A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)
A stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eye and low voltage fast pattern EEG. It is usually associated with dreaming.
Parasomnias characterized by behavioral abnormalities that occur during the transition between wakefulness and sleep (or between sleep and wakefulness).
An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.
A series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep which are dissociated from the usual stream of consciousness of the waking state.
Simultaneous and continuous monitoring of several parameters during sleep to study normal and abnormal sleep. The study includes monitoring of brain waves, to assess sleep stages, and other physiological variables such as breathing, eye movements, and blood oxygen levels which exhibit a disrupted pattern with sleep disturbances.
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)
A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)
A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)
Polyketides of up to a few dozen carbons in length, formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES and oxygenated to form tetrahydrofuran and lactone rings along the length of the chain. They are found in ANNONACEAE and other PLANTS. Related compounds cyclize to MACROLIDES.
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)
Abnormal behavioral or physiologic events that are associated with REM sleep, including REM SLEEP BEHAVIOR DISORDER.
A readily reversible suspension of sensorimotor interaction with the environment, usually associated with recumbency and immobility.
The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (VIDEODISC RECORDING).
Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.
Movements or behaviors associated with sleep, sleep stages, or partial arousals from sleep that may impair sleep maintenance. Parasomnias are generally divided into four groups: arousal disorders, sleep-wake transition disorders, parasomnias of REM sleep, and nonspecific parasomnias. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p191)
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.
A condition characterized by transient weakness or paralysis of somatic musculature triggered by an emotional stimulus or physical exertion. Cataplexy is frequently associated with NARCOLEPSY. During a cataplectic attack, there is a marked reduction in muscle tone similar to the normal physiologic hypotonia that accompanies rapid eye movement sleep (SLEEP, REM). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p396)
Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.
Loss of or impaired ability to smell. This may be caused by OLFACTORY NERVE DISEASES; PARANASAL SINUS DISEASES; viral RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SMOKING; and other conditions.
Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. Sleep disorders may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and sleep disorders secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Periods of sleep manifested by changes in EEG activity and certain behavioral correlates; includes Stage 1: sleep onset, drowsy sleep; Stage 2: light sleep; Stages 3 and 4: delta sleep, light sleep, deep sleep, telencephalic sleep.
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
The name of two islands of the West Indies, separated by a narrow channel. Their capital is Basse-Terre. They were discovered by Columbus in 1493, occupied by the French in 1635, held by the British at various times between 1759 and 1813, transferred to Sweden in 1813, and restored to France in 1816. Its status was changed from colony to a French overseas department in 1946. Columbus named it in honor of the monastery of Santa Maria de Guadalupe in Spain. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p470 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p221)
Diseases of the parasympathetic or sympathetic divisions of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; which has components located in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Autonomic dysfunction may be associated with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES; BRAIN STEM disorders; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. Manifestations include impairments of vegetative functions including the maintenance of BLOOD PRESSURE; HEART RATE; pupil function; SWEATING; REPRODUCTIVE AND URINARY PHYSIOLOGY; and DIGESTION.
Dyssomnias (i.e., insomnias or hypersomnias) associated with dysfunction of internal sleep mechanisms or secondary to a sleep-related medical disorder (e.g., sleep apnea, post-traumatic sleep disorders, etc.). (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.
A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli.
Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system.
Methods and procedures for recording EYE MOVEMENTS.
The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.
Economic aspects of the nursing profession.
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
The processes of milk secretion by the maternal MAMMARY GLANDS after PARTURITION. The proliferation of the mammary glandular tissue, milk synthesis, and milk expulsion or let down are regulated by the interactions of several hormones including ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; PROLACTIN; and OXYTOCIN.
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."
A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.
A medical specialty concerned with the use of physical agents, mechanical apparatus, and manipulation in rehabilitating physically diseased or injured patients.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Treatment for individuals with speech defects and disorders that involves counseling and use of various exercises and aids to help the development of new speech habits.
Skilled treatment that helps individuals achieve independence in all facets of their lives. It assists in the development of skills needed for independent living.
Acquired or developmental conditions marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or generate spoken forms of language.
A progressive neurodegenerative condition of the central and autonomic nervous systems characterized by atrophy of the preganglionic lateral horn neurons of the thoracic spinal cord. This disease is generally considered a clinical variant of MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY. Affected individuals present in the fifth or sixth decade with ORTHOSTASIS and bladder dysfunction; and later develop FECAL INCONTINENCE; anhidrosis; ATAXIA; IMPOTENCE; and alterations of tone suggestive of basal ganglia dysfunction. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p536)

Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in 93 cases. (1/116)

We describe demographic, clinical, laboratory and aetiological findings in 93 consecutive patients with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder (RBD), which consists of excessive motor activity during dreaming in association with loss of skeletal muscle atonia of REM sleep. The patients were seen at the Mayo Sleep Disorders Center between January 1, 1991 and July 31, 1995. Eighty-one patients (87%) were male. The mean age of RBD onset was 60.9 years (range 36-84 years) and the mean age at presentation was 64.4 years (37-85 years). Thirty-two per cent of patients had injured themselves and 64% had assaulted their spouses. Subdural haematomas occurred in two patients. Dream content was altered and involved defence of the sleeper against attack in 87%. The frequency of nocturnal events decreased with time in seven untreated patients with neurodegenerative disease. MRI or CT head scans were performed in 56% of patients. Although four scans showed brainstem pathology, all of these patients had apparently unrelated neurodegenerative diseases known to be associated with RBD. Neurological disorders were present in 57% of patients; Parkinson's disease, dementia without parkinsonism and multiple system atrophy accounted for all but 14% of these. RBD developed before parkinsonism in 52% of the patients with Parkinson's disease. Five of the 14 patients with multiple system atrophy were female, and thus the strong male predominance in RBD is less evident in this condition. Psychiatric disorders, drug use or drug withdrawal were rarely causally related to RBD. Clonazepam treatment of RBD was completely or partially successful in 87% of the patients who used the drug. We conclude that RBD is a well-defined condition and that descriptions from different centres are fairly consistent. It is commonest in elderly males and may result in serious morbidity to patients and bed partners. There is a strong relationship to neurodegenerative disease, especially Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy and dementia, and neurologists should explore the possibility of RBD in patients with these conditions. RBD symptoms may be the first manifestations of these disorders and careful follow-up is needed. Neuroimaging is unlikely to reveal underlying disorders not suspected clinically. We confirm the effectiveness of clonazepam, but note that attention to the safety of the bed environment may be sufficient for patients with contraindications to the drug.  (+info)

Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, depression and cognitive impairment. Case study. (2/116)

BACKGROUND: Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder is a relatively new diagnostic category. It has never before been associated with a treatable depressive condition. AIMS: To report on a 74-year-old man with a history of depression and REM sleep behaviour disorder, associated with mild cognitive impairment. METHOD: Assessment using brain CT, MRI, PET, electroencephalography, neuropsychological testing and nocturnal polysomnography. RESULTS: Depression was treated with sertraline. Sleep laboratory studies supported a diagnosis of REM sleep behaviour disorder, which was treated with clonazepam. Sleep apnoea, revealed later, was treated with nasal continuous positive airways pressure. Brain MRI showed mild atrophy, but neuropsychological testing indicated no progressive cognitive deterioration. CONCLUSIONS: This case draws attention to REM sleep behaviour disorder and its potential interaction with depression and cognitive impairment, producing symptoms which can be mistaken for early dementia. The diagnosis of REM sleep behaviour disorder is easily missed, and it requires careful history-taking and sleep investigation in all suspected sufferers. Associated neurological, sleep and psychiatric conditions (including depression and cognitive impairment) may confound the diagnosis.  (+info)

Interobserver reliability of ICSD-R criteria for REM sleep behaviour disorder. (3/116)

We estimated the interobserver reliability (IR) of the diagnosis of rapid eye movement (REM) Sleep Behaviour Disorder (RBD) among trained neurologists, with the application of International Classification of Sleep Disorders Revised (ICSD-R), by means of videotaped interviews of people with motor sleep behaviour disorders of different nature. IR of clinical judgement for the diagnosis of RBD was "substantial" (Kappa 0.65); nevertheless, some criteria ('limb or body movement associated with dream mentation', criterion B, and 'sleep behaviours (that) disrupt sleep continuity', criterion C3) showed a 'moderate' IR, resulting from the intrinsic limitations of the patient report and terminological ambiguity. Further clarification of terminology of the ICSD-R criteria would be useful to improve the reliability.  (+info)

Falling asleep. (4/116)

We describe a 74-year-old woman who presented with a history of falling from bed in association with vivid dreams and physical violence towards her spouse. A clinical diagnosis of rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder was made and complete resolution of her symptoms was achieved with first line treatment.  (+info)

Combination of 'idiopathic' REM sleep behaviour disorder and olfactory dysfunction as possible indicator for alpha-synucleinopathy demonstrated by dopamine transporter FP-CIT-SPECT. (5/116)

REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) and olfactory dysfunction are common and very early features of alpha-synucleinopathies, in particular Parkinson's disease. To investigate the hypothesis that these two clinical features in combination are an indicator of evolving alpha-synucleinopathy, olfactory function was assessed in RBD. We studied 30 patients (18 male, 12 female; mean age 48 +/- 14 years, range 19-78 years) with clinical (idiopathic, n = 6; symptomatic, n = 13, mostly associated with narcolepsy) or subclinical (n = 11, associated with narcolepsy) RBD according to standard criteria and 30 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects using standardized 'Sniffin' Sticks'. RBD patients had a significantly higher olfactory threshold (P = 0.0001), lower discrimination score (P = 0.003), and lower identification score (P = 0.001). Compared with normative data, 97% of the RBD patients had a pathologically increased olfactory threshold, 63% an impaired odour discrimination score, and 63% a decreased identification score. On neurological examination, signs of parkinsonism were newly found in five patients with clinical RBD (not associated with narcolepsy), who usually had a long history of 'idiopathic' RBD. Four of the five patients fulfilled the UK Brain Bank criteria for the clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. The underlying nigrostriatal degeneration of clinical Parkinson's disease was confirmed by I-123-FP-CIT SPECT in one patient and early nigrostriatal degeneration was identified by SPECT in a further two patients with 'idiopathic' clinical RBD out of 11 RBD patients who agreed to undergo SPECT studies. Our study shows that RBD patients have a profound impairment of olfactory function. Five patients with clinical RBD not associated with narcolepsy had clinical or imaging signs of nigrostriatal degeneration. This new clinical finding correlates with the neuropathological staging of Parkinson's disease (stages 1-3) as proposed by Braak. In stage 1, the anterior olfactory nucleus or the olfactory bulb is affected (along with the dorsal motor nucleus of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves). In stage 2, additional lesions consistently remain confined to the medulla oblongata and pontine tegmentum, which are critical areas for RBD. Midbrain lesions are found only in stage 3, in particular degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Thus, 'idiopathic' RBD patients with olfactory impairment might present with stage 2 preclinical alpha-synucleinopathy. Since narcoleptic patients are not known to have an increased risk of developing parkinsonism, the pathophysiology and clinical relevance of hyposmia in RBD/narcolepsy patients requires further research.  (+info)

