Pulmonary Alveoli
Lung
Orthopedics
Orthopedic Procedures
Shock, Septic
Risk Factors
Pulmonary capillary perfusion: intra-alveolar fractal patterns and interalveolar independence. (1/4148)
Pulmonary capillary perfusion was analyzed from videomicroscopic recordings to determine flow switching characteristics among capillary segments in isolated, blood-perfused canine lungs. Within each alveolus, the rapid switching pattern was repetitive and was, therefore, nonrandom (fractal dimensions near 1.0). This self-similarity over time was unexpected in a network widely considered to be passive. Among adjacent alveoli, the relationship among the switching patterns was even more surprising, for there was virtually no relationship between the perfusion patterns (coefficients of determination approaching zero). These findings demonstrated that the perfusion patterns in individual alveolar walls were independent of their next-door neighbors. The lack of dependence among neighboring networks suggests an interesting characteristic: the failure of one alveolar-capillary bed would leave its neighbors relatively unaffected, a feature of a robust design. (+info)Acinar flow irreversibility caused by perturbations in reversible alveolar wall motion. (2/4148)
Mixing associated with "stretch-and-fold" convective flow patterns has recently been demonstrated to play a potentially important role in aerosol transport and deposition deep in the lung (J. P. Butler and A. Tsuda. J. Appl. Physiol. 83: 800-809, 1997), but the origin of this potent mechanism is not well characterized. In this study we hypothesized that even a small degree of asynchrony in otherwise reversible alveolar wall motion is sufficient to cause flow irreversibility and stretch-and-fold convective mixing. We tested this hypothesis using a large-scale acinar model consisting of a T-shaped junction of three short, straight, square ducts. The model was filled with silicone oil, and alveolar wall motion was simulated by pistons in two of the ducts. The pistons were driven to generate a low-Reynolds-number cyclic flow with a small amount of asynchrony in boundary motion adjusted to match the degree of geometric (as distinguished from pressure-volume) hysteresis found in rabbit lungs (H. Miki, J. P. Butler, R. A. Rogers, and J. Lehr. J. Appl. Physiol. 75: 1630-1636, 1993). Tracer dye was introduced into the system, and its motion was monitored. The results showed that even a slight asynchrony in boundary motion leads to flow irreversibility with complicated swirling tracer patterns. Importantly, the kinematic irreversibility resulted in stretching of the tracer with narrowing of the separation between adjacent tracer lines, and when the cycle-by-cycle narrowing of lateral distance reached the slowly growing diffusion distance of the tracer, mixing abruptly took place. This coupling of evolving convective flow patterns with diffusion is the essence of the stretch-and-fold mechanism. We conclude that even a small degree of boundary asynchrony can give rise to stretch-and-fold convective mixing, thereby leading to transport and deposition of fine and ultrafine aerosol particles deep in the lung. (+info)Regulation of an amiloride-sensitive Na+-permeable channel by a beta2-adrenergic agonist, cytosolic Ca2+ and Cl- in fetal rat alveolar epithelium. (3/4148)
1. In cell-attached patches formed on the apical membrane of fetal alveolar epithelium, terbutaline (a specific beta2-adrenergic agonist) increased the open probability (Po) of an amiloride-sensitive Na+-permeable non-selective cation (NSC) channel (control, 0.03 +/- 0.04; terbutaline, 0.62 +/- 0.18; n = 8, P < 0. 00001) by increasing the mean open time 100-fold without any significant change in the mean closed time and without any change in the single channel conductance (control, 27.8 +/- 2.3 pS; terbutaline, 28.2 +/- 2.1 pS; n = 8). 2. The Po of the unstimulated channel increased when the apical membrane was depolarized due to a decrease in the closing rate and an increase in the opening rate, while the Po of the terbutaline-stimulated channel did not depend on the membrane potential. 3. Increased cytosolic [Ca2+] also increased the Po of the channel in a manner consistent with one Ca2+-binding site on the cytosolic surface of the channel. Terbutaline increased the sensitivity of the channel to cytosolic Ca2+ by shifting the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]c) required for half-maximal activation to a lower [Ca2+]c value, leading to an increase in Po. 4. An increase in the cytosolic Cl- concentration ([Cl-]c) decreased the Po of the channel consistent with two Cl--binding sites by increasing the closing rate without any significant change in the opening rate. Terbutaline increased Po by reducing the effect of cytosolic Cl- to promote channel closing. 5. Taken together, these observations indicate that terbutaline activates a Ca2+-activated, Cl--inhibitable, amiloride-sensitive, Na+-permeable NSC channel in fetal rat alveolar epithelium in two ways: first, through an increase in Ca2+ sensitivity, and second, through a reduction in the effect of cytosolic Cl- to promote channel closing. (+info)Opportunistic Pneumocystis carinii infection in red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus). (4/4148)
