The quadriceps femoris. A collective name of the four-headed skeletal muscle of the thigh, comprised of the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis.
The portion of the leg in humans and other animals found between the HIP and KNEE.
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.
The amount of force generated by MUSCLE CONTRACTION. Muscle strength can be measured during isometric, isotonic, or isokinetic contraction, either manually or using a device such as a MUSCLE STRENGTH DYNAMOMETER.
A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. Muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle.
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.
The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.
Muscular contractions characterized by increase in tension without change in length.
A region of the lower extremity immediately surrounding and including the KNEE JOINT.
A synovial hinge connection formed between the bones of the FEMUR; TIBIA; and PATELLA.
A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.
The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.
A device that measures MUSCLE STRENGTH during muscle contraction, such as gripping, pushing, and pulling. It is used to evaluate the health status of muscle in sports medicine or physical therapy.
Large, multinucleate single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of SKELETAL MUSCLE. They consist of MYOFIBRILS enclosed within and attached to the SARCOLEMMA. They are derived from the fusion of skeletal myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SKELETAL) into a syncytium, followed by differentiation.
Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.
Application of electric current in treatment without the generation of perceptible heat. It includes electric stimulation of nerves or muscles, passage of current into the body, or use of interrupted current of low intensity to raise the threshold of the skin to pain.
The flat, triangular bone situated at the anterior part of the KNEE.
Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.
Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
The inferior part of the lower extremity between the KNEE and the ANKLE.
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.
A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.
A band of fibrous tissue that attaches the apex of the PATELLA to the lower part of the tubercle of the TIBIA. The ligament is actually the caudal continuation of the common tendon of the QUADRICEPS FEMORIS. The patella is embedded in that tendon. As such, the patellar ligament can be thought of as connecting the quadriceps femoris tendon to the tibia, and therefore it is sometimes called the patellar tendon.
The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.
These include the muscles of the DIAPHRAGM and the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES.
Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type I MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have low ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment.
Running at a low rate of speed. It can be done as a means of conditioning or for general health and well being.
Developmental events leading to the formation of adult muscular system, which includes differentiation of the various types of muscle cell precursors, migration of myoblasts, activation of myogenesis and development of muscle anchorage.
Devices intended to replace non-functioning organs. They may be temporary or permanent. Since they are intended always to function as the natural organs they are replacing, they should be differentiated from PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS and specific types of prostheses which, though also replacements for body parts, are frequently cosmetic (EYE, ARTIFICIAL) as well as functional (ARTIFICIAL LIMBS).
Mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. It does not include myocardial mitochondria for which MITOCHONDRIA, HEART is available.
Fibrous bands or cords of CONNECTIVE TISSUE at the ends of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS that serve to attach the MUSCLES to bones and other structures.
The restriction of the MOVEMENT of whole or part of the body by physical means (RESTRAINT, PHYSICAL) or chemically by ANALGESIA, or the use of TRANQUILIZING AGENTS or NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS. It includes experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility.
The time span between the beginning of physical activity by an individual and the termination because of exhaustion.
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)
The articulation between the articular surface of the PATELLA and the patellar surface of the FEMUR.
The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)
The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.
A growth differentiation factor that is a potent inhibitor of SKELETAL MUSCLE growth. It may play a role in the regulation of MYOGENESIS and in muscle maintenance during adulthood.
A sport in which weights are lifted competitively or as an exercise.
Lack of stability of a joint or joint prosthesis. Factors involved are intra-articular disease and integrity of extra-articular structures such as joint capsule, ligaments, and muscles.
The use of a bicycle for transportation or recreation. It does not include the use of a bicycle in studying the body's response to physical exertion (BICYCLE ERGOMETRY TEST see EXERCISE TEST).
Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type II MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have high ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment. Several fast types have been identified.
Expenditure of energy during PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; HEAT produced, or HEART RATE. Perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included.
The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot.
Controlled physical activity which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used.
Manner or style of walking.
A syndrome characterized by retropatellar or peripatellar PAIN resulting from physical and biochemical changes in the patellofemoral joint. The pain is most prominent when ascending or descending stairs, squatting, or sitting with flexed knees. There is a lack of consensus on the etiology and treatment. The syndrome is often confused with (or accompanied by) CHONDROMALACIA PATELLAE, the latter describing a pathological condition of the CARTILAGE and not a syndrome.
Replacement of the knee joint.
The resection or removal of the innervation of a muscle or muscle tissue.
A regimen or plan of physical activities designed and prescribed for specific therapeutic goals. Its purpose is to restore normal musculoskeletal function or to reduce pain caused by diseases or injuries.
A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.
Muscles forming the ABDOMINAL WALL including RECTUS ABDOMINIS, external and internal oblique muscles, transversus abdominis, and quadratus abdominis. (from Stedman, 25th ed)
Non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cells found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They are derived from specialized myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SMOOTH MUSCLE).
Skeletal muscle structures that function as the MECHANORECEPTORS responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex (REFLEX, STRETCH). They are composed of a bundle of encapsulated SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS, i.e., the intrafusal fibers (nuclear bag 1 fibers, nuclear bag 2 fibers, and nuclear chain fibers) innervated by SENSORY NEURONS.
A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).
The neck muscles consist of the platysma, splenius cervicis, sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes, digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), sternohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus).
The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.
Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose serving as the primary form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria, stored mainly in liver and muscle tissues. (Two sentences combined as per your request)
The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.
One of two types of muscle in the body, characterized by the array of bands observed under microscope. Striated muscles can be divided into two subtypes: the CARDIAC MUSCLE and the SKELETAL MUSCLE.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.
The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.
Conical muscular projections from the walls of the cardiac ventricles, attached to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by the chordae tendineae.
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
Mature contractile cells, commonly known as myocytes, that form one of three kinds of muscle. The three types of muscle cells are skeletal (MUSCLE FIBERS, SKELETAL), cardiac (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC), and smooth (MYOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE). They are derived from embryonic (precursor) muscle cells called MYOBLASTS.
A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws.
Muscles of facial expression or mimetic muscles that include the numerous muscles supplied by the facial nerve that are attached to and move the skin of the face. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Muscles arising in the zygomatic arch that close the jaw. Their nerve supply is masseteric from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Diet modification and physical exercise to improve the ability to carry out daily tasks and perform physical activities.
Respiratory muscles that arise from the lower border of one rib and insert into the upper border of the adjoining rib, and contract during inspiration or respiration. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)
An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
Processes and properties of the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.
The musculofibrous partition that separates the THORACIC CAVITY from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding INHALATION.
A monosynaptic reflex elicited by stimulating a nerve, particularly the tibial nerve, with an electric shock.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Elongated, spindle-shaped, quiescent myoblasts lying in close contact with adult skeletal muscle. They are thought to play a role in muscle repair and regeneration.
The long cylindrical contractile organelles of STRIATED MUSCLE cells composed of ACTIN FILAMENTS; MYOSIN filaments; and other proteins organized in arrays of repeating units called SARCOMERES .
Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.
The larger subunits of MYOSINS. The heavy chains have a molecular weight of about 230 kDa and each heavy chain is usually associated with a dissimilar pair of MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS. The heavy chains possess actin-binding and ATPase activity.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
The pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles that make up the upper and fore part of the chest in front of the AXILLA.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
Injuries to the fibrous cords of connective tissue which attach muscles to bones or other structures.
The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.

Effect of regular Tai Chi and jogging exercise on neuromuscular reaction in older people. (1/588)

OBJECTIVES: to investigate the effects of regular Tai Chi (TC) or jogging exercise on neuromuscular reaction in older people. DESIGN: cross-sectional study. SETTING: university biomechanics laboratory. SUBJECTS: 21 long-term elderly TC practitioners were compared with 18 regular elderly joggers and 22 sedentary counterparts. MEASUREMENTS: electromyography (EMG) was used to detect the neuromuscular reaction of the leg muscles to an unexpected ankle inversion perturbation. The latency of the muscles, which was defined as the time that the moment of perturbation began to the onset of the EMG response, was evaluated. RESULTS: a one-way ANOVA revealed that there were significant differences in the latency of the rectus femoris (R) and anterior tibialis (T) muscles between the three groups, but that there were no differences in the latency of the semitendinosus (S) and gastrocnemius (G) muscles. Further tests indicated that the R and T muscles in the TC and jogging groups were activated significantly faster than those in the control group. No significant difference was found for the muscle onset latencies between the TC and jogging groups. CONCLUSION: maintaining information processing speed during ageing is important, because of the role that it plays in many everyday events. The R and T muscles in the regular TC and jogging groups showed faster responses to unexpected ankle inversion perturbations, which is helpful for the timely correction of postural disturbances, than those in the sedentary control group.  (+info)

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial DNA content in exercising humans. (2/588)

Several weeks of intense endurance training enhances mitochondrial biogenesis in humans. Whether a single bout of exercise alters skeletal muscle mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content remains unexplored. Double-stranded mtDNA, estimated by slot-blot hybridization and real time PCR and expressed as mtDNA-to-nuclear DNA ratio (mtDNA/nDNA) was obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle of healthy human subjects to investigate whether skeletal muscle mtDNA changes during fatiguing and nonfatiguing prolonged moderate intensity [2.0-2.5 h; approximately 60% maximal oxygen consumption (Vo(2 max))] and short repeated high-intensity exercise (5-8 min; approximately 110% Vo(2 max)). In control resting and light exercise (2 h; approximately 25% Vo(2 max)) studies, mtDNA/nDNA did not change. Conversely, mtDNA/nDNA declined after prolonged fatiguing exercise (0.863 +/- 0.061 vs. 1.101 +/- 0.067 at baseline; n = 14; P = 0.005), remained lower after 24 h of recovery, and was restored after 1 wk. After nonfatiguing prolonged exercise, mtDNA/nDNA tended to decline (n = 10; P = 0.083) but was reduced after three repeated high-intensity exercise bouts (0.900 +/- 0.049 vs. 1.067 +/- 0.071 at baseline; n = 7; P = 0.013). Our findings indicate that prolonged and short repeated intense exercise can lead to significant reductions in human skeletal muscle mtDNA content, which might function as a signal stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis with exercise training.  (+info)

Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on exercise-induced alterations in metabolic gene expression. (3/588)

Skeletal muscle possesses a high degree of plasticity and can adapt to both the physical and metabolic challenges that it faces. An acute bout of exercise is sufficient to induce the expression of a variety of metabolic genes, such as GLUT4, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK-4), uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 (PGC-1). Reducing muscle glycogen levels before exercise potentiates the effect of exercise on many genes. Similarly, altered substrate availability induces transcription of many of these genes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether glucose ingestion attenuates the exercise-induced increase in a variety of exercise-responsive genes. Six male subjects (28 +/- 7 yr; 83 +/- 3 kg; peak pulmonary oxygen uptake = 46 +/- 6 ml.kg(-1).min(-1)) performed 60 min of cycling at 74 +/- 2% of peak pulmonary oxygen uptake on two separate occasions. On one occasion, subjects ingested a 6% carbohydrate drink. On the other occasion, subjects ingested an equal volume of a sweet placebo. Muscle samples were obtained from vastus lateralis at rest, immediately after exercise, and 3 h after exercise. PDK-4, UCP3, PGC-1, and GLUT4 mRNA levels were measured on these samples using real-time RT-PCR. Glucose ingestion attenuated (P < 0.05) the exercise-induced increase in PDK-4 and UCP3 mRNA. A similar trend (P = 0.09) was observed for GLUT4 mRNA. In contrast, PGC-1 mRNA increased following exercise to the same extent in both conditions. These data suggest that glucose availability can modulate the effect of exercise on metabolic gene expression.  (+info)

Changes in dysferlin, proteins from dystrophin glycoprotein complex, costameres, and cytoskeleton in human soleus and vastus lateralis muscles after a long-term bedrest with or without exercise. (4/588)

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of hypokinesia and hypodynamia on cytoskeletal and related protein contents in human skeletal muscles. Twelve proteins: dystrophin and its associated proteins (DGC), dysferlin, talin, vinculin and meta-vinculin, alpha-actinin, desmin, actin, and myosin, were quantitatively analyzed during an 84-day long-term bedrest (LTBR). The preventive or compensatory effects of maximal resistance exercise (MRE) as a countermeasure were evaluated. Most of these proteins are involved in several myopathies, and they play an important role in muscle structure, fiber cohesion, cell integrity maintenance, and force transmission. This is the first comparison of the cytoskeletal protein contents between slow postural soleus (SOL) and mixed poly-functional vastus lateralis (VL) human muscles. Protein contents were higher in VL than in SOL (from 12 to 94%). These differences could be mainly explained by the differential mechanical constraints imposed on the muscles, i.e., cytoskeletal protein contents increase with mechanical constraints. After LTBR, proteins belonging to the DGC, dysferlin, and proteins of the costamere exhibited large increases, higher in SOL (from 67 to 216%) than in VL (from 32 to 142%). Plasma membrane remodeling during muscle atrophy is probably one of the key points for interpreting these modifications, and mechanisms other than those involved in the resistance of the cytoskeleton to mechanical constraints may be implicated (membrane repair). MRE compensates the cytoskeletal changes induced by LTBR in SOL, except for gamma-sarcoglycan (+70%) and dysferlin (+108%). The exercise only partly compensated the DGC changes induced in VL, and, as for SOL, dysferlin remained largely increased (+132%). Moreover, vinculin and metavinculin, which exhibited no significant change in VL after LTBR, were increased with MRE during LTBR, reinforcing the pre-LTBR differences between SOL and VL. This knowledge will contribute to the development of efficient space flight countermeasures and rehabilitation methods in clinical situations where musculoskeletal unloading is a component.  (+info)

Quadriceps force generation in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and asymptomatic participants during patellar tendon reflex reactions: an exploratory cross-sectional study. (5/588)

BACKGROUND: It has been postulated that muscle contraction is slower in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee than asymptomatic individuals, a factor that could theoretically impair joint protection mechanisms. This study investigated whether patients with osteoarthritis of the knee took longer than asymptomatic participants to generate force during reflex quadriceps muscle contraction. This was an exploratory study to inform sample size for future studies. METHODS: An exploratory observational cross sectional study was carried out. Two subject groups were tested, asymptomatic participants (n = 17), mean (SD) 56.7 (8.6) years, and patients with osteoarthritis of the knee, diagnosed by an orthopaedic surgeon, (n = 16), age 65.9 (7.8) years. Patellar tendon reflex responses were elicited from participants and measured with a load cell. Force latency, contraction time, and force of the reflex response were determined from digitally stored data. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for the between group comparisons in these variables. Bland and Altman within-subject standard deviation values were calculated to evaluate the measurement error or precision of force latency and contraction time. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the groups for force latency (p = 0.47), contraction time (p = 0.91), or force (p = 0.72). The two standard deviation measurement error values for force latency were 27.9 ms for asymptomatic participants and 16.4 ms for OA knee patients. For contraction time, these values were 29.3 ms for asymptomatic participants and 28.1 ms for OA knee patients. Post hoc calculations revealed that the study was adequately powered (80%) to detect a difference between the groups of 30 ms in force latency. However it was inadequately powered (59%) to detect this same difference in contraction time, and 28 participants would be required in each group to reach 80% power. CONCLUSION: Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee do not appear to have compromised temporal parameters or magnitude of force generation during patellar tendon reflex reactions when compared to a group of asymptomatic participants. However, these results suggest that larger studies are carried out to investigate this area further.  (+info)

The relationship between ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) genotype and motor unit physiology: preliminary studies. (6/588)