Impaired rapid eye movement sleep in the Tg2576 APP murine model of Alzheimer's disease with injury to pedunculopontine cholinergic neurons. (6/116)

Impaired rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) is commonly observed in Alzheimer's disease, suggesting injury to mesopontine cholinergic neurons. We sought to determine whether abnormal beta-amyloid peptides impair REMS and injure mesopontine cholinergic neurons in transgenic (hAPP695.SWE) mice (Tg2576) that model brain amyloid pathologies. Tg2576 mice and wild-type littermates were studied at 2, 6, and 12 months by using sleep recordings, contextual fear conditioning, and immunohistochemistry. At 2 months of age, REMS was indistinguishable by genotype but was reduced in Tg2576 mice at 6 and 12 months. Choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmentum of Tg2576 mice at 2 months evidenced activated caspase-3 immunoreactivity, and at 6 and 12 months the numbers of pedunculopontine tegmentum choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons were reduced in the Tg2576 mice. Other cholinergic groups involved in REMS were unperturbed. At 12 months, Tg2576 mice demonstrated increased 3-nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in cholinergic projection sites but not in cholinergic soma. We have identified a population of selectively compromised cholinergic neurons in young Tg2576 mice that manifest early onset REMS impairment. The differential vulnerability of these cholinergic neurons to Abeta injury provides an invaluable tool with which to understand mechanisms of sleep/wake perturbations in Alzheimer's disease.  (+info)

Visual hallucinations in posterior cortical atrophy. (7/116)

BACKGROUND: Visual hallucinations have been reported to occur in up to 25% of patients who meet the criteria for posterior cortical atrophy (PCA). It is not known, however, whether patients who meet the criteria for PCA and have hallucinations are different from those who meet the criteria and do not have hallucinations. OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical and imaging features of patients with PCA with and without well-formed visual hallucinations. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Tertiary care medical center. PATIENTS: Fifty-nine patients fulfilling the criteria for PCA were retrospectively identified and divided into 2 groups based on the presence (n = 13) or absence (n = 46) of visual hallucinations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Statistically significant clinical differences and imaging differences using voxel-based morphometry between the 2 groups. RESULTS: In patients with PCA and hallucinations, parkinsonism and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder occurred more frequently, as did myoclonic jerks (P<.001 for both). Voxel-based morphometry showed greater atrophy in a network of structures, including the primary visual cortex, lentiform nuclei, thalamus, basal forebrain, and midbrain, in patients with hallucinations. CONCLUSIONS: Hallucinations in patients with PCA are associated with parkinsonism, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, and myoclonic jerks. The voxel-based morphometry results suggest that hallucinations in PCA cannot be exclusively attributed to atrophy of the posterior association cortices and may involve a circuit of thalamocortical connections.  (+info)

Olfactory dysfunction in patients with narcolepsy with and without REM sleep behaviour disorder. (8/116)

Patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) frequently develop Parkinson's disease and the majority present with hyposmia, which is a potential preclinical non-motor sign of Parkinson's disease. Accordingly, it has been proposed that the clinical symptoms of hyposmia and RBD in combination have to be considered as very early symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Since not only patients with idiopathic RBD but also patients in whom RBD is associated with narcolepsy present with an olfactory dysfunction we investigated if hyposmia in RBD patients with concomitant narcolepsy is RBD specific or if narcolepsy per se is associated with olfactory dysfunction. We studied olfactory function in 20 narcoleptic patients each with RBD (9 male and 11 female; mean age 45.4 +/- 14.0 years, range 20-75 years) and without associated RBD (8 male and 12 female; mean age 44.4 +/- 13.40 years, range 20-70 years) and 40 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects using standardized 'Sniffin' Sticks'. Both, narcoleptics with (Narc/+RBD) and without RBD (Narc/-RBD) had a significantly higher olfactory threshold (Narc/+RBD, P = 0.0001; Narc/-RBD, P = 0.0001), lower discrimination scores (P = 0.001; P = 0.014) and lower identification scores (P = 0.057; P = 0.003) than controls. There were no symptoms or signs for early parkinsonism in both patient groups. Our results show for the first time that narcolepsy per se is associated with olfactory dysfunction. In contrast to patients with idiopathic RBD, hyposmia in patients with RBD associated with narcolepsy is unlikely to be a predictor for developing parkinsonism.  (+info)

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia, which is a disorder that involves undesirable experiences or abnormal behaviors during sleep. Specifically, RBD is a type of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep parasomnia where the muscle atonia (lack of muscle tone) that normally occurs during REM sleep is absent or incomplete, allowing for the emergence of motor behaviors and vivid dreaming. These dreams can be quite intense and may result in the individual physically acting out their dreams, leading to potential harm for themselves or their bed partner. RBD can occur in isolation or as a symptom of another neurological condition.

REM sleep, or Rapid Eye Movement sleep, is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, low muscle tone, and active brain activity. It is one of the two main types of sleep along with non-REM sleep and is marked by vivid dreaming, increased brain metabolism, and altered brain wave patterns. REM sleep is often referred to as "paradoxical sleep" because of the seemingly contradictory nature of its characteristics - an active brain in a state of relaxation. It is thought to play a role in memory consolidation, learning, and mood regulation. A typical night's sleep cycle includes several episodes of REM sleep, with each episode becoming longer as the night progresses.

Sleep-Wake Transition Disorders are a group of sleep disorders characterized by irregularities in the transition between sleep and wakefulness. These disorders include conditions such as:

1. Narcolepsy: A neurological disorder that affects the control of sleep and wakefulness, causing excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden attacks of sleep.
2. Idiopathic Hypersomnia: A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness despite adequate or prolonged nighttime sleep.
3. Kleine-Levin Syndrome: A rare sleep disorder characterized by recurring episodes of excessive sleepiness and eating.
4. Insomnia with Non-REM Sleep Disorder: A condition in which a person has difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, accompanied by abnormal behaviors during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.
5. Sleepwalking (Somnambulism): A behavior disorder that originates during deep sleep and results in walking or performing other complex behaviors while asleep.
6. Night Terrors (Pavor Nocturnus): A parasomnia characterized by extreme fear, agitation, and arousal during sleep, typically occurring during deep non-REM sleep.
7. Sleep Paralysis: A temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up, caused by the failure of the brain to transition properly between sleep and wakefulness.
8. REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD): A disorder characterized by the acting out of dreams during REM sleep, which can result in injury to the sleeper or their bed partner.

These disorders can have significant impacts on a person's quality of life, safety, and overall health. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing these conditions effectively.

Clonazepam is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called benzodiazepines. It is primarily used to treat seizure disorders, panic attacks, and anxiety. Clonazepam works by increasing the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter in the brain that has a calming effect on the nervous system.

The medication comes in tablet or orally disintegrating tablet form and is typically taken two to three times per day. Common side effects of clonazepam include dizziness, drowsiness, and coordination problems. It can also cause memory problems, mental confusion, and depression.

Like all benzodiazepines, clonazepam has the potential for abuse and addiction, so it should be used with caution and only under the supervision of a healthcare provider. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and not to stop taking the medication suddenly, as this can lead to withdrawal symptoms.

It's important to note that while I strive to provide accurate information, this definition is intended to be a general overview and should not replace professional medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare provider for medical advice.

Dreams are a series of thoughts, images, and sensations occurring in a person's mind during sleep. They can be vivid or vague, positive or negative, and may involve memories, emotions, and fears. The scientific study of dreams is called oneirology. While the exact purpose and function of dreams remain a topic of debate among researchers, some theories suggest that dreaming may help with memory consolidation, problem-solving, emotional processing, and learning.

Dreams usually occur during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep, although they can also happen in non-REM stages. They are typically associated with complex brain activities, involving areas such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and the neocortex. The content of dreams can be influenced by various factors, including a person's thoughts, experiences, emotions, physical state, and environmental conditions.

It is important to note that dreaming is a natural and universal human experience, and understanding dreams can provide insights into our cognitive processes, emotional well-being, and mental health.

Polysomnography (PSG) is a comprehensive sleep study that monitors various body functions during sleep, including brain activity, eye movement, muscle tone, heart rate, respirations, and oxygen levels. It is typically conducted in a sleep laboratory under the supervision of a trained technologist. The data collected during PSG is used to diagnose and manage various sleep disorders such as sleep-related breathing disorders (e.g., sleep apnea), movement disorders (e.g., periodic limb movement disorder), parasomnias, and narcolepsy.

The study usually involves the attachment of electrodes to different parts of the body, such as the scalp, face, chest, and legs, to record electrical signals from the brain, eye movements, muscle activity, and heartbeats. Additionally, sensors may be placed on or near the nose and mouth to measure airflow, and a belt may be worn around the chest and abdomen to monitor breathing efforts. Oxygen levels are also monitored through a sensor attached to the finger or ear.

Polysomnography is often recommended when a sleep disorder is suspected based on symptoms or medical history, and other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive. The results of the study can help guide treatment decisions and improve overall sleep health.

Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects the control of sleep and wakefulness. It's characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), where people experience sudden, uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep during the day. These "sleep attacks" can occur at any time - while working, talking, eating, or even driving.

In addition to EDS, narcolepsy often includes cataplexy, a condition that causes loss of muscle tone, leading to weakness and sometimes collapse, often triggered by strong emotions like laughter or surprise. Other common symptoms are sleep paralysis (a temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up), vivid hallucinations during the transitions between sleep and wakefulness, and fragmented nighttime sleep.

The exact cause of narcolepsy is not fully understood, but it's believed to involve genetic and environmental factors, as well as problems with certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as hypocretin/orexin, which regulate sleep-wake cycles. Narcolepsy can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making it essential to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and management.

Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects multiple systems in the body. It is characterized by a combination of symptoms including Parkinsonism (such as stiffness, slowness of movement, and tremors), cerebellar ataxia (lack of muscle coordination), autonomic dysfunction (problems with the autonomic nervous system which controls involuntary actions like heart rate, blood pressure, sweating, and digestion), and pyramidal signs (abnormalities in the corticospinal tracts that control voluntary movements).

The disorder is caused by the degeneration of nerve cells in various parts of the brain and spinal cord, leading to a loss of function in these areas. The exact cause of MSA is unknown, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is currently no cure for MSA, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

Lewy body disease, also known as dementia with Lewy bodies, is a type of progressive degenerative dementia that affects thinking, behavior, and movement. It's named after Dr. Friedrich Lewy, the scientist who discovered the abnormal protein deposits, called Lewy bodies, that are characteristic of this disease.

Lewy bodies are made up of a protein called alpha-synuclein and are found in the brain cells of individuals with Lewy body disease. These abnormal protein deposits are also found in people with Parkinson's disease, but they are more widespread in Lewy body disease, affecting multiple areas of the brain.