P. carinii infection in red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus), born and maintained in a laboratory breeding colony, was examined by histopathologic examination postmortem. P. carinii cysts were detected in 6 of 10 red-bellied tamarins examined, by using Grocott's, toluidine blue O and immunostaining with avidin-biotin complex using antisera for rat-, simian-, and human-P. carinii. The results obtained from the present studies imply that P. carinii may be an important pathogen in this species. (+info)Acute saline infusion reduces alveolar-capillary membrane conductance and increases airflow obstruction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. (5/4148)
BACKGROUND: Impaired alveolar-capillary membrane conductance is the major cause for the reduction in pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in heart failure. Whether this reduction is fixed, reflecting pulmonary microvascular damage, or is variable is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess whether DLCO and its subdivisions, alveolar-capillary membrane conductance (DM) and pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc), were sensitive to changes in intravascular volume. In addition, we examined the effects of volume loading on airflow rates. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ten patients with left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) and 8 healthy volunteers were studied. DM and Vc were determined by the Roughton and Forster method. The forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), vital capacity, and peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) were also recorded. In patients with LVD, infusion of 10 mL. kg-1 body wt of 0.9% saline acutely reduced DM (12.0+/-3.3 versus 10.4+/-3.5 mmol. min-1. kPa-1, P<0.005), FEV1 (2.3+/-0.4 versus 2.1+/-0.4 L, P<0.0005), and PEFR (446+/-55 versus 414+/-56 L. min-1, P<0.005). All pulmonary function tests had returned to baseline values 24 hours later. In normal subjects, saline infusion had no measurable effect on lung function. CONCLUSIONS: Acute intravascular volume expansion impairs alveolar-capillary membrane function and increases airflow obstruction in patients with LVD but not in normal subjects. Thus, the abnormalities of pulmonary diffusion in heart failure, which were believed to be fixed, also have a variable component that could be amenable to therapeutic intervention. (+info)TNF-alpha increases ceramide without inducing apoptosis in alveolar type II epithelial cells. (6/4148)
Ceramide is a bioactive lipid mediator that has been observed to induce apoptosis in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine whether endogenous ceramide, generated in response to in vivo administration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), increases apoptosis in primary rat alveolar type II epithelial cells. Intratracheal instillation of TNF-alpha (5 microgram) produced a decrease in sphingomyelin and activation of a neutral sphingomyelinase. These changes were associated with a significant increase in lung ceramide content. TNF-alpha concomitantly activated the p42/44 extracellular signal-related kinases and induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation in the lung. Hypodiploid nuclei studies revealed that intratracheal TNF-alpha did not increase type II cell apoptosis compared with that in control cells after isolation. A novel observation from separate in vitro studies demonstrated that type II cells undergo a gradual increase in apoptosis after time in culture, a process that was accelerated by exposure of cells to ultraviolet light. However, culture of cells with a cell-permeable ceramide, TNF-alpha, or a related ligand, anti-CD95, did not increase apoptosis above the control level. The results suggest that ceramide resulting from TNF-alpha activation of sphingomyelin hydrolysis might activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways without increasing programmed cell death in type II cells. (+info)Pattern of total and regional lung function in subjects with bronchoconstriction induced by 15-me PGF2 alpha. (7/4148)