BACKGROUND: Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is important for neuronal and muscle development, and genetic variation in the CNTF gene has been associated with muscle strength. The effect of CNTF on nerve development suggests that CNTF genotype may be associated with force production via its influence on motor unit size and firing patterns. The purpose of this study is to examine whether CNTF genotype differentially affects motor unit activation in the vastus medialis with increasing isometric force during knee extension. RESULTS: Sixty-nine healthy subjects were genotyped for the presence of the G and A (null) alleles in the CNTF gene (n = 57 G/G, 12 G/A). They were tested using a dynamometer during submaximal isometric knee extension contractions that were from 10-50% of their maximal strength. During the contractions, the vastus medialis was studied using surface and intramuscular electromyography with spiked triggered averaging to assess surface-detected motor unit potential (SMUP) area and mean firing rates (mFR) from identified motor units. CNTF genotyping was performed using standard PCR techniques from DNA obtained from leucocytes of whole blood samples. The CNTF G/A genotype was associated with smaller SMUP area motor units and lower mFR at higher force levels, and fewer but larger units at lower force levels than G/G homozygotes. The two groups used motor units with different size and activation characteristics with increasing force generation. While G/G subjects tended to utilize larger motor units with increasing force, G/A subjects showed relatively less increase in size by using relatively larger units at lower force levels. At higher force levels, G/A subjects were able to generate more force per motor unit size suggesting more efficient motor unit function with increasing muscle force. CONCLUSION: Differential motor unit responses were observed between CNTF genotypes at force levels utilized in daily activities.  (+info)

Therapeutic exercise for knee osteoarthritis: considering factors that may influence outcome. (7/588)

While exercise has been shown to be beneficial for reducing pain and improving physical function in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA), there are still individuals who do not always respond well to this treatment approach. There are a number of factors that have been shown to influence either the degree of disability and/or the progression of disease in individuals with knee OA. These factors include quadriceps inhibition or activation failure, obesity, passive knee laxity, knee alignment, fear of physical activity and self efficacy. It may be possible that varying levels of these factors might also interfere with an individual's ability to participate in an exercise or physical activity program or minimize the benefits that can be achieved by such programs. This paper examines the influence of these factors on physical function and their potential for altering the outcome of exercise therapy programs for individuals with knee OA. Implications and suggestions for potential adjunctive interventions to address these factors in future research and clinical practice are also discussed.  (+info)

Maximal motor unit firing rates during isometric resistance training in men. (8/588)

This study measured changes in maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force, percentage maximal activation, maximal surface EMG, M-wave amplitude and average motor unit firing rates during the initial 3 weeks of isometric resistance training of the quadriceps muscle. Ten men participated in a resistance training programme three times a week for 3 weeks and 10 men participated as a control group. In the training group, MVC increased by 35% (from 761 +/- 77 to 1031 +/- 78 N) by the end of the 3 weeks. There were no changes in mean motor unit firing rates during submaximal or maximal voluntary contractions of 50 (15.51 +/- 1.48 Hz), 75 (20.23 +/- 1.85 Hz) or 100% MVC (42.25 +/- 2.72 Hz) with isometric resistance training. There was also no change in maximal surface EMG relative to the M-wave amplitude. However, there was a small increase in maximal activation (from 95.7 +/- 1.83 to 98.44 +/- 0.66%) as measured by the twitch interpolation technique. There were no changes in any of the parameters measured in the control group. It is suggested that mechanisms other than increases in average motor unit firing rates contributed to the increase in maximal force output with resistance training. Such mechanisms may include a combination of increased motor unit recruitment, enhanced protein synthesis, and changes in motor unit synchronization and muscle activation patterns across the quadriceps synergy.  (+info)

The Quadriceps muscle, also known as the Quadriceps Femoris, is a large muscle group located in the front of the thigh. It consists of four individual muscles - the Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius, and Vastus Medialis. These muscles work together to extend the leg at the knee joint and flex the thigh at the hip joint. The Quadriceps muscle is crucial for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and kicking.

In the context of human anatomy, the thigh is the part of the lower limb that extends from the hip to the knee. It is the upper and largest portion of the leg and is primarily composed of the femur bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body, as well as several muscles including the quadriceps femoris (front thigh), hamstrings (back thigh), and adductors (inner thigh). The major blood vessels and nerves that supply the lower limb also pass through the thigh.

Skeletal muscle, also known as striated or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is attached to bones by tendons or aponeuroses and functions to produce movements and support the posture of the body. It is composed of long, multinucleated fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles and are characterized by alternating light and dark bands, giving them a striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated through signals from the nervous system. It is responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting objects.

A muscle is a soft tissue in our body that contracts to produce force and motion. It is composed mainly of specialized cells called muscle fibers, which are bound together by connective tissue. There are three types of muscles: skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac. Skeletal muscles attach to bones and help in movement, while smooth muscles are found within the walls of organs and blood vessels, helping with functions like digestion and circulation. Cardiac muscle is the specific type that makes up the heart, allowing it to pump blood throughout the body.

Muscle strength, in a medical context, refers to the amount of force a muscle or group of muscles can produce during contraction. It is the maximum amount of force that a muscle can generate through its full range of motion and is often measured in units of force such as pounds or newtons. Muscle strength is an important component of physical function and mobility, and it can be assessed through various tests, including manual muscle testing, dynamometry, and isokinetic testing. Factors that can affect muscle strength include age, sex, body composition, injury, disease, and physical activity level.

Muscle fatigue is a condition characterized by a reduction in the ability of a muscle to generate force or power, typically after prolonged or strenuous exercise. It is often accompanied by sensations of tiredness, weakness, and discomfort in the affected muscle(s). The underlying mechanisms of muscle fatigue are complex and involve both peripheral factors (such as changes in muscle metabolism, ion handling, and neuromuscular transmission) and central factors (such as changes in the nervous system's ability to activate muscles). Muscle fatigue can also occur as a result of various medical conditions or medications that impair muscle function.

Muscle weakness is a condition in which muscles cannot develop the expected level of physical force or power. This results in reduced muscle function and can be caused by various factors, including nerve damage, muscle diseases, or hormonal imbalances. Muscle weakness may manifest as difficulty lifting objects, maintaining posture, or performing daily activities. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment of muscle weakness.

Muscle contraction is the physiological process in which muscle fibers shorten and generate force, leading to movement or stability of a body part. This process involves the sliding filament theory where thick and thin filaments within the sarcomeres (the functional units of muscles) slide past each other, facilitated by the interaction between myosin heads and actin filaments. The energy required for this action is provided by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary, and they play a crucial role in various bodily functions such as locomotion, circulation, respiration, and posture maintenance.

"Torque" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a physical concept used in the fields of physics and engineering, referring to a twisting force that causes rotation around an axis. However, in certain medical contexts, such as in discussions of spinal or joint biomechanics, the term "torque" may be used to describe a rotational force applied to a body part. But generally speaking, "torque" is not a term commonly used in medical terminology.

Isometric contraction is a type of muscle activation where the muscle contracts without any change in the length of the muscle or movement at the joint. This occurs when the force generated by the muscle matches the external force opposing it, resulting in a balanced state with no visible movement. It is commonly experienced during activities such as holding a heavy object in static position or trying to push against an immovable object. Isometric contractions are important in maintaining posture and providing stability to joints.

In medical terms, the knee is referred to as the largest and one of the most complex joints in the human body. It is a hinge joint that connects the thigh bone (femur) to the shin bones (tibia and fibula), enabling movements like flexion, extension, and a small amount of rotation. The knee also contains several other components such as menisci, ligaments, tendons, and bursae, which provide stability, cushioning, and protection during movement.

The knee joint, also known as the tibiofemoral joint, is the largest and one of the most complex joints in the human body. It is a synovial joint that connects the thighbone (femur) to the shinbone (tibia). The patella (kneecap), which is a sesamoid bone, is located in front of the knee joint and helps in the extension of the leg.

The knee joint is made up of three articulations: the femorotibial joint between the femur and tibia, the femoropatellar joint between the femur and patella, and the tibiofibular joint between the tibia and fibula. These articulations are surrounded by a fibrous capsule that encloses the synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.

The knee joint is stabilized by several ligaments, including the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, which provide stability to the sides of the joint, and the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, which prevent excessive forward and backward movement of the tibia relative to the femur. The menisci, which are C-shaped fibrocartilaginous structures located between the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus, also help to stabilize the joint by absorbing shock and distributing weight evenly across the articular surfaces.

The knee joint allows for flexion, extension, and a small amount of rotation, making it essential for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and sitting.

The femoral nerve is a major nerve in the thigh region of the human body. It originates from the lumbar plexus, specifically from the ventral rami (anterior divisions) of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves (L2-L4). The femoral nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and areas in the lower limb.

Motor Innervation:
The femoral nerve is responsible for providing motor innervation to several muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh, including:

1. Iliacus muscle
2. Psoas major muscle
3. Quadriceps femoris muscle (consisting of four heads: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius)

These muscles are involved in hip flexion, knee extension, and stabilization of the hip joint.

Sensory Innervation:
The sensory distribution of the femoral nerve includes:

1. Anterior and medial aspects of the thigh
2. Skin over the anterior aspect of the knee and lower leg (via the saphenous nerve, a branch of the femoral nerve)

The saphenous nerve provides sensation to the skin on the inner side of the leg and foot, as well as the medial malleolus (the bony bump on the inside of the ankle).

In summary, the femoral nerve is a crucial component of the lumbar plexus that controls motor functions in the anterior thigh muscles and provides sensory innervation to the anterior and medial aspects of the thigh and lower leg.

Muscle proteins are a type of protein that are found in muscle tissue and are responsible for providing structure, strength, and functionality to muscles. The two major types of muscle proteins are:

1. Contractile proteins: These include actin and myosin, which are responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. They work together to cause muscle movement by sliding along each other and shortening the muscle fibers.
2. Structural proteins: These include titin, nebulin, and desmin, which provide structural support and stability to muscle fibers. Titin is the largest protein in the human body and acts as a molecular spring that helps maintain the integrity of the sarcomere (the basic unit of muscle contraction). Nebulin helps regulate the length of the sarcomere, while desmin forms a network of filaments that connects adjacent muscle fibers together.

Overall, muscle proteins play a critical role in maintaining muscle health and function, and their dysregulation can lead to various muscle-related disorders such as muscular dystrophy, myopathies, and sarcopenia.

A muscle strength dynamometer is a medical device used to measure the force or strength of a muscle or group of muscles. It typically consists of a handheld handle connected to a spring scale or digital force gauge, which measures the amount of force applied by the individual being tested. The person being tested pushes or pulls against the handle with as much force as possible, and the dynamometer provides an objective measurement of their muscle strength in units such as pounds or kilograms.

Muscle strength dynamometers are commonly used in clinical settings to assess muscle weakness or dysfunction, monitor changes in muscle strength over time, and evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions. They can be used to test various muscle groups, including the handgrip, quadriceps, hamstrings, biceps, triceps, and shoulder muscles.

When using a muscle strength dynamometer, it is important to follow standardized testing protocols to ensure accurate and reliable measurements. This may include positioning the individual in a specific way, providing standardized instructions, and averaging multiple trials to obtain an accurate measure of their muscle strength.

Skeletal muscle fibers, also known as striated muscle fibers, are the type of muscle cells that make up skeletal muscles, which are responsible for voluntary movements of the body. These muscle fibers are long, cylindrical, and multinucleated, meaning they contain multiple nuclei. They are surrounded by a connective tissue layer called the endomysium, and many fibers are bundled together into fascicles, which are then surrounded by another layer of connective tissue called the perimysium.

Skeletal muscle fibers are composed of myofibrils, which are long, thread-like structures that run the length of the fiber. Myofibrils contain repeating units called sarcomeres, which are responsible for the striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers. Sarcomeres are composed of thick and thin filaments, which slide past each other during muscle contraction to shorten the sarcomere and generate force.

Skeletal muscle fibers can be further classified into two main types based on their contractile properties: slow-twitch (type I) and fast-twitch (type II). Slow-twitch fibers have a high endurance capacity and are used for sustained, low-intensity activities such as maintaining posture. Fast-twitch fibers, on the other hand, have a higher contractile speed and force generation capacity but fatigue more quickly and are used for powerful, explosive movements.

Electromyography (EMG) is a medical diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscles during contraction and at rest. It involves inserting a thin needle electrode into the muscle to record the electrical signals generated by the muscle fibers. These signals are then displayed on an oscilloscope and may be heard through a speaker.

EMG can help diagnose various neuromuscular disorders, such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, and can distinguish between muscle and nerve disorders. It is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests, such as nerve conduction studies, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the nervous system.

EMG is typically performed by a neurologist or a physiatrist, and the procedure may cause some discomfort or pain, although this is usually minimal. The results of an EMG can help guide treatment decisions and monitor the progression of neuromuscular conditions over time.

Electric stimulation therapy, also known as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) or electromyostimulation, is a therapeutic treatment that uses electrical impulses to stimulate muscles and nerves. The electrical signals are delivered through electrodes placed on the skin near the target muscle group or nerve.

The therapy can be used for various purposes, including:

1. Pain management: Electric stimulation can help reduce pain by stimulating the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body. It can also help block the transmission of pain signals to the brain.
2. Muscle rehabilitation: NMES can be used to prevent muscle atrophy and maintain muscle tone in individuals who are unable to move their muscles due to injury or illness, such as spinal cord injuries or stroke.
3. Improving circulation: Electric stimulation can help improve blood flow and reduce swelling by contracting the muscles and promoting the movement of fluids in the body.
4. Wound healing: NMES can be used to promote wound healing by increasing blood flow, reducing swelling, and improving muscle function around the wound site.
5. Muscle strengthening: Electric stimulation can be used to strengthen muscles by causing them to contract and relax repeatedly, which can help improve muscle strength and endurance.

It is important to note that electric stimulation therapy should only be administered under the guidance of a trained healthcare professional, as improper use can cause harm or discomfort.

The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a sesamoid bone located at the front of the knee joint. It is embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle and serves to protect the knee joint and increase the leverage of the extensor mechanism, allowing for greater extension force of the lower leg. The patella moves within a groove on the femur called the trochlea during flexion and extension of the knee.

Exercise is defined in the medical context as a physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive, with the primary aim of improving or maintaining one or more components of physical fitness. Components of physical fitness include cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition. Exercise can be classified based on its intensity (light, moderate, or vigorous), duration (length of time), and frequency (number of times per week). Common types of exercise include aerobic exercises, such as walking, jogging, cycling, and swimming; resistance exercises, such as weightlifting; flexibility exercises, such as stretching; and balance exercises. Exercise has numerous health benefits, including reducing the risk of chronic diseases, improving mental health, and enhancing overall quality of life.

Smooth muscle, also known as involuntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and functions without conscious effort. These muscles are found in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and blood vessels, as well as in the eyes, skin, and other areas of the body.

Smooth muscle fibers are shorter and narrower than skeletal muscle fibers and do not have striations or sarcomeres, which give skeletal muscle its striped appearance. Smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system through the release of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine, which bind to receptors on the smooth muscle cells and cause them to contract or relax.

Smooth muscle plays an important role in many physiological processes, including digestion, circulation, respiration, and elimination. It can also contribute to various medical conditions, such as hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, and genitourinary dysfunction, when it becomes overactive or underactive.

In medical terms, the leg refers to the lower portion of the human body that extends from the knee down to the foot. It includes the thigh (femur), lower leg (tibia and fibula), foot, and ankle. The leg is primarily responsible for supporting the body's weight and enabling movements such as standing, walking, running, and jumping.

The leg contains several important structures, including bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, and joints. These structures work together to provide stability, support, and mobility to the lower extremity. Common medical conditions that can affect the leg include fractures, sprains, strains, infections, peripheral artery disease, and neurological disorders.

Muscular atrophy is a condition characterized by a decrease in the size and mass of muscles due to lack of use, disease, or injury. This occurs when there is a disruption in the balance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation, leading to a net loss of muscle proteins. There are two main types of muscular atrophy:

1. Disuse atrophy: This type of atrophy occurs when muscles are not used or are immobilized for an extended period, such as after an injury, surgery, or prolonged bed rest. In this case, the nerves that control the muscles may still be functioning properly, but the muscles themselves waste away due to lack of use.
2. Neurogenic atrophy: This type of atrophy is caused by damage to the nerves that supply the muscles, leading to muscle weakness and wasting. Conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal cord injuries, and peripheral neuropathies can cause neurogenic atrophy.

In both cases, the affected muscles may become weak, shrink in size, and lose their tone and mass. Treatment for muscular atrophy depends on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, exercise, and medication to manage symptoms and improve muscle strength and function.