The symptoms of Lewy body disease can vary from person to person, but they often include:

* Cognitive decline, such as memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with problem-solving
* Visual hallucinations and delusions
* Parkinsonian symptoms, such as stiffness, tremors, and difficulty walking or moving
* Fluctuations in alertness and attention
* REM sleep behavior disorder, where a person acts out their dreams during sleep

Lewy body disease is a progressive condition, which means that the symptoms get worse over time. Currently, there is no cure for Lewy body disease, but medications can help manage some of the symptoms.

Acetogenins are a type of compound that are produced by certain plants, particularly those in the family Annonaceae. They are known for their potential medicinal properties, including anti-cancer, anti-malarial, and insecticidal activities. Acetogenins have a complex structure, consisting of a long chain of carbon atoms with various functional groups attached. They work by inhibiting the function of certain enzymes that are necessary for the survival of cancer cells and other target organisms.

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement. It is characterized by the death of dopamine-producing cells in the brain, specifically in an area called the substantia nigra. The loss of these cells leads to a decrease in dopamine levels, which results in the motor symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease. These symptoms can include tremors at rest, stiffness or rigidity of the limbs and trunk, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability (impaired balance and coordination). In addition to these motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms such as cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances are also common in people with Parkinson's disease. The exact cause of Parkinson's disease is unknown, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is currently no cure for Parkinson's disease, but medications and therapies can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life.

REM sleep parasomnias are a category of disorders that involve abnormal behaviors, experiences, or physiological events occurring during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, low muscle tone, and vivid dreaming. These parasomnias include:

1. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD): A condition where individuals act out their dreams during REM sleep, often resulting in complex motor behaviors, vocalizations, or even injuries to themselves or their bed partners.
2. Nightmare disorder: Recurrent episodes of extended, extremely vivid, and frightening dreams that cause significant distress and impairment upon awakening.
3. Sleep paralysis: A temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up, often accompanied by hallucinations or a feeling of suffocation.
4. Catathrenia (nocturnal groaning): A rare parasomnia characterized by involuntary groaning or moaning during expiration (breathing out) in REM sleep.
5. Impaired sleep-related penile erections: The inability to achieve or maintain an erection during REM sleep, which can be a symptom of various medical conditions or medications.
6. Sleep-related painful erections: Spontaneous, often severe penile pain during REM sleep that can disrupt sleep and cause significant distress.

REM sleep parasomnias are thought to result from dysregulation in the brain mechanisms controlling REM sleep, leading to the intrusion of REM sleep phenomena into wakefulness or the intensification of REM-related physiological processes.

Sleep is a complex physiological process characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced voluntary muscle activity, and decreased interaction with the environment. It's typically associated with specific stages that can be identified through electroencephalography (EEG) patterns. These stages include rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, associated with dreaming, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which is further divided into three stages.

Sleep serves a variety of functions, including restoration and strengthening of the immune system, support for growth and development in children and adolescents, consolidation of memory, learning, and emotional regulation. The lack of sufficient sleep or poor quality sleep can lead to significant health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even cognitive decline.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) defines sleep as "a period of daily recurring natural rest during which consciousness is suspended and metabolic processes are reduced." However, it's important to note that the exact mechanisms and purposes of sleep are still being researched and debated among scientists.

I apologize, but "video recording" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It generally refers to the process of capturing and storing moving visual images on electronic media, which is used in various medical fields for different purposes such as surgical training, telemedicine consultations, or monitoring patient conditions. However, there is no unique medical meaning associated with this term.

Electromyography (EMG) is a medical diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscles during contraction and at rest. It involves inserting a thin needle electrode into the muscle to record the electrical signals generated by the muscle fibers. These signals are then displayed on an oscilloscope and may be heard through a speaker.

EMG can help diagnose various neuromuscular disorders, such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, and can distinguish between muscle and nerve disorders. It is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests, such as nerve conduction studies, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the nervous system.

EMG is typically performed by a neurologist or a physiatrist, and the procedure may cause some discomfort or pain, although this is usually minimal. The results of an EMG can help guide treatment decisions and monitor the progression of neuromuscular conditions over time.

Parasomnias are a category of sleep disorders that involve unwanted physical events or experiences that occur while falling asleep, sleeping, or waking up. These behaviors can include abnormal movements, talk, emotions, perceptions, or dreams. Parasomnias can be caused by various factors such as stress, alcohol, certain medications, or underlying medical conditions. Some examples of parasomnias are sleepwalking, night terrors, sleep talking, and REM sleep behavior disorder. These disorders can disrupt sleep and cause distress to the individual and their bed partner.

Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders characterized by progressive and persistent loss of neuronal structure and function, often leading to cognitive decline, functional impairment, and ultimately death. These conditions are associated with the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and genetic mutations in the brain. Examples of neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). The underlying causes and mechanisms of these diseases are not fully understood, and there is currently no cure for most neurodegenerative disorders. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms and slowing disease progression.

Cataplexy is a medical condition characterized by sudden and temporary loss of muscle tone or strength, typically triggered by strong emotions such as laughter, anger, or surprise. This can result in symptoms ranging from a slight slackening of the muscles to complete collapse. Cataplexy is often associated with narcolepsy, which is a neurological disorder that affects sleep-wake cycles. It's important to note that cataplexy is different from syncope (fainting), as it specifically involves muscle weakness rather than loss of consciousness.

Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders (ADDBDs) are a group of childhood-onset disorders characterized by persistent patterns of behavior that are difficult for the individual to control. These disorders include Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Conduct Disorder (CD).

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning. These symptoms must be present for at least six months and occur in multiple settings, such as school, home, and social situations.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is characterized by a pattern of negative, hostile, and defiant behavior towards authority figures, which includes arguing with adults, losing temper, actively defying rules, and deliberately annoying others. These symptoms must be present for at least six months and occur more frequently than in other children of the same age and developmental level.

Conduct Disorder (CD) is characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms and rules. These behaviors include aggression towards people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules.

It's important to note that these disorders can co-occur with other mental health conditions, such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and learning disabilities. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing the symptoms and improving the individual's quality of life.

Olfaction disorders, also known as smell disorders, refer to conditions that affect the ability to detect or interpret odors. These disorders can be categorized into two main types:

1. Anosmia: This is a complete loss of the sense of smell. It can be caused by various factors such as nasal polyps, sinus infections, head injuries, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
2. Hyposmia: This is a reduced ability to detect odors. Like anosmia, it can also be caused by similar factors including aging and exposure to certain chemicals.

Other olfaction disorders include parosmia, which is a distortion of smell where individuals may perceive a smell as being different from its original scent, and phantosmia, which is the perception of a smell that isn't actually present.

Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that affect the ability to sleep well on a regular basis. They can include problems with falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early in the morning. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, medical conditions, or substance abuse.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) recognizes over 80 distinct sleep disorders, which are categorized into the following major groups:

1. Insomnia - difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
2. Sleep-related breathing disorders - abnormal breathing during sleep such as obstructive sleep apnea.
3. Central disorders of hypersomnolence - excessive daytime sleepiness, including narcolepsy.
4. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders - disruption of the internal body clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
5. Parasomnias - abnormal behaviors during sleep such as sleepwalking or night terrors.
6. Sleep-related movement disorders - repetitive movements during sleep such as restless legs syndrome.
7. Isolated symptoms and normal variants - brief and occasional symptoms that do not warrant a specific diagnosis.

Sleep disorders can have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life, productivity, and overall health. If you suspect that you may have a sleep disorder, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or a sleep specialist for proper evaluation and treatment.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Sleep stages are distinct patterns of brain activity that occur during sleep, as measured by an electroencephalogram (EEG). They are part of the sleep cycle and are used to describe the different types of sleep that humans go through during a normal night's rest. The sleep cycle includes several repeating stages:

1. Stage 1 (N1): This is the lightest stage of sleep, where you transition from wakefulness to sleep. During this stage, muscle activity and brain waves begin to slow down.
2. Stage 2 (N2): In this stage, your heart rate slows, body temperature decreases, and eye movements stop. Brain wave activity becomes slower, with occasional bursts of electrical activity called sleep spindles.
3. Stage 3 (N3): Also known as deep non-REM sleep, this stage is characterized by slow delta waves. It is during this stage that the body undergoes restorative processes such as tissue repair, growth, and immune function enhancement.
4. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep: This is the stage where dreaming typically occurs. Your eyes move rapidly beneath closed eyelids, heart rate and respiration become irregular, and brain wave activity increases to levels similar to wakefulness. REM sleep is important for memory consolidation and learning.

The sleep cycle progresses through these stages multiple times during the night, with REM sleep periods becoming longer towards morning. Understanding sleep stages is crucial in diagnosing and treating various sleep disorders.

"Motor activity" is a general term used in the field of medicine and neuroscience to refer to any kind of physical movement or action that is generated by the body's motor system. The motor system includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles that work together to produce movements such as walking, talking, reaching for an object, or even subtle actions like moving your eyes.

Motor activity can be voluntary, meaning it is initiated intentionally by the individual, or involuntary, meaning it is triggered automatically by the nervous system without conscious control. Examples of voluntary motor activity include deliberately lifting your arm or kicking a ball, while examples of involuntary motor activity include heartbeat, digestion, and reflex actions like jerking your hand away from a hot stove.

Abnormalities in motor activity can be a sign of neurological or muscular disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, cerebral palsy, or multiple sclerosis. Assessment of motor activity is often used in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Guadeloupe" is not a medical term. It is actually an overseas region and department of France, located in the Caribbean Sea. Guadeloupe is an archipelago consisting of several islands, with a total land area of approximately 1,700 square kilometers (656 square miles) and a population of around 400,000 people.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them for you.

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. It consists of two subdivisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which generally have opposing effects and maintain homeostasis in the body.

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases (also known as Autonomic Disorders or Autonomic Neuropathies) refer to a group of conditions that affect the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. These diseases can cause damage to the nerves that control automatic functions, leading to various symptoms and complications.

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases can be classified into two main categories:

1. Primary Autonomic Nervous System Disorders: These are conditions that primarily affect the autonomic nervous system without any underlying cause. Examples include:
* Pure Autonomic Failure (PAF): A rare disorder characterized by progressive loss of autonomic nerve function, leading to symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, urinary retention, and constipation.
* Multiple System Atrophy (MSA): A degenerative neurological disorder that affects both the autonomic nervous system and movement coordination. Symptoms may include orthostatic hypotension, urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction, and Parkinsonian features like stiffness and slowness of movements.
* Autonomic Neuropathy associated with Parkinson's Disease: Some individuals with Parkinson's disease develop autonomic symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, constipation, and urinary dysfunction due to the degeneration of autonomic nerves.
2. Secondary Autonomic Nervous System Disorders: These are conditions that affect the autonomic nervous system as a result of an underlying cause or disease. Examples include:
* Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy: A complication of diabetes mellitus that affects the autonomic nerves, leading to symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, gastroparesis (delayed gastric emptying), and sexual dysfunction.
* Autoimmune-mediated Autonomic Neuropathies: Conditions like Guillain-Barré syndrome or autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy can cause autonomic symptoms due to the immune system attacking the autonomic nerves.
* Infectious Autonomic Neuropathies: Certain infections, such as HIV or Lyme disease, can lead to autonomic dysfunction as a result of nerve damage.
* Toxin-induced Autonomic Neuropathy: Exposure to certain toxins, like heavy metals or organophosphate pesticides, can cause autonomic neuropathy.