Closing volume (single breath nitrogen test), regional ventilation and perfusion (using intravenous xenon-133), and total lung function (TLC, VC, and FEV) were measured before and after intramuscular administration of 250 mug 15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha (15-me PGF2alpha) in 10 healthy women. The cardiac output was measured with the Minnesota impedance cardiograph model 304A and the transthoracic impedance was used as an expression of the thoracic fluid volume. The slope of the alveolar plateau on the closing volume tracing showed a 271% increase 20 minutes after the prostaglandin administration, at which time the closing volume per cent (CV%) had decreased (P less than 0-01) and the closing capacity (CC%) had increased (P less than 0-05). Vital capacity (VC) decreased (P less than 0-01), residual volume (RV) increased (P less than 0-01), and the total lung capacity (TLC) remained unchanged. The maximal decrease (9%) in FEV1 was seen after 20 minutes. All these measurements except the slope of the alveolar plateau returned to control levels after 60 minutes. The redistribution of regional ventilation was more pronounced than that of the regional pulmonary blood flow. No change was observed in cardiac output and transthoracic impedance. None of the patients experienced any dyspnoea. Our results are consistent with a more pronounced effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on the small airways (the alveolar plateau) than on the larger airways (FEV1). In cases where an increase in the slope of the alveolar plateau is observed, the closing volume per cent should not be used as a measurement of the lung disease. It is concluded that the single breath nitrogen test (N2 closing volume) is more sensitive than the conventional tests. (+info)Apoptosis is a pathway responsible for the resolution of endotoxin-induced alveolar type II cell hyperplasia in the rat. (8/4148)
Previous studies showed that intratracheal instillation of endotoxin induces transient type II cell hyperplasia in the rat lung and described some of the mechanisms involved in the proliferative response of type II cells. The purpose of the present study was to investigate how long the type II cell hyperplasia persists and how it is resolved. The portion of epithelial cells in hyperplastic lesions of the rat lung expressing cyclin D1, an indicator for cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, was greatest at 3 d post instillation and decreased after 4 and 6 d. The fate of the proliferating epithelial cells was traced by injecting the rats with 5-bromo-2' deoxy uridine (BrdU) 2 d post instillation, the peak time point for maximum incorporation of BrdU. Exfoliated BrdU-positive epithelial cells were detected in the alveolar spaces in tissue sections from rats 4, 5, and 6 d post instillation. BrdU-positive epithelial cells showed flattened nuclei at 6 and 10 d post instillation. Expression of the 116 kD poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was low in type II cells from control rats, and was increased at 3, 4, and 6 d post instillation. In cells obtained by lavage, only a 35 kD cleavage product of PARP was detected, which is an indicator of necrotic cell death. In isolated type II cells from rats 3, 4, and 6 d post endotoxin instillation, progressive cleavage of the PARP to its 89 kD residual fragment was detected, which is a direct evidence for the activation of caspases. Furthermore, apoptotic epithelial cells with condensed nuclei were identified by electron microscopy in rats 4 d post instillation. These results indicate that apoptosis is an additional mechanism for the resolution of endotoxin-induced lung epithelial hyperplasias. (+info)Pulmonary alveoli, also known as air sacs, are tiny clusters of air-filled pouches located at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. They play a crucial role in the process of gas exchange during respiration. The thin walls of the alveoli, called alveolar membranes, allow oxygen from inhaled air to pass into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to pass into the alveoli to be exhaled out of the body. This vital function enables the lungs to supply oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body and remove waste products like carbon dioxide.
A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.
Multiple trauma, also known as polytrauma, is a medical term used to describe severe injuries to the body that are sustained in more than one place or region. It often involves damage to multiple organ systems and can be caused by various incidents such as traffic accidents, falls from significant heights, high-energy collisions, or violent acts.
