A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is >2-3 cm it is generally called Ecchymoses (ECCHYMOSIS).
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.
An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE.
A severe, rapidly fatal reaction occurring most commonly in children following an infectious illness. It is characterized by large, rapidly spreading skin hemorrhages, fever, or shock. Purpura fulminans often accompanies or is triggered by DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.
Purplish or brownish red discoloration of the skin associated with increase in circulating polyclonal globulins, usually GAMMA-GLOBULINS. This syndrome often occurs on the legs of women aged 20 to 40 years.
Removal of plasma and replacement with various fluids, e.g., fresh frozen plasma, plasma protein fractions (PPF), albumin preparations, dextran solutions, saline. Used in treatment of autoimmune diseases, immune complex diseases, diseases of excess plasma factors, and other conditions.
Surgical procedure involving either partial or entire removal of the spleen.
The number of PLATELETS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.
A family of membrane-anchored glycoproteins that contain a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain. They are responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of many transmembrane proteins and the release of their extracellular domain.
Human alloantigens expressed only on platelets, specifically on platelet membrane glycoproteins. These platelet-specific antigens are immunogenic and can result in pathological reactions to transfusion therapy.
Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use.
Immunoglobulin preparations used in intravenous infusion, containing primarily IMMUNOGLOBULIN G. They are used to treat a variety of diseases associated with decreased or abnormal immunoglobulin levels including pediatric AIDS; primary HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA; SCID; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS infections in transplant recipients, LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC; Kawasaki syndrome, infection in neonates, and IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA.
A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.
Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.
A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.
Immunizing agent containing IMMUNOGLOBULIN G anti-Rho(D) used for preventing Rh immunization in Rh-negative individuals exposed to Rh-positive red blood cells.
Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.
Disorder characterized by a vasculitic syndrome associated with exposure to an antigen such as a drug, infectious agent, or other foreign or endogenous substance. Its pathophysiology includes immune complex deposition and a wide range of skin lesions. Hypersensitivity or allergy is present in some but not all cases.
A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a blood disease (HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES) which involves BLOOD CELLS or COAGULATION FACTORS. The hematologic disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or FETUS.
Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.
A high-molecular-weight plasma protein, produced by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, that is part of the factor VIII/von Willebrand factor complex. The von Willebrand factor has receptors for collagen, platelets, and ristocetin activity as well as the immunologically distinct antigenic determinants. It functions in adhesion of platelets to collagen and hemostatic plug formation. The prolonged bleeding time in VON WILLEBRAND DISEASES is due to the deficiency of this factor.
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.
The transfer of blood platelets from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Oklahoma" is a geographical location and not a medical condition or term, therefore it doesn't have a medical definition. It is a state in the South Central region of the United States.
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.
ENDOPEPTIDASES which use a metal such as ZINC in the catalytic mechanism.
Antibodies obtained from a single clone of cells grown in mice or rats.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).
Adrenal cortex hormones are steroid hormones produced by the outer portion of the adrenal gland, consisting of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens, which play crucial roles in various physiological processes such as metabolism regulation, stress response, electrolyte balance, and sexual development and function.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.
A humoral factor that stimulates the production of thrombocytes (BLOOD PLATELETS). Thrombopoietin stimulates the proliferation of bone marrow MEGAKARYOCYTES and their release of blood platelets. The process is called THROMBOPOIESIS.
Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.
Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system.
Surface glycoproteins on platelets which have a key role in hemostasis and thrombosis such as platelet adhesion and aggregation. Many of these are receptors.
Pigmentation disorders are conditions that affect the production or distribution of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye color, leading to changes in the color of these bodily features.
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.
A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.
Antibodies from an individual that react with ISOANTIGENS of another individual of the same species.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.
A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase.
Presence of blood in the urine.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Autoantibodies directed against cytoplasmic constituents of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES and/or MONOCYTES. They are used as specific markers for GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS and other diseases, though their pathophysiological role is not clear. ANCA are routinely detected by indirect immunofluorescence with three different patterns: c-ANCA (cytoplasmic), p-ANCA (perinuclear), and atypical ANCA.
The process of generating thrombocytes (BLOOD PLATELETS) from the pluripotent HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS in the BONE MARROW via the MEGAKARYOCYTES. The humoral factor with thrombopoiesis-stimulating activity is designated THROMBOPOIETIN.
Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Administration of high doses of pharmaceuticals over short periods of time.
The residual portion of BLOOD that is left after removal of BLOOD CELLS by CENTRIFUGATION without prior BLOOD COAGULATION.
Very large BONE MARROW CELLS which release mature BLOOD PLATELETS.
An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6)
The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.
The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.
A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues.
A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.
The presence of organisms, or any foreign material that makes a drug preparation impure.
Bleeding from the nose.
A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
Infection of the spleen with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.
Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.
Cell surface receptors that are specific for THROMBOPOIETIN. They signal through interaction with JANUS KINASES such as JANUS KINASE 2.
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.
Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.
Platelet membrane glycoprotein complex essential for normal platelet adhesion and clot formation at sites of vascular injury. It is composed of three polypeptides, GPIb alpha, GPIb beta, and GPIX. Glycoprotein Ib functions as a receptor for von Willebrand factor and for thrombin. Congenital deficiency of the GPIb-IX complex results in Bernard-Soulier syndrome. The platelet glycoprotein GPV associates with GPIb-IX and is also absent in Bernard-Soulier syndrome.
A form of necrotizing non-granulomatous inflammation occurring primarily in medium-sized ARTERIES, often with microaneurysms. It is characterized by muscle, joint, and abdominal pain resulting from arterial infarction and scarring in affected organs. Polyarteritis nodosa with lung involvement is called CHURG-STRAUSS SYNDROME.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.
Lymphangitis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation and infection of the lymphatic vessels, often presenting as red, tender streaks along the path of the affected lymphatic channel.
'Skin diseases' is a broad term for various conditions affecting the skin, including inflammatory disorders, infections, benign and malignant tumors, congenital abnormalities, and degenerative diseases, which can cause symptoms such as rashes, discoloration, eruptions, lesions, itching, or pain.
A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.
Serum globulins that migrate to the gamma region (most positively charged) upon ELECTROPHORESIS. At one time, gamma-globulins came to be used as a synonym for immunoglobulins since most immunoglobulins are gamma globulins and conversely most gamma globulins are immunoglobulins. But since some immunoglobulins exhibit an alpha or beta electrophoretic mobility, that usage is in decline.
Therapeutic act or process that initiates a response to a complete or partial remission level.
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.
The attachment of PLATELETS to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., THROMBIN; COLLAGEN) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a THROMBUS.
Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.
The introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into the blood stream. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.
A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation.
The outer part of the hearing system of the body. It includes the shell-like EAR AURICLE which collects sound, and the EXTERNAL EAR CANAL, the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE, and the EXTERNAL EAR CARTILAGES.
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.
Platelet membrane glycoprotein complex important for platelet adhesion and aggregation. It is an integrin complex containing INTEGRIN ALPHAIIB and INTEGRIN BETA3 which recognizes the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence present on several adhesive proteins. As such, it is a receptor for FIBRINOGEN; VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR; FIBRONECTIN; VITRONECTIN; and THROMBOSPONDINS. A deficiency of GPIIb-IIIa results in GLANZMANN THROMBASTHENIA.
The transfer of blood components such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma from a donor to a recipient or back to the donor. This process differs from the procedures undertaken in PLASMAPHERESIS and types of CYTAPHERESIS; (PLATELETPHERESIS and LEUKAPHERESIS) where, following the removal of plasma or the specific cell components, the remainder is transfused back to the donor.
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.
The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.
'Splenic diseases' refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or integrity of the spleen, leading to various symptoms and potential complications such as anemia, infection, or abdominal pain.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
A fibrin-stabilizing plasma enzyme (TRANSGLUTAMINASES) that is activated by THROMBIN and CALCIUM to form FACTOR XIIIA. It is important for stabilizing the formation of the fibrin polymer (clot) which culminates the coagulation cascade.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.
Molecules found on the surface of some, but not all, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages, which recognize and combine with the Fc (crystallizable) portion of immunoglobulin molecules.
A condition of HEMORRHAGE and NECROSIS of the ADRENAL GLAND. It is characterized by rapidly developing ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; HYPOTENSION; and widespread cutaneous PURPURA.

Fur and iron transport proteins in the Brazilian purpuric fever clone of Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius. (1/164)

The Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF) clone of Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius causes a fatal septicaemic disease, resembling fulminant meningococcal sepsis, in children. When isolate F3031 was grown under iron-limiting conditions, the presence of several iron-regulated proteins of 38-110 kDa was revealed by electrophoretic analysis and a Fur homologue was shown by immunoblotting. Dot-blot assays and immunoblotting indicated that BPF cells bound human transferrin and contained transferrin-binding proteins in the outer membrane. However, the binding activity and the biosynthesis of these proteins were detected even under iron-rich conditions. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated the presence of a periplasmic protein related to the ferric iron-binding protein A (FbpA), the major iron-binding protein described in Neisseria spp. However, the FbpA homologue in strain F3031 was constitutively expressed and was smaller than the periplasmic protein detected in H. influenzae type b strain Eagan. The periplasm of strain F3031 also contained a protein related to the Streptococcus parasanguis FimA protein which recently has been shown to be involved in iron acquisition in Yersinia pestis. Although the Eagan and F3031 FimA homologues had a similar mol. wt, of 31 kDa, the expression of the BPF fimA-like gene was not regulated by the iron concentration of the culture medium.  (+info)

Improvement of amyloid-related symptoms after autologous stem cell transplantation in a patient with hepatomegaly, macroglossia and purpura. (2/164)

AL amyloidosis was diagnosed in a 56-year-old woman with spontaneous purpura, macroglossia and hepatomegaly, a serum IgGk monoclonal gammopathy and a 25% plasma cell bone marrow infiltration. She was started on high-dose treatment consisting of four monthly cycles of VID chemotherapy, then underwent a stem cell collection after priming with cyclophosphamide + G-CSF. Myeloablative therapy was with melphalan and busulfan. Hematologic recovery was fast and uncomplicated. At follow-up 22 months from ASCT, the patient shows a complete remission of the clonal plasma cell disorder, normalization of liver size and alkaline phosphatase level and a significant improvement in the signs of vascular and soft tissue amyloid infiltration.  (+info)

Identification of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor/insulin-like growth factor type-2 receptor as a novel target of autoantibodies. (3/164)

Two human monoclonal autoantibodies, B-33 and B-24, were generated from the B cells of a patient with scleroderma. Both monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were composed of mu and lambda chains, and recognized cytoplasmic vesicular structures by indirect immunofluorescence on Hep-2 cell line slides, although mAb B-24 showed an additional diffuse cytoplasmic staining pattern. By Western blot, mAb B-24 exhibited a polyreactive-like binding pattern, whereas mAb B-33 failed to recognize any electroblotted Hep-2 antigen. The polyreactive versus monospecific behaviour of mAbs B-24 and B-33 was further confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a variety of foreign and autoantigens. The N-terminal sequence of a protein band isolated by affinity chromatography with mAb B-33 was identical to that of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR), also known as the insulin-like growth factor type-2 receptor (IGF-2R). Immunofluorescence experiments on Hep-2 cell line slides demonstrated a striking co-localization between the staining pattern exhibited by these mAbs and the pattern obtained using a goat anti-CI-MPR serum, indicating the recognition by B-24 and B-33 of a structure located predominantly in late endosomes. Sequence analysis of the V-region gene segments of B-33 and B-24 showed both to be identical, except for the existence of a point mutation in B-33 located in the H-complementarity-determining region 3 (H-CDR3) (position 100D), which produces a non-conservative replacement of Gly by Ser. This single replacement appears to be responsible for the dramatic change in reactivity of human mAb B-33. The data shown here provide new evidence of the critical role played by the H-CDR3 region in distinguishing a polyspecific from a monospecific antibody. A population study demonstrated the existence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) reactivity against CI-MPR/IGF-2R in serum specimens from five individuals with different pathological conditions, thus indicating that this molecule is a potential target for the human autoimmune response.  (+info)

Wavelength and fluence effect on vascular damage with photodynamic therapy on skin. (4/164)

Normal skin phototoxicity is clinically predictable during photodynamic therapy with light at 690 and 458 nm wavelengths, in the first 5 h after intravenous bolus infusion of benzoporphyrin derivative mono-acid ring A. This study goal was to determine histologic milestones that lead to tissue necrosis with exposure to red (690 nm) and blue (458 nm) light. The threshold doses for skin necrosis on rabbits were equal at both wavelengths. Lower, equal to, and higher than threshold fluences were delivered in duplicates at hourly intervals, with 40% increments, at constant irradiance. Pathology specimens from irradiated and control sites, were collected at 0, 2, 7, 24, 48 h, and 2 wk after treatment and were paired to equivalent treated sites for clinical evaluation. Immediately after irradiation, at 690 and 458 nm thresholds, light microscopy showed stasis and inflammatory infiltrate in the papillary dermis, respectively; electron microscopy demonstrated pericyte and endothelial cell damage - greater at 690 than 458 nm. At day 1, vascular stasis in the dermis showed a steeper dose-response with red than blue light, and led to necrosis of skin appendages (day 1) and epidermis (days 1-2) at both wavelengths. Sub-threshold fluences induced similar, but significantly milder (p < 0.05) changes and epidermis recovered. Skin necrosis, at threshold fluences in photodynamic therapy with benzoporphyrin derivative mono-acid ring A, was primarily due to vascular compromise to a depth potentially reaching the subcutaneous muscle at 690 nm, whereas at 458 nm vascular damage was confined to upper dermis. This system facilitates selective destruction of skin vasculature, sparing normal epidermis.  (+info)

Clotting alterations in primary systemic amyloidosis. (5/164)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The bleeding manifestations frequently observed in patients with immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) have been attributed to different pathogenetic factors: amyloid deposits in several organs and systems leading to failures of these latter, the affinity of amyloid for some clotting factors, and the presence of plasma components interfering with fibrin formation could all induce alterations of clotting tests. This investigation was aimed at defining the prevalence of clotting abnormalities and their clinical manifestations in patients with AL. DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty-six consecutive patients with biopsy proven amyloidosis and documented monoclonal gammapathy were enrolled within one year. The following clotting tests were considered in the study: activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), reptilase time (RT), Russell's viper venom time (RVTT), fibrinogen, factor X and alpha-2 antiplasmin. RESULTS: Hemorrhagic manifestations were mild to moderate in nine patients, but severe and untractable in one. The most frequent clotting anomaly was defective fibrinogen conversion to fibrin, as demonstrated by prolongation of both TT (85% of cases) and RT (90% of cases). Low levels of factor X activity were observed in about 1 out of 4 samples, while fibrinogen and alpha2 antiplasmin levels were distributed over a wide range of values. PT was prolonged in 8 and aPTT in 25 patients. The search for lupus anticoagulant was negative in samples showing a prolongation of aPTT and/or RVVT. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: The prolongation of TT and RT is not dependent on either the presence of a heparin-like substance in the plasma or on fibrinogen levels; furthermore, the prolongation of RVVT is not related to factor X level. The hypothesized presence in the plasma of an inhibitor of fibrin formation could also affect factor X activation by Russell viper venom. The prolongation of TT and RT represents a peculiar feature of amyloidosis. The variability in the behavior of the other clotting times and hemostatic factors studied is mirrored in the heterogeneity of the clinical features observed in this disease.  (+info)

