Pulmonary Alveoli
Lung
Orthopedics
Orthopedic Procedures
Shock, Septic
Risk Factors
Pulmonary capillary perfusion: intra-alveolar fractal patterns and interalveolar independence. (1/4148)
Pulmonary capillary perfusion was analyzed from videomicroscopic recordings to determine flow switching characteristics among capillary segments in isolated, blood-perfused canine lungs. Within each alveolus, the rapid switching pattern was repetitive and was, therefore, nonrandom (fractal dimensions near 1.0). This self-similarity over time was unexpected in a network widely considered to be passive. Among adjacent alveoli, the relationship among the switching patterns was even more surprising, for there was virtually no relationship between the perfusion patterns (coefficients of determination approaching zero). These findings demonstrated that the perfusion patterns in individual alveolar walls were independent of their next-door neighbors. The lack of dependence among neighboring networks suggests an interesting characteristic: the failure of one alveolar-capillary bed would leave its neighbors relatively unaffected, a feature of a robust design. (+info)Acinar flow irreversibility caused by perturbations in reversible alveolar wall motion. (2/4148)
Mixing associated with "stretch-and-fold" convective flow patterns has recently been demonstrated to play a potentially important role in aerosol transport and deposition deep in the lung (J. P. Butler and A. Tsuda. J. Appl. Physiol. 83: 800-809, 1997), but the origin of this potent mechanism is not well characterized. In this study we hypothesized that even a small degree of asynchrony in otherwise reversible alveolar wall motion is sufficient to cause flow irreversibility and stretch-and-fold convective mixing. We tested this hypothesis using a large-scale acinar model consisting of a T-shaped junction of three short, straight, square ducts. The model was filled with silicone oil, and alveolar wall motion was simulated by pistons in two of the ducts. The pistons were driven to generate a low-Reynolds-number cyclic flow with a small amount of asynchrony in boundary motion adjusted to match the degree of geometric (as distinguished from pressure-volume) hysteresis found in rabbit lungs (H. Miki, J. P. Butler, R. A. Rogers, and J. Lehr. J. Appl. Physiol. 75: 1630-1636, 1993). Tracer dye was introduced into the system, and its motion was monitored. The results showed that even a slight asynchrony in boundary motion leads to flow irreversibility with complicated swirling tracer patterns. Importantly, the kinematic irreversibility resulted in stretching of the tracer with narrowing of the separation between adjacent tracer lines, and when the cycle-by-cycle narrowing of lateral distance reached the slowly growing diffusion distance of the tracer, mixing abruptly took place. This coupling of evolving convective flow patterns with diffusion is the essence of the stretch-and-fold mechanism. We conclude that even a small degree of boundary asynchrony can give rise to stretch-and-fold convective mixing, thereby leading to transport and deposition of fine and ultrafine aerosol particles deep in the lung. (+info)Regulation of an amiloride-sensitive Na+-permeable channel by a beta2-adrenergic agonist, cytosolic Ca2+ and Cl- in fetal rat alveolar epithelium. (3/4148)
1. In cell-attached patches formed on the apical membrane of fetal alveolar epithelium, terbutaline (a specific beta2-adrenergic agonist) increased the open probability (Po) of an amiloride-sensitive Na+-permeable non-selective cation (NSC) channel (control, 0.03 +/- 0.04; terbutaline, 0.62 +/- 0.18; n = 8, P < 0. 00001) by increasing the mean open time 100-fold without any significant change in the mean closed time and without any change in the single channel conductance (control, 27.8 +/- 2.3 pS; terbutaline, 28.2 +/- 2.1 pS; n = 8). 2. The Po of the unstimulated channel increased when the apical membrane was depolarized due to a decrease in the closing rate and an increase in the opening rate, while the Po of the terbutaline-stimulated channel did not depend on the membrane potential. 3. Increased cytosolic [Ca2+] also increased the Po of the channel in a manner consistent with one Ca2+-binding site on the cytosolic surface of the channel. Terbutaline increased the sensitivity of the channel to cytosolic Ca2+ by shifting the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]c) required for half-maximal activation to a lower [Ca2+]c value, leading to an increase in Po. 4. An increase in the cytosolic Cl- concentration ([Cl-]c) decreased the Po of the channel consistent with two Cl--binding sites by increasing the closing rate without any significant change in the opening rate. Terbutaline increased Po by reducing the effect of cytosolic Cl- to promote channel closing. 5. Taken together, these observations indicate that terbutaline activates a Ca2+-activated, Cl--inhibitable, amiloride-sensitive, Na+-permeable NSC channel in fetal rat alveolar epithelium in two ways: first, through an increase in Ca2+ sensitivity, and second, through a reduction in the effect of cytosolic Cl- to promote channel closing. (+info)Opportunistic Pneumocystis carinii infection in red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus). (4/4148)
