.org)
Liver1
- Exudative (or serous) retinal detachment occurs in less than 1 percent of patients with preeclampsia and in 10 percent with eclampsia, although preeclamptic and eclamptic women with HELLP syndrome ( hemolysis/elevated liver enzymes/low platelet count) may be approximately seven times more likely to develop a retinal detachment than those who do not have the syndrome 4 (Figs. 1, 2). (aao.org)
Serum1
- Retrospective analyses and genetic studies have suggested that other medications (simvastatin) and HFE polymorphisms may play a role in serum aminotransferase elevations and Gilbert syndrome in hyperbilirubinemia. (nih.gov)
Rare1
- Delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy is a rare entity following hypoxia. (biomedcentral.com)
Reversible encephalopathy syndrome secondary1
- We report what is to our knowledge the first reported case of a 9-year-old Saudi girl with sickle cell anemia who developed posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome secondary to asymptomatic poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. (biomedcentral.com)
Vasogenic edema2
- Introduction: Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome - a reversible subacute global encephalopathy clinically presenting with headache, altered mental status, visual symptoms such as hemianopsia or cortical blindness, motor symptoms, and focal or generalized seizures - is characterized by a subcortical vasogenic edema symmetrically affecting posterior brain regions. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
- Several reports have associated the syndrome with several immunosuppressive and chemotherapeutic agents suggesting a disruption of the blood brain barrier due to direct damage to the endothelium and vasogenic edema. (scirp.org)
Seizures2
- Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome is characterized clinically by headache, abnormalities of mental status and visual perception, and seizures. (medscape.com)
- We report three children with reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome presenting with generalized seizures and headache. (medscape.com)
Postinfectious glomerulonephritis2
- Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome can be the presenting feature of postinfectious glomerulonephritis, which has been reported in approximately 5% of hospitalized children, and it has been reported in very few cases of adult patients with sickle cell anemia. (biomedcentral.com)
- Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome associated with acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis: systematic review. (hilarispublisher.com)
Tumor3
- Here we report three children with systemic lupus erythematosus, Wilms' tumor, and familial Mediterranean fever, respectively, who developed reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. (medscape.com)
- citation needed] Differential diagnosis may include:[citation needed] Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome Miller-Fisher syndrome Meningoencephalitis Cerebral abscess Tumor Hydrocephalus Inner-ear disease Acute vestibulitis Acute labyrinthitis Ataxia usually goes away without any treatment. (wikipedia.org)
- Tumor Lysis Syndrome: Closely monitor patients with high tumor burden. (nih.gov)
Diagnosed with acute1
- Subsequently, she was admitted to the hospital and diagnosed with acute chest syndrome on the basis of her clinical manifestations and bilateral lung infiltrates seen on chest x-rays. (biomedcentral.com)
Reversibility2
- Complete reversibility of both clinical signs and magnetic resonance imaging lesions is regarded as a defining feature of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
- Clinicoradiological Factors Influencing the Reversibility of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome: A Multicenter Study," Radiation Medicine, Vol. 24, No. 10, 2006, pp. 659-668. (scirp.org)
Meningitis1
- Leukemic infiltration of the central nervous system, central nervous system infections in an immunocompromised state, drug toxicity-chemical meningitis, leukoencephalopathy, and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome were considered as probable differentials, and investigations were planned. (thieme-connect.com)
Multifocal4
- A rare brain infection that usually leads to death or severe disability, called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has been reported in patients being treated with Gilenya. (fda.gov)
- Background: Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome is characterized by thunderclap headache associated with multifocal vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries in patients without aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). (moam.info)
- Síndrome de vasoconstricción cerebral reversible El síndrome de vasoconstricción cerebral reversible se caracteriza por una cefalea lancinante asociada a una vasoconstricción multifocal de las arterias cerebrales, en pacientes sin hemorragia subaracnoidea causada por aneurismas. (moam.info)
- Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by reactivation of the JC virus. (msdmanuals.com)
Imaging2