The management of fever and petechiae: making sense of rash decisions. (6/164)

In a retrospective and prospective audit of 55 children presenting to the paediatric assessment unit of a district general hospital with fever and petechial rash, 9% had significant bacterial sepsis. The "ILL criteria" (irritability, lethargy, low capillary refill) for the management of children with fever and petechiae are proposed.  (+info)

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: confirmation of diagnosis with in vitro methods. (7/164)

Profound thrombocytopenia developed in a patient during treatment with heparin for venous thrombosis. The platelet count increased toward normal when heparin administration was stopped, but fell abruptly when the drug was again given. Platelet aggregation occurred when heparin was added to the patient's platelet-rich plasma, or to normal platelets plus the patient's serum. This serum also effected release of 3H-serotonin from normal platelets. This pattern of aggregation was clearly different from that occasionally caused by heparin in a control population. The data is consistent with an effect of heparin on platelets, possibly mediated by on immune mechanism.  (+info)

Post-transfusion purpura: a heterogeneous syndrome. (8/164)

Three new patients with post-transfusion purpura (PTP) are described. As the manifestations in two differ significantly from those of previously reported cases, they serve to expand the definition of this syndrome. Although all 14 previously reported cases have occurred in Pl-A1-negative females, one of our patients was a Pl-A-negative male. Moreover, a female whose postrecovery platelets possessed the Pl-A1 antigen is described. Antiplatelet antibody activity was detected in all three patients by the 51Cr release test; in contrast, only one reacted in the complement (C) fixation assay. Serum obtained during the acute episode from the PlA1-positive patient reacted against platelets from four of 11 normals by C fixation and against platelets from 48 of 53 normals by 51Cr release, including five of nine Pl-A1-negative platelet samples. This case represents the first instance of PTP in which the platelet isoantibody was not specifically directed against the Pl-A1 antigen. These observations suggest that PTP may be a more heterogeneous disorder than previously realized.  (+info)

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is a type of small vessel vasculitis, which is a condition characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels. HSP primarily affects children, but it can occur in adults as well. It is named after two German physicians, Eduard Heinrich Henoch and Johann Schönlein, who first described the condition in the mid-19th century.

The main feature of HSP is a purpuric rash, which is a type of rash that appears as small, red or purple spots on the skin. The rash is caused by leakage of blood from the small blood vessels (capillaries) beneath the skin. In HSP, this rash typically occurs on the legs and buttocks, but it can also affect other parts of the body, such as the arms, face, and trunk.

In addition to the purpuric rash, HSP is often accompanied by other symptoms, such as joint pain and swelling, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In severe cases, it can also affect the kidneys, leading to hematuria (blood in the urine) and proteinuria (protein in the urine).

The exact cause of HSP is not known, but it is thought to be related to an abnormal immune response to certain triggers, such as infections or medications. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as pain relief and fluid replacement, as well as medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. In most cases, HSP resolves on its own within a few weeks or months, but it can lead to serious complications in some individuals.

Purpura is a medical term that refers to the appearance of purple-colored spots on the skin or mucous membranes, caused by bleeding underneath the skin due to various factors such as blood clotting disorders, vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels), severe thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), or use of certain medications. These spots can vary in size and shape, ranging from small pinpoint hemorrhages (petechiae) to larger, irregularly shaped patches (ecchymoses). The bleeding is usually not caused by trauma or injury to the area. It's important to consult a healthcare professional if you notice any unexplained purpuric spots on your skin or mucous membranes, as they can indicate an underlying medical condition that requires further evaluation and treatment.

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) is a medical condition characterized by a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) in the blood without an identifiable cause. Platelets are small blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. When you don't have enough platelets, you may bleed excessively or spontaneously, causing purpura, which refers to purple-colored spots on the skin that result from bleeding under the skin.

In ITP, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys platelets, leading to their decreased levels in the blood. This condition can occur at any age but is more common in children following a viral infection, and in adults after the age of 30-40 years. Symptoms may include easy or excessive bruising, prolonged bleeding from cuts, spontaneous bleeding from the gums or nose, blood blisters, and small red or purple spots on the skin (petechiae).

Depending on the severity of thrombocytopenia and the presence of bleeding symptoms, ITP treatment may include observation, corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), or other medications that modify the immune system's response. In severe cases or when other treatments are ineffective, surgical removal of the spleen (splenectomy) might be considered.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare but serious blood disorder. It's characterized by the formation of small blood clots throughout the body, which can lead to serious complications such as low platelet count (thrombocytopenia), hemolytic anemia, neurological symptoms, and kidney damage.

The term "purpura" refers to the purple-colored spots on the skin that result from bleeding under the skin. In TTP, these spots are caused by the rupture of red blood cells that have been damaged by the abnormal clotting process.

TTP is often caused by a deficiency or inhibitor of ADAMTS13, a protein in the blood that helps to regulate the formation of blood clots. This deficiency or inhibitor can lead to the formation of large clots called microthrombi, which can block small blood vessels throughout the body and cause tissue damage.

TTP is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment with plasma exchange therapy, which involves removing and replacing the patient's plasma to restore normal levels of ADAMTS13 and prevent further clotting. Other treatments may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and rituximab.

Purpura fulminans is a severe, life-threatening condition characterized by the rapid progression of hemorrhagic purpura (discoloration of the skin due to bleeding under the skin) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), leading to thrombosis and necrosis of the skin and underlying tissues. It can be classified into two types: acute infectious purpura fulminans, which is caused by bacterial infections such as meningococcus or pneumococcus; and chronic purpura fulminans, which is associated with autoimmune disorders or protein C or S deficiencies. The condition can lead to serious complications such as sepsis, organ failure, and death if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

Hyperglobulinemic purpura is a medical condition characterized by the presence of purple-colored spots on the skin (purpura) due to bleeding under the skin caused by an abnormal increase in certain types of proteins called globulins in the blood. This condition is often associated with various underlying diseases, such as autoimmune disorders, infections, or cancer, that can lead to excessive production of these proteins.

The increased levels of globulins can cause damage to the walls of small blood vessels (capillaries), leading to leakage of red blood cells and plasma into the surrounding tissues. This results in the characteristic purpuric lesions on the skin, which may vary in size and distribution. In addition to skin manifestations, hyperglobulinemic purpura can also affect other organs, such as the kidneys, leading to further complications.

It is important to note that hyperglobulinemic purpura is a relatively rare condition, and its diagnosis typically requires a thorough evaluation of the patient's medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies to identify the underlying cause and determine appropriate treatment.

Plasma exchange, also known as plasmapheresis, is a medical procedure where the liquid portion of the blood (plasma) is separated from the blood cells. The plasma, which may contain harmful substances such as antibodies, clotting factors, or toxins, is then removed and replaced with fresh plasma or a plasma substitute. This process helps to remove the harmful substances from the blood and allows the body to replenish its own plasma with normal components. Plasma exchange is used in the treatment of various medical conditions including autoimmune diseases, poisonings, and certain types of kidney diseases.

A splenectomy is a surgical procedure in which the spleen is removed from the body. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, near the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays several important roles in the body, including fighting certain types of infections, removing old or damaged red blood cells from the circulation, and storing platelets and white blood cells.

There are several reasons why a splenectomy may be necessary, including:

* Trauma to the spleen that cannot be repaired
* Certain types of cancer, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
* Sickle cell disease, which can cause the spleen to enlarge and become damaged
* A ruptured spleen, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly
* Certain blood disorders, such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) or hemolytic anemia

A splenectomy is typically performed under general anesthesia and may be done using open surgery or laparoscopically. After the spleen is removed, the incision(s) are closed with sutures or staples. Recovery time varies depending on the individual and the type of surgery performed, but most people are able to return to their normal activities within a few weeks.

It's important to note that following a splenectomy, individuals may be at increased risk for certain types of infections, so it's recommended that they receive vaccinations to help protect against these infections. They should also seek medical attention promptly if they develop fever, chills, or other signs of infection.

A platelet count is a laboratory test that measures the number of platelets, also known as thrombocytes, in a sample of blood. Platelets are small, colorless cell fragments that circulate in the blood and play a crucial role in blood clotting. They help to stop bleeding by sticking together to form a plug at the site of an injured blood vessel.

A normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter (µL) of blood. A lower than normal platelet count is called thrombocytopenia, while a higher than normal platelet count is known as thrombocytosis.

Abnormal platelet counts can be a sign of various medical conditions, including bleeding disorders, infections, certain medications, and some types of cancer. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider if you have any concerns about your platelet count or if you experience symptoms such as easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, or excessive menstrual flow.

ADAM (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease) proteins are a family of type I transmembrane proteins that contain several distinct domains, including a prodomain, a metalloprotease domain, a disintegrin-like domain, a cysteine-rich domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. These proteins are involved in various biological processes such as cell adhesion, migration, proteolysis, and signal transduction.

ADAM proteins have been found to play important roles in many physiological and pathological conditions, including fertilization, neurodevelopment, inflammation, and cancer metastasis. For example, ADAM12 is involved in the fusion of myoblasts during muscle development, while ADAM17 (also known as TACE) plays a crucial role in the shedding of membrane-bound proteins such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor ligands.

Abnormalities in ADAM protein function have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and arthritis. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of these proteins has important implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Human platelet antigens (HPAs) are a group of cell surface proteins found on platelets and megakaryocytes, which are the precursor cells that produce platelets. These antigens can stimulate an immune response when they are recognized as foreign by the body's immune system, leading to the production of antibodies against them.

HPAs are classified into several different systems based on their genetic inheritance and immunological properties. The most well-known HPA systems are HPA-1, HPA-2, HPA-3, HPA-4, and HPA-5. Each system consists of a pair of alleles, one inherited from each parent, that code for different variants of the antigen.

HPAs can play a role in the development of certain bleeding disorders, such as neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) and post-transfusion purpura (PTP). NAIT occurs when a pregnant woman develops antibodies against her fetus's HPAs, leading to low platelet counts and bleeding in the newborn. PTP can occur after a transfusion of blood products containing HPAs that are not compatible with the recipient's HPAs, leading to an immune response and destruction of the transfused platelets.

It is important for healthcare providers to consider HPA compatibility when performing platelet transfusions or managing pregnant women at risk of developing antibodies against HPAs.

Plasmapheresis is a medical procedure where the liquid portion of the blood (plasma) is separated from the blood cells. The plasma, which may contain harmful substances such as antibodies or toxins, is then removed and replaced with fresh plasma or a plasma substitute. The remaining blood cells are mixed with the new plasma and returned to the body. This process is also known as therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). It's used to treat various medical conditions including certain autoimmune diseases, poisonings, and neurological disorders.

Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG) are a preparation of antibodies, specifically immunoglobulins, that are derived from the plasma of healthy donors. They are administered intravenously to provide passive immunity and help boost the immune system's response in individuals with weakened or compromised immune systems. IVIG can be used for various medical conditions such as primary immunodeficiency disorders, secondary immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and some infectious diseases. The administration of IVIG can help prevent infections, reduce the severity and frequency of infections, and manage the symptoms of certain autoimmune disorders. It is important to note that while IVIG provides temporary immunity, it does not replace a person's own immune system.

Danazol is a synthetic, orally active androgenic steroid with antigonadotropic properties. It is used primarily in the treatment of endometriosis, fibrocystic breast disease, and hereditary angioedema. Danazol works by suppressing the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn inhibits the growth of ovarian tissue and reduces the production of estrogen and progesterone. This leads to a decrease in the symptoms associated with endometriosis and fibrocystic breast disease. In the case of hereditary angioedema, danazol helps prevent attacks by increasing the levels of a protein called C1 esterase inhibitor, which is necessary for regulating the immune system and preventing inflammation.

The common side effects of danazol include weight gain, acne, oily skin, increased hair growth, changes in menstrual cycle, decreased breast size, deepening of the voice, and emotional lability. Rare but serious side effects may include liver damage, blood clots, and adrenal gland problems. Danazol is contraindicated in pregnancy due to its potential virilizing effects on the fetus. It should be used with caution in individuals with a history of liver disease, heart disease, or seizure disorders.

The medical definition of danazol can be summarized as follows:

Danazol (dan-a-zole)

A synthetic androgenic steroid with antigonadotropic properties, used primarily in the treatment of endometriosis, fibrocystic breast disease, and hereditary angioedema. Danazol suppresses the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland, inhibiting ovarian tissue growth and reducing estrogen and progesterone production. In hereditary angioedema, danazol increases C1 esterase inhibitor levels to prevent attacks. Common side effects include weight gain, acne, increased hair growth, menstrual changes, decreased breast size, deepened voice, and emotional lability. Rare but serious side effects may involve liver damage, blood clots, or adrenal gland problems. Danazol is contraindicated in pregnancy due to potential virilizing effects on the fetus and should be used with caution in individuals with a history of liver disease, heart disease, or seizure disorders.

Blood platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that play an essential role in normal blood clotting. They are formed in the bone marrow from large cells called megakaryocytes and circulate in the blood in an inactive state until they are needed to help stop bleeding. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets become activated and change shape, releasing chemicals that attract more platelets to the site of injury. These activated platelets then stick together to form a plug, or clot, that seals the wound and prevents further blood loss. In addition to their role in clotting, platelets also help to promote healing by releasing growth factors that stimulate the growth of new tissue.

Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is a serious condition that affects the blood and kidneys. It is characterized by three major features: the breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis), the abnormal clotting of small blood vessels (microthrombosis), and acute kidney failure.

The breakdown of red blood cells leads to the release of hemoglobin into the bloodstream, which can cause anemia. The microthrombi can obstruct the flow of blood in the kidneys' filtering system (glomeruli), leading to damaged kidney function and potentially acute kidney failure.

HUS is often caused by a bacterial infection, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli) that produces Shiga toxins. This form of HUS is known as STEC-HUS or Stx-HUS. Other causes include infections with other bacteria, viruses, medications, pregnancy complications, and certain medical conditions such as autoimmune diseases.

Symptoms of HUS may include fever, fatigue, decreased urine output, blood in the stool, swelling in the face, hands, or feet, and irritability or confusion. Treatment typically involves supportive care, including dialysis for kidney failure, transfusions to replace lost red blood cells, and managing high blood pressure. In severe cases, a kidney transplant may be necessary.

Nephritis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the kidneys, specifically affecting the glomeruli - the tiny filtering units inside the kidneys. The condition can cause damage to the glomeruli, leading to impaired kidney function and the leakage of protein and blood into the urine.