The injuries sustained in multiple trauma may include fractures, head injuries, internal bleeding, chest and abdominal injuries, and soft tissue injuries. These injuries can lead to a complex medical situation requiring immediate and ongoing care from a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including emergency physicians, trauma surgeons, critical care specialists, nurses, rehabilitation therapists, and mental health providers.
Multiple trauma is a serious condition that can result in long-term disability or even death if not treated promptly and effectively.
Orthopedics is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system, which includes the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. The goal of orthopedic care is to help patients maintain or restore their mobility, function, and quality of life through a variety of treatments, including medication, physical therapy, bracing, and surgery. Orthopedic surgeons are medical doctors who have completed additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal conditions, and they may specialize in specific areas such as sports medicine, spine care, joint replacement, or pediatric orthopedics.
Orthopedic procedures are surgical or nonsurgical methods used to treat musculoskeletal conditions, including injuries, deformities, or diseases of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. These procedures can range from simple splinting or casting to complex surgeries such as joint replacements, spinal fusions, or osteotomies (cutting and repositioning bones). The primary goal of orthopedic procedures is to restore function, reduce pain, and improve the quality of life for patients.
Septic shock is a serious condition that occurs as a complication of an infection that has spread throughout the body. It's characterized by a severe drop in blood pressure and abnormalities in cellular metabolism, which can lead to organ failure and death if not promptly treated.
In septic shock, the immune system overreacts to an infection, releasing an overwhelming amount of inflammatory chemicals into the bloodstream. This leads to widespread inflammation, blood vessel dilation, and leaky blood vessels, which can cause fluid to leak out of the blood vessels and into surrounding tissues. As a result, the heart may not be able to pump enough blood to vital organs, leading to organ failure.
Septic shock is often caused by bacterial infections, but it can also be caused by fungal or viral infections. It's most commonly seen in people with weakened immune systems, such as those who have recently undergone surgery, have chronic medical conditions, or are taking medications that suppress the immune system.
Prompt diagnosis and treatment of septic shock is critical to prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes. Treatment typically involves aggressive antibiotic therapy, intravenous fluids, vasopressors to maintain blood pressure, and supportive care in an intensive care unit (ICU).
In medical terms, shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow or when the circulatory system is not functioning properly to distribute oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and organs. This results in a state of hypoxia (lack of oxygen) and cellular dysfunction, which can lead to multiple organ failure and death if left untreated.
Shock can be caused by various factors such as severe blood loss, infection, trauma, heart failure, allergic reactions, and severe burns. The symptoms of shock include low blood pressure, rapid pulse, cool and clammy skin, rapid and shallow breathing, confusion, weakness, and a bluish color to the lips and nails. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment of shock.
Medical Definition:
"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.
Health surveys are research studies that collect data from a sample population to describe the current health status, health behaviors, and healthcare utilization of a particular group or community. These surveys may include questions about various aspects of health such as physical health, mental health, chronic conditions, lifestyle habits, access to healthcare services, and demographic information. The data collected from health surveys can be used to monitor trends in health over time, identify disparities in health outcomes, develop and evaluate public health programs and policies, and inform resource allocation decisions. Examples of national health surveys include the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).