- S. O. Casey, R. C. Sampaio, E. Michel and C. L. Truwit, "Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome: Utility of Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery MR Imaging in the Detection of Cortical and Subcortical Lesions," Ame- rican Journal of Neuroradiology, Vol. 21, No. 7, 2000, pp. 1199-1206. (scirp.org)
- Diffusion Weighted MR Imaging of Posterior Reversible Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome: A Pictorial Essay," Clinical Imaging, Vol. 27, No. 5, 2003, pp. 307-315. (scirp.org)
Severe1
- This occurred after full recovery from acute chest syndrome and severe vaso-occlusive crisis. (biomedcentral.com)
Cite1
- Cite this: Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome: Report of Three Cases - Medscape - Dec 01, 2005. (medscape.com)
Respiratory1
- Pulmonary Toxicity: Acute respiratory syndromes have occurred. (nih.gov)
Brain5
- and visual loss with edema in the posterior aspects of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, such as the BRAIN STEM. (mcw.edu)
- L. Amit, I. Ben-Aharon, T. Tichler, E. Inbar, A. Sulkes and S. Stemmer, "Cisplatin-Induced Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome-Brief Report and Review of the Literature," Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science , Vol. 2 No. 1, 2012, pp. 97-101. (scirp.org)
- Gilenya may increase the risk for swelling and narrowing of the blood vessels in the brain (posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome). (fda.gov)
- It may increase the risk for swelling and narrowing of the blood vessels in the brain (posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome). (fda.gov)
- In conclusion, patients who have thunderclap headache with normal brain CT and cerebrospinal fluid without xantochromia should be investigated for this syndrome. (moam.info)
Disorder1
- Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome is a disorder with characteristic radiologic findings that mainly involve the white and/or gray matter of the parieto-occipital lobes. (medscape.com)
Intrathecal1
- Posterior reversible encephalopathy after intrathecal methotrexate therapy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. (nih.gov)
Occurs1
- Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is a neurotoxic condition that occurs as a result of the failure of posterior circulatory autoregulation in response to acute changes in blood pressure. (biomedcentral.com)
Clinical2
- We describe for the first time clinical, radiological and histological findings in a case of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome with an irreversible and fatal outcome occurring in the absence of any of the known predisposing clinical conditions except for a hypertensive episode. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
- We discuss the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome by reviewing the literature. (scirp.org)
Cerebellar2
- citation needed] Westphal reported the first documented case of post-viral cerebellar ataxia in 1872, where associations of reversible cerebellar syndrome were observed. (wikipedia.org)
- Fastigial nuclei surgical damage and focal midbrain disruption implicate PAG survival circuits in cerebellar mutism syndrome. (stjude.org)
Report1
- We report a very rare case of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome that occurred in a child with sickle cell anemia. (biomedcentral.com)
Fatal1
- Fatal events, including hepatic failure, acute hepatitis and hepatorenal syndrome, occurred in 0.5% of patients. (lenvimahcp.com)
Disease2
- 4H syndrome/ADDH, a disease of the cerebral white matter, seems to be associated with delayed tooth eruption and other dental abnormalities, which so far could not be assessed conclusively-mainly because patients were too young. (nih.gov)
- Enlarged arterial diameters of the posterior circulation are present only in men with Fabry disease independent of disease severity. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Siblings1
- Case Series: Neurocognitive Assessment of Three Siblings with SAMD9-associated Monosomy 7/Myelodysplastic Syndrome. (stjude.org)
Children1
- Three children, all diagnosed with 4H syndrome/ADDH, were followed from approximately 4 to 10 years of age and examined clinically and radiographically. (nih.gov)
Case1
- The Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome AESI Form includes 1 page of detailed questions to healthcare professionals to assess case causality. (ottosen.com)
Multiple1
- Chemokine receptor 7 can be used to evaluate the migration and functional activity of dendritic cells in multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome. (uwi.edu)
Rare1
- 4H syndrome/ADDH seems to be associated with a delay in primary tooth eruption, complete retention of the primary maxillary central incisors, and shape abnormalities of the permanent maxillary central incisors, which otherwise are very rare. (nih.gov)
Treatment1
- A. Norden and T. Batchelor, "Reversible Posterior Leu- koencephalopathy Syndrome after Treatment of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomam" Onkologie, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2007, pp. 90-91. (scirp.org)
Visual1
- Afección caracterizada por CEFALEA, CONVULSIONES y pérdida visual asociados a edema en la parte posterior de los HEMISFERIOS CEREBRALES, como el TRONCO ENCEFÁLICO. (bvsalud.org)