Nephritis can result from a variety of causes, including infections, autoimmune disorders, and exposure to certain medications or toxins. Depending on the severity and underlying cause, nephritis may be treated with medications, dietary modifications, or other therapies aimed at reducing inflammation and preserving kidney function. In severe cases, hospitalization and more intensive treatments may be necessary.

Ecchymosis is a medical term that refers to a discoloration of the skin caused by the leakage of blood from ruptured blood vessels into the tissues beneath. It is typically caused by trauma or injury to the affected area, which results in the escape of blood from the damaged blood vessels. The escaped blood collects under the skin, causing a bruise or a purple, blue, or blackish patch on the skin's surface.

Ecchymosis can occur anywhere on the body and can vary in size and shape depending on the extent of the injury. While ecchymosis is generally harmless and resolves on its own within a few days to a week, it can be a sign of an underlying medical condition, such as a bleeding disorder or a blood vessel abnormality. In these cases, further evaluation and treatment may be necessary.

Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, cutaneous is a type of vasculitis that is limited to the skin. Vasculitis refers to inflammation of the blood vessels, which can cause damage to the vessel walls and impair blood flow to various tissues in the body. In leukocytoclastic vasculitis, the small blood vessels (capillaries and venules) in the skin become inflamed, leading to damage and destruction of the vessel walls.

The term "leukocytoclastic" refers to the presence of nuclear debris from white blood cells (leukocytes) that have been destroyed within the affected blood vessels. This type of vasculitis is often associated with the deposition of immune complexes (formed by the interaction between antibodies and antigens) in the walls of the blood vessels, which triggers an inflammatory response.

Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis typically presents as palpable purpura (small to large, raised, purple or red spots on the skin), usually located on the lower extremities, but can also affect other areas of the body. Other symptoms may include burning or itching sensations in the affected area, and in some cases, ulcers or necrosis (tissue death) may occur.

The diagnosis of cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis is typically made based on clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and histopathological examination of a skin biopsy specimen. Treatment usually involves addressing any underlying causes or triggers, as well as managing symptoms with medications such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents.

Leg dermatoses is a general term that refers to various skin conditions affecting the legs. This can include a wide range of inflammatory, infectious, or degenerative diseases that cause symptoms such as redness, itching, scaling, blistering, or pigmentation changes on the leg skin. Examples of specific leg dermatoses include stasis dermatitis, venous eczema, contact dermatitis, lichen planus, psoriasis, and cellulitis among others. Accurate diagnosis usually requires a thorough examination and sometimes a biopsy to determine the specific type of dermatosis and appropriate treatment.

Hematologic pregnancy complications refer to disorders related to the blood and blood-forming tissues that occur during pregnancy. These complications can have serious consequences for both the mother and the fetus if not properly managed. Some common hematologic pregnancy complications include:

1. Anemia: A condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood, which can lead to fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia during pregnancy.
2. Thrombocytopenia: A condition characterized by a decrease in the number of platelets (cells that help blood clot) in the blood. Mild thrombocytopenia is relatively common during pregnancy, but severe thrombocytopenia can increase the risk of bleeding during delivery.
3. Gestational thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (GTTP): A rare but serious disorder that can cause blood clots to form in small blood vessels throughout the body, leading to a decrease in the number of platelets and red blood cells. GTTP can cause serious complications such as stroke, kidney failure, and even death if not promptly diagnosed and treated.
4. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): A condition characterized by abnormal clotting and bleeding throughout the body. DIC can be triggered by various conditions such as severe infections, pregnancy complications, or cancer.
5. Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome: A serious complication of pregnancy that can cause damage to the liver and lead to bleeding. HELLP syndrome is often associated with preeclampsia, a condition characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys.

It's important for pregnant women to receive regular prenatal care to monitor for these and other potential complications, and to seek prompt medical attention if any concerning symptoms arise.

Autoantibodies are defined as antibodies that are produced by the immune system and target the body's own cells, tissues, or organs. These antibodies mistakenly identify certain proteins or molecules in the body as foreign invaders and attack them, leading to an autoimmune response. Autoantibodies can be found in various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and thyroiditis. The presence of autoantibodies can also be used as a diagnostic marker for certain conditions.

Von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a large multimeric glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in hemostasis, the process which leads to the cessation of bleeding and the formation of a blood clot. It was named after Erik Adolf von Willebrand, a Finnish physician who first described the disorder associated with its deficiency, known as von Willebrand disease (vWD).

The primary functions of vWF include:

1. Platelet adhesion and aggregation: vWF mediates the initial attachment of platelets to damaged blood vessel walls by binding to exposed collagen fibers and then interacting with glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) receptors on the surface of platelets, facilitating platelet adhesion. Subsequently, vWF also promotes platelet-platelet interactions (aggregation) through its interaction with platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) receptors under high shear stress conditions found in areas of turbulent blood flow, such as arterioles and the capillary bed.

2. Transport and stabilization of coagulation factor VIII: vWF serves as a carrier protein for coagulation factor VIII (FVIII), protecting it from proteolytic degradation and maintaining its stability in circulation. This interaction between vWF and FVIII is essential for the proper functioning of the coagulation cascade, particularly in the context of vWD, where impaired FVIII function can lead to bleeding disorders.

3. Wound healing: vWF contributes to wound healing by promoting platelet adhesion and aggregation at the site of injury, which facilitates the formation of a provisional fibrin-based clot that serves as a scaffold for tissue repair and regeneration.

In summary, von Willebrand factor is a vital hemostatic protein involved in platelet adhesion, aggregation, coagulation factor VIII stabilization, and wound healing. Deficiencies or dysfunctions in vWF can lead to bleeding disorders such as von Willebrand disease.

Thrombocytopenia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low platelet count (thrombocytes) in the blood. Platelets are small cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting, helping to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged. A healthy adult typically has a platelet count between 150,000 and 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. Thrombocytopenia is usually diagnosed when the platelet count falls below 150,000 platelets/µL.

Thrombocytopenia can be classified into three main categories based on its underlying cause:

1. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP): An autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own platelets, leading to a decreased platelet count. ITP can be further divided into primary or secondary forms, depending on whether it occurs alone or as a result of another medical condition or medication.
2. Decreased production: Thrombocytopenia can occur when there is insufficient production of platelets in the bone marrow due to various causes, such as viral infections, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, leukemia, aplastic anemia, or vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.
3. Increased destruction or consumption: Thrombocytopenia can also result from increased platelet destruction or consumption due to conditions like disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), or severe bacterial infections.

Symptoms of thrombocytopenia may include easy bruising, prolonged bleeding from cuts, spontaneous nosebleeds, bleeding gums, blood in urine or stools, and skin rashes like petechiae (small red or purple spots) or purpura (larger patches). The severity of symptoms can vary depending on the degree of thrombocytopenia and the presence of any underlying conditions. Treatment for thrombocytopenia depends on the cause and may include medications, transfusions, or addressing the underlying condition.

A platelet transfusion is the process of medically administering platelets, which are small blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. Platelet transfusions are often given to patients with low platelet counts or dysfunctional platelets due to various reasons such as chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and other medical conditions leading to increased consumption or destruction of platelets. This procedure helps to prevent or treat bleeding complications in these patients. It's important to note that platelet transfusions should be given under the supervision of a healthcare professional, taking into account the patient's clinical condition, platelet count, and potential risks associated with transfusion reactions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oklahoma" is not a medical term or condition. It is a state in the south central region of the United States. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them!

IGA glomerulonephritis (also known as Berger's disease) is a type of glomerulonephritis, which is a condition characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units in the kidneys. In IgA glomerulonephritis, the immune system produces an abnormal amount of IgA antibodies, which deposit in the glomeruli and cause inflammation. This can lead to symptoms such as blood in the urine, protein in the urine, and swelling in the legs and feet. In some cases, it can also lead to kidney failure. The exact cause of IgA glomerulonephritis is not known, but it is often associated with other conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain medications.

Hemolytic anemia, autoimmune is a type of anemia characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own RBCs. This occurs when the body produces autoantibodies that bind to the surface of RBCs, leading to their rupture (hemolysis). The symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and dark colored urine. The diagnosis is made through blood tests that measure the number and size of RBCs, reticulocyte count, and the presence of autoantibodies. Treatment typically involves suppressing the immune system with medications such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs, and sometimes removal of the spleen (splenectomy) may be necessary.

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the immune system, which normally protects the body from foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues. This results in inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues in the body.

In autoimmune diseases, the body produces autoantibodies that target its own proteins or cell receptors, leading to their destruction or malfunction. The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is not fully understood, but it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development.

There are over 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific autoimmune disease and the organs or tissues affected. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and suppressing the immune system to prevent further damage.

Metalloendopeptidases are a type of enzymes that cleave peptide bonds in proteins, specifically at interior positions within the polypeptide chain. They require metal ions as cofactors for their catalytic activity, typically zinc (Zn2+) or cobalt (Co2+). These enzymes play important roles in various biological processes such as protein degradation, processing, and signaling. Examples of metalloendopeptidases include thermolysin, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and neutrophil elastase.

Monoclonal murine-derived antibodies are a type of laboratory-produced antibody that is identical in structure, having been derived from a single clone of cells. These antibodies are created using mouse cells and are therefore composed entirely of mouse immune proteins. They are designed to bind specifically to a particular target protein or antigen, making them useful tools for research, diagnostic testing, and therapeutic applications.

Monoclonal antibodies offer several advantages over polyclonal antibodies (which are derived from multiple clones of cells and can recognize multiple epitopes on an antigen). Monoclonal antibodies have a consistent and uniform structure, making them more reliable for research and diagnostic purposes. They also have higher specificity and affinity for their target antigens, allowing for more sensitive detection and measurement.

However, there are some limitations to using monoclonal murine-derived antibodies in therapeutic applications. Because they are composed entirely of mouse proteins, they can elicit an immune response in humans, leading to the production of human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMA) that can neutralize their effectiveness. To overcome this limitation, researchers have developed chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies that incorporate human protein sequences, reducing the risk of an immune response.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

Prednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug, which is a class of steroid hormones. It is commonly used in the treatment of various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions due to its potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Prednisolone works by binding to specific receptors in cells, leading to changes in gene expression that reduce the production of substances involved in inflammation, such as cytokines and prostaglandins.

Prednisolone is available in various forms, including tablets, syrups, and injectable solutions. It can be used to treat a wide range of medical conditions, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, allergies, skin conditions, and certain types of cancer.

Like other steroid medications, prednisolone can have significant side effects if used in high doses or for long periods of time. These may include weight gain, mood changes, increased risk of infections, osteoporosis, diabetes, and adrenal suppression. As a result, the use of prednisolone should be closely monitored by a healthcare professional to ensure that its benefits outweigh its risks.

Hemolytic anemia is a type of anemia that occurs when red blood cells are destroyed (hemolysis) faster than they can be produced. Red blood cells are essential for carrying oxygen throughout the body. When they are destroyed, hemoglobin and other cellular components are released into the bloodstream, which can lead to complications such as kidney damage and gallstones.

Hemolytic anemia can be inherited or acquired. Inherited forms of the condition may result from genetic defects that affect the structure or function of red blood cells. Acquired forms of hemolytic anemia can be caused by various factors, including infections, medications, autoimmune disorders, and certain medical conditions such as cancer or blood disorders.

Symptoms of hemolytic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, and a rapid heartbeat. Treatment for hemolytic anemia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, blood transfusions, or surgery.

The adrenal cortex hormones are a group of steroid hormones produced and released by the outer portion (cortex) of the adrenal glands, which are located on top of each kidney. These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes, including:

1. Glucose metabolism: Cortisol helps control blood sugar levels by increasing glucose production in the liver and reducing its uptake in peripheral tissues.
2. Protein and fat metabolism: Cortisol promotes protein breakdown and fatty acid mobilization, providing essential building blocks for energy production during stressful situations.
3. Immune response regulation: Cortisol suppresses immune function to prevent overactivation and potential damage to the body during stress.
4. Cardiovascular function: Aldosterone regulates electrolyte balance and blood pressure by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
5. Sex hormone production: The adrenal cortex produces small amounts of sex hormones, such as androgens and estrogens, which contribute to sexual development and function.
6. Growth and development: Cortisol plays a role in normal growth and development by influencing the activity of growth-promoting hormones like insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

The main adrenal cortex hormones include:

1. Glucocorticoids: Cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid, responsible for regulating metabolism and stress response.
2. Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid, involved in electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation.
3. Androgens: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate derivative (DHEAS) are the most abundant adrenal androgens, contributing to sexual development and function.
4. Estrogens: Small amounts of estrogens are produced by the adrenal cortex, mainly in women.

Disorders related to impaired adrenal cortex hormone production or regulation can lead to various clinical manifestations, such as Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency), Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism), and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.

Methylprednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug, which is a class of hormones that naturally occur in the body and are produced by the adrenal gland. It is often used to treat various medical conditions such as inflammation, allergies, and autoimmune disorders. Methylprednisolone works by reducing the activity of the immune system, which helps to reduce symptoms such as swelling, pain, and redness.

Methylprednisolone is available in several forms, including tablets, oral suspension, and injectable solutions. It may be used for short-term or long-term treatment, depending on the condition being treated. Common side effects of methylprednisolone include increased appetite, weight gain, insomnia, mood changes, and increased susceptibility to infections. Long-term use of methylprednisolone can lead to more serious side effects such as osteoporosis, cataracts, and adrenal suppression.

It is important to note that methylprednisolone should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can cause serious side effects if not used properly. The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on various factors such as the patient's age, weight, medical history, and the condition being treated.

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a glycoprotein hormone that plays a crucial role in the regulation of platelet production, also known as thrombopoiesis. It is primarily produced by the liver and to some extent by megakaryocytes, which are the cells responsible for producing platelets.

TPO binds to its receptor, c-Mpl, on the surface of megakaryocytes and their precursor cells, stimulating their proliferation, differentiation, and maturation into platelets. By regulating the number of platelets in circulation, TPO helps maintain hemostasis, the process that prevents excessive bleeding after injury.

In addition to its role in thrombopoiesis, TPO has been shown to have potential effects on other cell types, including hematopoietic stem cells and certain immune cells. However, its primary function remains the regulation of platelet production.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of the human body. It is primarily found in external secretions, such as saliva, tears, breast milk, and sweat, as well as in mucous membranes lining the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. IgA exists in two forms: a monomeric form found in serum and a polymeric form found in secretions.

The primary function of IgA is to provide immune protection at mucosal surfaces, which are exposed to various environmental antigens, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and allergens. By doing so, it helps prevent the entry and colonization of pathogens into the body, reducing the risk of infections and inflammation.

IgA functions by binding to antigens present on the surface of pathogens or allergens, forming immune complexes that can neutralize their activity. These complexes are then transported across the epithelial cells lining mucosal surfaces and released into the lumen, where they prevent the adherence and invasion of pathogens.