The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is a major stabilizing ligament in the knee. It is one of the four strong bands of tissue that connect the bones of the knee joint together. The ACL runs diagonally through the middle of the knee and helps to control the back and forth motion of the knee, as well as provide stability to the knee joint. Injuries to the ACL often occur during sports or physical activities that involve sudden stops, changes in direction, or awkward landings.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

Knee injuries refer to damages or harm caused to the structures surrounding or within the knee joint, which may include the bones (femur, tibia, and patella), cartilage (meniscus and articular cartilage), ligaments (ACL, PCL, MCL, and LCL), tendons (patellar and quadriceps), muscles, bursae, and other soft tissues. These injuries can result from various causes, such as trauma, overuse, degeneration, or sports-related activities. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, stiffness, instability, reduced range of motion, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected knee. Common knee injuries include fractures, dislocations, meniscal tears, ligament sprains or ruptures, and tendonitis. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial to ensure optimal recovery and prevent long-term complications.

Muscular diseases, also known as myopathies, refer to a group of conditions that affect the functionality and health of muscle tissue. These diseases can be inherited or acquired and may result from inflammation, infection, injury, or degenerative processes. They can cause symptoms such as weakness, stiffness, cramping, spasms, wasting, and loss of muscle function.

Examples of muscular diseases include:

1. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD): A genetic disorder that results in progressive muscle weakness and degeneration due to a lack of dystrophin protein.
2. Myasthenia Gravis: An autoimmune disease that causes muscle weakness and fatigue, typically affecting the eyes and face, throat, and limbs.
3. Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM): A progressive muscle disorder characterized by muscle inflammation and wasting, typically affecting older adults.
4. Polymyositis: An inflammatory myopathy that causes muscle weakness and inflammation throughout the body.
5. Metabolic Myopathies: A group of inherited disorders that affect muscle metabolism, leading to exercise intolerance, muscle weakness, and other symptoms.
6. Muscular Dystonias: Involuntary muscle contractions and spasms that can cause abnormal postures or movements.

It is important to note that muscular diseases can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, mobility, and overall health. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing symptoms and improving outcomes.

The patellar ligament, also known as the patellar tendon, is a strong band of tissue that connects the bottom part of the kneecap (patella) to the top part of the shinbone (tibia). This ligament plays a crucial role in enabling the extension and straightening of the leg during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. Injuries to the patellar ligament, such as tendonitis or tears, can cause pain and difficulty with mobility.

A smooth muscle within the vascular system refers to the involuntary, innervated muscle that is found in the walls of blood vessels. These muscles are responsible for controlling the diameter of the blood vessels, which in turn regulates blood flow and blood pressure. They are called "smooth" muscles because their individual muscle cells do not have the striations, or cross-striped patterns, that are observed in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Smooth muscle in the vascular system is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and by hormones, and can contract or relax slowly over a period of time.

Respiratory muscles are a group of muscles involved in the process of breathing. They include the diaphragm, intercostal muscles (located between the ribs), scalene muscles (located in the neck), and abdominal muscles. These muscles work together to allow the chest cavity to expand or contract, which draws air into or pushes it out of the lungs. The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for breathing, contracting to increase the volume of the chest cavity and draw air into the lungs during inhalation. The intercostal muscles help to further expand the ribcage, while the abdominal muscles assist in exhaling by compressing the abdomen and pushing up on the diaphragm.

Slow-twitch muscle fibers, also known as type I muscle fibers, are specialized skeletal muscle cells that contract relatively slowly and generate less force than fast-twitch fibers. However, they can maintain contraction for longer periods of time and have a higher resistance to fatigue. These fibers primarily use oxygen and aerobic metabolism to produce energy, making them highly efficient during prolonged, lower-intensity activities such as long-distance running or cycling. Slow-twitch muscle fibers also have an abundant blood supply, which allows for efficient delivery of oxygen and removal of waste products.

Jogging, in a medical context, is defined as a form of physical activity that involves running at a steady gentle pace, typically over a long distance and usually for exercise or training purposes. It is considered to be a type of aerobic exercise that can help improve cardiovascular fitness, strengthen muscles and bones, aid in weight management, and boost mood and overall mental health.

The intensity of jogging is generally lower than running, with a slower pace and less impact on the joints. Jogging is often recommended as a safe and effective form of exercise for people of all ages and fitness levels, including those who are new to exercise or recovering from an injury. However, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new exercise program, especially if you have any medical conditions or concerns.

Muscle development, also known as muscle hypertrophy, refers to the increase in size and mass of the muscles through a process called myofiber growth. This is primarily achieved through resistance or strength training exercises that cause micro-tears in the muscle fibers, leading to an inflammatory response and the release of hormones that promote muscle growth. As the muscles repair themselves, they become larger and stronger than before. Proper nutrition, including adequate protein intake, and rest are also essential components of muscle development.

It is important to note that while muscle development can lead to an increase in strength and muscular endurance, it does not necessarily result in improved athletic performance or overall fitness. A well-rounded exercise program that includes cardiovascular activity, flexibility training, and resistance exercises is recommended for optimal health and fitness outcomes.

Artificial organs are medical devices that are implanted in the human body to replace the function of a damaged, diseased, or failing organ. These devices can be made from a variety of materials, including metals, plastics, and synthetic biomaterials. They are designed to mimic the structure and function of natural organs as closely as possible, with the goal of improving the patient's quality of life and extending their lifespan.

Some examples of artificial organs include:

1. Artificial heart: A device that is implanted in the chest to replace the function of a failing heart. It can be used as a temporary or permanent solution for patients with end-stage heart failure.
2. Artificial pancreas: A device that is used to treat type 1 diabetes by regulating blood sugar levels. It consists of an insulin pump and a continuous glucose monitor, which work together to deliver insulin automatically based on the patient's needs.
3. Artificial kidney: A device that filters waste products from the blood, similar to a natural kidney. It can be used as a temporary or permanent solution for patients with end-stage renal disease.
4. Artificial lung: A device that helps patients with respiratory failure breathe by exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
5. Artificial bladder: A device that is implanted in the body to help patients with bladder dysfunction urinate.
6. Artificial eyes: Prosthetic devices that are used to replace a missing or damaged eye, providing cosmetic and sometimes functional benefits.

It's important to note that while artificial organs can significantly improve the quality of life for many patients, they are not without risks. Complications such as infection, rejection, and device failure can occur, and ongoing medical care is necessary to monitor and manage these risks.

Mitochondria in muscle, also known as the "powerhouses" of the cell, are organelles that play a crucial role in generating energy for muscle cells through a process called cellular respiration. They convert the chemical energy found in glucose and oxygen into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the main source of energy used by cells.

Muscle cells contain a high number of mitochondria due to their high energy demands for muscle contraction and relaxation. The number and size of mitochondria in muscle fibers can vary depending on the type of muscle fiber, with slow-twitch, aerobic fibers having more numerous and larger mitochondria than fast-twitch, anaerobic fibers.

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to various muscle disorders, including mitochondrial myopathies, which are characterized by muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, and other symptoms related to impaired energy production in the muscle cells.

A tendon is the strong, flexible band of tissue that connects muscle to bone. It helps transfer the force produced by the muscle to allow various movements of our body parts. Tendons are made up of collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles and have a poor blood supply, making them prone to injuries and slow to heal. Examples include the Achilles tendon, which connects the calf muscle to the heel bone, and the patellar tendon, which connects the kneecap to the shinbone.

Immobilization is a medical term that refers to the restriction of normal mobility or motion of a body part, usually to promote healing and prevent further injury. This is often achieved through the use of devices such as casts, splints, braces, slings, or traction. The goal of immobilization is to keep the injured area in a fixed position so that it can heal properly without additional damage. It may be used for various medical conditions, including fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains, and soft tissue injuries. Immobilization helps reduce pain, minimize swelling, and protect the injured site from movement that could worsen the injury or impair healing.

Physical endurance is the ability of an individual to withstand and resist physical fatigue over prolonged periods of strenuous activity, exercise, or exertion. It involves the efficient functioning of various body systems, including the cardiovascular system (heart, blood vessels, and blood), respiratory system (lungs and airways), and musculoskeletal system (muscles, bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage).

Physical endurance is often measured in terms of aerobic capacity or stamina, which refers to the body's ability to supply oxygen to muscles during sustained physical activity. It can be improved through regular exercise, such as running, swimming, cycling, or weightlifting, that challenges the body's major muscle groups and raises the heart rate for extended periods.

Factors that influence physical endurance include genetics, age, sex, fitness level, nutrition, hydration, sleep quality, stress management, and overall health status. It is essential to maintain good physical endurance to perform daily activities efficiently, reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and enhance overall well-being.

Electric stimulation, also known as electrical nerve stimulation or neuromuscular electrical stimulation, is a therapeutic treatment that uses low-voltage electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles. It is often used to help manage pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and mobility. The electrical impulses can be delivered through electrodes placed on the skin or directly implanted into the body.

In a medical context, electric stimulation may be used for various purposes such as:

1. Pain management: Electric stimulation can help to block pain signals from reaching the brain and promote the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body.
2. Muscle rehabilitation: Electric stimulation can help to strengthen muscles that have become weak due to injury, illness, or surgery. It can also help to prevent muscle atrophy and improve range of motion.
3. Wound healing: Electric stimulation can promote tissue growth and help to speed up the healing process in wounds, ulcers, and other types of injuries.
4. Urinary incontinence: Electric stimulation can be used to strengthen the muscles that control urination and reduce symptoms of urinary incontinence.
5. Migraine prevention: Electric stimulation can be used as a preventive treatment for migraines by applying electrical impulses to specific nerves in the head and neck.

It is important to note that electric stimulation should only be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as improper use can cause harm or discomfort.

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a degenerative joint disease that affects the articular cartilage and subchondral bone in the knee joint. It is characterized by the breakdown and eventual loss of the smooth, cushioning cartilage that covers the ends of bones and allows for easy movement within joints. As the cartilage wears away, the bones rub against each other, causing pain, stiffness, and limited mobility. Osteoarthritis of the knee can also lead to the formation of bone spurs (osteophytes) and cysts in the joint. This condition is most commonly found in older adults, but it can also occur in younger people as a result of injury or overuse. Risk factors include obesity, family history, previous joint injuries, and repetitive stress on the knee joint. Treatment options typically include pain management, physical therapy, and in some cases, surgery.

The patellofemoral joint is the articulation between the patella (kneecap) and the femur (thigh bone). It is a synovial joint, which means it is surrounded by a joint capsule containing synovial fluid to lubricate the joint. This joint is responsible for providing stability to the knee extensor mechanism and allows for smooth movement of the patella during activities like walking, running, and jumping. Pain or dysfunction in this joint can result in various conditions such as patellofemoral pain syndrome, chondromalacia patella, or patellar dislocation.

Oxygen consumption, also known as oxygen uptake, is the amount of oxygen that is consumed or utilized by the body during a specific period of time, usually measured in liters per minute (L/min). It is a common measurement used in exercise physiology and critical care medicine to assess an individual's aerobic metabolism and overall health status.

In clinical settings, oxygen consumption is often measured during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to evaluate cardiovascular function, pulmonary function, and exercise capacity in patients with various medical conditions such as heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory or cardiac disorders.

During exercise, oxygen is consumed by the muscles to generate energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. The amount of oxygen consumed during exercise can provide important information about an individual's fitness level, exercise capacity, and overall health status. Additionally, measuring oxygen consumption can help healthcare providers assess the effectiveness of treatments and rehabilitation programs in patients with various medical conditions.

Articular Range of Motion (AROM) is a term used in physiotherapy and orthopedics to describe the amount of movement available in a joint, measured in degrees of a circle. It refers to the range through which synovial joints can actively move without causing pain or injury. AROM is assessed by measuring the degree of motion achieved by active muscle contraction, as opposed to passive range of motion (PROM), where the movement is generated by an external force.

Assessment of AROM is important in evaluating a patient's functional ability and progress, planning treatment interventions, and determining return to normal activities or sports participation. It is also used to identify any restrictions in joint mobility that may be due to injury, disease, or surgery, and to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.

Myostatin is a protein that is primarily known for its role in regulating muscle growth. It's also called "growth differentiation factor 8" or GDF-8. Produced by muscle cells, myostatin inhibits the process of muscle growth by preventing the transformation of stem cells into muscle fibers and promoting the breakdown of existing muscle proteins.

In essence, myostatin acts as a negative regulator of muscle mass, keeping it in check to prevent excessive growth. Mutations leading to reduced myostatin activity or expression have been associated with increased muscle mass and strength in both animals and humans, making it a potential target for therapeutic interventions in muscle-wasting conditions such as muscular dystrophy and age-related sarcopenia.

Weight lifting, also known as resistance training, is a form of exercise that involves working against an external force, such as gravity or elastic bands, to build strength, power, and endurance. In a medical context, weight lifting can be used as a therapeutic intervention to improve physical function, mobility, and overall health.

Weight lifting typically involves the use of free weights, weight machines, or resistance bands to target specific muscle groups in the body. The exercises may include movements such as bicep curls, bench presses, squats, lunges, and deadlifts, among others. These exercises can be performed at varying intensities, repetitions, and sets to achieve different fitness goals, such as increasing muscle mass, improving muscular endurance, or enhancing athletic performance.

It is important to note that weight lifting should be performed with proper form and technique to avoid injury. It is recommended to seek the guidance of a certified personal trainer or physical therapist to ensure safe and effective exercise practices.

Joint instability is a condition characterized by the loss of normal joint function and increased risk of joint injury due to impaired integrity of the supporting structures, such as ligaments, muscles, or cartilage. This can result in excessive movement or laxity within the joint, leading to decreased stability and increased susceptibility to dislocations or subluxations. Joint instability may cause pain, swelling, and limited range of motion, and it can significantly impact a person's mobility and quality of life. It is often caused by trauma, degenerative conditions, or congenital abnormalities and may require medical intervention, such as physical therapy, bracing, or surgery, to restore joint stability.

Bicycling is defined in medical terms as the act of riding a bicycle. It involves the use of a two-wheeled vehicle that is propelled by pedaling, with the power being transferred to the rear wheel through a chain and sprocket system. Bicycling can be done for various purposes such as transportation, recreation, exercise, or sport.

Regular bicycling has been shown to have numerous health benefits, including improving cardiovascular fitness, increasing muscle strength and flexibility, reducing stress and anxiety, and helping with weight management. However, it is important to wear a helmet while bicycling to reduce the risk of head injury in case of an accident. Additionally, cyclists should follow traffic rules and be aware of their surroundings to ensure their safety and the safety of others on the road.

Fast-twitch muscle fibers, also known as type II fibers, are a type of skeletal muscle fiber that are characterized by their rapid contraction and relaxation rates. These fibers have a larger diameter and contain a higher concentration of glycogen, which serves as a quick source of energy for muscle contractions. Fast-twitch fibers are further divided into two subcategories: type IIa and type IIb (or type IIx). Type IIa fibers have a moderate amount of mitochondria and can utilize both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways, making them fatigue-resistant. Type IIb fibers, on the other hand, have fewer mitochondria and primarily use anaerobic metabolism, leading to faster fatigue. Fast-twitch fibers are typically used in activities that require quick, powerful movements such as sprinting or weightlifting.

Physical exertion is defined as the act of applying energy to physically demandable activities or tasks, which results in various body systems working together to produce movement and maintain homeostasis. It often leads to an increase in heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature, among other physiological responses. The level of physical exertion can vary based on the intensity, duration, and frequency of the activity.

It's important to note that engaging in regular physical exertion has numerous health benefits, such as improving cardiovascular fitness, strengthening muscles and bones, reducing stress, and preventing chronic diseases like obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. However, it is also crucial to balance physical exertion with adequate rest and recovery time to avoid overtraining or injury.

"Weight-bearing" is a term used in the medical field to describe the ability of a body part or limb to support the weight or pressure exerted upon it, typically while standing, walking, or performing other physical activities. In a clinical setting, healthcare professionals often use the term "weight-bearing exercise" to refer to physical activities that involve supporting one's own body weight, such as walking, jogging, or climbing stairs. These exercises can help improve bone density, muscle strength, and overall physical function, particularly in individuals with conditions affecting the bones, joints, or muscles.

In addition, "weight-bearing" is also used to describe the positioning of a body part during medical imaging studies, such as X-rays or MRIs. For example, a weight-bearing X-ray of the foot or ankle involves taking an image while the patient stands on the affected limb, allowing healthcare providers to assess any alignment or stability issues that may not be apparent in a non-weight-bearing position.