P. carinii infection in red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus), born and maintained in a laboratory breeding colony, was examined by histopathologic examination postmortem. P. carinii cysts were detected in 6 of 10 red-bellied tamarins examined, by using Grocott's, toluidine blue O and immunostaining with avidin-biotin complex using antisera for rat-, simian-, and human-P. carinii. The results obtained from the present studies imply that P. carinii may be an important pathogen in this species. (+info)Acute saline infusion reduces alveolar-capillary membrane conductance and increases airflow obstruction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. (5/4148)
BACKGROUND: Impaired alveolar-capillary membrane conductance is the major cause for the reduction in pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in heart failure. Whether this reduction is fixed, reflecting pulmonary microvascular damage, or is variable is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess whether DLCO and its subdivisions, alveolar-capillary membrane conductance (DM) and pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc), were sensitive to changes in intravascular volume. In addition, we examined the effects of volume loading on airflow rates. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ten patients with left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) and 8 healthy volunteers were studied. DM and Vc were determined by the Roughton and Forster method. The forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), vital capacity, and peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) were also recorded. In patients with LVD, infusion of 10 mL. kg-1 body wt of 0.9% saline acutely reduced DM (12.0+/-3.3 versus 10.4+/-3.5 mmol. min-1. kPa-1, P<0.005), FEV1 (2.3+/-0.4 versus 2.1+/-0.4 L, P<0.0005), and PEFR (446+/-55 versus 414+/-56 L. min-1, P<0.005). All pulmonary function tests had returned to baseline values 24 hours later. In normal subjects, saline infusion had no measurable effect on lung function. CONCLUSIONS: Acute intravascular volume expansion impairs alveolar-capillary membrane function and increases airflow obstruction in patients with LVD but not in normal subjects. Thus, the abnormalities of pulmonary diffusion in heart failure, which were believed to be fixed, also have a variable component that could be amenable to therapeutic intervention. (+info)TNF-alpha increases ceramide without inducing apoptosis in alveolar type II epithelial cells. (6/4148)
Ceramide is a bioactive lipid mediator that has been observed to induce apoptosis in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine whether endogenous ceramide, generated in response to in vivo administration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), increases apoptosis in primary rat alveolar type II epithelial cells. Intratracheal instillation of TNF-alpha (5 microgram) produced a decrease in sphingomyelin and activation of a neutral sphingomyelinase. These changes were associated with a significant increase in lung ceramide content. TNF-alpha concomitantly activated the p42/44 extracellular signal-related kinases and induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation in the lung. Hypodiploid nuclei studies revealed that intratracheal TNF-alpha did not increase type II cell apoptosis compared with that in control cells after isolation. A novel observation from separate in vitro studies demonstrated that type II cells undergo a gradual increase in apoptosis after time in culture, a process that was accelerated by exposure of cells to ultraviolet light. However, culture of cells with a cell-permeable ceramide, TNF-alpha, or a related ligand, anti-CD95, did not increase apoptosis above the control level. The results suggest that ceramide resulting from TNF-alpha activation of sphingomyelin hydrolysis might activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways without increasing programmed cell death in type II cells. (+info)Pattern of total and regional lung function in subjects with bronchoconstriction induced by 15-me PGF2 alpha. (7/4148)
Closing volume (single breath nitrogen test), regional ventilation and perfusion (using intravenous xenon-133), and total lung function (TLC, VC, and FEV) were measured before and after intramuscular administration of 250 mug 15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha (15-me PGF2alpha) in 10 healthy women. The cardiac output was measured with the Minnesota impedance cardiograph model 304A and the transthoracic impedance was used as an expression of the thoracic fluid volume. The slope of the alveolar plateau on the closing volume tracing showed a 271% increase 20 minutes after the prostaglandin administration, at which time the closing volume per cent (CV%) had decreased (P less than 0-01) and the closing capacity (CC%) had increased (P less than 0-05). Vital capacity (VC) decreased (P less than 0-01), residual volume (RV) increased (P less than 0-01), and the total lung capacity (TLC) remained unchanged. The maximal decrease (9%) in FEV1 was seen after 20 minutes. All these measurements except the slope of the alveolar plateau returned to control levels after 60 minutes. The redistribution of regional ventilation was more pronounced than that of the regional pulmonary blood flow. No change was observed in cardiac output and transthoracic impedance. None of the patients experienced any dyspnoea. Our results are consistent with a more pronounced effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on the small airways (the alveolar plateau) than on the larger airways (FEV1). In cases where an increase in the slope of the alveolar plateau is observed, the closing volume per cent should not be used as a measurement of the lung disease. It is concluded that the single breath nitrogen test (N2 closing volume) is more sensitive than the conventional tests. (+info)Apoptosis is a pathway responsible for the resolution of endotoxin-induced alveolar type II cell hyperplasia in the rat. (8/4148)