In summary, Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a vital antibody that provides immune defense at mucosal surfaces by neutralizing and preventing the entry of harmful antigens into the body.

Immunologic factors refer to the elements of the immune system that contribute to the body's defense against foreign substances, infectious agents, and cancerous cells. These factors include various types of white blood cells (such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils), antibodies, complement proteins, cytokines, and other molecules involved in the immune response.

Immunologic factors can be categorized into two main types: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the non-specific defense mechanism that provides immediate protection against pathogens through physical barriers (e.g., skin, mucous membranes), chemical barriers (e.g., stomach acid, enzymes), and inflammatory responses. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is a specific defense mechanism that develops over time as the immune system learns to recognize and respond to particular pathogens or antigens.

Abnormalities in immunologic factors can lead to various medical conditions, such as autoimmune disorders, immunodeficiency diseases, and allergies. Therefore, understanding immunologic factors is crucial for diagnosing and treating these conditions.

Platelet membrane glycoproteins are specialized proteins found on the surface of platelets, which are small blood cells responsible for clotting. These glycoproteins play crucial roles in various processes related to hemostasis and thrombosis, including platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation.

There are several key platelet membrane glycoproteins, such as:

1. Glycoprotein (GP) Ia/IIa (also known as integrin α2β1): This glycoprotein mediates the binding of platelets to collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix, facilitating platelet adhesion and activation.
2. GP IIb/IIIa (also known as integrin αIIbβ3): This is the most abundant glycoprotein on the platelet surface and functions as a receptor for fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive proteins. Upon activation, GP IIb/IIIa undergoes conformational changes that enable it to bind these ligands, leading to platelet aggregation and clot formation.
3. GPIb-IX-V: This glycoprotein complex is involved in the initial tethering and adhesion of platelets to von Willebrand factor (vWF) in damaged blood vessels. It consists of four subunits: GPIbα, GPIbβ, GPIX, and GPV.
4. GPVI: This glycoprotein is essential for platelet activation upon contact with collagen. It associates with the Fc receptor γ-chain (FcRγ) to form a signaling complex that triggers intracellular signaling pathways, leading to platelet activation and aggregation.

Abnormalities in these platelet membrane glycoproteins can lead to bleeding disorders or thrombotic conditions. For example, mutations in GPIIb/IIIa can result in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, a severe bleeding disorder characterized by impaired platelet aggregation. On the other hand, increased expression or activation of these glycoproteins may contribute to the development of arterial thrombosis and cardiovascular diseases.

Pigmentation disorders are conditions that affect the production or distribution of melanin, the pigment responsible for the color of skin, hair, and eyes. These disorders can cause changes in the color of the skin, resulting in areas that are darker (hyperpigmentation) or lighter (hypopigmentation) than normal. Examples of pigmentation disorders include melasma, age spots, albinism, and vitiligo. The causes, symptoms, and treatments for these conditions can vary widely, so it is important to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

Vasculitis is a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels, which can cause changes in the vessel walls including thickening, narrowing, or weakening. These changes can restrict blood flow, leading to organ and tissue damage. The specific symptoms and severity of vasculitis depend on the size and location of the affected blood vessels and the extent of inflammation. Vasculitis can affect any organ system in the body, and its causes can vary, including infections, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to certain medications or chemicals.

Cryoglobulinemia is a medical condition characterized by the presence of abnormal proteins called cryoglobulins in the blood. These proteins become insoluble at lower temperatures and can form immune complexes that can cause inflammation and damage to small blood vessels when they precipitate in cooler parts of the body.

Cryoglobulinemia is often associated with underlying conditions such as autoimmune diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus), chronic infections (such as hepatitis C), and certain types of cancer (such as lymphoma). Symptoms can vary widely, but may include purpura (purple spots on the skin), joint pain, peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage causing numbness or weakness), fatigue, and kidney problems.

The diagnosis of cryoglobulinemia is typically made by detecting cryoglobulins in the blood through a special test that requires the blood sample to be kept at cold temperatures. Treatment for cryoglobulinemia depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or chemotherapy drugs.

Isoantibodies are antibodies produced by the immune system that recognize and react to antigens (markers) found on the cells or tissues of another individual of the same species. These antigens are typically proteins or carbohydrates present on the surface of red blood cells, but they can also be found on other cell types.

Isoantibodies are formed when an individual is exposed to foreign antigens, usually through blood transfusions, pregnancy, or tissue transplantation. The exposure triggers the immune system to produce specific antibodies against these antigens, which can cause a harmful immune response if the individual receives another transfusion or transplant from the same donor in the future.

There are two main types of isoantibodies:

1. Agglutinins: These are IgM antibodies that cause red blood cells to clump together (agglutinate) when mixed with the corresponding antigen. They develop rapidly after exposure and can cause immediate transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the newborn in pregnant women.
2. Hemolysins: These are IgG antibodies that destroy red blood cells by causing their membranes to become more permeable, leading to lysis (bursting) of the cells and release of hemoglobin into the plasma. They take longer to develop but can cause delayed transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the newborn in pregnant women.

Isoantibodies are detected through blood tests, such as the crossmatch test, which determines compatibility between a donor's and recipient's blood before transfusions or transplants.

Recurrence, in a medical context, refers to the return of symptoms or signs of a disease after a period of improvement or remission. It indicates that the condition has not been fully eradicated and may require further treatment. Recurrence is often used to describe situations where a disease such as cancer comes back after initial treatment, but it can also apply to other medical conditions. The likelihood of recurrence varies depending on the type of disease and individual patient factors.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a complex medical condition characterized by the abnormal activation of the coagulation cascade, leading to the formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body. This process can result in the consumption of clotting factors and platelets, which can then lead to bleeding complications. DIC can be caused by a variety of underlying conditions, including sepsis, trauma, cancer, and obstetric emergencies.

The term "disseminated" refers to the widespread nature of the clotting activation, while "intravascular" indicates that the clotting is occurring within the blood vessels. The condition can manifest as both bleeding and clotting complications, which can make it challenging to diagnose and manage.

The diagnosis of DIC typically involves laboratory tests that evaluate coagulation factors, platelet count, fibrin degradation products, and other markers of coagulation activation. Treatment is focused on addressing the underlying cause of the condition while also managing any bleeding or clotting complications that may arise.

Hemorrhage is defined in the medical context as an excessive loss of blood from the circulatory system, which can occur due to various reasons such as injury, surgery, or underlying health conditions that affect blood clotting or the integrity of blood vessels. The bleeding may be internal, external, visible, or concealed, and it can vary in severity from minor to life-threatening, depending on the location and extent of the bleeding. Hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment to prevent further blood loss, organ damage, and potential death.

Complement C3 is a protein that plays a central role in the complement system, which is a part of the immune system that helps to clear pathogens and damaged cells from the body. Complement C3 can be activated through three different pathways: the classical pathway, the lectin pathway, and the alternative pathway. Once activated, it breaks down into two fragments, C3a and C3b.

C3a is an anaphylatoxin that helps to recruit immune cells to the site of infection or injury, while C3b plays a role in opsonization, which is the process of coating pathogens or damaged cells with proteins to make them more recognizable to the immune system. Additionally, C3b can also activate the membrane attack complex (MAC), which forms a pore in the membrane of target cells leading to their lysis or destruction.

In summary, Complement C3 is an important protein in the complement system that helps to identify and eliminate pathogens and damaged cells from the body through various mechanisms.

Hematuria is a medical term that refers to the presence of blood in urine. It can be visible to the naked eye, which is called gross hematuria, or detected only under a microscope, known as microscopic hematuria. The blood in urine may come from any site along the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. Hematuria can be a symptom of various medical conditions, such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, kidney disease, or cancer of the urinary tract. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional if you notice blood in your urine to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are a type of autoantibody that specifically target certain proteins in the cytoplasm of neutrophils, which are a type of white blood cell. These antibodies are associated with several types of vasculitis, which is inflammation of the blood vessels.

There are two main types of ANCAs: perinuclear ANCAs (p-ANCAs) and cytoplasmic ANCAs (c-ANCAs). p-ANCAs are directed against myeloperoxidase, a protein found in neutrophil granules, while c-ANCAs target proteinase 3, another protein found in neutrophil granules.

The presence of ANCAs in the blood can indicate an increased risk for developing certain types of vasculitis, such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). ANCA testing is often used in conjunction with other clinical findings to help diagnose and manage these conditions.

It's important to note that while the presence of ANCAs can indicate an increased risk for vasculitis, not everyone with ANCAs will develop the condition. Additionally, ANCAs can also be found in some individuals without any associated disease, so their presence should be interpreted in the context of other clinical findings.

Thrombopoiesis is the process of formation and development of thrombocytes or platelets, which are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that play an essential role in clotting. Thrombopoiesis occurs inside the bone marrow, where stem cells differentiate into megakaryoblasts, then progressively develop into promegakaryocytes and megakaryocytes. These megakaryocytes subsequently undergo a process called cytoplasmic fragmentation to produce platelets.

The regulation of thrombopoiesis is primarily controlled by the hormone thrombopoietin (TPO), which is produced mainly in the liver and binds to the thrombopoietin receptor (c-Mpl) on megakaryocytes and their precursors. This binding stimulates the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of megakaryocytes, leading to an increase in platelet production.

Abnormalities in thrombopoiesis can result in conditions such as thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) or thrombocytosis (high platelet count), which may be associated with bleeding disorders or increased risk of thrombosis, respectively.

Meningococcal infections are caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, also known as meningococcus. These infections can take several forms, but the most common are meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) and septicemia (bloodstream infection). Meningococcal infections are contagious and can spread through respiratory droplets or close contact with an infected person. They can be serious and potentially life-threatening, requiring prompt medical attention and treatment with antibiotics. Symptoms of meningococcal meningitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light, while symptoms of septicemia may include fever, chills, rash, and severe muscle pain. Vaccination is available to prevent certain strains of meningococcal disease.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Pulse therapy, in the context of drug treatment, refers to a therapeutic regimen where a medication is administered in large doses for a short period of time, followed by a break or "drug-free" interval before the next dose. This cycle is then repeated at regular intervals. The goal of pulse therapy is to achieve high concentrations of the drug in the body to maximize its therapeutic effect while minimizing overall exposure and potential side effects.

This approach is often used for drugs that have a long half-life or slow clearance, as it allows for periodic "washing out" of the drug from the body. Pulse therapy can also help reduce the risk of developing drug resistance in certain conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and tuberculosis. Common examples include pulse methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis and intermittent preventive treatment with anti-malarial drugs.

It is important to note that the use of pulse therapy should be based on a thorough understanding of the drug's pharmacokinetics, therapeutic index, and potential adverse effects. Close monitoring of patients undergoing pulse therapy is essential to ensure safety and efficacy.

In the context of medicine, plasma refers to the clear, yellowish fluid that is the liquid component of blood. It's composed of water, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, clotting factors, and other proteins. Plasma serves as a transport medium for cells, nutrients, waste products, gases, and other substances throughout the body. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in the immune response and helps regulate various bodily functions.

Plasma can be collected from blood donors and processed into various therapeutic products, such as clotting factors for people with hemophilia or immunoglobulins for patients with immune deficiencies. This process is called plasma fractionation.

Megakaryocytes are large, specialized bone marrow cells that are responsible for the production and release of platelets (also known as thrombocytes) into the bloodstream. Platelets play an essential role in blood clotting and hemostasis, helping to prevent excessive bleeding during injuries or trauma.

Megakaryocytes have a unique structure with multilobed nuclei and abundant cytoplasm rich in organelles called alpha-granules and dense granules, which store various proteins, growth factors, and enzymes necessary for platelet function. As megakaryocytes mature, they extend long cytoplasmic processes called proplatelets into the bone marrow sinuses, where these extensions fragment into individual platelets that are released into circulation.

Abnormalities in megakaryocyte number, size, or function can lead to various hematological disorders, such as thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), thrombocytosis (high platelet count), and certain types of leukemia.

Levamisole is an anthelmintic medication used to treat parasitic worm infections. It works by paralyzing the worms, allowing the body to remove them from the system. In addition, levamisole has been used in veterinary medicine as an immunomodulator, a substance that affects the immune system.

In human medicine, levamisole was previously used in the treatment of colon cancer and autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. However, its use in these areas has largely been discontinued due to side effects and the availability of more effective treatments.

It is important to note that levamisole has also been identified as a common adulterant in cocaine, which can lead to various health issues, including agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in white blood cells), skin lesions, and neurological symptoms.

Hemoglobinuria is a medical condition characterized by the presence of hemoglobin in the urine. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Normally, when red blood cells die, they are broken down and their hemoglobin is recycled. However, in certain conditions such as intravascular hemolysis (the destruction of red blood cells inside blood vessels), hemoglobin can be released into the bloodstream and then filtered by the kidneys into the urine.

Hemoglobinuria can be a symptom of various underlying medical conditions, including hemolytic anemias, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), severe infections, snake bites, and exposure to certain toxins or medications. It is important to identify the underlying cause of hemoglobinuria, as treatment will depend on the specific condition.

In some cases, hemoglobinuria can lead to kidney damage due to the toxic effects of free hemoglobin on the renal tubules. This can result in acute or chronic kidney injury, and in severe cases, it may require dialysis or transplantation.

An antigen-antibody complex is a type of immune complex that forms when an antibody binds to a specific antigen. An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response, while an antibody is a protein produced by the immune system to neutralize or destroy foreign substances like antigens.

When an antibody binds to an antigen, it forms a complex that can be either soluble or insoluble. Soluble complexes are formed when the antigen is small and can move freely through the bloodstream. Insoluble complexes, on the other hand, are formed when the antigen is too large to move freely, such as when it is part of a bacterium or virus.

The formation of antigen-antibody complexes plays an important role in the immune response. Once formed, these complexes can be recognized and cleared by other components of the immune system, such as phagocytes, which help to prevent further damage to the body. However, in some cases, the formation of large numbers of antigen-antibody complexes can lead to inflammation and tissue damage, contributing to the development of certain autoimmune diseases.

Hematology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study of blood, its physiology, and pathophysiology. It involves the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to the blood and blood-forming organs such as the bone marrow, spleen, and lymphatic system. This includes disorders of red and white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, blood vessels, and coagulation (blood clotting). Some common hematological diseases include anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, sickle cell disease, and bleeding disorders like hemophilia.

Phenazopyridine is a medication that functions as a urinary analgesic, which means it helps to relieve pain, burning, and discomfort in the urinary tract. It works by numbing the lining of the urinary tract, reducing the sensation of pain upon urination. Phenazopyridine is typically available in oral form, and its use is generally limited to short-term treatment (up to 2 days) of symptoms associated with urinary tract infections.