An exercise test, also known as a stress test or an exercise stress test, is a medical procedure used to evaluate the heart's function and response to physical exertion. It typically involves walking on a treadmill or pedaling a stationary bike while being monitored for changes in heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), and sometimes other variables such as oxygen consumption or gas exchange.

During the test, the patient's symptoms, such as chest pain or shortness of breath, are also closely monitored. The exercise test can help diagnose coronary artery disease, assess the severity of heart-related symptoms, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for heart conditions. It may also be used to determine a person's safe level of physical activity and fitness.

There are different types of exercise tests, including treadmill stress testing, stationary bike stress testing, nuclear stress testing, and stress echocardiography. The specific type of test used depends on the patient's medical history, symptoms, and overall health status.

Gait is a medical term used to describe the pattern of movement of the limbs during walking or running. It includes the manner or style of walking, including factors such as rhythm, speed, and step length. A person's gait can provide important clues about their physical health and neurological function, and abnormalities in gait may indicate the presence of underlying medical conditions, such as neuromuscular disorders, orthopedic problems, or injuries.

A typical human gait cycle involves two main phases: the stance phase, during which the foot is in contact with the ground, and the swing phase, during which the foot is lifted and moved forward in preparation for the next step. The gait cycle can be further broken down into several sub-phases, including heel strike, foot flat, midstance, heel off, and toe off.

Gait analysis is a specialized field of study that involves observing and measuring a person's gait pattern using various techniques, such as video recordings, force plates, and motion capture systems. This information can be used to diagnose and treat gait abnormalities, improve mobility and function, and prevent injuries.

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) is a broad term used to describe pain arising from the front of the knee, specifically where the patella (kneecap) meets the femur (thigh bone). It is often described as a diffuse, aching pain in the anterior knee, typically worsening with activities that load the patellofemoral joint such as climbing stairs, running, jumping or prolonged sitting.

PFPS can be caused by various factors including overuse, muscle imbalances, poor biomechanics, or abnormal tracking of the patella. Treatment usually involves a combination of physical therapy to improve strength and flexibility, activity modification, and sometimes bracing or orthotics for better alignment.

Arthroplasty, replacement, knee is a surgical procedure where the damaged or diseased joint surface of the knee is removed and replaced with an artificial joint or prosthesis. The procedure involves resurfacing the worn-out ends of the femur (thigh bone) and tibia (shin bone) with metal components, and the back of the kneecap with a plastic button. This surgery is usually performed to relieve pain and restore function in patients with severe knee osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or traumatic injuries that have damaged the joint beyond repair. The goal of knee replacement surgery is to improve mobility, reduce pain, and enhance the quality of life for the patient.

Muscle denervation is a medical term that refers to the loss of nerve supply to a muscle or group of muscles. This can occur due to various reasons, such as injury to the nerves, nerve compression, or certain medical conditions like neuromuscular disorders. When the nerve supply to the muscle is interrupted, it can lead to muscle weakness, atrophy (wasting), and ultimately, paralysis.

In denervation, the communication between the nervous system and the muscle is disrupted, which means that the muscle no longer receives signals from the brain to contract and move. Over time, this can result in significant muscle wasting and disability, depending on the severity and extent of the denervation.

Denervation may be treated with various therapies, including physical therapy, medication, or surgical intervention, such as nerve grafting or muscle transfers, to restore function and prevent further muscle wasting. The specific treatment approach will depend on the underlying cause and severity of the denervation.

Exercise therapy is a type of medical treatment that uses physical movement and exercise to improve a patient's physical functioning, mobility, and overall health. It is often used as a component of rehabilitation programs for individuals who have experienced injuries, illnesses, or surgeries that have impaired their ability to move and function normally.

Exercise therapy may involve a range of activities, including stretching, strengthening, balance training, aerobic exercise, and functional training. The specific exercises used will depend on the individual's needs, goals, and medical condition.

The benefits of exercise therapy include:

* Improved strength and flexibility
* Increased endurance and stamina
* Enhanced balance and coordination
* Reduced pain and inflammation
* Improved cardiovascular health
* Increased range of motion and joint mobility
* Better overall physical functioning and quality of life.

Exercise therapy is typically prescribed and supervised by a healthcare professional, such as a physical therapist or exercise physiologist, who has experience working with individuals with similar medical conditions. The healthcare professional will create an individualized exercise program based on the patient's needs and goals, and will provide guidance and support to ensure that the exercises are performed safely and effectively.

"Recovery of function" is a term used in medical rehabilitation to describe the process in which an individual regains the ability to perform activities or tasks that were previously difficult or impossible due to injury, illness, or disability. This can involve both physical and cognitive functions. The goal of recovery of function is to help the person return to their prior level of independence and participation in daily activities, work, and social roles as much as possible.

Recovery of function may be achieved through various interventions such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech-language therapy, and other rehabilitation strategies. The specific approach used will depend on the individual's needs and the nature of their impairment. Recovery of function can occur spontaneously as the body heals, or it may require targeted interventions to help facilitate the process.

It is important to note that recovery of function does not always mean a full return to pre-injury or pre-illness levels of ability. Instead, it often refers to the person's ability to adapt and compensate for any remaining impairments, allowing them to achieve their maximum level of functional independence and quality of life.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by the persistent obstruction of airflow in and out of the lungs. This obstruction is usually caused by two primary conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to excessive mucus production and coughing. Emphysema is a condition where the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs are damaged, resulting in decreased gas exchange and shortness of breath.

The main symptoms of COPD include progressive shortness of breath, chronic cough, chest tightness, wheezing, and excessive mucus production. The disease is often associated with exposure to harmful particles or gases, such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, or occupational dusts and chemicals. While there is no cure for COPD, treatments can help alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, and slow the progression of the disease. These treatments may include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, combination inhalers, pulmonary rehabilitation, and, in severe cases, oxygen therapy or lung transplantation.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Motor neurons are specialized nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that play a crucial role in controlling voluntary muscle movements. They transmit electrical signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling us to perform actions such as walking, talking, and swallowing. There are two types of motor neurons: upper motor neurons, which originate in the brain's motor cortex and travel down to the brainstem and spinal cord; and lower motor neurons, which extend from the brainstem and spinal cord to the muscles. Damage or degeneration of these motor neurons can lead to various neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

The abdominal muscles, also known as the abdominals or abs, are a group of muscles in the anterior (front) wall of the abdominopelvic cavity. They play a crucial role in maintaining posture, supporting the trunk, and facilitating movement of the torso. The main abdominal muscles include:

1. Rectus Abdominis: These are the pair of long, flat muscles that run vertically along the middle of the anterior abdominal wall. They are often referred to as the "six-pack" muscles due to their visible, segmented appearance in well-trained individuals. The primary function of the rectus abdominis is to flex the spine, allowing for actions such as sitting up from a lying down position or performing a crunch exercise.

2. External Obliques: These are the largest and most superficial of the oblique muscles, located on the lateral (side) aspects of the abdominal wall. They run diagonally downward and forward from the lower ribs to the iliac crest (the upper part of the pelvis) and the pubic tubercle (a bony prominence at the front of the pelvis). The external obliques help rotate and flex the trunk, as well as assist in side-bending and exhalation.

3. Internal Obliques: These muscles lie deep to the external obliques and run diagonally downward and backward from the lower ribs to the iliac crest, pubic tubercle, and linea alba (the strong band of connective tissue that runs vertically along the midline of the abdomen). The internal obliques help rotate and flex the trunk, as well as assist in forced exhalation and increasing intra-abdominal pressure during actions such as coughing or lifting heavy objects.

4. Transversus Abdominis: This is the deepest of the abdominal muscles, located inner to both the internal obliques and the rectus sheath (a strong, fibrous covering that surrounds the rectus abdominis). The transversus abdominis runs horizontally around the abdomen, attaching to the lower six ribs, the thoracolumbar fascia (a broad sheet of connective tissue spanning from the lower back to the pelvis), and the pubic crest (the front part of the pelvic bone). The transversus abdominis helps maintain core stability by compressing the abdominal contents and increasing intra-abdominal pressure.

Together, these muscles form the muscular "corset" of the abdomen, providing support, stability, and flexibility to the trunk. They also play a crucial role in respiration, posture, and various movements such as bending, twisting, and lifting.

Smooth muscle myocytes are specialized cells that make up the contractile portion of non-striated, or smooth, muscles. These muscles are found in various organs and structures throughout the body, including the walls of blood vessels, the digestive system, the respiratory system, and the reproductive system.

Smooth muscle myocytes are smaller than their striated counterparts (skeletal and cardiac muscle cells) and have a single nucleus. They lack the distinctive banding pattern seen in striated muscles and instead have a uniform appearance of actin and myosin filaments. Smooth muscle myocytes are controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which allows them to contract and relax involuntarily.

These cells play an essential role in many physiological processes, such as regulating blood flow, moving food through the digestive tract, and facilitating childbirth. They can also contribute to various pathological conditions, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and gastrointestinal disorders.

Muscle spindles are specialized sensory organs found within the muscle belly, which primarily function as proprioceptors, providing information about the length and rate of change in muscle length. They consist of small, encapsulated bundles of intrafusal muscle fibers that are interspersed among the extrafusal muscle fibers (the ones responsible for force generation).

Muscle spindles have two types of sensory receptors called primary and secondary endings. Primary endings are located near the equatorial region of the intrafusal fiber, while secondary endings are situated more distally. These endings detect changes in muscle length and transmit this information to the central nervous system (CNS) through afferent nerve fibers.

The activation of muscle spindles plays a crucial role in reflexive responses, such as the stretch reflex (myotatic reflex), which helps maintain muscle tone and joint stability. Additionally, they contribute to our sense of body position and movement awareness, known as kinesthesia.

Lactic acid, also known as 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, is a chemical compound that plays a significant role in various biological processes. In the context of medicine and biochemistry, lactic acid is primarily discussed in relation to muscle metabolism and cellular energy production. Here's a medical definition for lactic acid:

Lactic acid (LA): A carboxylic acid with the molecular formula C3H6O3 that plays a crucial role in anaerobic respiration, particularly during strenuous exercise or conditions of reduced oxygen availability. It is formed through the conversion of pyruvate, catalyzed by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), when there is insufficient oxygen to complete the final step of cellular respiration in the Krebs cycle. The accumulation of lactic acid can lead to acidosis and muscle fatigue. Additionally, lactic acid serves as a vital intermediary in various metabolic pathways and is involved in the production of glucose through gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Physiological adaptation refers to the changes or modifications that occur in an organism's biological functions or structures as a result of environmental pressures or changes. These adaptations enable the organism to survive and reproduce more successfully in its environment. They can be short-term, such as the constriction of blood vessels in response to cold temperatures, or long-term, such as the evolution of longer limbs in animals that live in open environments.

In the context of human physiology, examples of physiological adaptation include:

1. Acclimatization: The process by which the body adjusts to changes in environmental conditions, such as altitude or temperature. For example, when a person moves to a high-altitude location, their body may produce more red blood cells to compensate for the lower oxygen levels, leading to improved oxygen delivery to tissues.

2. Exercise adaptation: Regular physical activity can lead to various physiological adaptations, such as increased muscle strength and endurance, enhanced cardiovascular function, and improved insulin sensitivity.

3. Hormonal adaptation: The body can adjust hormone levels in response to changes in the environment or internal conditions. For instance, during prolonged fasting, the body releases stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline to help maintain energy levels and prevent muscle wasting.

4. Sensory adaptation: Our senses can adapt to different stimuli over time. For example, when we enter a dark room after being in bright sunlight, it takes some time for our eyes to adjust to the new light level. This process is known as dark adaptation.

5. Aging-related adaptations: As we age, various physiological changes occur that help us adapt to the changing environment and maintain homeostasis. These include changes in body composition, immune function, and cognitive abilities.

Paraplegia is a medical condition characterized by partial or complete loss of motor function and sensation in the lower extremities, typically affecting both legs. This results from damage to the spinal cord, often due to trauma such as accidents, falls, or gunshot wounds, or from diseases like spina bifida, polio, or tumors. The specific area and extent of the injury on the spinal cord determine the severity and location of paralysis. Individuals with paraplegia may require assistive devices for mobility, such as wheelchairs, and may face various health challenges, including pressure sores, urinary tract infections, and chronic pain.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

Muscle relaxation, in a medical context, refers to the process of reducing tension and promoting relaxation in the skeletal muscles. This can be achieved through various techniques, including progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), where individuals consciously tense and then release specific muscle groups in a systematic manner.

PMR has been shown to help reduce anxiety, stress, and muscle tightness, and improve overall well-being. It is often used as a complementary therapy in conjunction with other treatments for conditions such as chronic pain, headaches, and insomnia.

Additionally, muscle relaxation can also be facilitated through pharmacological interventions, such as the use of muscle relaxant medications. These drugs work by inhibiting the transmission of signals between nerves and muscles, leading to a reduction in muscle tone and spasticity. They are commonly used to treat conditions such as multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injuries.

Hypertrophy, in the context of physiology and pathology, refers to an increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an enlargement of its constituent cells. It is often used to describe the growth of muscle cells (myocytes) in response to increased workload or hormonal stimulation, resulting in an increase in muscle mass. However, hypertrophy can also occur in other organs such as the heart (cardiac hypertrophy) in response to high blood pressure or valvular heart disease.

It is important to note that while hypertrophy involves an increase in cell size, hyperplasia refers to an increase in cell number. In some cases, both hypertrophy and hyperplasia can occur together, leading to a significant increase in the overall size and function of the organ or tissue.

Neck muscles, also known as cervical muscles, are a group of muscles that provide movement, support, and stability to the neck region. They are responsible for various functions such as flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral bending of the head and neck. The main neck muscles include:

1. Sternocleidomastoid: This muscle is located on either side of the neck and is responsible for rotating and flexing the head. It also helps in tilting the head to the same side.

2. Trapezius: This large, flat muscle covers the back of the neck, shoulders, and upper back. It is involved in movements like shrugging the shoulders, rotating and extending the head, and stabilizing the scapula (shoulder blade).

3. Scalenes: These three pairs of muscles are located on the side of the neck and assist in flexing, rotating, and laterally bending the neck. They also help with breathing by elevating the first two ribs during inspiration.

4. Suboccipitals: These four small muscles are located at the base of the skull and are responsible for fine movements of the head, such as tilting and rotating.

5. Longus Colli and Longus Capitis: These muscles are deep neck flexors that help with flexing the head and neck forward.

6. Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis: These muscles are located at the back of the neck and assist in extending, rotating, and laterally bending the head and neck.

7. Levator Scapulae: This muscle is located at the side and back of the neck, connecting the cervical vertebrae to the scapula. It helps with rotation, extension, and elevation of the head and scapula.

The oculomotor muscles are a group of extraocular muscles that control the movements of the eye. They include:

1. Superior rectus: This muscle is responsible for elevating the eye and helping with inward rotation (intorsion) when looking downwards.
2. Inferior rectus: It depresses the eye and helps with outward rotation (extorsion) when looking upwards.
3. Medial rectus: This muscle adducts, or moves, the eye towards the midline of the face.
4. Inferior oblique: The inferior oblique muscle intorts and elevates the eye.
5. Superior oblique: It extorts and depresses the eye.

These muscles work together to allow for smooth and precise movements of the eyes, enabling tasks such as tracking moving objects, reading, and maintaining visual fixation on a single point in space.

Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate that serves as the primary form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria. It is a polysaccharide consisting of long, branched chains of glucose molecules linked together by glycosidic bonds. Glycogen is stored primarily in the liver and muscles, where it can be quickly broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream during periods of fasting or increased metabolic demand.

In the liver, glycogen plays a crucial role in maintaining blood glucose levels by releasing glucose when needed, such as between meals or during exercise. In muscles, glycogen serves as an immediate energy source for muscle contractions during intense physical activity. The ability to store and mobilize glycogen is essential for the proper functioning of various physiological processes, including athletic performance, glucose homeostasis, and overall metabolic health.