Previous studies showed that intratracheal instillation of endotoxin induces transient type II cell hyperplasia in the rat lung and described some of the mechanisms involved in the proliferative response of type II cells. The purpose of the present study was to investigate how long the type II cell hyperplasia persists and how it is resolved. The portion of epithelial cells in hyperplastic lesions of the rat lung expressing cyclin D1, an indicator for cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, was greatest at 3 d post instillation and decreased after 4 and 6 d. The fate of the proliferating epithelial cells was traced by injecting the rats with 5-bromo-2' deoxy uridine (BrdU) 2 d post instillation, the peak time point for maximum incorporation of BrdU. Exfoliated BrdU-positive epithelial cells were detected in the alveolar spaces in tissue sections from rats 4, 5, and 6 d post instillation. BrdU-positive epithelial cells showed flattened nuclei at 6 and 10 d post instillation. Expression of the 116 kD poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was low in type II cells from control rats, and was increased at 3, 4, and 6 d post instillation. In cells obtained by lavage, only a 35 kD cleavage product of PARP was detected, which is an indicator of necrotic cell death. In isolated type II cells from rats 3, 4, and 6 d post endotoxin instillation, progressive cleavage of the PARP to its 89 kD residual fragment was detected, which is a direct evidence for the activation of caspases. Furthermore, apoptotic epithelial cells with condensed nuclei were identified by electron microscopy in rats 4 d post instillation. These results indicate that apoptosis is an additional mechanism for the resolution of endotoxin-induced lung epithelial hyperplasias. (+info)Pulmonary alveoli, also known as air sacs, are tiny clusters of air-filled pouches located at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. They play a crucial role in the process of gas exchange during respiration. The thin walls of the alveoli, called alveolar membranes, allow oxygen from inhaled air to pass into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to pass into the alveoli to be exhaled out of the body. This vital function enables the lungs to supply oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body and remove waste products like carbon dioxide.
A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.
Multiple trauma, also known as polytrauma, is a medical term used to describe severe injuries to the body that are sustained in more than one place or region. It often involves damage to multiple organ systems and can be caused by various incidents such as traffic accidents, falls from significant heights, high-energy collisions, or violent acts.
The injuries sustained in multiple trauma may include fractures, head injuries, internal bleeding, chest and abdominal injuries, and soft tissue injuries. These injuries can lead to a complex medical situation requiring immediate and ongoing care from a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including emergency physicians, trauma surgeons, critical care specialists, nurses, rehabilitation therapists, and mental health providers.
Multiple trauma is a serious condition that can result in long-term disability or even death if not treated promptly and effectively.
Orthopedics is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system, which includes the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. The goal of orthopedic care is to help patients maintain or restore their mobility, function, and quality of life through a variety of treatments, including medication, physical therapy, bracing, and surgery. Orthopedic surgeons are medical doctors who have completed additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal conditions, and they may specialize in specific areas such as sports medicine, spine care, joint replacement, or pediatric orthopedics.
Orthopedic procedures are surgical or nonsurgical methods used to treat musculoskeletal conditions, including injuries, deformities, or diseases of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. These procedures can range from simple splinting or casting to complex surgeries such as joint replacements, spinal fusions, or osteotomies (cutting and repositioning bones). The primary goal of orthopedic procedures is to restore function, reduce pain, and improve the quality of life for patients.
Septic shock is a serious condition that occurs as a complication of an infection that has spread throughout the body. It's characterized by a severe drop in blood pressure and abnormalities in cellular metabolism, which can lead to organ failure and death if not promptly treated.