Autonomic nervous system disorders can significantly impact a person's quality of life and daily functioning. Proper diagnosis and management are crucial for improving symptoms and preventing complications. Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications, medications, and in some cases, devices or surgical interventions.

Sleep disorders, intrinsic, refer to a group of sleep disorders that are caused by underlying medical conditions within an individual's body. These disorders originate from internal physiological or psychological factors and can significantly impact the quality, duration, and timing of sleep. The most common types of intrinsic sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep-related breathing disorders (such as sleep apnea), central hypersomnias (like narcolepsy), circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, and parasomnias (including nightmares and sleepwalking).

Intrinsic sleep disorders can lead to various negative consequences, such as excessive daytime sleepiness, impaired cognitive function, reduced quality of life, and increased risk of accidents or injuries. Proper diagnosis and management of these disorders typically involve addressing the underlying medical condition and implementing appropriate treatment strategies, which may include lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, or medical devices.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a medical procedure that records electrical activity in the brain. It uses small, metal discs called electrodes, which are attached to the scalp with paste or a specialized cap. These electrodes detect tiny electrical charges that result from the activity of brain cells, and the EEG machine then amplifies and records these signals.

EEG is used to diagnose various conditions related to the brain, such as seizures, sleep disorders, head injuries, infections, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. It can also be used during surgery to monitor brain activity and ensure that surgical procedures do not interfere with vital functions.

EEG is a safe and non-invasive procedure that typically takes about 30 minutes to an hour to complete, although longer recordings may be necessary in some cases. Patients are usually asked to relax and remain still during the test, as movement can affect the quality of the recording.

Wakefulness is a state of consciousness in which an individual is alert and aware of their surroundings. It is characterized by the ability to perceive, process, and respond to stimuli in a purposeful manner. In a medical context, wakefulness is often assessed using measures such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) to evaluate brain activity patterns associated with consciousness.

Wakefulness is regulated by several interconnected neural networks that promote arousal and attention. These networks include the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), which consists of a group of neurons located in the brainstem that project to the thalamus and cerebral cortex, as well as other regions involved in regulating arousal and attention, such as the basal forebrain and hypothalamus.

Disorders of wakefulness can result from various underlying conditions, including neurological disorders, sleep disorders, medication side effects, or other medical conditions that affect brain function. Examples of such disorders include narcolepsy, insomnia, hypersomnia, and various forms of encephalopathy or brain injury.

A neurological examination is a series of tests used to evaluate the functioning of the nervous system, including both the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body). It is typically performed by a healthcare professional such as a neurologist or a primary care physician with specialized training in neurology.

During a neurological examination, the healthcare provider will assess various aspects of neurological function, including:

1. Mental status: This involves evaluating a person's level of consciousness, orientation, memory, and cognitive abilities.
2. Cranial nerves: There are 12 cranial nerves that control functions such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, and movement of the face and neck. The healthcare provider will test each of these nerves to ensure they are functioning properly.
3. Motor function: This involves assessing muscle strength, tone, coordination, and reflexes. The healthcare provider may ask the person to perform certain movements or tasks to evaluate these functions.
4. Sensory function: The healthcare provider will test a person's ability to feel different types of sensations, such as touch, pain, temperature, vibration, and proprioception (the sense of where your body is in space).
5. Coordination and balance: The healthcare provider may assess a person's ability to perform coordinated movements, such as touching their finger to their nose or walking heel-to-toe.
6. Reflexes: The healthcare provider will test various reflexes throughout the body using a reflex hammer.

The results of a neurological examination can help healthcare providers diagnose and monitor conditions that affect the nervous system, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, or peripheral neuropathy.

Eye movement measurements, also known as oculometry, refer to the measurement and analysis of eye movements. This can include assessing the direction, speed, range, and patterns of eye movement. These measurements are often used in research and clinical settings to understand various aspects of vision, perception, and cognition. They can be used to diagnose and monitor conditions that affect eye movement, such as strabismus (crossed eyes), amblyopia (lazy eye), or neurological disorders. Additionally, eye movement measurements are also used in areas such as human-computer interaction, marketing research, and virtual reality to understand how individuals interact with their environment.

The brainstem is the lower part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brainstem controls many vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory and motor information between the cerebral cortex and the rest of the body. Additionally, several cranial nerves originate from the brainstem, including those that control eye movements, facial movements, and hearing.

Anxiety disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or anxiety that interfere with daily activities. They include several different types of disorders, such as:

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This is characterized by chronic and exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it.
2. Panic Disorder: This is characterized by recurring unexpected panic attacks and fear of experiencing more panic attacks.
3. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Also known as social phobia, this is characterized by excessive fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness, and concern about being judged or viewed negatively by others.
4. Phobias: These are intense, irrational fears of certain objects, places, or situations. When a person with a phobia encounters the object or situation they fear, they may experience panic attacks or other severe anxiety responses.
5. Agoraphobia: This is a fear of being in places where it may be difficult to escape or get help if one has a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms.
6. Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD): This is characterized by excessive anxiety about separation from home or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (such as a parent, sibling, or partner).
7. Selective Mutism: This is a disorder where a child becomes mute in certain situations, such as at school, but can speak normally at home or with close family members.

These disorders are treatable with a combination of medication and psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy). It's important to seek professional help if you suspect that you or someone you know may have an anxiety disorder.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Economics, Nursing" is not a standard medical or nursing term or concept. Economics is the social science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, while nursing is a field of healthcare concerned with the care of individuals, families, and communities to achieve, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life.

If you're looking for information on how economics intersects with nursing or healthcare more broadly, there is a subfield of study known as "health economics" that examines issues related to the financing, delivery, and consumption of healthcare resources. However, I would need more context to provide a more specific definition or explanation.

Panic Disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and significant worry about the implications of these attacks or fear of their occurrence. A panic attack is a sudden surge of intense fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes, and includes physical symptoms such as accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, and feelings of impending doom or danger. In Panic Disorder, these attacks are not triggered by specific situations or stimuli, but can occur spontaneously and without warning. The individual may also develop avoidance behaviors to prevent future panic attacks, which can interfere with daily functioning and quality of life.

Lactation is the process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals, including humans, for the nourishment of their young. This physiological function is initiated during pregnancy and continues until it is deliberately stopped or weaned off. The primary purpose of lactation is to provide essential nutrients, antibodies, and other bioactive components that support the growth, development, and immune system of newborns and infants.

The process of lactation involves several hormonal and physiological changes in a woman's body. During pregnancy, the hormones estrogen and progesterone stimulate the growth and development of the mammary glands. After childbirth, the levels of these hormones drop significantly, allowing another hormone called prolactin to take over. Prolactin is responsible for triggering the production of milk in the alveoli, which are tiny sacs within the breast tissue.

Another hormone, oxytocin, plays a crucial role in the release or "let-down" of milk from the alveoli to the nipple during lactation. This reflex is initiated by suckling or thinking about the baby, which sends signals to the brain to release oxytocin. The released oxytocin then binds to receptors in the mammary glands, causing the smooth muscles around the alveoli to contract and push out the milk through the ducts and into the nipple.

Lactation is a complex and highly regulated process that ensures the optimal growth and development of newborns and infants. It provides not only essential nutrients but also various bioactive components, such as immunoglobulins, enzymes, and growth factors, which protect the infant from infections and support their immune system.

In summary, lactation is the physiological process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals for the nourishment of their young. It involves hormonal changes, including the actions of prolactin, oxytocin, estrogen, and progesterone, to regulate the production, storage, and release of milk.

A seizure is an uncontrolled, abnormal firing of neurons (brain cells) that can cause various symptoms such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, altered awareness, or changes in behavior. Seizures can be caused by a variety of factors including epilepsy, brain injury, infection, toxic substances, or genetic disorders. They can also occur without any identifiable cause, known as idiopathic seizures. Seizures are a medical emergency and require immediate attention.

An algorithm is not a medical term, but rather a concept from computer science and mathematics. In the context of medicine, algorithms are often used to describe step-by-step procedures for diagnosing or managing medical conditions. These procedures typically involve a series of rules or decision points that help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care.

For example, an algorithm for diagnosing a particular type of heart disease might involve taking a patient's medical history, performing a physical exam, ordering certain diagnostic tests, and interpreting the results in a specific way. By following this algorithm, healthcare professionals can ensure that they are using a consistent and evidence-based approach to making a diagnosis.

Algorithms can also be used to guide treatment decisions. For instance, an algorithm for managing diabetes might involve setting target blood sugar levels, recommending certain medications or lifestyle changes based on the patient's individual needs, and monitoring the patient's response to treatment over time.

Overall, algorithms are valuable tools in medicine because they help standardize clinical decision-making and ensure that patients receive high-quality care based on the latest scientific evidence.

Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM), also known as Physiatry, is a medical specialty that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with disabilities or functional limitations related to musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, neurologic, and other systems. The main goal of this discipline is to restore optimal function, reduce symptoms, and improve the overall quality of life for individuals who have experienced injuries, illnesses, or disabling conditions.

PRM physicians use a variety of techniques, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech-language pathology, assistive devices, medications, and various types of injections to manage pain and spasticity. They also perform electrodiagnostic studies to diagnose neuromuscular disorders and provide comprehensive rehabilitation plans tailored to each patient's unique needs and goals.

In addition to direct patient care, PRM specialists often work as part of multidisciplinary teams in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and outpatient clinics, collaborating with other healthcare professionals such as nurses, therapists, psychologists, and social workers to provide coordinated, holistic care for patients.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Speech Therapy, also known as Speech-Language Pathology, is a medical field that focuses on the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of communication and swallowing disorders in children and adults. These disorders may include speech sound production difficulties (articulation disorders or phonological processes disorders), language disorders (expressive and/or receptive language impairments), voice disorders, fluency disorders (stuttering), cognitive-communication disorders, and swallowing difficulties (dysphagia).

Speech therapists, who are also called speech-language pathologists (SLPs), work with clients to improve their communication abilities through various therapeutic techniques and exercises. They may also provide counseling and education to families and caregivers to help them support the client's communication development and management of the disorder.

Speech therapy services can be provided in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, schools, private practices, and long-term care facilities. The specific goals and methods used in speech therapy will depend on the individual needs and abilities of each client.