Pulmonary alveolus
Alveolar capillary dysplasia
Pores of Kohn
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Pneumocytic hyperplasia
Marcello Malpighi
Viral pneumonia
Pentoxyverine
Turkestan red pika
Hemoglobin
Pulmonary atypical adenomatous hyperplasia
Respiratory disease
Ascaris lumbricoides
Horizontal transfer of mitochondria
Tunneling nanotube
Pulmonary gas pressures
Inhalation exposure
Gap junction
Multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia
Hookworm infection
Freediving blackout
Hepatization of lungs
Post-cardiac arrest syndrome
Drowning
United Therapeutics
Toll-like receptor 2
Parenchyma
Toxicodendron vernix
Necator americanus
Pulmonary alveolus - Wikipedia
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Lungs20
- A pulmonary alveolus (PL: alveoli, from Latin alveolus, "little cavity"), also known as an air sac or air space, is one of millions of hollow, distensible cup-shaped cavities in the lungs where pulmonary gas exchange takes place. (wikipedia.org)
- Alveoli make up the functional tissue of the mammalian lungs known as the lung parenchyma, which takes up 90 percent of the total lung volume. (wikipedia.org)
- Alveoli are particular to mammalian lungs. (wikipedia.org)
- A typical pair of human lungs contains about 480 million alveoli, providing a total surface area for gas exchange of between 70 and 80 square metres. (wikipedia.org)
- after this point, both the number and size of alveoli increases until the development of lungs finishes at approximately 8 years of age. (wikipedia.org)
- When you breathe in, air enters your airways and travels down into the air sacs, or alveoli, in your lungs. (nih.gov)
- The airways are pipes that carry oxygen-rich air to the alveoli in your lungs. (nih.gov)
- Your lungs have about 150 million alveoli. (nih.gov)
- Pulmonary means related to the lungs. (medlineplus.gov)
- lung congestion , distention of blood vessels in the lungs and filling of the alveoli with blood as a result of an infection, high blood pressure , or cardiac insufficiencies ( i.e. , inability of the heart to function adequately). (britannica.com)
- The alveoli in the lungs are minute air sacs where carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange occurs. (britannica.com)
- Pulmonary edema is the buildup of excess fluid in the alveoli of the lungs. (britannica.com)
- They migrate through vessels to the lungs and travel to the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli. (mlo-online.com)
- However, the baby can only breathe independently starting around week 34 of pregnancy , because until then the lungs are missing an important substance (surfactant), which enables the pulmonary alveoli to function. (mambaby.com)
- The correct answer is D. Alveoli are found in the parenchyma of the lungs at the terminal end of the respiratory tree. (mcatquestionoftheday.com)
- Alveoli in the lungs of mammals are the key structure in facilitating the exchange of CO2 and O2 across the alveolar membrane by pumping CO2 rich blood from the body into the oxygen rich alveoli and allowing the exchange to occur through diffusion, not active transport. (mcatquestionoftheday.com)
- in pulmonary emphysema the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs are enlarged and damaged, which reduces the surface area for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. (european-lung-foundation.org)
- Pulmonary edema is characterized by fluid entering the lungs from the bloodstream into the alveoli. (dan.org)
- Pulmonary edema is an abnormal leakage of fluid from the bloodstream into the alveoli-the microscopic air sacs in the lungs. (scubadiving.com)
- Round, granular, mononuclear phagocytes found in the alveoli of the lungs. (lookformedical.com)
Edema11
- Pulmonary edema is much the same as congestion except that the substance in the alveoli is the watery plasma of blood, rather than whole blood, and the precipitating causes may somewhat differ. (britannica.com)
- Severe upper airway obstruction can result in pulmonary edema because of a reduction of intrathoracic pressure. (vin.com)
- Thoracic radiographs allow evaluation of lung fields for signs of pulmonary edema, pneumonia and the heart for signs of right-sided dilation. (vin.com)
- While we may never know for sure, this was most likely a case of immersion pulmonary edema (IPE). (dan.org)
- Hypertension is also a risk factor for pulmonary edema but, while the diver did display hypertension following the incident, she had no history of it and was not on medication for hypertension so we cannot know if the hypertension was a cause or consequence. (dan.org)