In septic shock, the immune system overreacts to an infection, releasing an overwhelming amount of inflammatory chemicals into the bloodstream. This leads to widespread inflammation, blood vessel dilation, and leaky blood vessels, which can cause fluid to leak out of the blood vessels and into surrounding tissues. As a result, the heart may not be able to pump enough blood to vital organs, leading to organ failure.
Septic shock is often caused by bacterial infections, but it can also be caused by fungal or viral infections. It's most commonly seen in people with weakened immune systems, such as those who have recently undergone surgery, have chronic medical conditions, or are taking medications that suppress the immune system.
Prompt diagnosis and treatment of septic shock is critical to prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes. Treatment typically involves aggressive antibiotic therapy, intravenous fluids, vasopressors to maintain blood pressure, and supportive care in an intensive care unit (ICU).
In medical terms, shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow or when the circulatory system is not functioning properly to distribute oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and organs. This results in a state of hypoxia (lack of oxygen) and cellular dysfunction, which can lead to multiple organ failure and death if left untreated.
Shock can be caused by various factors such as severe blood loss, infection, trauma, heart failure, allergic reactions, and severe burns. The symptoms of shock include low blood pressure, rapid pulse, cool and clammy skin, rapid and shallow breathing, confusion, weakness, and a bluish color to the lips and nails. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment of shock.
Medical Definition:
"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.
Health surveys are research studies that collect data from a sample population to describe the current health status, health behaviors, and healthcare utilization of a particular group or community. These surveys may include questions about various aspects of health such as physical health, mental health, chronic conditions, lifestyle habits, access to healthcare services, and demographic information. The data collected from health surveys can be used to monitor trends in health over time, identify disparities in health outcomes, develop and evaluate public health programs and policies, and inform resource allocation decisions. Examples of national health surveys include the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).
Pulmonary alveolus
Alveolar capillary dysplasia
Pores of Kohn
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Pneumocytic hyperplasia
Marcello Malpighi
Viral pneumonia
Pentoxyverine
Turkestan red pika
Hemoglobin
Pulmonary atypical adenomatous hyperplasia
Respiratory disease
Ascaris lumbricoides
Horizontal transfer of mitochondria
Tunneling nanotube
Pulmonary gas pressures
Inhalation exposure
Gap junction
Multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia
Hookworm infection
Freediving blackout
Hepatization of lungs
Post-cardiac arrest syndrome
Drowning
United Therapeutics
Toll-like receptor 2
Parenchyma
Toxicodendron vernix
Necator americanus
Pulmonary alveolus - Wikipedia
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Lungs25
- A pulmonary alveolus (PL: alveoli, from Latin alveolus, "little cavity"), also known as an air sac or air space, is one of millions of hollow, distensible cup-shaped cavities in the lungs where pulmonary gas exchange takes place. (wikipedia.org)
- Alveoli make up the functional tissue of the mammalian lungs known as the lung parenchyma, which takes up 90 percent of the total lung volume. (wikipedia.org)
- Alveoli are particular to mammalian lungs. (wikipedia.org)
- A typical pair of human lungs contains about 480 million alveoli, providing a total surface area for gas exchange of between 70 and 80 square metres. (wikipedia.org)
- after this point, both the number and size of alveoli increases until the development of lungs finishes at approximately 8 years of age. (wikipedia.org)
- Pulmonary edema is when fluid collects in the air sacs of the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Pulmonary edema is a condition involving fluid buildup in the lungs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- During normal breathing, the small air sacs in the lungs, known as alveoli, fill up with air. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Pulmonary edema also occurs as part of a condition called acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe inflammation of the lungs that leads to significant breathing difficulties. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Pulmonary edema is an abnormal buildup of fluid in the lungs. (medlineplus.gov)
- As the pressure in these blood vessels increases, fluid is pushed into the air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs. (medlineplus.gov)
- Inhaling tobacco smoke can also damage the tiny air sacs called alveoli in your lungs. (healthline.com)
- Over time, the damage to the alveoli in your lungs can lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . (healthline.com)
- Their study shows that intravenously injected HDLs help to convey a therapeutic drug, alpha-1 antitrypsin, to the lungs, to reduce pulmonary emphysema. (inserm.fr)