Regional blood flow (RBF) refers to the rate at which blood flows through a specific region or organ in the body, typically expressed in milliliters per minute per 100 grams of tissue (ml/min/100g). It is an essential physiological parameter that reflects the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues while removing waste products. RBF can be affected by various factors such as metabolic demands, neural regulation, hormonal influences, and changes in blood pressure or vascular resistance. Measuring RBF is crucial for understanding organ function, diagnosing diseases, and evaluating the effectiveness of treatments.

Striated muscle, also known as skeletal or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle tissue that is characterized by the presence of distinct light and dark bands, or striations, when viewed under a microscope. These striations correspond to the arrangement of sarcomeres, which are the functional units of muscle fibers.

Striated muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated by signals from the nervous system. It is attached to bones via tendons and is responsible for producing movements of the body. Striated muscle fibers are multinucleated, meaning that they contain many nuclei, and are composed of numerous myofibrils, which are rope-like structures that run the length of the fiber.

The myofibrils are composed of thick and thin filaments that slide past each other to cause muscle contraction. The thick filaments are made up of the protein myosin, while the thin filaments are composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin. When a nerve impulse arrives at the muscle fiber, it triggers the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which bind to troponin and cause a conformational change that exposes the binding sites on actin for myosin. The myosin heads then bind to the actin filaments and pull them towards the center of the sarcomere, causing the muscle fiber to shorten and contract.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

Organ size refers to the volume or physical measurement of an organ in the body of an individual. It can be described in terms of length, width, and height or by using specialized techniques such as imaging studies (like CT scans or MRIs) to determine the volume. The size of an organ can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, body size, and overall health status. Changes in organ size may indicate various medical conditions, including growths, inflammation, or atrophy.

The femur is the medical term for the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. It connects the hip bone to the knee joint and plays a crucial role in supporting the weight of the body and allowing movement during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. The femur is composed of a rounded head, a long shaft, and two condyles at the lower end that articulate with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.

Papillary muscles are specialized muscle structures located in the heart, specifically in the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). They are attached to the tricuspid and mitral valves' leaflets via tendinous cords, also known as chordae tendineae. The main function of papillary muscles is to prevent the backflow of blood during contraction by providing tension to the valve leaflets through these tendinous cords.

There are two sets of papillary muscles in the heart:

1. Anterior and posterior papillary muscles in the left ventricle, which are attached to the mitral (bicuspid) valve.
2. Three smaller papillary muscles in the right ventricle, which are attached to the tricuspid valve.

These muscle structures play a crucial role in maintaining proper blood flow through the heart and ensuring efficient cardiac function.

Pain measurement, in a medical context, refers to the quantification or evaluation of the intensity and/or unpleasantness of a patient's subjective pain experience. This is typically accomplished through the use of standardized self-report measures such as numerical rating scales (NRS), visual analog scales (VAS), or categorical scales (mild, moderate, severe). In some cases, physiological measures like heart rate, blood pressure, and facial expressions may also be used to supplement self-reported pain ratings. The goal of pain measurement is to help healthcare providers better understand the nature and severity of a patient's pain in order to develop an effective treatment plan.

"Motor activity" is a general term used in the field of medicine and neuroscience to refer to any kind of physical movement or action that is generated by the body's motor system. The motor system includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles that work together to produce movements such as walking, talking, reaching for an object, or even subtle actions like moving your eyes.

Motor activity can be voluntary, meaning it is initiated intentionally by the individual, or involuntary, meaning it is triggered automatically by the nervous system without conscious control. Examples of voluntary motor activity include deliberately lifting your arm or kicking a ball, while examples of involuntary motor activity include heartbeat, digestion, and reflex actions like jerking your hand away from a hot stove.

Abnormalities in motor activity can be a sign of neurological or muscular disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, cerebral palsy, or multiple sclerosis. Assessment of motor activity is often used in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. It is a complex phenomenon that can result from various stimuli, such as thermal, mechanical, or chemical irritation, and it can be acute or chronic. The perception of pain involves the activation of specialized nerve cells called nociceptors, which transmit signals to the brain via the spinal cord. These signals are then processed in different regions of the brain, leading to the conscious experience of pain. It's important to note that pain is a highly individual and subjective experience, and its perception can vary widely among individuals.

Aging is a complex, progressive and inevitable process of bodily changes over time, characterized by the accumulation of cellular damage and degenerative changes that eventually lead to increased vulnerability to disease and death. It involves various biological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that contribute to the decline in physical and mental functions. The medical field studies aging through the discipline of gerontology, which aims to understand the underlying mechanisms of aging and develop interventions to promote healthy aging and extend the human healthspan.

Muscle cells, also known as muscle fibers, are specialized cells that have the ability to contract and generate force, allowing for movement of the body and various internal organ functions. There are three main types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

Skeletal muscle cells are voluntary striated muscles attached to bones, enabling body movements and posture. They are multinucleated, with numerous nuclei located at the periphery of the cell. These cells are often called muscle fibers and can be quite large, extending the entire length of the muscle.

Cardiac muscle cells form the contractile tissue of the heart. They are also striated but have a single nucleus per cell and are interconnected by specialized junctions called intercalated discs, which help coordinate contraction throughout the heart.

Smooth muscle cells are found in various internal organs such as the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, blood vessels, and the reproductive system. They are involuntary, non-striated muscles that control the internal organ functions. Smooth muscle cells have a single nucleus per cell and can either be spindle-shaped or stellate (star-shaped).

In summary, muscle cells are specialized contractile cells responsible for movement and various internal organ functions in the human body. They can be categorized into three types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth, based on their structure, location, and function.

The masseter muscle is a strong chewing muscle in the jaw. It is a broad, thick, quadrilateral muscle that extends from the zygomatic arch (cheekbone) to the lower jaw (mandible). The masseter muscle has two distinct parts: the superficial part and the deep part.

The superficial part of the masseter muscle originates from the lower border of the zygomatic process of the maxilla and the anterior two-thirds of the inferior border of the zygomatic arch. The fibers of this part run almost vertically downward to insert on the lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible and the coronoid process.

The deep part of the masseter muscle originates from the deep surface of the zygomatic arch and inserts on the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible, blending with the temporalis tendon.

The primary function of the masseter muscle is to elevate the mandible, helping to close the mouth and clench the teeth together during mastication (chewing). It also plays a role in stabilizing the jaw during biting and speaking. The masseter muscle is one of the most powerful muscles in the human body relative to its size.

Facial muscles, also known as facial nerves or cranial nerve VII, are a group of muscles responsible for various expressions and movements of the face. These muscles include:

1. Orbicularis oculi: muscle that closes the eyelid and raises the upper eyelid
2. Corrugator supercilii: muscle that pulls the eyebrows down and inward, forming wrinkles on the forehead
3. Frontalis: muscle that raises the eyebrows and forms horizontal wrinkles on the forehead
4. Procerus: muscle that pulls the medial ends of the eyebrows downward, forming vertical wrinkles between the eyebrows
5. Nasalis: muscle that compresses or dilates the nostrils
6. Depressor septi: muscle that pulls down the tip of the nose
7. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi: muscle that raises the upper lip and flares the nostrils
8. Levator labii superioris: muscle that raises the upper lip
9. Zygomaticus major: muscle that raises the corner of the mouth, producing a smile
10. Zygomaticus minor: muscle that raises the nasolabial fold and corner of the mouth
11. Risorius: muscle that pulls the angle of the mouth laterally, producing a smile
12. Depressor anguli oris: muscle that pulls down the angle of the mouth
13. Mentalis: muscle that raises the lower lip and forms wrinkles on the chin
14. Buccinator: muscle that retracts the cheek and helps with chewing
15. Platysma: muscle that depresses the corner of the mouth and wrinkles the skin of the neck.

These muscles are innervated by the facial nerve, which arises from the brainstem and exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen. Damage to the facial nerve can result in facial paralysis or weakness on one or both sides of the face.

Masticatory muscles are a group of skeletal muscles responsible for the mastication (chewing) process in humans and other animals. They include:

1. Masseter muscle: This is the primary muscle for chewing and is located on the sides of the face, running from the lower jawbone (mandible) to the cheekbone (zygomatic arch). It helps close the mouth and elevate the mandible during chewing.

2. Temporalis muscle: This muscle is situated in the temporal region of the skull, covering the temple area. It assists in closing the jaw, retracting the mandible, and moving it sideways during chewing.

3. Medial pterygoid muscle: Located deep within the cheek, near the angle of the lower jaw, this muscle helps move the mandible forward and grind food during chewing. It also contributes to closing the mouth.

4. Lateral pterygoid muscle: Found inside the ramus (the vertical part) of the mandible, this muscle has two heads - superior and inferior. The superior head helps open the mouth by pulling the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) downwards, while the inferior head assists in moving the mandible sideways during chewing.

These muscles work together to enable efficient chewing and food breakdown, preparing it for swallowing and digestion.

Physical conditioning in the context of human health refers to the process of improving physical fitness and overall health through regular exercise and physical activity. This involves engaging in various forms of exercise such as cardio, strength training, flexibility exercises, and balance exercises to enhance various components of physical fitness including:

1. Cardiovascular endurance: The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the muscles during sustained physical activity.
2. Muscular strength: The amount of force a muscle can exert in a single effort.
3. Muscular endurance: The ability of a muscle or muscle group to sustain repeated contractions over time.
4. Flexibility: The range of motion around a joint.
5. Body composition: The proportion of lean body mass (muscle, bone, and organs) to fat mass in the body.

Physical conditioning aims to improve these components of fitness, leading to overall improvements in health, functional capacity, and reduced risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. It is an essential component of a healthy lifestyle and is recommended for people of all ages and abilities.

The intercostal muscles are a group of muscles located between the ribs (intercostal spaces) in the thoracic region of the body. They play a crucial role in the process of breathing by assisting in the expansion and contraction of the chest wall during inspiration and expiration.

There are two sets of intercostal muscles: the external intercostals and the internal intercostals. The external intercostals run from the lower edge of one rib to the upper edge of the next lower rib, forming a layer that extends from the tubercles of the ribs down to the costochondral junctions (where the rib meets the cartilage). These muscles help elevate the ribcage during inspiration.

The internal intercostals are deeper and run in the opposite direction, originating at the lower edge of a rib and inserting into the upper edge of the next higher rib. They assist in lowering the ribcage during expiration.

Additionally, there is a third layer called the innermost intercostal muscles, which are even deeper than the internal intercostals and have similar functions. The intercostal membranes connect the ends of the ribs and complete the muscle layers between the ribs. Together, these muscles help maintain the structural integrity of the chest wall and contribute to respiratory function.

A hindlimb, also known as a posterior limb, is one of the pair of extremities that are located distally to the trunk in tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates) and include mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. In humans and other primates, hindlimbs are equivalent to the lower limbs, which consist of the thigh, leg, foot, and toes.

The primary function of hindlimbs is locomotion, allowing animals to move from one place to another. However, they also play a role in other activities such as balance, support, and communication. In humans, the hindlimbs are responsible for weight-bearing, standing, walking, running, and jumping.

In medical terminology, the term "hindlimb" is not commonly used to describe human anatomy. Instead, healthcare professionals use terms like lower limbs or lower extremities to refer to the same region of the body. However, in comparative anatomy and veterinary medicine, the term hindlimb is still widely used to describe the corresponding structures in non-human animals.

Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that constitutes about 21% of the earth's atmosphere. It is a crucial element for human and most living organisms as it is vital for respiration. Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, which carries it to tissues throughout the body where it is used to convert nutrients into energy and carbon dioxide, a waste product that is exhaled.

Medically, supplemental oxygen therapy may be provided to patients with conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, heart failure, or other medical conditions that impair the body's ability to extract sufficient oxygen from the air. Oxygen can be administered through various devices, including nasal cannulas, face masks, and ventilators.

Musculoskeletal physiological phenomena refer to the various functions, processes, and responses that occur in the musculoskeletal system. This system includes the muscles, bones, joints, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues that work together to support the body's structure, enable movement, and protect vital organs.

Musculoskeletal physiological phenomena can be categorized into several areas:

1. Muscle contraction and relaxation: This involves the conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy through the sliding of actin and myosin filaments in muscle fibers, leading to muscle shortening or lengthening.
2. Bone homeostasis: This includes the maintenance of bone mass, density, and strength through a balance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts.
3. Joint movement and stability: The movement of joints is enabled by the interaction between muscles, tendons, ligaments, and articular cartilage, while stability is maintained through the passive tension provided by ligaments and the active contraction of muscles.
4. Connective tissue repair and regeneration: This involves the response of tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and muscles to injury or damage, including inflammation, cell proliferation, and matrix remodeling.
5. Neuromuscular control: The coordination of muscle activity through the integration of sensory information from proprioceptors (e.g., muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs) and motor commands from the central nervous system.
6. Skeletal development and growth: This includes the processes of bone formation, mineralization, and modeling during fetal development and childhood, as well as the maintenance of bone mass and strength throughout adulthood.
7. Aging and degeneration: The progressive decline in musculoskeletal function and structure with age, including sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass), osteoporosis (brittle bones), and joint degeneration (osteoarthritis).

Understanding these physiological phenomena is essential for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of musculoskeletal disorders and injuries.

A diaphragm is a thin, dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. It plays a vital role in the process of breathing as it contracts and flattens to draw air into the lungs (inhalation) and relaxes and returns to its domed shape to expel air out of the lungs (exhalation).

In addition, a diaphragm is also a type of barrier method of birth control. It is a flexible dome-shaped device made of silicone that fits over the cervix inside the vagina. When used correctly and consistently, it prevents sperm from entering the uterus and fertilizing an egg, thereby preventing pregnancy.

The H-reflex, or Hoffmann reflex, is a monosynaptic reflex that tests the integrity of the Ia afferent nerve fibers and the corresponding alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord. It's often used in clinical and research settings to assess the function of the lower motor neuron and the sensitivity of the stretch reflex.

The H-reflex is elicited by applying an electrical stimulus to a sensory nerve, typically the tibial nerve at the popliteal fossa or the median nerve at the wrist. This stimulation activates Ia afferent fibers, which then synapse directly onto alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord, causing a muscle contraction in the corresponding agonist muscle (e.g., soleus or flexor carpi radialis). The latency of the H-reflex provides information about the conduction velocity of Ia afferent fibers and the excitability of alpha motor neurons.

It's important to note that the H-reflex is influenced by various factors, such as muscle length, contraction state, and the overall excitability of the nervous system. Therefore, interpreting H-reflex results requires a thorough understanding of these influencing factors and careful consideration of the clinical context.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

A rupture, in medical terms, refers to the breaking or tearing of an organ, tissue, or structure in the body. This can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, injury, increased pressure, or degeneration. A ruptured organ or structure can lead to serious complications, including internal bleeding, infection, and even death, if not treated promptly and appropriately. Examples of ruptures include a ruptured appendix, ruptured eardrum, or a ruptured disc in the spine.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Satellite cells in skeletal muscle are undifferentiated stem cells that are crucial for postnatal growth, maintenance, and repair of skeletal muscle. They are located between the basal lamina and plasma membrane of myofibers. In response to muscle damage or injury, satellite cells become activated, proliferate, differentiate into myoblasts, fuse with existing muscle fibers, and contribute to muscle regeneration. Satellite cells also play a role in maintaining muscle homeostasis by fusing with mature muscle fibers to replace damaged proteins and organelles. They are essential for the adaptation of skeletal muscle to various stimuli such as exercise or mechanical load.

Myofibrils are the basic contractile units of muscle fibers, composed of highly organized arrays of thick and thin filaments. They are responsible for generating the force necessary for muscle contraction. The thick filaments are primarily made up of the protein myosin, while the thin filaments are mainly composed of actin. Myofibrils are surrounded by a membrane called the sarcolemma and are organized into repeating sections called sarcomeres, which are the functional units of muscle contraction.

Lactates, also known as lactic acid, are compounds that are produced by muscles during intense exercise or other conditions of low oxygen supply. They are formed from the breakdown of glucose in the absence of adequate oxygen to complete the full process of cellular respiration. This results in the production of lactate and a hydrogen ion, which can lead to a decrease in pH and muscle fatigue.

In a medical context, lactates may be measured in the blood as an indicator of tissue oxygenation and metabolic status. Elevated levels of lactate in the blood, known as lactic acidosis, can indicate poor tissue perfusion or hypoxia, and may be seen in conditions such as sepsis, cardiac arrest, and severe shock. It is important to note that lactates are not the primary cause of acidemia (low pH) in lactic acidosis, but rather a marker of the underlying process.