It is important to note that phenazopyridine does not treat the underlying infection; it only helps alleviate the discomfort caused by the infection. Antibiotics are necessary to address the infection itself. Moreover, phenazopyridine can cause side effects such as headache, dizziness, and stomach upset. It may also stain urine, sweat, and tears a reddish-orange color, which is harmless but can be alarming if not anticipated. Always consult with a healthcare professional for appropriate medical advice and treatment.

Drug contamination refers to the presence of impurities or foreign substances in a pharmaceutical drug or medication. These impurities can include things like bacteria, chemicals, or other drugs that are not intended to be present in the final product. Drug contamination can occur at any stage during the production, storage, or distribution of a medication and can potentially lead to reduced effectiveness, increased side effects, or serious health risks for patients. It is closely monitored and regulated by various health authorities to ensure the safety and efficacy of medications.

Epistaxis is the medical term for nosebleed. It refers to the bleeding from the nostrils or nasal cavity, which can be caused by various factors such as dryness, trauma, inflammation, high blood pressure, or use of blood-thinning medications. Nosebleeds can range from minor nuisances to potentially life-threatening emergencies, depending on the severity and underlying cause. If you are experiencing a nosebleed that does not stop after 20 minutes of applying direct pressure, or if you are coughing up or vomiting blood, seek medical attention immediately.

Steroids, also known as corticosteroids, are a type of hormone that the adrenal gland produces in your body. They have many functions, such as controlling the balance of salt and water in your body and helping to reduce inflammation. Steroids can also be synthetically produced and used as medications to treat a variety of conditions, including allergies, asthma, skin conditions, and autoimmune disorders.

Steroid medications are available in various forms, such as oral pills, injections, creams, and inhalers. They work by mimicking the effects of natural hormones produced by your body, reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system's response to prevent or reduce symptoms. However, long-term use of steroids can have significant side effects, including weight gain, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and increased risk of infections.

It is important to note that anabolic steroids are a different class of drugs that are sometimes abused for their muscle-building properties. These steroids are synthetic versions of the male hormone testosterone and can have serious health consequences when taken in large doses or without medical supervision.

Splenic tuberculosis is a form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (ETB), which refers to a manifestation of the disease outside of the lungs. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

In splenic tuberculosis, the infection involves the spleen (an organ located in the upper left part of the abdomen that filters blood and helps fight infection). The infection can occur through the hematogenous spread (dissemination via the bloodstream) from a primary focus elsewhere in the body, such as the lungs.

The disease presents with various symptoms, including fever, fatigue, weight loss, abdominal pain, and splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen). Diagnosis often requires a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and microbiological or histopathological confirmation. Treatment typically involves a prolonged course of multidrug antibiotics to eliminate the infection and prevent complications.

Abdominal pain is defined as discomfort or painful sensation in the abdomen. The abdomen is the region of the body between the chest and the pelvis, and contains many important organs such as the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen. Abdominal pain can vary in intensity from mild to severe, and can be acute or chronic depending on the underlying cause.

Abdominal pain can have many different causes, ranging from benign conditions such as gastritis, indigestion, or constipation, to more serious conditions such as appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease, or abdominal aortic aneurysm. The location, quality, and duration of the pain can provide important clues about its cause. For example, sharp, localized pain in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen may indicate appendicitis, while crampy, diffuse pain in the lower abdomen may suggest irritable bowel syndrome.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience severe or persistent abdominal pain, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, vomiting, or bloody stools. A thorough physical examination, including a careful history and a focused abdominal exam, can help diagnose the underlying cause of the pain and guide appropriate treatment.

Telangiectasia is a medical term that refers to the dilation and widening of small blood vessels called capillaries, leading to their visibility under the skin or mucous membranes. These dilated vessels often appear as tiny red lines or patterns, measuring less than 1 millimeter in diameter.

Telangiectasias can occur in various parts of the body, such as the face, nose, cheeks, legs, and fingers. They are typically harmless but may cause cosmetic concerns for some individuals. In certain cases, telangiectasias can be a sign of an underlying medical condition, like rosacea, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), or liver disease.

It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional if you notice any unusual changes in your skin or mucous membranes, as they can provide appropriate evaluation and treatment recommendations based on the underlying cause of the telangiectasias.

Thrombopoietin receptors are a type of cell surface receptor found on megakaryocytes and platelets. They are also known as MPL (myeloproliferative leukemia virus) receptors. Thrombopoietin is a hormone that regulates the production of platelets in the body, and it binds to these receptors to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytes, which are large bone marrow cells that produce platelets.

The thrombopoietin receptor is a type I transmembrane protein with an extracellular domain that contains the thrombopoietin-binding site, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain that contains several tyrosine residues that become phosphorylated upon thrombopoietin binding. This triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of various downstream pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival.

Mutations in the thrombopoietin receptor gene have been associated with certain myeloproliferative neoplasms, such as essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis, which are characterized by excessive platelet production and bone marrow fibrosis.

Gingival hemorrhage is the medical term for bleeding of the gingiva, or gums. It refers to the condition where the gums bleed, often as a result of trauma or injury, but also can be caused by various systemic conditions such as disorders of coagulation, leukemia, or scurvy.

Gingival hemorrhage is commonly seen in individuals with poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease, which can cause inflammation and damage to the gums. This can lead to increased susceptibility to bleeding, even during routine activities such as brushing or flossing. It's important to address any underlying causes of gingival hemorrhage to prevent further complications.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease that can affect almost any organ or system in the body. In SLE, the immune system produces an exaggerated response, leading to the production of autoantibodies that attack the body's own cells and tissues, causing inflammation and damage. The symptoms and severity of SLE can vary widely from person to person, but common features include fatigue, joint pain, skin rashes (particularly a "butterfly" rash across the nose and cheeks), fever, hair loss, and sensitivity to sunlight.

Systemic lupus erythematosus can also affect the kidneys, heart, lungs, brain, blood vessels, and other organs, leading to a wide range of symptoms such as kidney dysfunction, chest pain, shortness of breath, seizures, and anemia. The exact cause of SLE is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Treatment typically involves medications to suppress the immune system and manage symptoms, and may require long-term management by a team of healthcare professionals.

Monoclonal antibodies are a type of antibody that are identical because they are produced by a single clone of cells. They are laboratory-produced molecules that act like human antibodies in the immune system. They can be designed to attach to specific proteins found on the surface of cancer cells, making them useful for targeting and treating cancer. Monoclonal antibodies can also be used as a therapy for other diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and inflammatory conditions.

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing a single type of immune cell, called a B cell, with a tumor cell to create a hybrid cell, or hybridoma. This hybrid cell is then able to replicate indefinitely, producing a large number of identical copies of the original antibody. These antibodies can be further modified and engineered to enhance their ability to bind to specific targets, increase their stability, and improve their effectiveness as therapeutic agents.

Monoclonal antibodies have several mechanisms of action in cancer therapy. They can directly kill cancer cells by binding to them and triggering an immune response. They can also block the signals that promote cancer growth and survival. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies can be used to deliver drugs or radiation directly to cancer cells, increasing the effectiveness of these treatments while minimizing their side effects on healthy tissues.

Monoclonal antibodies have become an important tool in modern medicine, with several approved for use in cancer therapy and other diseases. They are continuing to be studied and developed as a promising approach to treating a wide range of medical conditions.

Prednisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a type of corticosteroid hormone. It is primarily used to reduce inflammation in various conditions such as asthma, allergies, arthritis, and autoimmune disorders. Prednisone works by mimicking the effects of natural hormones produced by the adrenal glands, suppressing the immune system's response and reducing the release of substances that cause inflammation.

It is available in oral tablet form and is typically prescribed to be taken at specific times during the day, depending on the condition being treated. Common side effects of prednisone include increased appetite, weight gain, mood changes, insomnia, and easy bruising. Long-term use or high doses can lead to more serious side effects such as osteoporosis, diabetes, cataracts, and increased susceptibility to infections.

Healthcare providers closely monitor patients taking prednisone for extended periods to minimize the risk of adverse effects. It is essential to follow the prescribed dosage regimen and not discontinue the medication abruptly without medical supervision, as this can lead to withdrawal symptoms or a rebound of the underlying condition.

Immunosuppressive agents are medications that decrease the activity of the immune system. They are often used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and to treat autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. These drugs work by interfering with the immune system's normal responses, which helps to reduce inflammation and damage to tissues. However, because they suppress the immune system, people who take immunosuppressive agents are at increased risk for infections and other complications. Examples of immunosuppressive agents include corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and sirolimus.

The platelet glycoprotein GPIb-IX complex is a crucial receptor on the surface of platelets that plays a vital role in hemostasis and thrombosis. It is a heterotetrameric transmembrane protein complex composed of two disulfide-linked glycoprotein subunits, GPIbα, GPIbβ, GPV (Glycoprotein V), and GPIX (Glycoprotein IX).

The GPIb-IX complex is responsible for the initial interaction between platelets and von Willebrand factor (vWF) in the circulation. When blood vessels are damaged, exposed collagen recruits vWF to the site of injury, where it binds to the GPIbα subunit of the GPIb-IX complex, leading to platelet adhesion and activation. This interaction is critical for primary hemostasis, which helps prevent excessive blood loss from injured vessels.

Genetic mutations or deficiencies in the genes encoding these glycoproteins can lead to bleeding disorders such as Bernard-Soulier syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia and large platelets with impaired vWF binding and platelet adhesion.

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a rare, systemic necrotizing vasculitis that affects medium-sized and small muscular arteries. It is characterized by inflammation and damage to the walls of the arteries, leading to the formation of microaneurysms (small bulges in the artery wall) and subsequent narrowing or complete occlusion of the affected vessels. This can result in tissue ischemia (reduced blood flow) and infarction (tissue death), causing a wide range of clinical manifestations that vary depending on the organs involved.

The exact cause of PAN remains unclear, but it is believed to involve an autoimmune response triggered by various factors such as infections or exposure to certain drugs. The diagnosis of PAN typically requires a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies, often supported by histopathological examination of affected tissues. Treatment usually involves the use of immunosuppressive medications to control inflammation and prevent further damage to the arteries and organs.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Melena is a medical term that refers to the passage of black, tarry stools. It's not a specific disease but rather a symptom caused by the presence of digested blood in the gastrointestinal tract. The dark color results from the breakdown of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells, by gut bacteria and stomach acids.

Melena stools are often associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, which can occur due to various reasons such as gastric ulcers, esophageal varices (dilated veins in the esophagus), Mallory-Weiss tears (tears in the lining of the esophagus or stomach), or tumors.

It is essential to differentiate melena from hematochezia, which refers to the passage of bright red blood in the stool, typically indicating lower gastrointestinal bleeding. A healthcare professional should evaluate any concerns related to changes in bowel movements, including the presence of melena or hematochezia.

Glomerulonephritis is a medical condition that involves inflammation of the glomeruli, which are the tiny blood vessel clusters in the kidneys that filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. This inflammation can impair the kidney's ability to filter blood properly, leading to symptoms such as proteinuria (protein in the urine), hematuria (blood in the urine), edema (swelling), hypertension (high blood pressure), and eventually kidney failure.

Glomerulonephritis can be acute or chronic, and it may occur as a primary kidney disease or secondary to other medical conditions such as infections, autoimmune disorders, or vasculitis. The diagnosis of glomerulonephritis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, urinalysis, blood tests, and imaging studies, with confirmation often requiring a kidney biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the disease but may include medications to suppress inflammation, control blood pressure, and manage symptoms.

Quinidine is a Class IA antiarrhythmic medication that is primarily used to treat and prevent various types of cardiac arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms). It works by blocking the rapid sodium channels in the heart, which helps to slow down the conduction of electrical signals within the heart and stabilize its rhythm.

Quinidine is derived from the bark of the Cinchona tree and has been used for centuries as a treatment for malaria. However, its antiarrhythmic properties were discovered later, and it became an important medication in cardiology.

In addition to its use in treating arrhythmias, quinidine may also be used off-label for other indications such as the treatment of nocturnal leg cramps or myasthenia gravis. It is available in various forms, including tablets and injectable solutions.

It's important to note that quinidine has a narrow therapeutic index, meaning that there is only a small difference between an effective dose and a toxic one. Therefore, it must be carefully monitored to ensure that the patient is receiving a safe and effective dose. Common side effects of quinidine include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, as well as visual disturbances, headache, and dizziness. More serious side effects can include QT prolongation, which can lead to dangerous arrhythmias, and hypersensitivity reactions.

Lymphangitis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation and infection of the lymphatic vessels, which are the tubular structures that transport lymph fluid from various tissues to the bloodstream. This condition typically occurs as a complication of a bacterial or fungal skin infection that spreads to the nearby lymphatic vessels.

The inflammation in lymphangitis can cause symptoms such as red streaks along the affected lymphatic vessels, swelling, warmth, and pain. Fever, chills, and fatigue may also accompany these localized symptoms. In severe cases, lymphangitis can lead to more widespread infection, sepsis, or abscess formation if left untreated.

The diagnosis of lymphangitis typically involves a physical examination and laboratory tests such as blood cultures or skin lesion cultures to identify the causative organism. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics or antifungal medications to eradicate the infection, along with supportive care such as warm compresses, elevation, and pain management. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain any abscesses that have formed.

Skin diseases, also known as dermatological conditions, refer to any medical condition that affects the skin, which is the largest organ of the human body. These diseases can affect the skin's function, appearance, or overall health. They can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, allergies, environmental factors, and aging.

Skin diseases can present in many different forms, such as rashes, blisters, sores, discolorations, growths, or changes in texture. Some common examples of skin diseases include acne, eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, fungal infections, viral infections, bacterial infections, and skin cancer.

The symptoms and severity of skin diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and individual factors. Some skin diseases are mild and can be treated with over-the-counter medications or topical creams, while others may require more intensive treatments such as prescription medications, light therapy, or even surgery.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual or persistent changes in your skin, as some skin diseases can be serious or indicative of other underlying health conditions. A dermatologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.

Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that are naturally produced in the adrenal gland, or can be synthetically manufactured. They play an essential role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and have significant anti-inflammatory effects. Glucocorticoids suppress immune responses and inflammation by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators from various cells, such as mast cells, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. They are frequently used in medical treatment for a wide range of conditions, including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatological disorders, and certain cancers. Prolonged use or high doses of glucocorticoids can lead to several side effects, such as weight gain, mood changes, osteoporosis, and increased susceptibility to infections.

Gamma-globulins are a type of protein found in the blood serum, specifically a class of immunoglobulins (antibodies) known as IgG. They are the most abundant type of antibody and provide long-term defense against bacterial and viral infections. Gamma-globulins can also be referred to as "gamma globulin" or "gamma immune globulins."

These proteins are produced by B cells, a type of white blood cell, in response to an antigen (a foreign substance that triggers an immune response). IgG gamma-globulins have the ability to cross the placenta and provide passive immunity to the fetus. They can be measured through various medical tests such as serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) or immunoelectrophoresis, which are used to diagnose and monitor conditions related to immune system disorders, such as multiple myeloma or primary immunodeficiency diseases.