- External respiration is the exchange of gases with the external environment and occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. (pressbooks.pub)
- The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood into the lungs from the heart, where it branches and eventually becomes the capillary network composed of pulmonary capillaries. (pressbooks.pub)
- There are several common lung diseases where the gas exchange surface of the lungs (alveoli) becomes damaged including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia. (imperial.ac.uk)
- Found in the lungs, the pulmonary alveoli are the terminal ends of the respiratory tree, which outcrop from either alveolar sacs or alveolar ducts, which are both sites of gas exchange with the blood as well. (vanishingpoint.biz)
- The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. (onteenstoday.com)
- This artery divides above the heart into two branches, to the right and left lungs, where the arteries further subdivide into smaller and smaller branches until the capillaries in the pulmonary air sacs (alveoli) are reached. (onteenstoday.com)
- The pulmonary arteries carry low-oxygen blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. (onteenstoday.com)
- The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. (onteenstoday.com)
- The pulmonary artery takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and the pulmonary veins take oxygenated blood from the lungs back into the heart. (onteenstoday.com)
- The function of the pulmonary artery is to facilitate the flow of oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs. (onteenstoday.com)
- Round, granular, mononuclear phagocytes found in the alveoli of the lungs. (bvsalud.org)
Alveolar21
- Oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide at the blood-air barrier between the alveolar air and the pulmonary capillary. (wikipedia.org)
- The respiratory bronchioles run for considerable lengths and become increasingly alveolated with side branches of alveolar ducts that become deeply lined with alveoli. (wikipedia.org)
- Each duct opens into five or six alveolar sacs into which clusters of alveoli open. (wikipedia.org)
- Each terminal respiratory unit is called an acinus and consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. (wikipedia.org)
- In the alveolar walls there are interconnecting air passages between the alveoli known as the pores of Kohn. (wikipedia.org)
- The alveolar septum that separates the alveoli in the alveolar sac contains some collagen fibers and elastic fibers. (wikipedia.org)
- Two types are pneumocytes or pneumonocytes known as type I and type II cells found in the alveolar wall, and a large phagocytic cell known as an alveolar macrophage that moves about in the lumens of the alveoli, and in the connective tissue between them. (wikipedia.org)
- Type I cells, also called type I pneumocytes, or type I alveolar cells, are squamous, thin and flat and form the structure of the alveoli. (wikipedia.org)
- Type II cells, also called type II pneumocytes or type II alveolar cells, release pulmonary surfactant to lower surface tension, and can also differentiate to replace damaged type I cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Development of the earliest structures that will contain alveoli begins on day 22 and is divided into five stages: embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular, and alveolar stage. (wikipedia.org)
- In this manuscript, we report the in vitro mutagenicity of waterpipe smoke condensate (WSC), the alteration in cellular parameters of lung alveolar cells in response to WSC exposure and discuss the implication of cellular responses in the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (nih.gov)
- Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disease characterized by the accumulation of granular eosinophilic material within alveolar spaces. (medscape.com)
- [ 1 ] PAP has also been referred to as pulmonary alveolar phospholipoproteinosis or alveolar lipoproteinosis, reflecting the abundance of lipids within the granular exudate. (medscape.com)
- Animal and human studies indicate that more than one pathway exists for the different forms of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). (medscape.com)
- Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is classified into two main categories: congenital (neonatal) and acquired. (medscape.com)
- Another study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA) found that spike proteins negatively impact lung functionality by causing the pulmonary alveolar cell walls to thicken and solidify. (newstarget.com)
- Fig. 5: Maintenance of pulmonary airways and alveolar-capillary barrier after 24 h of xenogeneic cross-circulation. (nature.com)
- Groups A and B intervened with BA showed significant higher level of TBA in both maternal and fetal serum, more mortality rate of fetal rats, more concentration of SP-A in fetal serum, and wider alveolus mesenchyme of fetal rats than the control Group C. Higher level of BA associated with increased fetal risk and lower numerical density of mitochondria in type II alveolar epithelial cells. (hindawi.com)
- SP-A is covered on the alveolus surface to decrease the surface tension, thus prevent alveolus collapse, and stabilize pulmonary alveolar pressure [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum occur in 1 to 2% of normal neonates, probably because large negative intrathoracic forces created when the neonate starts breathing occasionally disrupt alveolar epithelium, which allows air to move from the alveoli into extra-alveolar soft tissues or spaces. (msdmanuals.com)