- Whether the fluid that the diver coughed up was the result of pulmonary edema or not, DAN's recommendation would be to breathe 100 percent oxygen on the surface and postpone diving until the diver can be seen by a physician knowledgeable in diving medicine. (dan.org)
- ASK DAN: What Do I Need to Know About Immersion Pulmonary Edema? (scubadiving.com)
- Sometimes, however, pulmonary edema is observed in swimmers and divers when no underlying medical cause is apparent. (scubadiving.com)
- This condition is called immersion pulmonary edema (IPE), and presents as a rapid onset of shortness of breath, cough, and sometimes blood-tinged, frothy sputum. (scubadiving.com)
- IPE is also known as swimming-induced pulmonary edema (SIPE) and is not depth-dependent, meaning it can occur with any immersion. (scubadiving.com)
- It decreases surface tension in the alveolar cells to help stabilize the alveoli, and it helps to prevent pulmonary edema. (reportsanddata.com)
Capillaries6
- Oxygen is diffused across the membrane into the capillaries and carbon dioxide is released from the capillaries into the alveoli to be breathed out. (wikipedia.org)
- Each alveolus is wrapped in a fine mesh of capillaries covering about 70% of its area. (wikipedia.org)
- An alveolus consists of an epithelial layer of simple squamous epithelium (very thin, flattened cells), and an extracellular matrix surrounded by capillaries. (wikipedia.org)
- Yet, because of the great safety factor for diffusion of oxygen through the pulmonary mem-brane, the blood still becomes almost saturated with oxygen by the time it leaves the pulmonary capillaries. (brainkart.com)
- Each of these alveoli is made up of a mesh of tiny blood vessels called capillaries. (nih.gov)
- The pulmonary artery and its branches deliver blood to the capillaries that surround the alveoli. (nih.gov)
Sacs5
- Each duct opens into five or six alveolar sacs into which clusters of alveoli open. (wikipedia.org)
- Each terminal respiratory unit is called an acinus and consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. (wikipedia.org)
- The bronchioles end in clusters of tiny air sacs called alveoli. (nih.gov)
- Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place. (lookformedical.com)
- Atelectasis occurs when the alveoli (small air sacs) within the lung become deflated or fill with alveolar fluid. (uz-gnesin-academy.ru)
Pneumonia1
- Other clinical manifestations of hookworm infection include an urticarial dermal reaction ("ground itch") associated with filariform (L3) larvae penetration, and respiratory involvement including eosinophilic pneumonia may be observed may occur during larval pulmonary migration A second urticarial rash may subsequently develop during pulmonary migration. (cdc.gov)
Surfactant6
- Type II cells, also called type II pneumocytes or type II alveolar cells, release pulmonary surfactant to lower surface tension, and can also differentiate to replace damaged type I cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Alveoli are able to easily expand and contract because their insides are coated with a substance called surfactant. (nih.gov)
- Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is accumulation of surfactant in alveoli. (msdmanuals.com)
- Alveoli are filled with acellular lipoprotein surfactant that stains periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive. (msdmanuals.com)
- Surfactant is indicated for prophylactic therapy in infants weighing less than 1,350 g or 3 lb and more than 1,350 g who show signs of pulmonary immaturity and rescue therapy in infants with respiratory distress syndrome. (reportsanddata.com)
- Surfactant is a mixture of phospholipids, neutral lipids, and proteins produced by pneumocytes during gestation, diminishes surface tension, thus stabilizing alveoli, which increases lung compliance and decreases shortness of breathing. (reportsanddata.com)
Carbon dioxide2
- Oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide at the blood-air barrier between the alveolar air and the pulmonary capillary. (wikipedia.org)
- Carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the air inside the alveoli. (nih.gov)
Disease6
- Drug-induced pulmonary disease is lung disease brought on by a bad reaction to a medicine. (medlineplus.gov)
- Some drug-induced lung diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis, may never go away and can worsen, even after the medicine or substance is stopped and can lead to severe lung disease and death. (medlineplus.gov)
- A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. (harvard.edu)