Occupational therapy (OT) is a healthcare profession that aims to improve the daily living and functional abilities of individuals who have physical, sensory, or cognitive disabilities. OT focuses on helping people participate in the activities of everyday life, such as self-care tasks (e.g., dressing, grooming), productive tasks (e.g., work, school), and leisure activities (e.g., hobbies, sports).

Occupational therapists use a variety of interventions to achieve these goals, including:

1. Customized treatment plans that focus on the individual's specific needs and goals.
2. Adaptive equipment and assistive technology to help individuals perform activities more independently.
3. Education and training for individuals, families, and caregivers on how to use adaptive equipment and techniques.
4. Environmental modifications to make daily activities safer and more accessible.
5. Skill development and practice in areas such as fine motor coordination, cognitive skills, and sensory processing.

Occupational therapy can be provided in a variety of settings, including hospitals, rehabilitation centers, outpatient clinics, schools, and private homes. OT is often recommended for individuals who have experienced a stroke, brain injury, spinal cord injury, or other conditions that affect their ability to perform daily activities.

Speech disorders refer to a group of conditions in which a person has difficulty producing or articulating sounds, words, or sentences in a way that is understandable to others. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as developmental delays, neurological conditions, hearing loss, structural abnormalities, or emotional issues.

Speech disorders may include difficulties with:

* Articulation: the ability to produce sounds correctly and clearly.
* Phonology: the sound system of language, including the rules that govern how sounds are combined and used in words.
* Fluency: the smoothness and flow of speech, including issues such as stuttering or cluttering.
* Voice: the quality, pitch, and volume of the spoken voice.
* Resonance: the way sound is produced and carried through the vocal tract, which can affect the clarity and quality of speech.

Speech disorders can impact a person's ability to communicate effectively, leading to difficulties in social situations, academic performance, and even employment opportunities. Speech-language pathologists are trained to evaluate and treat speech disorders using various evidence-based techniques and interventions.

Shy-Drager syndrome (SDS) is a rare and progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, sweating, digestion, and pupil dilation. SDS is also known as multiple system atrophy with orthostatic hypotension or Bradbury-Eggleston syndrome.

SDS is characterized by a combination of symptoms related to the dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, including:

1. Orthostatic hypotension (a sudden drop in blood pressure upon standing)
2. Autonomic failure (manifesting as erectile dysfunction, urinary retention or incontinence, and gastrointestinal disturbances)
3. Parkinsonian features (tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability)
4. Respiratory abnormalities (breathing difficulties, especially during sleep)
5. Ocular symptoms (abnormal pupil dilation and convergence insufficiency)
6. Smooth muscle atrophy (leading to reduced bladder capacity and gastrointestinal motility issues)

The underlying cause of Shy-Drager syndrome is the degeneration of nerve cells in specific areas of the brain, particularly within the autonomic nervous system centers. The exact etiology remains unclear; however, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is no known cure for SDS, and treatment primarily focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