- Our goal in the present study nanoparticles (NPs) is associated with adverse opposite initial events of AM-particle interac- was to determine the long-term alveolar reten- cardiovascular effects in susceptible parts of tion lead to the same pulmonary clearance tion of these NPs and to compare our results populations (Ibald-Mulli et al. (cdc.gov)
Surfactant4
- To determine the correlation between maternal bile acid (BA) level and fetal pulmonary surfactant in rats and study the effects of BA on fetal lung in rat model of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. (hindawi.com)
- Recently, the abnormalities of pulmonary surfactant system have been implicated in the pathogenesis of respiratory distress syndrome [ 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
- However, whether the level of TBA in maternal serum caused perinatal abnormality of pulmonary surfactant and fetal lung tissue morphological structure remains largely unknown. (hindawi.com)
- SP-A acts as a pulmonary surfactant binding protein and is secreted by type II pneumonocyte. (hindawi.com)
Fibrosis5
- Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and pulmonary fibrosis associated with a collagen vascular disorder (PF-CVD) are chronic inflammatory lung disorders which may be characterized in various subgroups of patients by increased numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and/or eosinophils. (nih.gov)
- Dr. Tushar Desai specializes clinically in the treatment of general pulmonary and Interstitial Lung Diseases like Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). (stanford.edu)
- My lab is focused on understanding the causes of and working towards specific molecular and cell-based treatments for lung diseases like cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, COPD. (stanford.edu)
- We are focused on Wnt signaling because this appears to be a key signal that confers stem cell potency in both mouse and human lung, and is overactive in diseases like lung adenocarcinoma and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). (stanford.edu)
- Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a rare condition characterized by extensive inflammation and fibrosis mainly involving the pulmonary interstitium or alveoli. (koreamed.org)
Chronic8
- Pulmonary edema can be acute (occurring suddenly) or chronic (occurring more slowly over time). (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Pulmonary edema can be acute or chronic. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- If the pulmonary edema is chronic, symptoms are usually less severe until the body's system can no longer compensate. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Dr. Desai conducts basic and translational research on lung stem cells that repair and regenerate the lung after injury, and their role in diseases like IPF, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and lung adenocarcinoma. (stanford.edu)
- Pulmonary emphysema is present to different degrees in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a very common (5-10% of the adult population) and serious disease (16,000 deaths per year), which particularly affects smokers. (inserm.fr)
- Even the reduced risk of RDS in infants born at ≥32 wk GA, (conferred possibly by intra-uterine stress leading to accelerated lung maturation) appears to be of transient effect and is counterbalanced by adverse effects of poor intrauterine growth on long term pulmonary outcomes such as chronic lung disease. (biomedcentral.com)
- The symptoms of pulmonary arterial hypertension are similar to the symptoms often seen in more common diseases, such as asthma, emphysema or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and heart failure. (onteenstoday.com)
- We have shown that in immature mice chronic airway exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces pulmonary inflammation, increased IL-17a expression, and hypoalveolarization, a BPD-like phenotype. (bvsalud.org)
Lead to pulmonary edema1
- Take all your medicines as directed if you have a disease that can lead to pulmonary edema or a weakened heart muscle. (medlineplus.gov)
Inflammation1
- These conditions include inflammation of the pulmonary alveoli. (imedix.com)
Carbon dioxide4
- Oxygen is diffused across the membrane into the capillaries and carbon dioxide is released from the capillaries into the alveoli to be breathed out. (wikipedia.org)
- Carbon dioxide is released in the opposite direction of oxygen, from the blood to the alveoli. (pressbooks.pub)
- External respiration occurs as a function of partial pressure differences in oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. (pressbooks.pub)
- In external respiration, oxygen diffuses across the respiratory membrane from the alveolus to the capillary, whereas carbon dioxide diffuses out of the capillary into the alveolus. (pressbooks.pub)
Idiopathic1
- Idiopathic persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn can present without signs of acute perinatal distress. (medscape.com)
Capillaries7
- Each alveolus is wrapped in a fine mesh of capillaries covering about 70% of its area. (wikipedia.org)
- An alveolus consists of an epithelial layer of simple squamous epithelium (very thin, flattened cells), and an extracellular matrix surrounded by capillaries. (wikipedia.org)