Myosin Heavy Chains are the large, essential components of myosin molecules, which are responsible for the molecular motility in muscle cells. These heavy chains have a molecular weight of approximately 200 kDa and form the motor domain of myosin, which binds to actin filaments and hydrolyzes ATP to generate force and movement during muscle contraction. There are several different types of myosin heavy chains, each with specific roles in various tissues and cellular functions. In skeletal and cardiac muscles, for example, myosin heavy chains have distinct isoforms that contribute to the contractile properties of these tissues.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

The pectoralis muscles are a group of chest muscles that are primarily involved in the movement and stabilization of the shoulder joint. They consist of two individual muscles: the pectoralis major and the pectoralis minor.

1. Pectoralis Major: This is the larger and more superficial of the two muscles, lying just under the skin and fat of the chest wall. It has two heads of origin - the clavicular head arises from the medial half of the clavicle (collarbone), while the sternocostal head arises from the anterior surface of the sternum (breastbone) and the upper six costal cartilages. Both heads insert onto the lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus (upper arm bone). The primary actions of the pectoralis major include flexion, adduction, and internal rotation of the shoulder joint.

2. Pectoralis Minor: This is a smaller, triangular muscle that lies deep to the pectoralis major. It originates from the third, fourth, and fifth ribs near their costal cartilages and inserts onto the coracoid process of the scapula (shoulder blade). The main function of the pectoralis minor is to pull the scapula forward and downward, helping to stabilize the shoulder joint and aiding in deep inspiration during breathing.

Together, these muscles play essential roles in various movements such as pushing, pulling, and hugging, making them crucial for daily activities and athletic performance.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Tendon injuries, also known as tendinopathies, refer to the damage or injury of tendons, which are strong bands of tissue that connect muscles to bones. Tendon injuries typically occur due to overuse or repetitive motion, causing micro-tears in the tendon fibers. The most common types of tendon injuries include tendinitis, which is inflammation of the tendon, and tendinosis, which is degeneration of the tendon's collagen.

Tendon injuries can cause pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited mobility in the affected area. The severity of the injury can vary from mild discomfort to severe pain that makes it difficult to move the affected joint. Treatment for tendon injuries may include rest, ice, compression, elevation (RICE) therapy, physical therapy, medication, or in some cases, surgery. Preventing tendon injuries involves warming up properly before exercise, using proper form and technique during physical activity, gradually increasing the intensity and duration of workouts, and taking regular breaks to rest and recover.

In the context of medicine and healthcare, "movement" refers to the act or process of changing physical location or position. It involves the contraction and relaxation of muscles, which allows for the joints to move and the body to be in motion. Movement can also refer to the ability of a patient to move a specific body part or limb, which is assessed during physical examinations. Additionally, "movement" can describe the progression or spread of a disease within the body.