- This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR. (harvard.edu)
- Though Pulmonary barotrauma to the alveoli may be a well-known explanation for these disorders, injury to the alveoli by disease may result in similar presentations. (alliedacademies.org)
- Radiographic patterns of pulmonary disease. (rush.edu)
Airways5
- The respiratory system, which includes the trachea, airways, and distal alveoli, is a complex multi-cellular organ that intimately links with the cardiovascular system to accomplish gas exchange. (nih.gov)
- The airways divide by dichotomous branching, with approximately 23 generations of branches from the trachea to the alveoli (see the images below). (medscape.com)
- Fig. 5: Maintenance of pulmonary airways and alveolar-capillary barrier after 24 h of xenogeneic cross-circulation. (nature.com)
- This also accounts for the fact that longer fibers have proportionately more deposition in the airways as opposed to peripheral alveoli. (cdc.gov)
- Description Atelectasis can result from an obstruction (blockage) of the airways that affects tiny air scas called alveoli. (uz-gnesin-academy.ru)
Hypertension2
- Pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension result in cor pulmonale and right sided heart failure. (vin.com)
- arterial or pulmonary hypertension, heart failure [url=https://cemalta.gov.mt/wp-content/analysis/buy-cheap-rogaine-5/] prostate cancer years to live order 60ml rogaine 5 amex[/url]. (ehd.org)
Inflammation1
- However, the importance of inflammation in pulmonary fibrosis is unclear, and at the time of diagnosis the inflammatory component is variable and usually not responsive to anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents. (nih.gov)
Arteries1
- These arteries (except the thyroid artery) form a peribronchial plexus that follows the bronchial tree deep into the lung parenchyma to supply blood also to the visceral pleura and the walls of the pulmonary arteries and veins (vasa vasorum). (medscape.com)
Bronchial1
- These results suggest that decreased ITGB4 expression results in increased lung tissue stiffness and impairs the adaptation of bronchial epithelial cells to substrate stiffness, which may be related to the occurrence of broncho pulmonary dysplasia. (frontiersin.org)
Blood13
- The top part of Figure 40-1 shows a pulmonary alveolus adjacent to a pul-monary capillary, demonstrating diffusion of oxygen molecules between the alveolar air and the pulmonary blood. (brainkart.com)
- The P O 2 of the gaseous oxygen in the alveolus averages 104 mm Hg, whereas the P O 2 of the venous blood entering the pulmonary capillary at its arterial end averages only 40 mm Hg because a large amount of oxygen was removed from this blood as it passed through the periph-eral tissues. (brainkart.com)
- Uptake of Oxygen by the Pulmonary Blood During Exercise. (brainkart.com)
- Also, because of increased cardiac output during exercise, the time that the blood remains in the pulmonary capillary may be reduced to less than one half normal. (brainkart.com)
- Second, note in the curve of Figure 40-1 that under nonexercising conditions, the blood becomes almost saturated with oxygen by the time it has passed through one third of the pulmonary capillary, and little additional oxygen normally enters the blood during the latter two thirds of its transit. (brainkart.com)
- Left-sided heart failure -inability of the left side of the heart to pump sufficient blood into the general circulation-causes back pressure on the pulmonary vessels delivering oxygenated blood to the heart. (britannica.com)
- Eventually the pressure becomes too great, and blood escapes through the capillary wall into the alveoli, flooding them. (britannica.com)
- Iron pigment from the blood that congests the alveoli spreads throughout the lung tissue and causes deterioration of tissue and formation of scar tissue. (britannica.com)
- Collagenous fibers were also noted in the alveoli, bronchi, and smooth pulmonary blood vessels after 12 months. (cdc.gov)
- The hypoxia is a potent pulmonary vasoconstrictor to divert away blood from poorly ventilated alveoli. (vin.com)
- Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH) is a rare complication of fat embolism syndrome leading to severe hypoxaemia due to the effusion of blood into the alveoli from the damaged pulmonary microvasculature. (bmj.com)
- During immersion, blood is rerouted from the body's extremities to the core, resulting in increased blood volume in the thorax and thus increased pressure in the pulmonary blood vessels. (scubadiving.com)
- Alveoli are very thin-walled and contain a rich blood supply. (uz-gnesin-academy.ru)