In addition, gamma-globulins can be administered therapeutically in the form of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) to provide passive immunity for patients with immunodeficiencies, autoimmune disorders, or infectious diseases.

Remission induction is a treatment approach in medicine, particularly in the field of oncology and hematology. It refers to the initial phase of therapy aimed at reducing or eliminating the signs and symptoms of active disease, such as cancer or autoimmune disorders. The primary goal of remission induction is to achieve a complete response (disappearance of all detectable signs of the disease) or a partial response (a decrease in the measurable extent of the disease). This phase of treatment is often intensive and may involve the use of multiple drugs or therapies, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy. After remission induction, patients may receive additional treatments to maintain the remission and prevent relapse, known as consolidation or maintenance therapy.

Ileal diseases refer to conditions that primarily affect the ileum, which is the final portion of the small intestine. The ileum plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption, particularly vitamin B12 and bile salts. Ileal diseases can cause various symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and malnutrition, depending on their nature and extent. Some common ileal diseases include:

1. Crohn's disease: A type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the ileum. Crohn's disease causes chronic inflammation, which can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fatigue.
2. Celiac disease: An autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals. In celiac disease, the immune system attacks the lining of the small intestine, including the ileum, causing inflammation and impaired nutrient absorption.
3. Intestinal tuberculosis: A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the ileum. Intestinal tuberculosis can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.
4. Typhlitis: Also known as neutropenic enterocolitis, typhlitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the cecum and terminal ileum, typically in immunocompromised individuals. It can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea.
5. Meckel's diverticulum: A congenital condition characterized by a small pouch protruding from the wall of the ileum. While many people with Meckel's diverticulum do not experience symptoms, it can sometimes become inflamed or bleed, causing abdominal pain and rectal bleeding.
6. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system and can affect any part of the body, including the ileum. Ileal lymphoma can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.

Platelet aggregation is the clumping together of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood, which is an essential step in the process of hemostasis (the stopping of bleeding) after injury to a blood vessel. When the inner lining of a blood vessel is damaged, exposure of subendothelial collagen and tissue factor triggers platelet activation. Activated platelets change shape, become sticky, and release the contents of their granules, which include ADP (adenosine diphosphate).

ADP then acts as a chemical mediator to attract and bind additional platelets to the site of injury, leading to platelet aggregation. This forms a plug that seals the damaged vessel and prevents further blood loss. Platelet aggregation is also a crucial component in the formation of blood clots (thrombosis) within blood vessels, which can have pathological consequences such as heart attacks and strokes if they obstruct blood flow to vital organs.

Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS), also known as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation of small- to medium-sized blood vessels (vasculitis) and the presence of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell. The syndrome typically affects multiple organ systems, including the respiratory tract, peripheral nerves, skin, heart, and kidneys.

The classic triad of symptoms includes asthma, allergies, and peripheral blood eosinophilia (high levels of eosinophils in the blood). Other common features include sinusitis, rhinitis, cough, shortness of breath, skin rashes, neuropathy (nerve damage), and cardiac involvement.

The exact cause of Churg-Strauss syndrome is not well understood, but it is believed to involve an abnormal immune response in genetically susceptible individuals. Treatment typically involves the use of immunosuppressive medications to control inflammation and prevent organ damage. Corticosteroids are often used as a first-line therapy, while other agents such as cyclophosphamide or rituximab may be added for more severe cases.

A blood transfusion is a medical procedure in which blood or its components are transferred from one individual (donor) to another (recipient) through a vein. The donated blood can be fresh whole blood, packed red blood cells, platelets, plasma, or cryoprecipitate, depending on the recipient's needs. Blood transfusions are performed to replace lost blood due to severe bleeding, treat anemia, support patients undergoing major surgeries, or manage various medical conditions such as hemophilia, thalassemia, and leukemia. The donated blood must be carefully cross-matched with the recipient's blood type to minimize the risk of transfusion reactions.

Pancytopenia is a medical condition characterized by a reduction in the number of all three types of blood cells in the peripheral blood: red blood cells (anemia), white blood cells (leukopenia), and platelets (thrombocytopenia). This condition can be caused by various underlying diseases, including bone marrow disorders, viral infections, exposure to toxic substances or radiation, vitamin deficiencies, and certain medications. Symptoms of pancytopenia may include fatigue, weakness, increased susceptibility to infections, and easy bruising or bleeding.

Protein C is a vitamin K-dependent protease that functions as an important regulator of coagulation and inflammation. It is a plasma protein produced in the liver that, when activated, degrades clotting factors Va and VIIIa to limit thrombus formation and prevent excessive blood clotting. Protein C also has anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing endothelial cell activation. Inherited or acquired deficiencies in Protein C can lead to an increased risk of thrombosis, a condition characterized by abnormal blood clot formation within blood vessels.

The external ear is the visible portion of the ear that resides outside of the head. It consists of two main structures: the pinna or auricle, which is the cartilaginous structure that people commonly refer to as the "ear," and the external auditory canal, which is the tubular passageway that leads to the eardrum (tympanic membrane).

The primary function of the external ear is to collect and direct sound waves into the middle and inner ear, where they can be converted into neural signals and transmitted to the brain for processing. The external ear also helps protect the middle and inner ear from damage by foreign objects and excessive noise.

Hematologic diseases, also known as hematological disorders, refer to a group of conditions that affect the production, function, or destruction of blood cells or blood-related components, such as plasma. These diseases can affect erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets (thrombocytes), as well as clotting factors and hemoglobin.

Hematologic diseases can be broadly categorized into three main types:

1. Anemia: A condition characterized by a decrease in the total red blood cell count, hemoglobin, or hematocrit, leading to insufficient oxygen transport to tissues and organs. Examples include iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and aplastic anemia.
2. Leukemia and other disorders of white blood cells: These conditions involve the abnormal production or function of leukocytes, which can lead to impaired immunity and increased susceptibility to infections. Examples include leukemias (acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia), lymphomas, and myelodysplastic syndromes.
3. Platelet and clotting disorders: These diseases affect the production or function of platelets and clotting factors, leading to abnormal bleeding or clotting tendencies. Examples include hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, thrombocytopenia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Hematologic diseases can have various causes, including genetic defects, infections, autoimmune processes, environmental factors, or malignancies. Proper diagnosis and management of these conditions often require the expertise of hematologists, who specialize in diagnosing and treating disorders related to blood and its components.

The platelet glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa complex, also known as integrin αIIbβ3 or CD41/CD61, is a heterodimeric transmembrane receptor found on the surface of platelets and megakaryocytes. It plays a crucial role in platelet aggregation and thrombus formation during hemostasis and pathological conditions such as arterial thrombosis.

The GPIIb-IIIa complex is composed of two non-covalently associated subunits, GPIIb (αIIb or CD41) and IIIa (β3 or CD61). Upon platelet activation by various agonists like ADP, thrombin, or collagen, the GPIIb-IIIa complex undergoes a conformational change that allows it to bind fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive proteins. This binding event leads to platelet aggregation and the formation of a hemostatic plug or pathological thrombus.

Inhibition of the GPIIb-IIIa complex has been a target for antiplatelet therapy in the prevention and treatment of arterial thrombosis, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Several pharmacological agents, including monoclonal antibodies and small molecule antagonists, have been developed to block this complex and reduce platelet aggregation.

A blood component transfusion is the process of transferring a specific component of donated blood into a recipient's bloodstream. Blood components include red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate (a fraction of plasma that contains clotting factors). These components can be separated from whole blood and stored separately to allow for targeted transfusions based on the individual needs of the patient.

For example, a patient who is anemic may only require a red blood cell transfusion, while a patient with severe bleeding may need both red blood cells and plasma to replace lost volume and clotting factors. Platelet transfusions are often used for patients with low platelet counts or platelet dysfunction, and cryoprecipitate is used for patients with factor VIII or fibrinogen deficiencies.

Blood component transfusions must be performed under strict medical supervision to ensure compatibility between the donor and recipient blood types and to monitor for any adverse reactions. Proper handling, storage, and administration of blood components are also critical to ensure their safety and efficacy.

Renal insufficiency, also known as kidney failure, is a medical condition in which the kidneys are unable to properly filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood. This results in a buildup of these substances in the body, which can cause a variety of symptoms such as weakness, shortness of breath, and fluid retention. Renal insufficiency can be acute, meaning it comes on suddenly, or chronic, meaning it develops over time. It is typically diagnosed through blood tests, urine tests, and imaging studies. Treatment may include medications to control symptoms, dietary changes, and in severe cases, dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in the blood. These antibodies are directed against phospholipids, a type of fat molecule found in cell membranes and plasma lipoproteins. The presence of these antibodies can lead to abnormal blood clotting, which can cause serious complications such as stroke, heart attack, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism.

APS can occur either on its own (primary APS) or in conjunction with other autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (secondary APS). The exact cause of APS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Symptoms of APS can vary widely depending on the location and severity of the blood clots. They may include:

* Recurrent miscarriages or stillbirths
* Blood clots in the legs, lungs, or other parts of the body
* Skin ulcers or lesions
* Headaches, seizures, or stroke-like symptoms
* Kidney problems
* Heart valve abnormalities

Diagnosis of APS typically involves blood tests to detect the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. Treatment may include medications to prevent blood clots, such as anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, as well as management of any underlying autoimmune disorders.

Immune system diseases, also known as immunological disorders or autoimmune diseases, refer to a group of conditions in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy tissues in the body. The immune system is designed to protect the body from harmful substances such as viruses, bacteria, and toxins. However, in immune system diseases, the immune system fails to distinguish between these harmful substances and the body's own cells, leading to an overactive or misdirected response.

There are several types of immune system diseases, including:

1. Allergies: An abnormal immune response to harmless substances such as pollen, dust mites, or certain foods.
2. Autoimmune disorders: A group of conditions in which the immune system attacks healthy tissues, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.
3. Immunodeficiency disorders: Conditions that weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infections, such as HIV/AIDS or primary immunodeficiency diseases.
4. Autoinflammatory disorders: A group of conditions characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammation due to abnormal activation of the immune system, such as familial Mediterranean fever and cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes.
5. Transplant rejection: A response in which the immune system attacks and rejects transplanted organs or tissues.

Immune system diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the specific condition and the severity of the disease. Treatment may involve medications to suppress the immune system, as well as other therapies to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Splenic diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or health of the spleen. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, which plays a vital role in filtering the blood and fighting infections. Some common splenic diseases include:

1. Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen due to various causes such as infections, liver disease, blood disorders, or cancer.
2. Hypersplenism: Overactivity of the spleen leading to excessive removal of blood cells from circulation, causing anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia.
3. Splenic infarction: Partial or complete blockage of the splenic artery or its branches, resulting in tissue death and potential organ dysfunction.
4. Splenic rupture: Traumatic or spontaneous tearing of the spleen capsule, causing internal bleeding and potentially life-threatening conditions.
5. Infections: Bacterial (e.g., sepsis, tuberculosis), viral (e.g., mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus), fungal (e.g., histoplasmosis), or parasitic (e.g., malaria) infections can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
6. Hematologic disorders: Conditions such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hemolytic anemias, lymphomas, leukemias, or myeloproliferative neoplasms can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement or dysfunction.
7. Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or vasculitis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
8. Cancers: Primary (e.g., splenic tumors) or secondary (e.g., metastatic cancer from other organs) malignancies can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement, dysfunction, or rupture.
9. Vascular abnormalities: Conditions such as portal hypertension, Budd-Chiari syndrome, or splenic vein thrombosis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
10. Trauma: Accidental or intentional injuries to the spleen can lead to bleeding, infection, or organ dysfunction.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

Factor XIII, also known as fibrin stabilizing factor, is a protein involved in the clotting process of blood. It is a transglutaminase enzyme that cross-links fibrin molecules to form a stable clot. Factor XIII becomes activated during the coagulation cascade, and its activity helps strengthen the clot and protect it from premature degradation by proteolytic enzymes. A deficiency in Factor XIII can lead to a bleeding disorder characterized by prolonged bleeding after injury or surgery.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a type of glomerulonephritis, which is a group of kidney disorders characterized by inflammation and damage to the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood.

MPGN is specifically characterized by thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and proliferation (increased number) of cells in the mesangium, a region within the glomerulus. This condition can be primary or secondary to other diseases such as infections, autoimmune disorders, or monoclonal gammopathies.

MPGN is typically classified into three types based on the pattern of injury seen on electron microscopy: Type I, Type II (Dense Deposit Disease), and Type III. Each type has distinct clinical features, laboratory findings, and treatment approaches. Symptoms of MPGN may include hematuria (blood in urine), proteinuria (protein in urine), hypertension (high blood pressure), edema (swelling), and eventually progress to chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease if left untreated.

Fc receptors (FcRs) are specialized proteins found on the surface of various immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and B lymphocytes. They play a crucial role in the immune response by recognizing and binding to the Fc region of antibodies (IgG, IgA, and IgE) after they have interacted with their specific antigens.

FcRs can be classified into several types based on the class of antibody they bind:

1. FcγRs - bind to the Fc region of IgG antibodies
2. FcαRs - bind to the Fc region of IgA antibodies
3. FcεRs - bind to the Fc region of IgE antibodies

The binding of antibodies to Fc receptors triggers various cellular responses, such as phagocytosis, degranulation, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which contribute to the elimination of pathogens, immune complexes, and other foreign substances. Dysregulation of Fc receptor function has been implicated in several diseases, including autoimmune disorders and allergies.

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome is a severe form of adrenal crisis characterized by the sudden onset of shock, fever, and purpura (small or large areas of bleeding under the skin). It is caused by the widespread dissemination of a bacterial infection, most commonly Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), into the bloodstream, leading to septicemia and often resulting in acute adrenal insufficiency.

The infection causes hemorrhage and necrosis of the adrenal glands, which results in decreased production of hormones like cortisol and aldosterone. This can further exacerbate the shock state and contribute to multi-organ failure if not promptly treated with appropriate antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, and steroid replacement therapy.

Early recognition and aggressive management are crucial for improving outcomes in patients with Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome.