Fibrosis Mukherjee PK, Das AK (1980). "Injection fibrosis in the quadriceps femoris muscle in children". J Bone Joint Surg Am. ... Injections are often delivered to the quadriceps, triceps, and gluteal muscles, and thus the complication often manifests ... Patients are unable to fully flex the affected muscle. The condition is painless, but progressively worsens over time. ...
Those muscles include the hamstrings, quadriceps, and calf muscles. One popular exercise used to strengthen the hamstrings is ... Seated leg extensions strengthen the quadriceps and doing the quadriceps stretch will help loosen the muscles. Toe raises are ... Exercises can strengthen the muscles around the knee, especially the quadriceps. Stronger and bigger muscles will protect the ... Adequate muscle mass and strength may also aid in maintaining healthy knees. The use of the parallel squat increases much ...
Quadriceps femoris muscle Anterior compartment of thigh Grob, K.; Ackland, T.; Kuster, M.S.; Manestar, M.; Filgueira, L. (March ... The muscle lies anterior to the vastus intermedius but deep to the rectus femoris. The tendinous part of the muscle is closely ... Golland, Jennifer; Mahon, M.; Willan, P. L. T. "Anatomical variations in human quadriceps femoris muscles": 263-264. {{cite ... Two separate muscle bellies can be found for the two-belly types.[citation needed] The tensor vastus intermedius muscle tenses ...
These quadriceps muscles are innervated by the femoral nerve. The tibial tuberosity thus forms the terminal part of the large ... The quadriceps muscles consist of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius. ... which attaches to the patella from where the suprapatellar ligament forms the distal tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscles. ...
... and attaches with the other muscles of the quadriceps in the quadriceps tendon. The vastus medialis muscle originates from a ... Vastus medialis muscle Vastus medialis muscle Vastus medialis muscle Vastus medialis muscle Vastus medialis muscle Muscles of ... It is involved in knee extension, along with the other muscles which make up the quadriceps muscle. The vastus medialis also ... The vastus medialis is part of the quadriceps muscle group. The vastus medialis is a muscle present in the anterior compartment ...
... who recommends it for lengthening the quadriceps muscle). The yoga scholar Mark Singleton notes that a pose similar to Supta ...
Squats train the quadriceps, hamstrings, calves, gluteal muscles, and core. The height of the squat can be adjusted to be ... The chin-up focuses on the biceps muscles, rather than the latissimus dorsi muscle which is the focus of the pull-up. For a ... Muscle-ups An intermediate calisthenics exercise. Performed by a combination routine of a pull-up followed by a dip. May be ... The primary muscle involved in this exercise is the rectus abdominis, especially if a posterior pelvic tilt is maintained. ...
The quadriceps femoris muscle (/ˈkwɒdrɪsɛps ˈfɛmərɪs/, also called the quadriceps extensor, quadriceps or quads) is a large ... retrieved 2020-12-23 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quadriceps femoris muscles. Quadriceps muscle at the Duke ... The quadriceps femoris muscle is subdivided into four separate muscles (the 'heads'), with the first superficial to the other ... The quadriceps femoris muscle is the most common site of myositis ossificans. In strength training, the quadriceps are trained ...
However, he played in 15 games despite a torn quadriceps muscle. Barber had a disappointing 2010 season as the entire Cowboys ... On August 27 in the third pre-season game, Barber hurt his calf muscle and missed the first three games of the regular season ...
... a large muscle in the quadriceps, is typical. If the central tendon branches within a pennate muscle, the muscle is called ... muscle mass}} \over {\rho \cdot {\text{fiber length}}}},} where ρ is the density of the muscle: ρ = muscle mass muscle volume ... 1C), as seen in the deltoid muscle in the shoulder. One advantage of pennate muscles is that more muscle fibers can be packed ... A pennate or pinnate muscle (also called a penniform muscle) is a type of skeletal muscle with fascicles that attach obliquely ...
Brendon tore a quadriceps muscle. He said after the game he could miss the rest of the year and was placed on the Injured ...
Her junior year was limited by a strained left quadriceps muscle. In 2007 Shalonda Solomon announced she would forgo her senior ...
Risk factors include trauma, increased training, and a weak quadriceps muscle. It is particularly common among runners. The ... However, there is not enough evidence that supports lumbopelvic spine manipulation has any effect on the quadriceps muscle ... If the strength of the vastus medialis muscle is inadequate, the usually larger and stronger vastus lateralis muscle will pull ... however it is hard to isolate and strengthen only one muscle of quadriceps. Also, there is growing evidence that shows proximal ...
High intensity FES of the quadriceps muscles allows patients with complete lower motor neuron lesion to increase their muscle ... When the neuroprosthesis is turned on, both quadriceps muscles are stimulated to provide a standing posture. Kralj's approach ... Electrodes are placed over the quadriceps muscles and peroneal nerves bilaterally. The user controls the neuroprosthesis with ... Some common applications of FES devices include stimulation of muscles whilst mobilizing to strengthen muscle activity, to ...
Tumor was intertwined with quadriceps muscles, making identification and excision difficult. Tumor was successfully excised ... An alternative hypothesis is an origin from the smooth muscle of the nipple. Leiomyoma may spontaneously occur in any muscle. ... that are thought to arise from vascular smooth muscle Dartoic (or genital) leiomyomas originating in the dartos muscles of the ... A leiomyoma, also known as a fibroid, is a benign smooth muscle tumor that very rarely becomes cancer (0.1%). They can occur in ...
... the quadriceps tendon works with the quadriceps muscle to extend the leg. All four parts of the quadriceps muscle attach to the ... If the quadriceps tendon is completely torn, surgery will be required to regain function of the knee. Without the quadriceps ... It attaches the quadriceps to the top of the patella, which in turn is connected to the shin from its bottom by the patellar ... A tendon connects muscle to bone, while a ligament connects bone to bone. Injuries are common to this tendon, with tears, ...
"Carnosine and anserine concentrations in the quadriceps femoris muscle of healthy humans". Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 64 (1): 47-50 ... β-alanine is converted within muscle cells into carnosine, which acts as a buffer for the lactic acid produced during high- ... Supplementation with β-alanine has been shown to increase the concentration of carnosine in muscles, decrease fatigue in ... Occurring at 17-25 mmol/kg (dry muscle), carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is an important intramuscular buffer, constituting 10 ...
Poturak later revealed that his quadriceps muscle was torn during the fight. He was scheduled to fight Petr Vondráček during ...
"Carnosine and anserine concentrations in the quadriceps femoris muscle of healthy humans". Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 64 (1): 47-50 ... Exercise has conversely been found to increase muscle carnosine concentrations, and muscle carnosine content is higher in ... Carnosine has a pKa value of 6.83, making it a good buffer for the pH range of animal muscles. Since beta-alanine is not ... It also buffers pH in muscle cells, and acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. It is also a zwitterion, a neutral molecule ...
This is a very intense workout for the quadriceps muscles, and it can be very painful to hold this position for extended ... While a burning feeling in the quadriceps muscles is normal, if the participant feels even a little pain in their knee or ... A wall sit is an exercise done to strengthen the quadriceps muscles. The exercise is characterized by the two right angles ... Wall sitting primarily builds isometric strength and endurance in glutes, calves, quadriceps, hamstrings, and adductor muscles ...
Lindh M (1979). "Increase of muscle strength from isometric quadriceps exercises at different knee angles". Scand J Rehabil Med ... While dynamic exercises are slightly better than isometric exercises at enhancing the twitch force of a muscle, isometrics are ... Isometric exercise tools perform exercises or strength test using static contraction of a muscle without any visible movement ... These isometric contractions recruit muscle fibers that are often neglected in some dynamic exercises. For example, gymnasts ...
Given that the quadriceps muscles work to pull the tibia forward, an overpowering contraction of the quadriceps can place ... Quadriceps dominance refers to a tendency of female athletes to preferentially use the quadriceps muscles to stabilize the knee ... In addition, the quadriceps femoris muscle is an antagonist to the ACL. According to a study undertaken on female athletes at ... Because of the elevated contraction of the quadriceps femoris muscle during physical activity, an increased strain is placed ...
Seimone Augustus missed two games in June with a strained quadriceps muscle. Jessica Adair underwent arthroscopic surgery on ...
The muscle architecture of pennate muscles, such as the human quadriceps, is highly plastic and strongly influences contractile ... is a feature of pennate muscle defined by the ratio between the longitudinal strain of the muscle and muscle fiber strain. It ... In pennate muscles, fibers are oriented at an angle to the muscle's line of action and rotate as they shorten, becoming more ... Changes to pennate muscle architectural properties, such as pennation angle and thereby the PCSA, can alter the muscle's force- ...
He did not complete physical testing, however, due to a strained quadriceps muscle. South Australian junior high performance ...
Common problems during recovery include strengthening of the quadriceps, IT-band, and calf muscles.[citation needed] The main ... Use of the quadriceps tendon usually does not result in the same degree of anterior knee pain postoperatively, and quadriceps ... which include the quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior (shin muscle), abductor hallucis, abductor digiti ... The quadriceps tendon has approximately 20% greater collagen per cross-sectional area than the patellar tendon, and a greater ...
In the lower extremities, muscle tone is increased at the hamstrings, quadriceps and ankles. Weakness is most notable at the ... a voluntary muscle relaxant to relax muscles and reduce tone. This can be administered orally or intrathecally. (Studies in HSP ... to reduce muscle overactivity (existing studies for spasticity ) Botulinum toxin - to reduce muscle overactivity (existing ... Celletti C, Camerota F. Preliminary evidence of focal muscle vibration effects on spasticity due to cerebral palsy in a small ...
Towards the end of the season, he tore a quadriceps muscle during a game. Due to his quadriceps injury, Thames fell in the 2008 ... Thames signed with the Blue Jays and had surgery to repair the torn muscle. He began his professional career with the Dunedin ... His playing time was limited by recurring difficulty with the quadriceps injury, and he also played rehab games for the Gulf ...
The leg extension is a resistance weight training exercise that targets the quadriceps muscle (m. quadriceps femoris) in the ... especially antagonistic muscle pairs (such as the quadriceps, hamstrings, and gluteal muscles), to avoid muscular imbalances, ... The leg extension is an isolated exercise targeting one specific muscle group, the quadriceps. It should not be considered as a ... "Range of Motion and Leg Rotation Affect Electromyography Activation Levels of the Superficial Quadriceps Muscles During Leg ...
Striking of the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer just below the patella stretches the muscle spindle in the quadriceps ... There is no interneuron in the pathway leading to contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Instead, the sensory neuron synapses ... From there, an alpha motor neuron conducts an efferent impulse back to the quadriceps femoris muscle, triggering contraction. ... of around 18 ms between stretch of the patellar tendon and the beginning of contraction of the quadriceps femoris muscle. This ...
... g an Isometric Squat between Strength-Matched Men and Women ... The investigation reported that thigh muscle strength explained some of the variance in quadriceps and hamstring muscle ... 2019) Comparison of Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscle Activity during an Isometric Squat between Strength-Matched Men and Women. ... 2019) Comparison of Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscle Activity during an Isometric Squat between Strength-Matched Men and Women. ...
Efficacy of lower-limb muscle training modalities in severely dyspnoeic individuals with COPD and quadriceps muscle weakness: ... Efficacy of lower-limb muscle training modalities in severely dyspnoeic individuals with COPD and quadriceps muscle weakness: ... Efficacy of lower-limb muscle training modalities in severely dyspnoeic individuals with COPD and quadriceps muscle weakness: ... Efficacy of lower-limb muscle training modalities in severely dyspnoeic individuals with COPD and quadriceps muscle weakness: ...
The quadriceps muscles on the front of the thigh flexes the leg at the hip and extends the knee. The quadriceps muscles are ... Foam Roller Exercises for Your Hamstring Muscles and Quadriceps (Thigh Muscles). by webguy , Jul 27, 2013 , Fitness, Fitness ... Because of this, and since the quadriceps muscles are naturally stronger than the hamstring muscles, over development of the ... For the quadriceps muscles, lie on the foam roller with the roller under the front of the top of thighs.. • Place your arms ...
Using quadriceps muscles therapy,you can keep your knees injury free. You have to sit forward. your legs should be straight. ... My dog pulled a hind leg muscle - what should I do? Where are the hamstring muscles, what are their functions and are calf ... You have to squeeze your right quadriceps, bend the left knee and heel up towards your bottom. Breathe in and bend the leg and ... The foremost action to take is to rest your leg muscle. Dont do any strenuous activity for the next few days. Find somebody to ...
Home , Knowledge Base , FES Treatment Types , Dropped Foot/lower limb , Limb Blood Flow, Cardiac Output and Quadriceps Muscle ... Limb Blood Flow, Cardiac Output and Quadriceps Muscle bulk Following Spinal Cord Injury And The Effect Of Training For The ... This paper describes the effect of training the quadriceps muscles using electrical stimulation in preparation for the Odstock ... The study shows the course of muscle atrophy and reduced peripheral circulation following SCI and shows that muscle thickness ...
The increase in quadriceps corticomotor excitability may be at least partly mediated by a decrease in gamma-aminobutyric acid ( ... This is partly due to ongoing neural inhibition that prevents the central nervous system from fully activating the quadriceps, ... There was a significant increase in quadriceps motor evoked potential area following joint infusion, both at rest (P = 0.01) ... Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to measure quadriceps motor evoked potential area, short-interval intracortical ...
Paragon Medical Tower 1 (Lift Lobby F) #18-06 290 Orchard Road, Singapore ...
Mechanism of quadriceps femoris muscle weakness in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. ... Dive into the research topics of Mechanism of quadriceps femoris muscle weakness in patients with anterior cruciate ligament ...
How are quadriceps muscle injuries diagnosed?. There are two common types of quadriceps muscle injury:. *Muscle strain, which ... What causes quadriceps muscle injuries?. Quadriceps muscle injuries are frequently caused by overstretching or overloading ... What is the prognosis (outlook) for quadriceps muscle injuries?. Returning to full fitness after a quadriceps muscle injury may ... Quadriceps muscle injuries are injuries to the main bulk of muscle on the front of your thigh. The most common types of injury ...
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Quadriceps muscle atrophy was shown to be present in PFP when analyzed by imaging, but not by girth measures. Insufficient data ... Conclusion: Quadriceps muscle atrophy was shown to be present in PFP when analyzed by imaging, but not by girth measures. ... Separate meta-analyses were performed for quadriceps size measured as girth and quadriceps size measured with imaging ( ... Does quadriceps atrophy exist in individuals with patellofemoral pain? A systematic literature review with meta-analysis J ...
THE EFFECTS OF ABDOMINAL BRACING MANEUVER ON QUADRICEPS MUSCLE TORQUE, TIME TO PEAK TORQUE AND MUSCLE ACTIVATION LEVELS AT ... and muscle activation levels during maximal strength testing of the quadriceps muscle in healthy individuals. Methods: Sixteen ... Isokinetic dynamometry was used to measure quadriceps PT and TTPT during maximum isometric muscle testing at 60 degrees and 90 ... Conclusion: The present study revealed that ABM may decrease muscle activation levels and peak torque during maximal quadriceps ...
... more muscle activation for the RF and VL muscles and will greatly help those who lack muscle activation in these muscles. ... and lower limb muscles need to be strengthened to reduce injuries. Activating muscles can help strengthen muscles.. This study ... During SS, RF showed greater muscle activation compared to WS and GS (RF: χ2 = 21.523, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.333). VL also showed ... The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare thigh muscle activities among the various squat exercises. ...
Isokinetic Training was beneficial in enhancing muscle-strength of quadriceps femoris (p,.05). ... Extent of muscle strength was assessed employing the isokinetic device BIODEX 4 System Pro. On completion of the baseline ... investigate the role of Isokinetic Training and Electromyography biofeedback training in improving strength of the quadriceps ... Effect of Isokinetic Training on Quadriceps Muscle Strength in Osteoarthritis of Knee ...
... the most common being the quadriceps contusion, which is painful and disabling. The usual cause of the quadriceps contusion is ... and fascial rupture of the quadriceps muscle. Specific areas of the quadriceps are affected for each of these diagnoses. The ... Other types of quadriceps injuries include strains of the quadriceps tendon, complete and partial tears of the quadriceps ... The muscle is more resistant to injury if it is struck while in a contracted nonfatigued state. Other quadriceps injuries range ...
Quadriceps GroupRectus FemorisIlliopsoas How to performstretch: Kneel down with one foot in front of the other (as pictured) ... Kneeling Quadriceps Stretch What muscles does thekneeling quadriceps stretch target? ... What muscles does thekneeling quadriceps stretch target?. Quadriceps Group. Rectus Femoris. Illiopsoas ... Inordinate use of these muscles without proper stretching leads to shortening of the muscles. Also sitting for long durations ...
Return to Article Details Effectiveness of Quadriceps Muscle Strengthening in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - A ...
First recorded in 1990-95; back formation from quadriceps (as if quadriceps were a plural noun) ...
... and VL muscles was measured while the quadriceps was passively stretched at 3°/s. The relationship between the muscle shear ... and VL muscles was measured while the quadriceps was passively stretched at 3°/s. The relationship between the muscle shear ... and VL muscles was measured while the quadriceps was passively stretched at 3°/s. The relationship between the muscle shear ... and VL muscles was measured while the quadriceps was passively stretched at 3°/s. The relationship between the muscle shear ...
taken vertbatum from worksheet, whether it makes sense in text or not ---, not included: muscle weakness (myotome) and reflexes ... The muscles mentioned, including the psoas, quadriceps, and thigh, are innervated by the L3 nerve root. Damage or compression ... In this case, the weakness is observed in the muscles innervated by the C1, L1, and S3 nerve roots. The specific muscles ... The S2 nerve root innervates the calf and hamstring muscles, as well as the gluteal muscles and plantar flexors. Damage or ...
Quadriceps muscles activity during gait: comparison between PFPS subjects and healthy control. In: Musculoskeletal Surgery. ... Quadriceps muscles activity during gait: comparison between PFPS subjects and healthy control. Musculoskeletal Surgery. 2017; ... Quadriceps muscles activity during gait: comparison between PFPS subjects and healthy control. / Freddolini, Marco; Placella, ... Results Patient group showed a significant increasing in all quadriceps muscles activity when compared to the control (p , 0.05 ...
... quadriceps muscle). Whether similar levels of neuromuscular activity of the muscles in the operated leg, elicited during ... Voluntary peak muscle activity (%EMGmax) was calculated for the quadriceps and hamstring muscles for each exercise. RESULTS: ... Knee extensions with elastic band showed significantly higher voluntary peak quadriceps muscle activity than knee extensions in ... Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine which strength training exercises that activated the muscles in the ...
Effects of Plyometric Training on Sonographic Characteristics of Quadriceps Muscle and Patellar Tendon, Quadriceps Strength, ... Isokinetic quadriceps strength and vertical jump were assessed. The VL thickness, quadriceps strength, and VJ height increased ... quadriceps isokinetic strength, and vertical jump height in adolescent female volleyball players. Thirty players (age mean ± SD ...
Patients With Stronger Quadriceps Muscles Could Avoid Knee Replacement. Nov 27, 2023. Alzheimer Diagnosis Testing Delayed in ...
Fibrosis Mukherjee PK, Das AK (1980). "Injection fibrosis in the quadriceps femoris muscle in children". J Bone Joint Surg Am. ... Injections are often delivered to the quadriceps, triceps, and gluteal muscles, and thus the complication often manifests ... Patients are unable to fully flex the affected muscle. The condition is painless, but progressively worsens over time. ...
Histological analysis of quadriceps muscles. Frozen blocks were sectioned at 10-μm thicknesses and stained with H&E (A, E, and ... Segments of quadriceps muscles were obtained from WT, R669H+/m, and R669Hm/m animals. Fresh segments were mounted on gum ... Histological features of R669H mice. Quadriceps muscles from WT, R669H+/m, and R669Hm/m adult mice aged 8-12 months were ... Muscle fiber excitability. Vrest was measured from individual fibers of a soleus whole-muscle in vitro preparation using a ...
Muscle strains and contusions constitute the majority of these injuries. The clinical presentation and assessment of quadriceps ... Injuries to the quadriceps muscle group occur frequently in sports and athletic activities. ... Injuries to the quadriceps muscle group occur frequently in sports and athletic activities. Muscle strains and contusions ... Diagnosis and management of quadriceps strains and contusions Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2010 Jul 30;3(1-4):26-31. doi: ...
Quadriceps: Tighten your thigh muscle. Try to straighten your knee. Hold for five to 10 seconds. ... Straight leg raises: Tighten your thigh muscle with your knee fully straightened on the bed. As your thigh muscle tightens, ... Buttocks contractions: Tighten the butt muscles and hold for a count of five seconds. ...
Hold this stretch for 10 to 30 seconds. Muscles stretched: quadriceps Low Back modified hold. Lie on the floor on your back ...
Skeletal muscle (quadriceps). Small intestine (Duodenum, ileum and jejunum with Peyers patches). Spinal cord (Transverse ... Heart (Section including both ventricles and atria, septum with papillary muscle). Kidney Large intestine (Caecum, colon and ...
  • In case, the Rectus Femoris muscle is tight the knee would extend. (docpods.com)
  • Agent was injected into the left quadriceps femoris muscle of the rats. (hindawi.com)
  • An experimental model in which C4 is injected into the quadriceps femoris muscle of rats, which would allow evaluation of local tissue tolerance and recovery from of any damage, and accurate assessment of local and systemic inflammation was used. (hindawi.com)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of plyometric training on vastus lateralis (VL) and patellar tendon size, quadriceps isokinetic strength, and vertical jump height in adolescent female volleyball players. (hacettepe.edu.tr)
  • The extensor mechanism originates from the hip area, includes the quadriceps muscle, knee cap and patellar tendon, and attaches on the tibial crest. (acvs.org)
  • Patellar tendon ruptures are less common than are quadriceps ruptures and tend to occur in patients younger than 40 years. (medscape.com)
  • However, quadriceps tendon ruptures are more common than are patellar tendon ruptures, although quadriceps tendon ruptures are more likely to be misdiagnosed. (medscape.com)
  • Several types of quadriceps injuries can occur, the most common being the quadriceps contusion, which is painful and disabling. (medscape.com)
  • Other types of quadriceps injuries include strains of the quadriceps tendon, complete and partial tears of the quadriceps tendon, and fascial rupture of the quadriceps muscle. (medscape.com)
  • The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine whether strength-matched men and women exhibit a different magnitude and ratio of leg muscle activity during a maximal voluntary isometric squat. (jssm.org)
  • Subjects first performed a maximal isometric knee extension (IKE) and knee flexion (IKF) followed by the IS and muscle activity (EMG max ) was recorded for the vastus medialis (VMO), vastus lateralis (VL), semitendinosus (ST) and biceps femoris (BF). (jssm.org)