Ahmed, Syed M S. "REM Sleep Behavior Disorder". Retrieved 23 April 2014. (Sleep disorders, Mental disorders screening and ... "REM sleep behavior disorder in Japanese patients with Parkinson's disease: a multicenter study using the REM sleep behavior ... The REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ) is a specific questionnaire for rapid eye movement behavior ... "The REM sleep behavior disorder screening questionnaire: Validation study of a Japanese version". Sleep Medicine. 10 (10): 1151 ...
The REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Single-Question Screen (RBD1Q) is a one-question screening tool for dream enactment behaviors ... The RBD1Q can be used to establish a diagnosis of REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy ... Participants for a case-control study were recruited from twelve centers of the International REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Study ... Dream-enactment behavior was established by history or video recording, and the absence of REM sleep muscle paralysis (atonia) ...
... the Mayo Sleep Questionnaire (MSQ), the Innsbruck REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Inventory, and the REM Sleep Behavior Disorder ... restless legs syndrome and sleep apnea. REM sleep behavior disorder and dementia with Lewy bodies "REM sleep behavior disorder ... The person with DLB may experience disorders of wakefulness or sleep disorders (in addition to REM sleep behavior disorder) ... Questionnaires such as the REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ), the REM Sleep Behavior Questionnaires ...
The lab's projects include studying the effect of slow-wave sleep on amyloid-beta dynamics; REM sleep behavior disorder; sleep ... She is also studying REM sleep behavior disorder, a sleep disorder that in many cases precedes a diagnosis of Parkinson's ... sleep and Alzheimer's disease, and REM sleep behavior disorder and its relationship to synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's ... "Changing demographics in REM sleep behavior disorder: possible effect of autoimmunity and antidepressants". Sleep Medicine. 12 ...
REM sleep behavior disorder Sleepwalking (or somnambulism) Sleep talking (or somniloquy) Sleep sex (or sexsomnia) Medical or ... Circadian rhythm sleep disorders Delayed sleep phase disorder Advanced sleep phase disorder Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder ... A sleep disorder, or somnipathy, is a medical disorder of an individual's sleep patterns. Some sleep disorders are severe ... REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Other Sleep Disturbances in Non-Alzheimer Dementias. Current Sleep Medicine Reports, 3(3), 193- ...
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD); one or more of the main features of parkinsonism, not due to medication or stroke; and ... but it is used to treat REM sleep behavior disorder in dementia with Lewy bodies. Limited evidence suggests that a low dose of ... Hereditary disorders that can also cause dementia include: some metabolic disorders such as lysosomal storage disorders, ... Abnormal sleep behaviors may begin before cognitive decline is observed and are a core feature of DLB. RBD is diagnosed either ...
REM sleep behavior disorder responds well to low doses of clonazepam. It is also used for: The treatment of acute and chronic ... Ferini-Strambi L, Zucconi M (September 2000). "REM sleep behavior disorder". Clinical Neurophysiology. 111 (Suppl 2): S136-S140 ... While benzodiazepines induce sleep, they tend to reduce the quality of sleep by suppressing or disrupting REM sleep. After ... A review of the literature on sleep related disorders and abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences". Sleep. 30 (6): 683-702. ...
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia in which individuals with RBD lose the paralysis of muscles (atonia) that is ... St Louis EK, Boeve AR, Boeve BF (May 2017). "REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies". ... St Louis EK, Boeve BF (November 2017). "REM sleep behavior disorder: Diagnosis, clinical implications, and future directions". ... sleep, and act out their dreams or have other abnormal movements or vocalizations. Abnormal sleep behaviors may appear decades ...
St Louis EK, Boeve AR, Boeve BF (May 2017). "REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies". ... Parkinson's disease starts as a movement disorder, but progresses in most cases to include dementia and changes in mood and ... Galasko D (May 2017). "Lewy Body Disorders". Neurol Clin (Review). 35 (2): 325-338. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2017.01.004. PMC 5912679 ... "Lewy body dementia: Hope through research". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. US National Institutes of ...
Kim YE, Jeon BS (1 January 2014). "Clinical implication of REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease". Journal of ... disturbances in Rapid eye movement sleep, or insomnia. REM behavior disorder may begin years before the development of motor or ... and REM Behavior Disorder. Generally, symptoms such as dementia, psychosis, orthostasis, and more severe falls occur later. ... Sleep disorders occur with PD and can be worsened by medications. Symptoms can manifest as daytime drowsiness (including sudden ...
Jozwaik N (2017). "REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease". Sleep. 40 - via oxford ... Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the loss of normal skeletal muscle atonia ... Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder and Parkinson's disease is rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) that is ... Kim Y, Kim YE, Park EO, Shin CW, Kim HJ, Jeon B (January 2018). "REM sleep behavior disorder portends poor prognosis in ...
... abnormal breathing or inspiratory stridor during sleep other sleep disorders including sleep apnea, REM behavior disorder ... July 2003). "REM sleep behavior disorder is related to striatal monoaminergic deficit in MSA". Neurology. 61 (1): 29-34. doi: ... Extrapyramidal and movement disorders, Rare diseases, Neurodegenerative disorders, Peripheral nervous system disorders). ... Palsy of the vocal cords is an important and sometimes initial clinical manifestation of the disorder. A modified form of the ...
Mahowald, M. W. and Schenck, C.H., "The REM sleep behavior disorder odyssey". Sleep Medicine Reviews (Portuguese). Retrieved ... It is a symptom of some parasomnias (such as REM sleep behavior disorder and breakdown syndromes), but is more often associated ...
... or REM behavior disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder in which people act out their ... Questionnaires such as the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ), the REM Sleep ... March 2013). "Treatment Outcomes in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder". Sleep Medicine (Review). 14 (3): 237-242. doi:10.1016/j.sleep ... Schutte-Rodin S. "REM Sleep Behavior Disorder". yoursleep.aasmnet.org. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Retrieved 1 October ...
"REM sleep behavior disorder in patients with DJ-1 mutations and parkinsonism-dementia-ALS complex". Movement Disorders. 24 (10 ... It often shows itself as a mixed movement disorder, in which chorea, tics, dystonia and even parkinsonism may appear as a ... There is also the presence of several movement related disorders including chorea, dystonia and bradykinesia, one of the more ... This disease is also characterized by the presence of a few different movement disorders including chorea, dystonia etc. Chorea ...
Ferini-Strambi L, Zucconi M (September 2000). "REM sleep behavior disorder". Clinical Neurophysiology. 111 (Suppl 2): S136-140 ... A review of the literature on sleep related disorders and abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences". Sleep. 30 (6): 683-702. ... Lemmer B (2007). "The sleep-wake cycle and sleeping pills". Physiology & Behavior. 90 (2-3): 285-293. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh. ... However, they worsen sleep quality by increasing light sleep and decreasing deep sleep. Other drawbacks of hypnotics, including ...
... and REM sleep behavior disorder in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration: a prospective study". ... Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 2009 Jan;15(1):59-61. 15 (1): 59-61. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.01.011. PMID 18328771. " ... Autism spectrum disorders Chiari malformation Dyslexia Encephalitis including myalgic encephalomyelitis Meningitis Trigeminal ... "Abnormal transient pupillary light reflex in individuals with autism spectrum disorders". J Autism Dev Disord. 39 (11): 1499- ...
March 2013). "Treatment outcomes in REM sleep behavior disorder". Sleep Medicine (Review). 14 (3): 237-42. doi:10.1016/j.sleep. ... Melatonin is a safer alternative than clonazepam in the treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder - a condition associated with ... "Efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for secondary sleep disorders and sleep disorders accompanying sleep restriction: ... "A critical review of the pharmacological treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder in adults: time for more and larger ...
"REM Sleep Behavior Disorder". mayoclinic.org. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2010-01-02. Schutte-Rodin, Sharon. "REM Sleep Behavior ... NREM sleep and REM sleep. The brain waves characteristic of dreaming that are observed during REM sleep are the most commonly ... REM) sleep, and Kleitman and Dement's experiment found a correlation of 0.80 between REM sleep and dreaming. Research into ... "Intrinsic dreams are not produced without REM sleep mechanisms: evidence through elicitation of sleep onset REM periods". ...
Jouvet's research led to the identification of REM sleep behavior disorder. He was elected in 1977 to the French Academy of ... during REM sleep. Jouvet demonstrated that the generation of REM sleep depends on an intact pontine tegmentum and that REM ... sleep and rhombencephalic sleep (paradoxical sleep, known as REM sleep in English-language writings on the subject). He mapped ... His review "Paradoxical sleep mechanisms" was published in the journal Sleep in 1994. In The Paradox of Sleep (MIT Press, 1999 ...
... sleep apnea, and REM sleep behavior disorder. In rare cases, adult-onset sleep-talking is linked with a psychiatric disorder or ... are disabled during healthy REM sleep and therefore REM somniloquy is usually considered a component of REM behavior disorder. ... National Sleep Foundation. "The Sleep disorders: Sleep Talking". National Sleep Foundation. Retrieved 1 July 2019. Le Boeuf, ... If the sleep-talking is dramatic, emotional, or profane it may be a sign of another sleep disorder. Sleep-talking can be ...
... announced that nelotanserin failed to meet its primary endpoint of reducing the frequency of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) ... of Exploratory Phase 2 Clinical Study of Nelotanserin in Lewy Body Dementia Patients Experiencing REM Sleep Behavior Disorder ... was a clinical-stage pharmaceutical company that developed gene therapies to treat neurological disorders. The company was ...
... was generally well-tolerated by LBD patients in a small Phase 2 clinical trial for the treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder ... of Exploratory Phase 2 Clinical Study of Nelotanserin in Lewy Body Dementia Patients Experiencing REM Sleep Behavior Disorder ... Sleep. 31 (12): 1663-71. doi:10.1093/sleep/31.12.1663. PMC 2603489. PMID 19090322. Al-Shamma HA, Anderson C, Chuang E, ... RBD) and there were positive indications on some secondary trial outcomes such as sleep diaries and some polysomnogram sleep ...
... analysis of the submentalis muscle EMG amplitude during sleep in normal controls and patients with REM sleep behavior disorder ... In animal studies, psychologically stressed rats display an increase in total REM sleep and the average length of REM phase ... This means that sleep quality can affect stress levels, and stress levels can affect sleep quality. Sleep change depends on the ... "Stress and sleep affect each other. Poor sleep can increase stress, otherwise high-stress can also cause sleep disturbances". ...
... movement disorders (myoclonus/dyskinesia), sleep disorders (hypersomnia, insomnia, REM sleep behavior disorder, sleep reversal ... The disorders may be underdiagnosed due to the lack of knowledge about the conditions and the limited availability of ... The other disorders with associated antibodies also seem to affect mostly older men.[citation needed] Anti-NMDAR encephalitis ... refractory to treatment with anti-epileptic drugs may precede the disorders, and should lead to testing for anti-LGI1 ...
... of people and in rare cases causes REM sleep behavior disorder. This seemingly paradoxical dose-response curve of mirtazapine ... anxiety disorder Social anxiety disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Panic disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder Low ... A 2012 review focused on antidepressants and sleep found that in many people with sleep disorders caused by depression, ... Mirtazapine is primarily used for major depressive disorder and other mood disorders. Onset of action appears faster than some ...
The variant sleep-related eating disorders is chronic, without remission, but treatable. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) can ... REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Other Sleep Disturbances in Non-Alzheimer Dementias. Current Sleep Medicine Reports, 3(3), 193- ... 2013). REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease - Is there a gender difference? Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, ... Best practice guide for the treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine : JCSM : ...
... see Ramsay-Hunt syndrome Rasmussen encephalitis Reflex neurovascular dystrophy Refsum disease REM sleep behavior disorder ... migration disorders Neuropathy Neurosis Niemann-Pick disease Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder Nonverbal learning disorder ... disorder Septo-optic dysplasia Shaken baby syndrome Shingles Shy-Drager syndrome Sjögren's syndrome Sleep apnea Sleeping ... disease Delayed sleep phase disorder or syndrome Dementia Dermatillomania Dermatomyositis Developmental coordination disorder ...
REM behavior disorder, parasomnias, and sleep apnea. Although it is not directly useful in diagnosing circadian rhythm sleep ... and REM, or Rapid Eye Movement, sleep. Stages 1-3 are together called non-REM sleep. Non-REM sleep is distinguished from REM ... "deep sleep". By contrast, stages 1 and 2 are "light sleep". The figures show stage 3 sleep and REM sleep; each figure is a 30- ... This, like the EOG, helps determine when sleep occurs as well as REM sleep. Sleep generally includes relaxation and so a marked ...
Sleep terrors Sleep-related eating disorder REM-related parasomnias REM sleep behavior disorder Recurrent isolated sleep ... Sleep Disorders Extrinsic Sleep Disorders Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders Arousal Disorders Sleep-Wake Transition Disorders ... wake phase disorder Advanced sleep-wake phase disorder Irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder Non-24-h sleep-wake rhythm disorder ... disorder 8A52 Sleep terrors 8A5Y Other specified disorders of arousal in non-REM sleep 8A5Z Disorders of arousal in non-REM ...
Ahmed, Syed M S. "REM Sleep Behavior Disorder". Retrieved 23 April 2014. (Sleep disorders, Mental disorders screening and ... "REM sleep behavior disorder in Japanese patients with Parkinsons disease: a multicenter study using the REM sleep behavior ... The REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ) is a specific questionnaire for rapid eye movement behavior ... "The REM sleep behavior disorder screening questionnaire: Validation study of a Japanese version". Sleep Medicine. 10 (10): 1151 ...
... sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the loss of normal voluntary muscle atonia during REM sleep ... Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5 and ICSD-2) The specific DSM-5 criteria for rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder are as ... in association with complex motor behavior while dreaming. ... REM Sleep Behavior Disorder) and REM Sleep Behavior Disorder ... REM sleep behavior disorder in Japanese patients with Parkinsons disease: a multicenter study using the REM sleep behavior ...
REM sleep behavior disorder is a sleep disorder in which you physically and vocally act out vivid, often unpleasant dreams ... Research. Mayo Clinic researchers actively study REM sleep behavior disorder and other sleep disorders to help determine the ... Learn more about Mayo Clinics Center for Sleep Medicine in Minnesota, Sleep Disorders Center in Arizona, and Sleep Disorders ... REM sleep behavior disorder care at Mayo Clinic. *Multispecialty teamwork. Doctors trained in brain and nervous system ...