- In contrast to later postnatal development in mammals, the pulmonary BGB in chick develops primarily in ovo prior to hatching and is characterized by a massive increase in air and blood capillaries, which develop with a progressive reduction of the lung interstitium [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- These pulmonary capillaries create the respiratory membrane with the alveoli ( Figure 3.1 ). (pressbooks.pub)
- Although the solubility of oxygen in the blood is not high, there is a drastic difference in the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli versus in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries. (pressbooks.pub)
- The blood here passes through capillaries adjacent to alveoli and becomes oxygenated as part of the process of respiration. (onteenstoday.com)
- or pulmonary trunk from the heart, and the smallest ones are the arterioles, which lead to the capillaries that surround the pulmonary alveoli. (onteenstoday.com)
Transport oxygenated blood2
- Arteries transport oxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary artery) to various parts of the body, delivering nutrients and oxygen to the tissues. (proprofs.com)
- Where do pulmonary veins transport oxygenated blood to? (onteenstoday.com)
Edema13
- What is pulmonary edema? (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Acute pulmonary edema is a medical emergency and requires immediate medical attention. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Treatment of pulmonary edema usually focuses on improving respiratory function and addressing the source of the problem. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Sudden-onset (acute) pulmonary edema is a medical emergency. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Pulmonary edema occurs when fluid floods the alveoli. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Pulmonary edema that results from a direct problem with the heart is called cardiogenic pulmonary edema. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Congestive heart failure is a common cause of cardiogenic pulmonary edema. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Causes of pulmonary edema that are not due to poor heart function are called noncardiogenic and are often the result of ARDS. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Acute pulmonary edema causes significant breathing difficulties and can appear without warning. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Sometimes a chest X-ray can assist in the diagnosis of pulmonary edema. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Intratracheally injection of bile acid had been shown to induce severe pulmonary edema in rabbits [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure . (medlineplus.gov)
- Pulmonary edema is almost always treated in the emergency room or hospital. (medlineplus.gov)
Interstitium1
- Pulmonary interstitial emphysema is leakage of air from alveoli into the pulmonary interstitium, lymphatics, or subpleural space. (msdmanuals.com)
Artery11
- What kind of blood is in the pulmonary artery? (onteenstoday.com)
- What type of blood is in the pulmonary artery Why? (onteenstoday.com)
- pulmonary circulation pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary artery. (onteenstoday.com)
- Where does the blood in the pulmonary artery go? (onteenstoday.com)
- What kind of blood does the pulmonary artery take? (onteenstoday.com)
- The largest pulmonary artery is the main pulmonary artery. (onteenstoday.com)
- What are the symptoms of pulmonary artery disease? (onteenstoday.com)
- What is the function of the pulmonary artery? (onteenstoday.com)
- What are the branches of the pulmonary artery? (onteenstoday.com)
- It divides into two branches Right Pulmonary Artery and Left Pulmonary Artery. (onteenstoday.com)
- These arteries (except the thyroid artery) form a peribronchial plexus that follows the bronchial tree deep into the lung parenchyma to supply blood also to the visceral pleura and the walls of the pulmonary arteries and veins (vasa vasorum). (medscape.com)
Emphysema1
- Pulmonary emphysema is characterised by progressive destruction of the pulmonary alveoli, which ultimately leads to respiratory failure. (inserm.fr)
Capillary network2
- The septa also house the enmeshed capillary network that surrounds each alveolus. (wikipedia.org)
- To create a thinner diffusion barrier, the double-layer capillary network fuse into one network, each one closely associated with two alveoli as they develop. (wikipedia.org)
Arteries4
- Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES. (embl.de)
- What type of blood do the pulmonary arteries and veins carry? (onteenstoday.com)
- The pulmonary arteries are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood, and the pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood. (onteenstoday.com)
- The pulmonary arteries emerge via the Truncus Arteriosus and the Sixth Pharyngeal Arch. (onteenstoday.com)
Circulation5
- It contained the nullfield generator, a thirty-hour supply of oxygen, and artificial alveoli that connected with her pulmonary circulation system. (technovelgy.com)
- When the lung is damaged, the level of SP-A is increased through permeability augmented alveolus-capillary membrane and released to blood circulation. (hindawi.com)