  • This investigation indicates that the magnitude of muscle activity and the ratios examined are not significantly different between men and women in a maximal voluntary isometric squat when matched for normalized strength. (jssm.org)
  • Isokinetic dynamometry was used to measure quadriceps PT and TTPT during maximum isometric muscle testing at 60 degrees and 90 degrees of knee flexion angles with and without ABM. (deu.edu.tr)
  • This full-body isometric exercise is an excellent way to get all the muscle groups to work together in unison. (healthline.com)
  • Use of the NK table or a similar one for isometric quadriceps strengthening of the weakened or injured knee is not an efficient use of time if the physical therapist or athletic trainer must hold the weights for his patient during the rest phase between each isometric contraction. (who.int)
  • Cycling strengthens your quadriceps muscles and seems to help with the alignment. (medscape.com)
  • The leg extension strengthens the quadriceps muscle. (nfpt.com)
  • Strengthens the quadriceps and gluteus muscles. (gaia.com)
  • Purpose The purpose of the study was to evaluate if during a common activity as walking, altered quadriceps muscular activity may be present in patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) patients. (unicatt.it)
  • The incidence of jumper's knee at the quadriceps insertion onto the patella is less common than patellar tendinitis. (medscape.com)
  • The patella, or knee cap, is a small bone buried in the tendon of the extensor muscles (the quadriceps muscles) of the thigh. (acvs.org)
  • The quadriceps muscle, the patella and its tendon form the "extensor mechanism" and are normally well-aligned with each other. (acvs.org)
  • The primary treatment of anterior knee pain or chondromalacia of the patella is a strengthening program of the quadriceps muscle. (sutterhealth.org)
  • This exercise will strengthen the calf muscles which consist of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. (sportsinjuryclinic.net)
  • The estimated incidence of quadriceps tendon rupture is 1.37 cases per 100,000 persons per year. (medscape.com)
  • MR imaging of the quadriceps tendon: normal layered configuration and its importance in cases of tendon rupture. (medscape.com)
  • Complete quadriceps tendon rupture is a disabling injury, and operative repair is required to obtain an optimal result. (medscape.com)
  • As mentioned previously, quadriceps tendon rupture usually occurs in patients with predisposing factors who are older than 40 years, but these ruptures may be seen in nearly any age group. (medscape.com)
  • Quadriceps tendon rupture usually occurs during a rapid, eccentric contraction of the quadriceps muscle, with the foot planted and the knee partially flexed. (medscape.com)
  • 1 The correspondents question the validity of the power calculation, and in turn, state that we cannot conclude that high-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation (HF-NMES) and strength training have equivalent effects in severely dyspnoeic patients with COPD and quadriceps muscle weakness at baseline. (bmj.com)
  • 2 Based on the results of the DICES study, 1 we still believe that HF-NMES may be a good alternative for strength training in severely dyspnoeic COPD patients with quadriceps muscle weakness. (bmj.com)
  • BACKGROUND:In the early phase after a total knee arthroplasty (TKA), patients experience multi-level weakness in the operated leg, which is caused primarily by reduced central nervous system (CNS) activation failure of the muscles - especially the knee extensors (quadriceps muscle). (omicsdi.org)
  • Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP) is an ion channelopathy of skeletal muscle characterized by attacks of muscle weakness associated with low serum K + . HypoPP results from a transient failure of muscle fiber excitability. (jci.org)
  • Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) refers to a group of disorders that manifest as weakness and wasting of arm and leg muscles, with muscles of the shoulders, upper arms, pelvic area, and thighs being most frequently involved. (medscape.com)
  • In 1884, Erb characterized a juvenile form of proximal muscle weakness. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 ] Erb's patient had only shoulder-girdle weakness and atrophy, with sparing of other muscles of the body and a benign disease course compared with that described by Duchenne in the 1860s. (medscape.com)
  • At that time, the differentiation between the spinal muscular atrophies and weakness associated with central nervous system disorders and primary muscle disease had not been established. (medscape.com)
  • Between 1909 and 1954, many individual case reports of primary muscle disease with a limb-girdle distribution of weakness were published. (medscape.com)
  • [ 11 ] Walton and Nattrass described the disease as a progressive muscle weakness with atrophy involving predominantly proximal muscles (eg, pelvis, shoulder). (medscape.com)
  • Since the original descriptions of the condition, reports of many sporadic cases have been published with this pattern of muscle weakness associated with many other disorders. (medscape.com)
  • weak quadriceps muscles can often contribute to the development of CP. (everything2.com)
  • In the case of weak Quadriceps Muscles, the knee extension does not occur. (hubpages.com)
  • With a good rehabilitation/exercise regime, you can usually recover from Grade 1 and 2 muscle strains, as well as the majority of contusion injuries, within several weeks. (mskdiagnostics.co.uk)
  • Other quadriceps injuries range from simple strains to more complex and disabling muscle ruptures. (medscape.com)
  • Although quadriceps strains are common, minimal information about the frequency with respect to specific sports is available. (medscape.com)
  • Almost 78% of quadriceps strains were sustained during practice, however, the rate was higher during competition than during practice (approximately 1.3 versus 1.0/10 000 Athlete-exposures). (medscape.com)
  • Overall, women had a higher rate of quadriceps strains than men. (medscape.com)
  • Muscle strains and contusions constitute the majority of these injuries. (nih.gov)
  • The clinical presentation and assessment of quadriceps strains and contusions are reviewed along with discussion of appropriate imaging used in diagnosis. (nih.gov)
  • Measuring the isokinetic strength of the knee extensors (quadriceps) will assess muscle strength. (cdc.gov)
  • Major hip flexors include Psoas Major, Iliacus, Tensor Fascia Lata, Rectus Femoris and Sartorius Muscle. (docpods.com)
  • The rectus femoris is the most commonly injured portion of the muscle because of its anterior location. (medscape.com)
  • The partial tear of the quadriceps most commonly affects the indirect (distal) head of the rectus femoris. (medscape.com)
  • Kehoe says that the primary muscles activated during the plank exercise are those that make up the core , such as the transverse abdominis, the rectus abdominis, and the internal and external obliques. (livescience.com)
  • Duchenne, a French physician, initially described a condition of progressive lethal wasting of degenerative skeletal muscle, which was later referred to as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. (medscape.com)
  • The study shows the course of muscle atrophy and reduced peripheral circulation following SCI and shows that muscle thickness and limb blood flow returned to normal values after training. (odstockmedical.com)
  • Does quadriceps atrophy exist in individuals with patellofemoral pain? (nih.gov)
  • To investigate whether quadriceps atrophy is present in the affected limb of individuals with patellofemoral pain (PFP). (nih.gov)
  • Atrophy of the quadriceps femoris, in particular the vastus medialis obliquus, is often assumed to be present by clinicians, and its resolution may underpin the reported effectiveness of quadriceps strengthening intervention in PFP rehabilitation. (nih.gov)
  • Quadriceps muscle atrophy was shown to be present in PFP when analyzed by imaging, but not by girth measures. (nih.gov)
  • The quadriceps and patellar tendons are sometimes called the extensor mechanism. (webmd.com)
  • Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of abdominal bracing maneuver (ABM) on quadriceps peak torque (PT), time to peak torque (TTPT) and muscle activation levels during maximal strength testing of the quadriceps muscle in healthy individuals. (deu.edu.tr)
  • Conclusion: The present study revealed that ABM may decrease muscle activation levels and peak torque during maximal quadriceps strength testing. (deu.edu.tr)
  • Maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max), muscle strength and mass, and flexibility are all reduced, while total body mass and fat mass increase (Tuna et al. (acefitness.org)
  • Effect of a standardized, submaximal fatigue protocol on the maximal power output of the quadriceps muscles in college-aged females. (cdc.gov)
  • Once the pain and swelling start to improve, you should consider exercises to help your muscles regain their strength. (mskdiagnostics.co.uk)
  • Performing regular stretching and strengthening exercises could help avoid future episodes of quadriceps muscle injury. (mskdiagnostics.co.uk)
  • Quadriceps muscle activity during commonly used strength training exercises shortly after total knee arthroplasty: implications for home-based exercise-selection. (omicsdi.org)
  • Whether similar levels of neuromuscular activity of the muscles in the operated leg, elicited during strength training exercises in machines, can be reached during strength training exercises in more simple forms is unknown. (omicsdi.org)
  • Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine which strength training exercises that activated the muscles in the operated leg the most after TKA. (omicsdi.org)
  • The hypothesis was that strength training exercises performed in machines would elicit higher levels of voluntary peak quadriceps and hamstring muscle activity than strength training exercises performed in more simple forms, using elastic bands or the patients' own body weight. (omicsdi.org)
  • METHODS:A cross-sectional electromyographic study investigated voluntary peak muscle activity in the operated leg during 6 different strength training exercises. (omicsdi.org)
  • The aim of the present study was to analyze the activation pattern of the serratus anterior (SA), upper trapezius (UT), and lower trapezius (LT) muscles during periscapular exercises in individuals with and without ED, and to identify which proposed exercise presents greater activation of the periscapular muscles. (researchgate.net)
  • Exercises involve strengthening-stretching of the quadriceps muscle. (sutterhealth.org)
  • Essential to staying strong and vital during older adulthood is participa- tion in regular strengthening exercises, which help to prevent osteoporosis and frailty by stimulating the growth of muscle and bone. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients are taught to do daily exercises to strengthen the trunk muscles and quadriceps of the affected leg. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Muscle contusion (bruising) from a direct impact. (mskdiagnostics.co.uk)
  • The usual cause of the quadriceps contusion is a direct blow to the anterior thigh from an object or another person (eg, helmet, knee). (medscape.com)
  • Modified treatment of quadriceps contusion. (medscape.com)
  • While the knee is the largest joint in the human body, and is subject to gigantic amounts of stress , it relies almost entirely on soft tissue (i.e. ligaments , muscles , tendons ) for support. (everything2.com)
  • In 1949, Steiner and Palmer reported the first case of bilateral, simultaneous ruptures of the quadriceps tendons. (medscape.com)
  • The quadriceps tendon connects your quadriceps muscle, on the front of your thigh, to the kneecap. (webmd.com)
  • Also strengthening of the quadriceps muscle assures that the kneecap is tracking properly and distributing the load evenly inside the knee cap-thigh bone joint. (sutterhealth.org)
  • All strengthening of the quadriceps muscle should be done within the range that keeps pressure on the kneecap low. (sutterhealth.org)
  • Initially, we did not expect a difference in change in isokinetic quadriceps peak torque between HF-NMES and strength training. (bmj.com)
  • Voluntary peak muscle activity (%EMGmax) was calculated for the quadriceps and hamstring muscles for each exercise. (omicsdi.org)
  • The outcome measurement is the peak force (Newton) of the quadriceps at one speed (60 degrees/second). (cdc.gov)
  • Although six muscle strength trials are preformed only the highest peak force is reported in the data file. (cdc.gov)
  • Conclusions Young athletes with PFPS showed increased length of quadriceps muscles activity and reduced functional knee Rom while walking, comparing with healthy subjects, in particular muscular onset was anticipated in respect of the loading response event of the gait. (unicatt.it)
  • Additionally, the plank exercise and variations have been shown to improve core muscle endurance as well as stability and are effective in improving overall core strength in pre- and post-testing with the McGill Torso Muscular Endurance Test. (livescience.com)
  • The loss of muscle mass, muscular strength, and power with age has important health and functional consequences. (cdc.gov)
  • The reason that strengthening of the quadriceps muscle is effective is that it takes the pressure away from the knee cap cartilage and puts it into the muscular tissue. (sutterhealth.org)
  • In 1891, Erb put forward the concept of muscular dystrophies as a primary degeneration of muscle and coined the term "dystrophia muscularis progressiva. (medscape.com)
  • As the joint moves upon contraction of the quadriceps, "shear force" is created which places the knee joint in a compromising position for optimum safety. (nfpt.com)
  • The extension of the knee is essential for the gait to proceed further and it is done by the contraction of the Quadriceps Muscles. (hubpages.com)
  • Separate meta-analyses were performed for quadriceps size measured as girth and quadriceps size measured with imaging (thickness, cross-sectional area, and volume). (nih.gov)
  • The VL thickness, quadriceps strength, and VJ height increased and VL-echo intensity decreased after training. (hacettepe.edu.tr)
  • Ruptures of the quadriceps tendon occur relatively infrequently and usually occur in patients older than 40 years. (medscape.com)
  • In rare cases, partial ruptures of the quadriceps tendon are seen in young athletes with end-stage jumper's knee. (medscape.com)
  • To obtain the best results, the early diagnosis and repair of complete quadriceps ruptures are essential. (medscape.com)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of complete and incomplete quadriceps tendon ruptures. (medscape.com)
  • [ 19 ] Many case reports of bilateral quadriceps ruptures have been published in the last few decades. (medscape.com)
  • This gait may be corrected by strengthening the Quadriceps Muscles or by using suitable Splints or Orthoses. (hubpages.com)
  • Grade 3: A 'complete' muscle tear/rupture, with over 50% of muscle fibres torn. (mskdiagnostics.co.uk)
  • Fascial rupture usually occurs anteriorly at the mid thigh and causes a muscle hernia. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] Rupture of the quadriceps tendon is more common in both older patients and younger athletes. (medscape.com)
  • Several studies show that the mean age of patients with quadriceps rupture is about 65 years. (medscape.com)
  • Sports associated with quadriceps rupture are high jump, basketball, and weight lifting. (medscape.com)
  • Stiffness of Quadriceps is usually associated with the problems of Patello-femoral joint and requires proper stretching. (docpods.com)
  • Muscle shear modulus (an index of muscle stiffness) measured using ultrasound shear wave elastography can be used to estimate changes in stiffness of an individual muscle. (edu.hk)
  • Further research is needed to determine whether changes in muscle stiffness are muscle-specific in pathological conditions or after interventions such as stretching protocols. (edu.hk)
  • Injections are often delivered to the quadriceps, triceps, and gluteal muscles, and thus the complication often manifests itself in those muscles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Myositis ossificans is a potentially disabling complication from quadriceps contusions and risk factors, prevention, and treatment are reviewed. (nih.gov)
  • The shear modulus of VMO, RF, and VL muscles was measured while the quadriceps was passively stretched at 3°/s. (edu.hk)
  • The relationship between the muscle shear modulus and knee angle was plotted as shear modulus-knee angle curve through which the slack angle of each muscle was determined. (edu.hk)
  • Quadriceps muscle injuries are injuries to the main bulk of muscle on the front of your thigh. (mskdiagnostics.co.uk)
  • Quadriceps muscle injuries are frequently caused by overstretching or overloading during sports such as football and rugby, where the injury is often to the kicking leg. (mskdiagnostics.co.uk)
  • What are the symptoms of quadriceps muscle injuries? (mskdiagnostics.co.uk)
  • How are quadriceps muscle injuries diagnosed? (mskdiagnostics.co.uk)
  • What are the treatment options for quadriceps muscle injuries? (mskdiagnostics.co.uk)
  • Depending on the severity of your injury, it may be advisable to start moving and strengthening your muscles again, as soon as possible, or to avoid putting any weight on your injured leg (for Grade 3 injuries, your GP may recommend using crutches). (mskdiagnostics.co.uk)
  • What is the prognosis (outlook) for quadriceps muscle injuries? (mskdiagnostics.co.uk)
  • How can I prevent recurrence of quadriceps muscle injuries? (mskdiagnostics.co.uk)
  • For patient education resources from eMedicineHealth, see Avoiding Sports Injuries , as well as Muscle Strain . (medscape.com)
  • Injuries to the quadriceps muscle group occur frequently in sports and athletic activities. (nih.gov)
  • These are the corset-like muscles that wrap around the midline to the spine, the pelvic floor muscles, and the abdominal and lower back muscles. (healthline.com)
  • A layer of connective tissue called the fascia connects the muscles of the abdominals to the pelvic floor and helps them work together for optimal performance. (healthline.com)
  • Contract the muscles of the pelvic floor. (healthline.com)
  • Therefore, this study explored whether the addition of motor imagery to routine physical therapy reduces the deterioration of quadriceps muscle strength and voluntary activation (VA) as well as other variables related to motor performance in patients after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). (omicsdi.org)
  • Patients are unable to fully flex the affected muscle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since then, several large series of patients undergoing quadriceps tendon repair have been published. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Genetic testing, creatine kinase (CK) studies, muscle biopsy, and histologic examination can be used in the evaluation of LGMD. (medscape.com)
  • Muscle histopathologic findings from a biopsy of the quadriceps showed features of an inflammatory myopathy (interstitial edema, perivascular lymphocytic cuffing, and degenerating fibers) consistent with the features of early dermatomyositis. (cdc.gov)
  • Minimally, impact causes cellular edema of the muscle, but complete capillary disruption with localized hemorrhage leading to a tense anterior compartment can occur. (medscape.com)
  • To get the inside of the quadriceps muscles at the vastus medialis head, bend your right knee and place your right foot on your left ankle. (personalpowertraining.net)
  • You have to squeeze your right quadriceps, bend the left knee and heel up towards your bottom. (snippets.com)
  • This exercise targets the inner and outer hamstring muscles at varying angles of flexion or knee bend. (sportsinjuryclinic.net)
  • The core muscles of the lower back and abdominals also are engaged to stabilize the torso. (livestrong.com)
  • Inhale and tighten the core muscles of your abdominals and lower back. (livestrong.com)
  • The quadriceps femoris acts as a hip flexor and knee extender. (medscape.com)
  • identified and flexor muscle necrosis sidered when slowly growing soft tissue and fibrosis were noted (Figure 3). (who.int)
  • Figure 3 Mass incision showing many daughter vesicles, pus and flexor muscle necrosis cysts, especially in fat suppressed T2 weighted images [4]. (who.int)
  • Muscle imbalances- This is most commonly seen when the muscles on the outside of the leg are stronger than those on the inside . (everything2.com)
  • This is more commonly seen in women , as their wider pelvis causes their thigh muscles to lean loward their knees at a wider angle than those of men . (everything2.com)
  • Neuromuscular efficiency (NME) is a variable that evaluates the relationship between the amount of neural stimuli and the ability to generate force of in a given muscle, with the most efficient being the one that produces greater. (researchgate.net)
  • The muscle is really a bunch of 3 muscles, the bicep femoris, the semitendinosis and also the semimembrinosis and are the work horses in the extension of the leg. (personalpowertraining.net)
  • The knee flexes to a maximum of 130-140 degrees, while the maximum range of hip extension is 10-30 degrees, however, the maximum movement is restricted by tightness in the Quadriceps. (docpods.com)
  • MViC and VA of quadriceps muscle, knee flexion and extension range of motion, pain level, along with a Timed Up-and-Go Test (TUG) and self-reported measure of physical function (assessed using the Oxford Knee Score questionnaire [OKS]) were evaluated before (PRE) and 1 month after surgery (POST). (omicsdi.org)
  • During the performance of a leg extension, the quadriceps reacts by pulling the tibia forward. (nfpt.com)
  • Using quadriceps muscles therapy,you can keep your knees injury free. (snippets.com)
  • What muscles does thekneeling quadriceps stretch target? (docpods.com)
  • Stretch out tight muscles to reduce pressure on growth plate and stretch thoroughly before sport. (nuh.nhs.uk)
  • In addition to these abdominal muscles, planks activate other muscles of the core such as the erector spinae in the lower back, the serratus anterior in the upper back, the latissimus doors, and the glutes. (livescience.com)
  • Keep your core muscles taut, your shoulders back and head up to help maintain a straight back. (livestrong.com)
  • Exhale, tighten your core muscles to maintain the integrity of your posture, and push up from your heels to return to a standing position. (livestrong.com)
  • Any break in your concentration may cause you to relax your core muscles and round your back. (livestrong.com)
  • It also helps retrain the core muscles to work together during daily activities. (healthline.com)
  • Grade 2: A partial muscle tear, which might cause swelling and bruising as well as some loss of strength. (mskdiagnostics.co.uk)
  • The transverse abdominis is our deepest core muscle. (livescience.com)
  • Some key muscles that require retraining after pregnancy include the transverse abdominis. (healthline.com)
  • Wireless surface EMG probes were used to evaluate quadriceps muscles activity. (unicatt.it)
  • The powerful thigh muscles are a significant part in walking, running, biking and each activity that utilizes the legs. (personalpowertraining.net)
  • Tighten your abdominal and erector spinae or back muscles to stabilize your trunk. (livestrong.com)
  • As you exhale, pull your bellybutton in toward your spine, contracting your abdominal muscles. (healthline.com)
  • Avoid activities that place a lot of stress on the abdominal muscles and hip joints. (healthline.com)
  • Reverse transcription PCR of the muscle tissue indicated enterovirus RNA. (cdc.gov)
  • Agonist/Antagonist and medial/lateral muscle activity is not different between men and women when they are strength matched. (jssm.org)
  • Grade 1: A mild muscle pull or strain causing pain and tenderness but no loss of muscle strength. (mskdiagnostics.co.uk)
  • The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of Isokinetic Training and Electromyography biofeedback training in improving strength of the quadriceps femoris in participants with Osteoarthritis of knee. (rjptonline.org)
  • Extent of muscle strength was assessed employing the isokinetic device BIODEX 4 System Pro. (rjptonline.org)
  • The issue of sustainability was also verified by the post-follow-up assessments of the all of the variables following identical assessment protocols after 14th and 18th week of completion.Repeated measure of ANOVA revealed that, Isokinetic Training was beneficial in enhancing muscle-strength of quadriceps femoris (p (rjptonline.org)
  • In addition, multiple linear regression analysis showed that failure of voluntary activation explained 47% of the quadriceps muscle strength loss, with no significant difference in perceived level of pain. (omicsdi.org)
  • Isokinetic quadriceps strength and vertical jump were assessed. (hacettepe.edu.tr)
  • SPs who had a myocardial infarction within the past six weeks, chest or abdominal surgery within the past three weeks, knee surgery or knee replacement surgery, severe back pain, a history of brain aneurysm or stroke are excluded from the muscle strength exam. (cdc.gov)
  • Six muscle strength measurements are obtained: three warm-up/ learning measurements and three outcome measurements. (cdc.gov)
  • For further details regarding the quality control procedures, analysts should consult the NHANES Muscle Strength Procedures Manual. (cdc.gov)
  • Muscle Strength Procedures Manual. (cdc.gov)
  • Rest the bar on top of your trapezius muscles, not on the back of your neck. (livestrong.com)
  • This muscle acts as a corset and attaches to our pelvis then wrapping around our front to the lumbar spine. (livescience.com)
  • Conclusion: This is the first study to experimentally determine the muscle mechanical behavior of individual heads of the quadriceps during passive stretching. (edu.hk)
  • Because of this, and since the quadriceps muscles are naturally stronger than the hamstring muscles, over development of the quads might cause tight hamstring muscles. (personalpowertraining.net)