... thrombocytopenic purpura) Primary thrombocytopenic purpura Secondary thrombocytopenic purpura Post-transfusion purpura Vascular ... The word purpura (/ˈpɜːrpɜːrə/) comes from Latin purpura, "purple", which came from ancient Greek πορφύρα. Purpura is a mass ... 1 cm) Purpura secondary to clotting disorders Purpura hemorrhagica in horses Pigmented purpuric dermatosis Schamberg disease ( ... "PURPURA English Definition and Meaning , Lexico.com". Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. "UCSF Purpura Module" ( ...
... is a type of purpura (red or purple skin discoloration) not associated with thrombocytopenia. ... Nonthrombocytopenic purpura has been reported after smoking mentholated cigarettes. Examples/causes include: Henoch-Schönlein ... ISBN 978-0-7216-0187-8. HORLER AR, TRUELOVE SC (March 1955). "Chronic leg ulcers in non-thrombocytopenic purpura". Br Med J. 1 ... MULDOON JP, BERG AM, KINNAIRD DW (November 1955). "Surgical implications of non-thrombocytopenic purpura". Ann. Surg. 142 (5): ...
Purpura signed with the New England Free Jacks in 2019. Purpura was selected to tour with the USA Eagles squad for the Autumn ... After nearly a decade with Boston, Purpura had a short stint with Old Blue. In March 2018, Purpura signed with the San Diego ... Throughout his four-year career at Maine, Purpura led the team to a 17-2-1 record. While still in college, Purpura first ... Purpura was introduced to the sport of rugby by a roommate while in school at Avon Old Farms, where he was a member of the ...
... is a skin condition that results from prolonged standing or even sitting with the legs lowered (as in a bus ...
... such as immune thrombocytopenic purpura or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; however, purpura fulminans will rapidly ... Purpura fulminans may also lead to severe large vessel venous thrombosis if untreated in its early stages. Purpura fulminans ... Purpura fulminans is caused by defects in the protein C anticoagulant pathway. Identification of the cause of purpura fulminans ... Sometimes purpura fulminans has unknown cause. Regardless of the underlying cause of purpura fulminans, the mechanism of ...
Acquisitions by Purpura such as Preston Wilson (signed in 2006 to provide a bat before being DFA'd in August), Woody Williams ... Timothy Gerard Purpura (born March 19, 1958 in Oak Lawn, Illinois) is an American baseball executive and former lawyer. He is ... Purpura received a Bachelor of Science degree in Psychology from Loyola University of Chicago in 1983 and earned a Juris Doctor ... Purpura was the Houston Astros assistant farm director in 1994 and the Director of Major and Minor League Player Relations from ...
... is a skin condition resulting from trauma which produces ecchymoses of bizarre shapes suggestive of abuse.: ... 828 Obstructive purpura Skin lesion James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: ...
... , common names Rudolph's purpura, salmon-lipped whelk, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in ... This species occurs in the following locations: East Coast of South Africa Mozambique MolluscaBase (2018). Purpura panama ( ... Purpura (gastropod), Gastropods described in 1798, All stub articles, Rapaninae stubs). ...
... is a condition where purpura, which constitutes visible non-blanching hemorrhages, are raised and able to be ... Bagai, A; Albert, S; Shenoi, SD (Nov-Dec 2001). "Evaluation and therapeutic outcome of palpable purpura". Indian Journal of ... "Palpable purpura". Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 77 (3): 205-206. doi:10.3949/ccjm.77a.09065. PMID 20200171. S2CID ... mountain spotted fever Acute meningococcemia Disseminated gonococcal infection Ecthyma gangrenosum Henoch-Schönlein purpura ...
... NEA Writer's Corner: Lia Purpura Audio: Wired for Books > Lia Purpura Interview with Lia Purpura by Margaret ... Author Lia Purpura Ploughshares > Authors & Articles > Lia Purpura "Award Winners". Archived from the original on 2008-07-09. ... Lia Purpura (born February 22, 1964, Mineola, New York) is an American poet, writer and educator. She is the author of four ... In 2012, Lia Purpura was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. King Baby (poems, Alice James Books, 2008) won the Beatrice Hawley ...
... is a condition marked by bleeding under the skin (purpura) in some individuals with amyloidosis. Its cause is ... Amyloid purpura affects a minority of individuals with amyloidosis. For example, purpura is present early in the disease in ... Purpura Amyloidosis Eder L, Bitterman H (June 2007). "Image in clinical medicine. Amyloid purpura". N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (23): ... The precise cause of amyloid purpura is unknown, but several mechanisms are thought to contribute. One may be a decrease in the ...
... with resulting stress on the small vessels leading to purpura.: 827 Traumatic purpura Skin lesion James, William D.; Berger, ... Obstructive purpura is a skin condition that may result from mechanical obstruction to circulation, ...
... , common name : the Persian purpura, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family ... The shell size of Purpura persica varies between 60 mm and 110 mm. It is a large and thick shell, with large body whorl and a ... The (sea shores) is fish it is true or false Purpura persica (Linnaeus, 1758). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine ... "Purpura persica". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 12 January 2019. Dautzenberg, Ph. (1929). Mollusques testacés marins de Madagascar ...
... is a tropical species found in the Indian Ocean along the KwaZulu-Natal coast and Madagascar. Purpura bufo Lamarck ... Purpura bufo is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. ... Purpura (gastropod), Gastropods described in 1822, All stub articles, Rapaninae stubs). ...
... is a skin condition that manifests as painful purpura with slow healing ulcerations and edema of ...
Purpura hemorrhagica is more common in younger animals. Horses that develop purpura hemorrhagica usually have a recent history ... Purpura - in humans "Strangles - Complications". MacLeay, JM (February 2000). "Purpura hemorrhagica". Journal of Equine ... Purpura haemorrhagica is a rare complication of equine strangles and is caused by bleeding from capillaries which results in ... Purpura hemorrhagica can also rarely be seen after infection with S. equi subsp.zooepidemicus, Rhodococcus equi, ...
... (also known as "Actinic purpura," and "Senile purpura") is a skin condition characterized by large, sharply ... Actinic Purpura at eMedicine v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Vascular-related ...
... are purpura associated with a reduction in circulating blood platelets which can result from a variety ... By tradition, the term idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is used when the cause is idiopathic, or unknown. However, most ... "thrombocytopenic purpura" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is ... cases are now considered to be immune-mediated.[citation needed] Another form is thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.[citation ...
American rugby union player Lia Purpura, American poet, writer and educator Michael Purpura, American attorney Tim Purpura, ... Purpura, purple in Latin, may refer to: Purpura, red or purple discolorations on the skin which do not blanch under pressure ... Purpura (gastropod), a genus of sea snails which can be used to produce a purple dye Purpura, an Anglo-Saxon textile term which ... This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Purpura. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to ...
... is a skin condition characterized by purpura and occurring most frequently in multiple myeloma and ...
Species within the genus Purpura include: † Purpura angsanana K. Martin, 1899 Purpura bufo Lamarck, 1822 † Purpura dijki K. ... Purpura rudolphi Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Purpura persica (Linnaeus, 1758) Purpura Bruguière, 1789. Retrieved through: World ... 3: 138 pls Purpura bufo Lamarck, 1822. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010. Purpura persica ( ... Purpura hippocastanum Lamarck. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010. Purpura hystrix Linnaeus. ...
... are lesions demonstrating an angulated or branched configuration. Retiform purpura is caused by blood vessel ... "Approach to the patient with retiform (angulated) purpura". UpToDate. Retrieved 6 February 2023. Jones, Leah. "Retiform purpura ... purpura, and necrosis. Portal: Medicine Georgesen, Corey; Fox, Lindy P.; Harp, Joanna (April 2020). "Retiform purpura: A ...
Purpura, arthritis, and abdominal pain are known as the "classic triad" of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Purpura occur in all cases ... Schönlein-Henoch purpura at Who Named It? Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henoch-Schönlein purpura. (Articles with short ... Schönlein associated the purpura and arthritis, and Henoch the purpura and gastrointestinal involvement. The English physician ... such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. If there is doubt about the cause of the ...
... is a skin condition that presents with episodic showers of petechiae (small red or purple ...
"THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA, HEREDITARY; TTP". OMIM. "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura". Orphanet. Conboy E, Partain ... The bruising often takes the form of purpura, while the most common site of bleeding, if it occurs, is from the nose or gums. ... Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a blood disorder that results in blood clots forming in small blood vessels ... ISSN 0730-188X: Amorosi EL, Ultmann JE (March 1966). "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: report of 16 cases and review of the ...
... (ITP), also known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura or immune thrombocytopenia, is a type ... Signs of ITP include the spontaneous formation of bruises (purpura) and petechiae (tiny bruises), especially on the extremities ... and accompanied by a red-purple rash called purpura. It leads to an increased risk of bleeding. ITP manifests in two distinct ... of thrombocytopenic purpura characterized by a low platelet count in the absence of other causes, ...
... (PTP) is a delayed adverse reaction to a blood transfusion or platelet transfusion that occurs when ...
Purpura was born in Manhattan, New York on April 2, 1927 and grew up in the Upper East Side. After World War II, Purpura served ... By 1984, Purpura achieved the status of dean of the university. Purpura is duly recognized as "the longest-serving dean of any ... Throughout Purpura's professional and academic career he published over 200 scientific articles and chapters. In 1982, Purpura ... Purpura , Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience , Albert Einstein College of Medicine". einstein.yu.edu. Retrieved ...
... is a skin condition that may be related to platelet destruction, vessel fragility, interference with ... platelet function, or vasculitis.: 824 Food-induced purpura Rumpel-Leede sign Skin lesion James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G ...
... is a skin condition result from a low platelet count due to drug-induced anti-platelet ... 821 Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Skin lesion James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of ...
... thrombocytopenic purpura) Primary thrombocytopenic purpura Secondary thrombocytopenic purpura Post-transfusion purpura Vascular ... The word purpura (/ˈpɜːrpɜːrə/) comes from Latin purpura, "purple", which came from ancient Greek πορφύρα. Purpura is a mass ... 1 cm) Purpura secondary to clotting disorders Purpura hemorrhagica in horses Pigmented purpuric dermatosis Schamberg disease ( ... "PURPURA English Definition and Meaning , Lexico.com". Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. "UCSF Purpura Module" ( ...
Purpura is purple-colored spots and patches that occur on the skin, and in mucus membranes, including the lining of the mouth. ... Purpura is purple-colored spots and patches that occur on the skin, and in mucus membranes, including the lining of the mouth. ... When purpura spots are less than 4 mm in diameter, they are called petechiae. Purpura spots larger than 1 cm (centimeter) are ... Purpura occurs when small blood vessels leak blood under the skin.. Purpura measure between 4 and 10 mm (millimeters) in ...
Read about Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP), a rare condition where the blood vessels become inflamed. Find out what the ... Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) affects the blood vessels and causes a spotty rash. Its not usually serious, but can sometimes ...
Actinic purpura is characterized by ecchymoses on the extensor surfaces of the forearms and the dorsa of the hands that usually ... Actinic purpura is a benign clinical entity resulting from sun-induced damage to the connective tissue of the dermis. ... encoded search term (Actinic Purpura) and Actinic Purpura What to Read Next on Medscape ... Actinic purpura may be, along with osteoporosis, a sign of collagen loss in skin and bone. [6] This causal loss of skin ...
... and treatment of Henoch-Schonlein purpura, an inflammatory disease of the small blood vessels. ... Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP) Medically Reviewed by Stephanie S. Gardner, MD on April 26, 2022 ... Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is a disease involving inflammation of small blood vessels. It most commonly occurs in children ... Henoch-Schonlein Purpura Diagnosis and Treatment. The diagnosis of HSP may be clear when the typical rash, arthritis, and ...
encoded search term (Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)) and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) What to Read Next ... Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) Differential Diagnoses. Updated: Nov 15, 2023 * Author: Theodore Wun, MD, FACP; Chief ... Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009 Jun 18. 53(4):537-542. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: an update. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2013 ...
... also referred to as Schönlein-Henoch purpura, anaphylactoid purpura, or purpura rheumatica) is an acute immunoglobulin A (IgA)- ... A 9-year-old boy with IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein purpura). Note confluence of purpura around the ankles. Image courtesy ... encoded search term (IgA Vasculitis (Henoch-Schonlein Purpura)) and IgA Vasculitis (Henoch-Schonlein Purpura) What to Read Next ... Henoch-Schonlein purpura in Chinese children and adults. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1998 Mar. 16(1):21-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] ...
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) affects the blood vessels and causes a spotty rash, usually in children. Its not usually ... Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP). Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) affects the blood vessels and causes a spotty rash, usually in ... Find out more about Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) on the NHS website ...
Hostal Casa Purpura policies and conditions: Check-in time starts at 3 pm. Check-out time is 11 am.. Please advise your arrival ... Hostal Casa Purpura has a quiet atmosphere and our goal is your rest after a good day outside enjoying our beautiful city.. ... Hostal Casa Purpura is a friendly hostel in Queretaro. The Hostel is set in a beautiful traditional house in downtown of ...
... Lia Purpuras recent books include On Looking (essays, Sarabande Books), a Finalist for the National Book ...
HPV Vaccines and Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. April 27, 2013. By Norma 19 Comments ... Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP). This happened just a little over a month after her second injection of Gardasil. She ...
Patients with severe autoimmune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) experience acute hematologic emergencies during ... Cost savings to hospital of rituximab use in severe autoimmune acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Blood Adv. 2020 Feb ... Patients with severe autoimmune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) experience acute hematologic emergencies during ...
Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
PF can be categorized into 3 types: acute infectious purpura fulminans, idiopathic or acquired purpura fulminans, and neonatal ... Purpura fulminans in Adult. Print Images (27) Contributors: Jourdan Brandon MD, Asha Nanda MD, Philip I. Song MD, Susan Burgin ... See neonatal purpura fulminans for further discussion.. Codes. Copy. ICD10CM:. D65 - Disseminated intravascular coagulation [ ... Purpura fulminans (PF) is a severe, often fatal subtype of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) that presents with ...
... recovery and follow-up care for Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. ... Learn about Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, find a doctor, complications, outcomes, ... Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/thrombotic-thrombocytopenic-purpura. . Updated February ... Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a blood disorder in which platelet clumps form in small blood vessels. This leads ...
Lia Purpura reads her article from the November/December 2010 issue of Orion. ... Orion Magazine , Articles , Multimedia , Orion Authors Aloud: Lia Purpura Reads "There Are Things Awry Here". Orion Authors ... Lia Purpura reads her article from the November/December 2010 issue of Orion. ... https://orionmagazine.org:443/article/orion-authors-aloud-lia-purpura-reads-there-are-things-awry-here/ ...
Lia Purpura will read at Sweet Briar March 5.. Poet and essayist Lia Purpura will read from her latest work at 8 p.m. Wednesday ... Purpura, writer-in-residence at Loyola College in Baltimore and a graduate of the University of Iowa Writers Workshop, will ... Purpura also is author of "Increase," "Stone Sky Lifting," "Poems of Grzegorz Musial: Berliner Tagebuch and Taste of Ash" and " ...
Senile purpura is a bruised area of the skin that usually occurs on the arms and hands. ...
... conducted a 1 day consensus conference on Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) during its annual meeting in Atlanta, GA, ... Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: 2012 American Society for Apheresis (ASFA) consensus conference on classification, ... The American Society for Apheresis (ASFA) conducted a 1 day consensus conference on Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) ...
Treatment of Acute Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura with High-Dose Methylprednisolone and Immunoglobulin Subject Area: ... Nilka J. Barrios, James R. Humbert, Judy McNeil; Treatment of Acute Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura with High-Dose ... T Lymphocyte Subsets and Platelet-Associated IgG in Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Effect of Splenectomy Acta Haematol ( ... Retrospective Analysis of Patients with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura from Eastern Anatolia Med Princ Pract (February, ...