- In fact, it is known that the development of cell immunity in pulmonary tissues is largely independent of the events occurring in both peripheral circulation and distal lymphoid organs. (nature.com)
- In contrast to adult primary pulmonary hypertension, the newborn syndrome is not defined by a specific pressure of the pulmonary circulation. (medscape.com)
- POIS is due to an overly rapid ascent to the surface resulting in the rupture of alveoli and subsequent extravasation of air bubbles into tissue planes or even the cerebral circulation. (who.int)
Airways3
- This also accounts for the fact that longer fibers have proportionately more deposition in the airways as opposed to peripheral alveoli. (cdc.gov)
- During the saccular stage, the distal tips of the pulmonary airways dilate and primary septa form. (biomedcentral.com)
- The airways divide by dichotomous branching, with approximately 23 generations of branches from the trachea to the alveoli (see the images below). (medscape.com)
Membrane2
- Some groups reported SP-A in serum as a tool to evaluate the integrality of alveolus-capillary membrane and the degree of lung injury [ 11 , 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
- This large difference in partial pressure creates a very strong pressure gradient that causes oxygen to rapidly cross the respiratory membrane from the alveoli into the blood. (pressbooks.pub)
Mammals1
- Only mammals and birds have a complete separation of pulmonary and systemic circulations [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Congenital1
- The diagnosis is confirmed regardless of the pulmonary arterial pressure, as long as it is accompanied by a right-to-left shunt and absence of congenital heart disease. (medscape.com)
Veins2
- Oxygenated hemoglobin is red, causing the overall appearance of bright red oxygenated blood, which returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins. (pressbooks.pub)
- The pulmonary veins transport it to the left atrium of the heart. (onteenstoday.com)
Cavity1
- An alveolus (plural: alveoli) is an anatomical structure that has the form of a hollow cavity. (vanishingpoint.biz)
Oxygen2
- Although a small amount of the oxygen is able to dissolve directly into the plasma from the alveoli, most of the oxygen is picked up by erythrocytes (red blood cells) and binds to a protein called hemoglobin, a process described later in this chapter. (pressbooks.pub)
- This difference is about 64 mm Hg: The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is about 104 mm Hg, whereas its partial pressure in the blood of the capillary is about 40 mm Hg. (pressbooks.pub)
Diseases2
- The new unit will be used chiefly to research biomedical questions relating to cancer, osteoporosis, pulmonary diseases and arteriosclerosis. (tum.de)
- However, our research activities also include measuring bone properties in osteoporosis and determining altered sizes of pulmonary alveoli in diverse lung diseases," explains Dr. Klaus Achterhold from the MuCLS team. (tum.de)
Occurs1
- Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is defined as the failure of the normal circulatory transition that occurs after birth. (medscape.com)
Venous1
- Colloquially known as blood clots, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are forms of venous thromboembolism (VTE). (medscape.com)
Immature1
- Immature alveoli appear as bulges from the sacculi which invade the primary septa. (wikipedia.org)
Symptoms1
- It can also be classified according to its severity, which is determined on the basis of the presence or absence of hemodynamic instability, the presence or absence of respiratory symptoms, and the anatomic location of the embolism in the pulmonary vasculature. (medscape.com)
Hypertension1
- It is a syndrome characterized by marked pulmonary hypertension that causes hypoxemia secondary to right-to-left shunting of blood at the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus. (medscape.com)
Negatively1
- The levels of TBA in maternal serum were found to have significant positive correlation with those in fetal serum and SP-A level but negatively with the area of alveolus and the numerical density of lamellar body. (hindawi.com)
Tissue1
- Central nervous system (CNS) damage may occur because of hypoxemia sustained during the drowning episode (primary injury) or may result from arrhythmias, ongoing pulmonary injury, reperfusion injury, or multiorgan dysfunction (secondary injury), particularly with prolonged tissue hypoxia. (medscape.com)
Blood1
- If this reflex is impaired or if the gas exchange via the pulmonary alveoli into the blood is no longer successful, devices must take over this function," says Volker Hofmann, Director Sales Medical at AT&S. Depending on the mode of operation of the ventilators, the breath can be controlled in different ways according to volume, pressure or time. (ats.net)
Particles1
- Lung deposition modeling indicates that about 15-37% of emitted particles would deposit in the pulmonary region (alveoli). (cdc.gov)
Patients1
- We evaluated this hypothesis in 27 patients by determining if the cell populations recovered with BAL differed between patients who improved, remained stable, or worsened in their pulmonary functions (as defined by at least a 15 percent change in forced vital capacity) over a six-month observation period. (nih.gov)
Syndrome1
- Decompression Illness includes both Decompression Sickness (DCS) and Pulmonary Overinflation Syndrome (POIS), subsets of diving-related injury related to scuba diving. (who.int)