... and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) show mostly unimpaired motor behavior during REM sleep, which contrasts strongly to ... some PD patients show unimpaired motor control during REM sleep, a phenomenon known as REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). These ... 1998) Sleep-related violence, injury, and REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinsons disease. Neurology 51:526-529, doi:10.1212 ... 2009) Nonviolent elaborate behaviors may also occur in REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 72:551-557, doi:10.1212/01.wnl. ...
Optimization of iRBD treatment, proper diagnosis, and management of sleep and mental health aspects … ... DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.08.004 Abstract Objectives: Idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is noxious due to the high ... Caring burden of REM sleep behavior disorder - spouses health and marital relationship Sleep Med. 2016 Aug;24:40-43. doi: ... Keywords: Caring burden, Sleep-related injuries; Marital relationship; RBD; REM sleep behavior disorder. ...
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by the intermittent absence of REM sleep EMG atonia and the appearance of ... Polysomnographic features of REM sleep behavior disorder. Development of a scoring method. Odile Lapierre, Jacques Montplaisir ... Clonazepam selectively decreases REM sleep phasic activity but exerts no effect on REM sleep atonia. Periodic limb movements in ... sleep (PLMS) occur equally in both REM and NREM sleep in RBD patients, suggesting that normal suppression of PLMS in REM sleep ...
... dc.contributor.author. Baril, ... Changes in regional cerebral perfusion over time in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. fr. ... After 17 months on average, scans were repeated for idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder patients. We compared ... Background Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder is associated with increased risk of neurodegeneration, but ...
People with REM sleep behavior disorder act out their dreams during sleep, sometimes leading them to injure themselves or their ... Can REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Be Cured? Most of the time, REM sleep behavior disorder is treatable, but it is rarely curable ... Is REM Sleep Behavior Disorder a Mental Illness? REM sleep behavior disorder is not a mental illness. Rather, it is a ... Does Sleepwalking Mean You Have REM Sleep Behavior Disorder? Although both REM sleep behavior disorder and sleepwalking are ...
I found a tentative solution to REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) but I will discuss it in a new thread in case the powers that ... Has anybody had experience with RBD (REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder)?. Its a disorder where the locks that prevent movement ... My father in law developed Parkinsons later in life which can be related to this REM sleep disorder. He was never diagnosed or ... I guess RBD (REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder) isnt as prevalent, or well known, as I had expected. ...
... discusses REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and its pathophysiology. The international classification of sleep disorders ... RBD is a REM parasomnia characterised by dream enactment behavior. Experts believe that degeneration in the pre-locus coeruleus ... causes disinhibition of spinal motor neurons during REM sleep, which causes the dream enactment behavior that is seen in ... classification system for parasomnias includes REM and non-REM parasomnias. ...
Treatment of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder 2009 June;6(1). REM sleep behavior disorder and neurodegenerative disorders 2009 June; ... Numerous cases of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) have been reported to be associated with other conditions such as ... Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder 2018 June;15(1). ... REM sleep behavior disorder and associated disorders. Seong-Eun ... sleep disorders, and medications. Particularly, Parkinsonism have the strong relationship with RBD. Most of structural lesions ...
... and the conditions and treatment plans a sleep study might reveal ... An under-the-covers look at who qualifies for a sleep study, ... REM sleep behavior disorder. This rare disorder, which affects about less than 1 percent. of adults, is when youre active ... As we already mentioned, there are 120 sleep disorders in total that a sleep study can pick up on, though there are five major ... FYI: Sleep facilities used to be called sleep centers or sleep clinics, but now theyre referred to as facilities, as per the ...
... but the most common one is a sleep disorder called REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). RBD is a disorder that ... but the most common one is a sleep disorder called REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). RBD is a disorder that affects the way ... A sleep study involves spending a night in a sleep lab, where sleep specialists can monitor your sleep patterns and behaviors. ... REM sleep behavior disorder: Symptoms, causes, and treatment. Causes of RBD. There are many different possible causes of RBD, ...
... patients have a high risk of developing a Parkinsonian disorder, offering an opportunity for neuroprotective intervention. ... Nigrosome 1 imaging in REM sleep behavior disorder and its association with dopaminergic decline. ... Nigrosome 1 imaging in REM sleep behavior disorder and its association with dopaminergic decline. ... OBJECTIVES: Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) patients have a high risk of developing a Parkinsonian disorder, ...
... and isolated/idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) have been associated with neuroinflammation. In this study, we ... Synucleinopathies-related disorders such as Lewy body dementia (LBD) ... Synucleinopathies-related disorders such as Lewy body dementia (LBD) and isolated/idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD ... HLA in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder and Lewy body dementia. Yu E., Krohn L., Ruskey JA., Asayesh F., Spiegelman D., ...
Then you may have REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD), an intriguing medical condition linked to several neurological disorders. ... Introduction Have you ever been told that you talk in your sleep, move around a lot while asleep, or act out your dreams? ... Treating REM Sleep Behavior Disorder While there is no cure for REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD), it can be managed with ... What is REM sleep behavior disorder. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a neurological condition characterized by episodes of ...
Schenck was primed for discovering REM-sleep behavior disorder by a memorable experience during neurophysiology class as a ... Schenck is a distinguished sleep and dream researcher. He and his colleagues first reported on REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD ... Culebras serves on the MedLink Neurology Executive Committee and is also Senior Associate Editor of the Sleep Disorders section ... Antonio Culebras of SUNY Upstate Medical University and the Sleep Center of Upstate University Hospital at Community General in ...
... occurs during a stage of sleep known as Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. The characteristic behaviors of this sleep disorde... ... REM Behavior Disorder. REM behavior disorder (RBD) occurs during a stage of sleep known as Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. The ... Individuals who experience REM behavior disorder may call out or talk out loud and yell during sleep. Other symptoms may ... Many times medication can help suppress REM sleep and the behaviors associated with this diagnosis. The sleep specialist will ...
... sleep behavior disorder (RBD), enactment of dreams during REM sleep, is an early clinical symptom of alpha-synucleinopathies ... Rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), enactment of dreams during REM sleep, is an early clinical symptom of ... Genome-wide association study of REM sleep behavior disorder identifies polygenic risk and brain expression effects. ... Humans, REM Sleep Behavior Disorder, Genome-Wide Association Study, Parkinson Disease, Synucleinopathies, Brain ...
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine revised the guidelines for REM sleep behavior disorder for the first time since 2010. ... The American Academy of Sleep Medicine revised the guidelines for REM sleep behavior disorder for the first time since 2010. ... In addition, patients with severe REM sleep behavior disorder should sleep separately from their partners until they are ... Nancy Foldvary-Schaefer, DO, MS: New Guidance for REM Sleep Behavior Disorder. Jun 28, 2023. Kenny Walter ...
Carlos Schenck, and his groups subsequent report of the delayed emergence of a Parkinsonian disorder in idiopathic RBD ... of people who develop isolated RBD will go on to develop an alpha-synuclein related neurodegenerative disorder. Recently, the ... largest ever study of 1280 polysomnographically-diagnosed RBD subjects from 24 International RBD Study Group sleep centres by a ... REM sleep behavior disorder, Sleep, Humans, Prodromal Symptoms, REM Sleep Behavior Disorder, Synucleinopathies ...
Are patients presenting earlier in time? Secular changes in REM sleep behavior disorder. S. Joza, A. Stefani, A. Iranzo, J. ... Are patients presenting earlier in time? Secular changes in REM sleep behavior disorder [abstract]. Mov Disord. 2023; 38 (suppl ... Objective: To determine if secular changes occur in REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). ... www.mdsabstracts.org/abstract/are-patients-presenting-earlier-in-time-secular-changes-in-rem-sleep-behavior-disorder/. Accessed ...
... Mondello, ... a rigorous in-depth proteomics analysis to identify circulating biomarker signatures for idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder ... a rigorous in-depth proteomics analysis to identify circulating biomarker signatures for idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder ...
A meta-analysis on prevalence and clinical aspects of REM sleep behavior disorder, excessive daytime sleepiness and insomnia. ... processes underlying the disease and their interaction with drugs and clinical features may promote REM sleep behavior disorder ... processes underlying the disease and their interaction with drugs and clinical features may promote REM sleep behavior disorder ... Sleep disorders (SDs) are common non-motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease (PD) with wide vari-ability in their prevalence ...
Polysomnographic features of sleep disturbances and rem sleep behavior disorder in the unilateral 6-OHDA lesioned ... Dive into the research topics of Polysomnographic features of sleep disturbances and rem sleep behavior disorder in the ...
Objectives: Idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) patients are susceptible to cognitive deficits, especially attention ... N2 - Objectives: Idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) patients are susceptible to cognitive deficits, especially ... AB - Objectives: Idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) patients are susceptible to cognitive deficits, especially ... abstract = "Objectives: Idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) patients are susceptible to cognitive deficits, ...
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder. admin. 10 years ago. 04 mins Mike Birbiglia This is a movie about the REM Sleep Behavior Disorder ... He had trouble sleeping, and when. he did sleep, he had nightmares. He got married and divorced in less than a. year. He had ... ANTIDEPRESSANTS & PAINKILLERS: Soldier Dies in his Sleep: Virginia. Ann Blake-Tracy. 14 years ago. 028 mins ... sleep problems after witnessing the assault in which her mother was stabbed 50 ...
Parkinsons Disease can be understood as a disorder of motor habits. A prediction of this theory is that early stage ... Arnulf, I. Rem sleep behavior disorder: motor manifestations and pathophysiology. Mov. Disorders 27, 677-689 (2012). ... Arnaldi, D., Antelmi, E., Louis, E. K. S., Postuma, R. B. & Arnulf, I. Idiopathic rem sleep behavior disorder and ... such as people with REM sleep behaviour disorder14,15.. Earlier diagnosis is one potential benefit of a typing test of ...
People with a sleep disorder that causes them to kick or cry out during their sleep may be at greater risk of developing ... The sleep disorder is called REM sleep behavior disorder. People with the disorder do not have the normal lack of muscle tone ... REM sleep behavior disorder appears to be a predictor of neurodegenerative disease in more than 50 percent of cases. ... REM sleep behaviour disorder affects a small percentage of the population. It is characterized by a loss of the normal muscle ...
The current review aims to summarize the state of research on cannabis and sleep up to 2014 and to review in detail the ... Treatment outcomes in REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med. 2013;14(3):237-42. ... 2014;39(5):564-6. This article documented cannabidiols effect in reducing REM sleep behavior disorder symptoms among a sample ... CBD may hold promise for REM sleep behavior disorder and excessive daytime sleepiness, while nabilone may reduce nightmares ...
  • Executive dysfunction and memory impairment in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. (medscape.com)
  • Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder in 38% of 29 older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. (medscape.com)
  • Impaired decision-making in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. (medscape.com)
  • Idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is noxious due to the high prevalence of sleep-related injuries to patients and their bed-partners. (nih.gov)
  • Background Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder is associated with increased risk of neurodegeneration, but the temporal evolution of regional perfusion, a marker of cerebral activity, has not been characterized. (umontreal.ca)
  • The objective of the current study was to study longitudinal regional perfusion in patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. (umontreal.ca)
  • After 17 months on average, scans were repeated for idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder patients. (umontreal.ca)
  • Conclusions Patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder showed significant areas of relative regional hypoperfusion, which disappeared over time to finally return to average levels, suggesting possible developing compensation in areas affected by neurodegeneration. (umontreal.ca)
  • Synucleinopathies-related disorders such as Lewy body dementia (LBD) and isolated/idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) have been associated with neuroinflammation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Since its first description in 1986 by Dr. Carlos Schenck, and his group's subsequent report of the delayed emergence of a Parkinsonian disorder in idiopathic RBD patients one decade later, RBD has emerged in recent years as one of the most promising markers of prodromal Parkinson's (References 2, 3). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Risk and predictors of dementia and parkinsonism in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder: a multicentre study [Internet]. (mdsabstracts.org)
  • Objective: To perform a rigorous in-depth proteomics analysis to identify circulating biomarker signatures for idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), capable of providing new insights into the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and putative α-synuclein-related neurodegenerative processes. (univr.it)
  • Objectives: Idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) patients are susceptible to cognitive deficits, especially attention dysfunction. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Increased corticomuscular coherence in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. (mpg.de)
  • Your point about the questionnaire for sleep apnea is a great one. (myapnea.org)
  • More often than not, they'll recommend an at-home test if they believe you have sleep apnea, a common and serious condition that affects your breathing, or restless leg syndrome, a condition that causes an uncontrollable urge for you to move your legs. (healthline.com)
  • Other possible causes of RBD include sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and Parkinson's disease. (sleepflorida.org)
  • RBD is often associated with other sleep disorders, such as insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy. (sleepflorida.org)
  • Novel studies investigating cannabinoids and obstructive sleep apnea suggest that synthetic cannabinoids such as nabilone and dronabinol may have short-term benefit for sleep apnea due to their modulatory effects on serotonin-mediated apneas. (springer.com)