Fibrosis1
- The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis remains incompletely understood. (nih.gov)
Phagocytes1
- 2. Chemokines induced by infection of mononuclear phagocytes with mycobacteria and present in lung alveoli during active pulmonary tuberculosis. (nih.gov)
Etiology1
- Etiology · Ateclectasis is collapse of empty alveoli. (uz-gnesin-academy.ru)
Arterial1
- Inadequate pulmonary ventilation due to upper airway obstruction can lead to a reduction of arterial oxygen content. (vin.com)
Therapeutic2
Atelectasis1
- Lobar atelectasis refers to the collapse of alveoli in an entire lung segment. (uz-gnesin-academy.ru)
Bronchoalveolar1
- Bronchoalveolar lavage sample depicting dense globules with sharp borders seen in patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) (Papanicolaou, x400). (medscape.com)
ARTERY1
- Malformations of left CORONARY ARTERY where it is connected to the PULMONARY ARTERY instead of the AORTA. (nih.gov)
Inhalation1
- The elastic fibres allow the alveoli to stretch when they fill with air during inhalation. (wikipedia.org)
Elastic2
- The alveolar septum that separates the alveoli in the alveolar sac contains some collagen fibers and elastic fibers. (wikipedia.org)
- Normally, your alveoli are elastic, meaning that their size and shape can change easily. (nih.gov)
Critical care1
- As she dove into pulmonary research, first as a medical student in India and later as a fellow in pulmonary critical care at the University of Colorado, Antony was intrigued by how surrounding air, soil, and water can affect the respiratory system. (nih.gov)
Respiration1
- The acini are the basic units of respiration, with gas exchange taking place in all the alveoli present. (wikipedia.org)
DYSPNEA1
- Most patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis present with progressive exertional dyspnea and weight loss, fatigue, malaise, or low-grade fever. (msdmanuals.com)
Tissue2
- Two types are pneumocytes or pneumonocytes known as type I and type II cells found in the alveolar wall, and a large phagocytic cell known as an alveolar macrophage that moves about in the lumens of the alveoli, and in the connective tissue between them. (wikipedia.org)
- Light microscopy of the lung parenchymal tissue shows alveoli filled with a granular periodic acid-Shiff (PAS) base-reactive and diastase-resistant eosinophilic material. (medscape.com)
Walls2
- In the alveolar walls there are interconnecting air passages between the alveoli known as the pores of Kohn. (wikipedia.org)
- The walls of the alveoli also thicken and gas exchange is greatly impaired. (britannica.com)
Diffuse1
- Therefore, the initial pressure difference that causes oxygen to diffuse into the pulmonary capillary is 104 - 40, or 64 mm Hg. (brainkart.com)
Occurs1
- Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is most often idiopathic and occurs in otherwise healthy men and women between 30 and 50 years. (msdmanuals.com)
Branches1
- The respiratory bronchioles run for considerable lengths and become increasingly alveolated with side branches of alveolar ducts that become deeply lined with alveoli. (wikipedia.org)
Mammalian1
- Pulmonary alveolus (plural form:alveoli) is an integral component of the mammalian respiratory system, which of the following characteristics describes this component? (mcatquestionoftheday.com)
Infection1
- 5. Chemokine expression during the development and resolution of a pulmonary leukocyte response to influenza A virus infection in mice. (nih.gov)
Symptoms1
- Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is usually first suspected when a chest x-ray is taken for nonspecific respiratory symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
Pneumocytes1
- Type I cells, also called type I pneumocytes, or type I alveolar cells, are squamous, thin and flat and form the structure of the alveoli. (wikipedia.org)
Complications1
- The mechanism of these pulmonary complications is related to modifications of compartmental displacement, specifically diaphragmatic dysfunction, decreased lung compliance, impaired mucociliary clearance, and a monotonous breathing pattern without periodic sighs (2-5). (scielo.br)
Granular1
- Alveoli are filled with an eosinophilic granular material. (medscape.com)
Structures2
- Development of the earliest structures that will contain alveoli begins on day 22 and is divided into five stages: embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular, and alveolar stage. (wikipedia.org)
- Electron microscopy of the material in the alveoli shows multilamellated structures and membranous vesicles. (medscape.com)