israelensis; both of these patients had purpura fulminans and multiorgan failure. Purpura fulminans should increase the ... Tirumala S, Behera B, Jawalkar S, Mishra PK, Patalay PV, Ayyagari S, et al. Indian tick typhus presenting as Purpura fulminans. ... Acute infectious purpura fulminans due to probable spotted fever. J Postgrad Med. 2014;60:198-9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ... Purpura fulminans secondary to rickettsial infections: A case series. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2016;7:24-8. DOIPubMedGoogle ...
... and thrombocytopenia due to combined vitamin B12 and folate deficiency masquerading as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. ... and thrombocytopenia due to combined vitamin B12 and folate deficiency masquerading as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura ...
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with clopidogrel: report of two new cases ... Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with clopidogrel: report of two new cases ... Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with clopidogrel: report of two new cases ...
Background Purpura fulminans, first described by Guelliot in 1884, is a rare syndrome of intravascular thrombosis and ... Acute infectious purpura fulminans. Acute infectious purpura fulminans, the most common form of purpura fulminans, occurs ... Workup in purpura fulminans. Laboratory studies used in the workup of purpura fulminans include the following:. * Complete ... Management of purpura fulminans. Management of neonatal purpura fulminans may include the following:. * Immediate treatment ...
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura). Read the real story of Parmod Saini and know about how he got relief from this problem. ... Case Study No: 108 , Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) - Parmod Saini. July 29, 2019. December 10, 2019. Dr. Meenakshi ... Case Study No: 108 , Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) - Parmod Saini. Parmod Saini belongs to Ludhiana, a city that ...
Book Giveaway For The Tear of Tybaleth (Chronicles of Purpura, #2). * The Tear of Tybaleth (Chronicles of Purpura, #2) by A.R. ... But the queen of Purpura plots to sell her off to the highest bidder. When Briar thwarts the plan, shes cast to a fate from ...
Purpura DP Experimental analysis of the inhibitory action of lysergic acid diethylamide on cortical dendritic activity. Ann. N. ... Purpura DP. "Experimental analysis of the inhibitory action of lysergic acid diethylamide on cortical dendritic activity." Ann ... Studies in cats (Purpura: Arch.Neurol.Psychiat., 75: 122, 1956) have shown that LSD inhibits dendritic responses. As the ...
Immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) was suspected and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was administered at a dose of 1 g/kg/ ...
The plaintiff Purpura filed a Motion to Recuse since two judges on that Circuit are Obama appointees, and one of them, Judge ... Purpura v. Sebelius, The Last Chance for a Republic. Saturday, August 13, 2011. Saturday, August 13, 2011. ... The lower Court ignored this obvious implication and fabricated a technicality, stating that the plaintiffs, Purpura and Laster ... Purpura v. Sebelius, Quo warranto, sovereign people, stare decisis, Third Circuit Court of Appeals, U.S. Supreme Court. ...
  • By Norma Erickson Kirstie was only 12 years old when she was diagnosed with a rare disorder for which there is no known cure, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP). (sanevax.org)
  • PF can be categorized into 3 types: acute infectious purpura fulminans, idiopathic or acquired purpura fulminans, and neonatal purpura fulminans . (logicalimages.com)
  • In childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), both intravenous high-dose steroids and immunoglobulin treatments have been demonstrated to raise platelet counts reliably and in most cases within 72 h, when used as separate therapeutic modalities. (karger.com)
  • U-51 is under clinical development by Shanghai Unicar-Therapy Bio-Medicine Technology and currently in Phase II for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura). (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • According to GlobalData, Phase II drugs for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura) have a 65% phase transition success rate (PTSR) indication benchmark for progressing into Phase III. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • Gene therapy is under development for the treatment of multiple myeloma and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • Access to Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is restricted. (medicaldatabase.com)
  • Most of idiopathic purpura fulminans cases occur in children, and more than 90% are preceded by infection (commonly varicella or streptococcal infection). (medscape.com)
  • This paper presents a case report of a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) diagnosed in routine dental care. (bvsalud.org)
  • Purpura fulminans (PF) is a severe, often fatal subtype of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) that presents with extensive tissue thrombosis and widespread skin necrosis. (logicalimages.com)
  • See neonatal purpura fulminans for further discussion. (logicalimages.com)
  • We report a series of 5 case-patients who had Israeli spotted fever, of whom 2 had purpura fulminans and died. (cdc.gov)
  • Purpura fulminans has been described in association with R. rickettsii and R. indica , but rarely with R. conorii subsp. (cdc.gov)
  • Purpura fulminans is a rare syndrome of intravascular thrombosis and hemorrhagic infarction of the skin that is rapidly progressive and is accompanied by vascular collapse and disseminated intravascular coagulation. (medscape.com)
  • Laboratory studies are the primary diagnostic tools for working up purpura fulminans. (medscape.com)
  • Patients who present with acute infectious purpura fulminans should receive broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotic therapy with activity against a variety of pathogens, including Neisseria meningitidis, streptococci, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). (medscape.com)
  • Neonatal purpura fulminans and transient protein C deficiency. (bmj.com)
  • The first of these is purpura fulminans, a rare and severe complication of meningococcal septicaemia which is caused by Neisseria meningitidis. (dermatologytimes.com)
  • Neonatal purpura fulminans occurs usually in patients with a deficiency of protein C. Protein C deficiency is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, with heterozygous carriers often remaining asymptomatic until later in life, when they become very susceptible to venous thromboembolism. (medscape.com)
  • Within the first 72 hours after birth, a neonate with neonatal purpura fulminans exhibits purpuric lesions over many different skin sites, including the perineal region, the flexor surface of the thighs, and abdominal skin. (medscape.com)
  • Over time, the term purpura fulminans has come to be applied to cases of purpura fulminans that occur in the face of overwhelming sepsis (ie, sepsis-associated fulminans). (medscape.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus has been associated with purpura fulminans with accompanying toxic shock syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Massive infectious soft-tissue injury: diagnosis and management of necrotizing fasciitis and purpura fulminans. (medscape.com)
  • Sen K, Roy A. Management of neonatal purpura fulminans with severe protein C deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Purpura fulminans: a disease best managed in a burn center. (medscape.com)
  • Protein C and protein S levels in two patients with acquired purpura fulminans. (medscape.com)
  • Neonatal purpura fulminans is associated with a hereditary deficiency of the natural anticoagulants protein C and protein S, as well as antithrombin III (ATIII). (medscape.com)
  • Purified plasma protein C concentrate has been successfully used to treat patients with thrombotic episodes in neonatal purpura fulminans. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] The complete lack of plasma protein C activity causes neonatal purpura fulminans, which is characterized by sudden onset of widespread purpuric lesions that progress to gangrenous necrosis and is associated with DIC. (medscape.com)
  • Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is a disease involving inflammation of small blood vessels. (webmd.com)
  • Henoch schonlein purpura--a 5-year review and proposed pathway. (medscape.com)
  • Henoch Schonlein purpura in childhood: epidemiological and clinical analysis of 150 cases over a 5-year period and review of literature. (medscape.com)
  • Henoch Schonlein Purpura in children: clinical analysis of 120 cases. (medscape.com)
  • Oni L, Sampath S. Childhood IgA Vasculitis (Henoch Schonlein Purpura)-Advances and Knowledge Gaps. (medscape.com)
  • Fifteen-year experience of children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura in southern Taiwan, 1991-2005. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatitis associated with Henoch-Schonlein purpura. (medscape.com)
  • Actinic, or senile, purpura. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical aspects of dermatoporosis include morphological markers of fragility, such as senile purpura, stellate pseudoscars, and skin atrophy. (medscape.com)
  • In fact, the development of actual skin tears is understandably linked in elderly persons with ecchymoses and senile purpura. (medscape.com)
  • Senile purpura is a bruised area of the skin that usually occurs on the arms and hands. (merckmanuals.com)
  • In addition to HUS, the differential diagnosis also includes immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), two entities with very different modes of therapy (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Differential diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). (medscape.com)
  • There are three main causes of purpura: Disorders of platelets, disorders of coagulation and vasculitis. (dermatologytimes.com)
  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation is also associated with widespread purpura, as well as ecchymoses or bruising and bleeding, and has several potential causes. (dermatologytimes.com)
  • The purpura usually begins suddenly, 7-10 days after the onset of the precipitating infection, with the development of progressively enlarging, well-demarcated purplish areas of hemorrhagic cutaneous necrosis with deranged coagulation factors. (medscape.com)
  • Palpable petechiae and purpura are a result of either perivascular inflammation (vasculitis) or infection. (wikem.org)
  • A person with purpura may have a normal platelet count (non-thrombocytopenic purpuras) or a low platelet counts ( thrombocytopenic purpuras). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Thrombotic means that blood clots form, thrombocytopenic means the platelet count is low, and purpura means that purple spots or bruises appear on the skin. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To make an accurate diagnosis, the clinician must recognize the similarity between thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). (medscape.com)
  • Your doctor will diagnosis thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) based on your medical history, a physical exam, and test results. (hoacny.com)
  • When purpura spots are less than 4 mm in diameter, they are called petechiae . (medlineplus.gov)
  • For children with fever and petechiae/purpura consider using the Barts Health NHS Trust guideline for workup. (wikem.org)
  • Hence, primary hemostatic disorders are characterized by prolonged bleeding time, and the characteristic physical examination findings are petechiae and purpura. (medscape.com)
  • Purpura spots larger than 1 cm (centimeter) are called ecchymoses. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Actinic purpura is characterized by ecchymoses on the extensor surfaces of the forearms and the dorsa of the hands that usually last 1-3 weeks. (medscape.com)
  • Joly BS, Coppo P, Veyradier A. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. (medscape.com)
  • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: an update. (medscape.com)
  • Drug-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: A systematic review and review of European and North American pharmacovigilance data. (medscape.com)
  • Ferrari S, Mudde GC, Rieger M, Veyradier A, Kremer Hovinga JA, Scheiflinger F. IgG-subclass distribution of anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies in patients with acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. (medscape.com)
  • Epidemiology and pathophysiology of adulthood-onset thrombotic microangiopathy with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura): a cross-sectional analysis of the French national registry for thrombotic microangiopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Caplacizumab Treatment for Acquired Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. (medscape.com)
  • ADAMTS13 activity in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome: relation to presenting features and clinical outcomes in a prospective cohort of 142 patients. (medscape.com)
  • ISTH guidelines for treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. (medscape.com)
  • Markham-Lee Z, Morgan NV, Emsley J. Inherited ADAMTS13 mutations associated with Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: a short review and update. (medscape.com)
  • Lammle B. A third form of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura? (medscape.com)
  • Joly BS, Roose E, Coppo P, Vanhoorelbeke K, Veyradier A. ADAMTS13 conformation is closed in non-immune acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura of unidentified pathophysiology. (medscape.com)
  • Cauchois R, Muller R, Lagarde M, Dignat-George F, Tellier E, Kaplanski G. Is Endothelial Activation a Critical Event in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura? (medscape.com)
  • Patients with severe autoimmune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) experience acute hematologic emergencies during disease flares and a lifelong threat for relapse. (nih.gov)
  • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a blood disorder in which platelet clumps form in small blood vessels. (mountsinai.org)
  • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic uremic syndromes. (mountsinai.org)
  • The American Society for Apheresis (ASFA) conducted a 1 day consensus conference on Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) during its annual meeting in Atlanta, GA, on April 10, 2012. (nih.gov)
  • Neurological symptoms related to microthrombosis are the hallmark of acute manifestations of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). (haematologica.org)
  • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare multisystem microangiopathy with fluctuating signs and symptoms. (haematologica.org)
  • What Are The Risk Factors With Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura? (hoacny.com)
  • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disorder. (hoacny.com)
  • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a serious disorder that involves the formation of small blood clots throughout the body that block the flow of blood to vital organs such as the brain, heart, and kidneys. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disorder in which many small blood clots (thrombi) form suddenly throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Paraneoplastic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Secondary to Pulmonary Squamous Cell Carcinoma. (bvsalud.org)
  • There are warning signs that purpura can be potentially life threatening, says Roderick Hay, D.M., FRCP, a consultant dermatologist with a special interest in infectious disease. (dermatologytimes.com)
  • Purpura occurs when small blood vessels leak blood under the skin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Actinic purpura occurs almost exclusively in the elderly population, though it may sporadically occur in younger people. (medscape.com)
  • Purpura occurs when blood escapes from the vascular system into the skin. (dermatologytimes.com)
  • Coumadin necrosis (warfarin necrosis) - Purpura from warfarin is more prominent on fatty areas such as the breasts, buttocks, and thighs, while PF is usually more extensive. (logicalimages.com)
  • Bulun A, Topaloglu R, Duzova A, Saatci I, Besbas N, Bakkaloglu A. Ataxia and peripheral neuropathy: rare manifestations in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. (medscape.com)
  • Long-term sun exposure leads to skin changes that predispose patients to actinic purpura. (medscape.com)
  • Other studies suggest the local (cutaneous) activity of tissue plasminogen activator can be increased in psychogenic purpura, leading to substantial amounts of localized plasmin activity, rapid degradation of fibrin clots, and resultant bleeding. (wikipedia.org)
  • Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) affects the blood vessels and causes a spotty rash. (www.nhs.uk)
  • Decomposition of blood vessels including purpura is a symptom of acute radiation poisoning in excess of 2 Grays of radiation exposure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Instead, purpura is often the symptom of an underlying condition. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Purpura (/ˈpɜːrpjʊərə/) is a condition of red or purple discolored spots on the skin that do not blanch on applying pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Purpura is purple-colored spots and patches that occur on the skin, and in mucus membranes, including the lining of the mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Purpura, also called blood spots, appear as purple or reddish blemishes on the skin. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Actinic purpura is a benign clinical entity resulting from sun-induced damage to the connective tissue of the dermis. (medscape.com)
  • During a session on life threatening diseases in dermatology held at the European Academy of Dermatology and Venerology Congress last September in Paris, Dr. Hay outlined some potentially life-threatening conditions in which purpura is involved and which are often related to infections. (dermatologytimes.com)
  • Blood and urine tests may be ordered to determine the cause of the purpura. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The lower Court ignored this obvious implication and fabricated a technicality, stating that the plaintiffs, Purpura and Laster, failed to convince the Court with any evidence that the Obamacare bill/law will apply to them, as if that is the necessary element for anything amounting to an injury. (thepostemail.com)
  • Call your health care provider for an appointment if you have signs of purpura. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Do you know the warning signs of life threatening purpura? (dermatologytimes.com)
  • [ 2 ] The concept of the syndrome term dermatoporosis has been used, viewing actinic purpura as a stage of dermatoporosis, implying both it and osteoporosis can be prevented and treated to avoid complications. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Roderick Hay outlines what you need to know about potentially life-threatening conditions involving purpura. (dermatologytimes.com)