  • Common sleep disorders include insomnia, restless legs syndrome, narcolepsy and sleep apnea. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Sleep-related breathing disorders (sleep apnea). (cancer.gov)
  • Attended video-PSG excluded RBD showing REM sleep with atonia and without increased phasic EMG activity, and diagnosed with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with an apnea-hypopnea index of 30.1 demonstrating that the reported abnormal sleep behaviors occurred only during respiratory event-induced arousals. (go.jp)
  • Doctors trained in brain and nervous system conditions (neurology), lung and breathing conditions (pulmonary medicine), mental health conditions (psychiatry), and other specialties collaborate to diagnose and treat REM sleep behavior disorder. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Dr. Culebras serves on the MedLink Neurology Executive Committee and is also Senior Associate Editor of the Sleep Disorders section. (medlink.com)
  • RBDSQ has the potential to be useful as a screening instrument for neurodegenerative disorder, such as the α-synucleinopathies, Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy which may enable early diagnosis and also recruitment of people with RBD necessary for research studies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tachibana N, Oka Y. Longitudinal change in REM sleep components in a patient with multiple system atrophy associated with REM sleep behavior disorder: paradoxical improvement of nocturnal behaviors in a progressive neurodegenerative disease. (medscape.com)
  • Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by autonomic dysfunction, tremors, slow movement, muscle rigidity, and postural instability (collectively known as parkinsonism) and ataxia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Different behaviors during paradoxical sleep without atonia depend on pontine lesion site. (medscape.com)
  • REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by the intermittent absence of REM sleep EMG atonia and the appearance of elaborate motor activity associated with dream mentation. (neurology.org)
  • Clonazepam selectively decreases REM sleep phasic activity but exerts no effect on REM sleep atonia. (neurology.org)
  • This feature of RBD is called REM sleep without atonia (RSWA) and is typically identified during an overnight sleep study . (sleepdoctor.com)
  • Someone with REM behavior disorder is able to act out his dreams due to the loss of muscle atonia . (wustl.edu)
  • The rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia characterized by dream-enacting behaviors related to the loss of the normal generalized skeletal muscle atonia during REM sleep, and shows REM sleep without atonia (RWA) during polysomnography (PSG). (go.jp)
  • These behaviors may represent acting out dreams by patients who, for unknown reasons, do not have the atonia normally present during REM sleep. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The international classification of sleep disorders' classification system for parasomnias includes REM and non-REM parasomnias. (vjneurology.com)
  • Dysfunctions associated with sleep, sleep stages, or partial arousals (parasomnias). (cancer.gov)
  • Parasomnias are undesirable behaviors that occur during entry into sleep, during sleep, or during arousal from sleep. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, people with narcolepsy, who typically enter REM sleep earlier, may have RBD episodes earlier in the night. (sleepdoctor.com)
  • Narcolepsy is a disorder in which people have disturbed sleep-wake cycles, leading to wakefulness at night and episodes of falling asleep unwillingly during the day. (sleepdoctor.com)
  • In this interview, he explains his discovery of RBD and its link with alpha-synucleinopathies, narcolepsy, and parasomnia overlap disorder. (medlink.com)
  • Narcolepsy is a central nervous system disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and abnormal manifestations of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. (cdc.gov)
  • Synucleinopathy pathology and REM sleep behavior disorder plus dementia or parkinsonism. (medscape.com)
  • The etiology of SDs in PD is multifactorial because the degenerative processes underlying the disease and their interaction with drugs and clinical features may promote REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and insomnia. (uniparthenope.it)
  • CBD may hold promise for REM sleep behavior disorder and excessive daytime sleepiness, while nabilone may reduce nightmares associated with PTSD and may improve sleep among patients with chronic pain. (springer.com)
  • A 51-year-old man was identified presenting dream-enacting behaviors and unpleasant dreams suggesting the diagnosis of RBD, in addition to snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness. (go.jp)
  • From irritability and daytime sleepiness to obesity and cardiovascular disease, interrupted sleep can have a measurable impact on your overall health. (amerisleep.com)
  • Movement Disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • Abstracts from the International Congress of Parkinson's and Movement Disorders. (mdsabstracts.org)
  • The Cole Center employs a multidisciplinary team to treat the complex issues associated with Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. (utmedicalcenter.org)
  • Our team is comprised of three neurologists fellowship trained in movement disorders, an advanced registered nurse practitioner with more than a decade experience in movement disorders, a registered nurse and a social worker. (utmedicalcenter.org)
  • Our movement disorder specialists are experts in the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, dystonia, chorea and a variety of other movement disorders. (utmedicalcenter.org)
  • As such, early-phase PET scans "can provide additional information on the risk of future cognitive decline in patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease," said Chung, who presented the findings here at the International Congress of Parkinson ' s Disease and Movement Disorders (MDS) 2023. (medscape.com)
  • HLA in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder and Lewy body dementia. (ox.ac.uk)
  • People with a sleep disorder that causes them to kick or cry out during their sleep may be at greater risk of developing dementia or Parkinson's disease, according to a new study. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Parkinson's disease dementia starts as a movement disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In dementia with Lewy bodies , you may have a memory disorder that looks like Alzheimer's but later develop movement and other distinctive problems, such as hallucinations. (helpguide.org)
  • In Parkinson's disease dementia , you may initially have a movement disorder that looks like Parkinson's but later also develop dementia symptoms. (helpguide.org)
  • Pathophysiology of REM sleep behaviour disorder and relevance to neurodegenerative disease. (medscape.com)
  • Rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) Non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) Stiasny-Kolster K, Mayer G, Schäfer S, Möller JC, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Oertel WH (2007). (wikipedia.org)
  • Time-locked event-related β band oscillations were calculated during movements in REM sleep compared with movements in the waking state and during NREM sleep. (jneurosci.org)
  • Spectral analysis of STN local field potentials revealed elevated β power during REM sleep compared with NREM sleep and β power in REM sleep reached levels similar as in the waking state. (jneurosci.org)
  • In contrast, we found significantly elevated β activity before and during movements in REM sleep and NREM sleep. (jneurosci.org)
  • Corticosubthalamic coherence was reduced during REM and NREM movements. (jneurosci.org)
  • Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) occur equally in both REM and NREM sleep in RBD patients, suggesting that normal suppression of PLMS in REM sleep is due to motor inhibition. (neurology.org)
  • Non-REM (NREM) sleep: NREM sleep is the quiet or restful phase of sleep. (cancer.gov)
  • NREM, also referred to as slow-wave sleep, is divided into four stages of progressively deepening sleep based on electroencephalogram findings. (cancer.gov)
  • The stages of sleep occur in a repeated pattern or cycle of NREM followed by REM, with each cycle lasting approximately 90 minutes. (cancer.gov)
  • Somnambulism is most common during late childhood and adolescence and occurs after and during arousal from nonrapid eye movement (NREM) stage N3 sleep. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Polysomnography showed that both had tonic or phasic muscular activity during REM sleep and a REM sleep behavior disorder was diagnosed. (bvsalud.org)
  • [ 4 ] Moreover, a study demonstrated that IPT-SPECT may be a useful tool in the diagnosis of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). (medscape.com)
  • Mayo Clinic researchers developed and use the Mayo Sleep Questionnaire for the diagnosis of many types of sleep disorders. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Researchers study new diagnosis and treatment options for sleep disorders. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Optimization of iRBD treatment, proper diagnosis, and management of sleep and mental health aspects of spouses may help to lessen the caring burden. (nih.gov)
  • Because a clinical history alone is insufficient to make the diagnosis, the sleep center physician may decide to proceed with a sleep study. (wustl.edu)
  • A sleep study will monitor a patient's sleep, particularly REM sleep and will help in making an accurate diagnosis. (wustl.edu)
  • Once the diagnosis has been made, the sleep center physician will counsel the patient regarding a treatment plan. (wustl.edu)
  • Many times medication can help suppress REM sleep and the behaviors associated with this diagnosis. (wustl.edu)
  • According to the latest study by Dr. Ronald Postuma from the Research Institute of the MUHC and Dr. Jacques Montplaisir from the Université de Montréal and the Hôpital du Sacré-CÅ“ur de Montréal, 52.4 per cent of patients with REM sleep behaviour disorder develop a neurodegenerative disease within 12 years following their initial diagnosis. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The study showed that the chance a patient suffering from an REM sleep behaviour disorder will develop a neurodegenerative disease is 17.7 per cent within five years of diagnosis, 40.6 per cent within 10 years, and 52.4 per cent within 12 years. (sciencedaily.com)
  • For many of these disorders, history and physical examination can confirm the diagnosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Items 1 to 4 address the frequency and content of dreams and their relationship to nocturnal movements and behavior. (wikipedia.org)
  • Item 6 consists of four subitems assessing nocturnal motor behavior more specifically, e.g., questions about nocturnal vocalization, sudden limb movements, complex movements, or bedding items that fell down. (wikipedia.org)
  • We set out to determine whether movements during REM sleep are processed by different motor networks than movements in the waking state. (jneurosci.org)
  • We conclude that sleep-related movements are not processed by the same corticobasal ganglia network as movements in the waking state. (jneurosci.org)
  • SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study provides evidence that nocturnal movements during REM sleep in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients are not processed by the same corticobasal ganglia network as movements in the waking state. (jneurosci.org)
  • People with RBD often manifest vivid dreams while sleeping, ranging from mild body movements to intense physical activity. (comfortlinen.com)
  • It is believed that the same brain structures and neurotransmitters involved in controlling movement during wakefulness are also responsible for controlling certain muscle movements during sleep, including those associated with RBD. (comfortlinen.com)
  • It may include vivid dreaming, talking in one's sleep, violent movements, or falling out of bed. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Verbalization (sometimes profane) and often aggressive movements (eg, waving the arms, punching, kicking) occur during REM sleep. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Science Saturday: When sleep disorders presage something more serious Aug. 26, 2023, 11:00 a.m. (mayoclinic.org)
  • In an interview with HCPLive® during the annual SLEEP 2023 meeting in Indianapolis, Nancy Foldvary-Schaefer, DO, MS, Director of the Sleep Disorders Center, Cleveland Clinic, explained why the new guidelines are important and where she'd like to see research go to in the future. (fosilu.com)
  • REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a neurological condition characterized by episodes of excessive motor activity during REM sleep disorders. (comfortlinen.com)
  • Disorders of excessive somnolence (hypersomnias). (cancer.gov)
  • Episodes may be triggered by factors that cause arousals during sleep (eg, caffeine , other stimulant drugs and substances, behaviors that disrupt sleep) or that enhance N3 sleep (eg, prior sleep deprivation, excessive exercise). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Nightmares occur during REM sleep, more commonly when fever, excessive fatigue, or mental distress is present or after alcohol has been ingested. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Genome-wide association study of REM sleep behavior disorder identifies polygenic risk and brain expression effects. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Sleep disorders are conditions that affect your ability to get the rest your body needs and maintain wakefulness. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • How much sleep and wakefulness you get (quantity or duration). (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Approach to the Patient With a Sleep or Wakefulness Disorder Almost half of all people in the US report sleep-related problems. (msdmanuals.com)
  • About two-thirds (62.5%, N = 25) of the iRBD spouses reported a history of being injured during sleep. (nih.gov)
  • Recently, the largest ever study of 1280 polysomnographically-diagnosed RBD subjects from 24 International RBD Study Group sleep centres by a single author group, found an overall conversion rate from iRBD to an overt neurodegenerative syndrome of 6.3% per year. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ) is a specific questionnaire for rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD) developed by Stiasny-Kolster and team, to assess the most prominent clinical features of RBD. (wikipedia.org)
  • The multispecialty team of pulmonologists, neurologists, psychiatrists and other specialties as needed are engaged in an array of clinical, educational and research activities on sleep disorders. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), enactment of dreams during REM sleep, is an early clinical symptom of alpha-synucleinopathies and defines a more severe subtype. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Earlier this year the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) released new clinical practice guidelines for the management of adult patients with REM sleep behavior disorder . (fosilu.com)
  • Palsy of the vocal cords is an important and sometimes initial clinical manifestation of the disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • For over a decade, the Penn Sleep Clinical and Research groups have hosted an annual research retreat with the aim of promoting sleep medicine and circadian neurobiology research. (upenn.edu)
  • Prevalence, demographics, and psychological associations of sleep disruption in patients with cancer: University of Rochester Cancer Center-Community Clinical Oncology Program. (cancer.gov)
  • Gagnon JF, Postuma RB, Mazza S, Doyon J, Montplaisir J. Rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder and neurodegenerative diseases. (medscape.com)
  • Rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder as an early marker for a neurodegenerative disorder: a descriptive study. (medscape.com)
  • Has anybody had experience with RBD (REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder)? (myapnea.org)
  • Although effective treatments against REM sleep behaviour disorder do exist, these medications do not postpone the onset of neurodegenerative disease. (sciencedaily.com)
  • REM sleep behaviour disorder affects a small percentage of the population. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Preliminary support for the validity of this algorithm was assessed by comparing those estimated to be higher risk for PD with those at lower risk using proxies, including smell loss, REM-sleep behaviour disorder and reduced tapping speed, and by assessing associations in the whole group. (bmj.com)
  • 0.001), mean number of key taps in 30 s were 55 versus 58 (p=0.045), and 24% versus 10% scored above cut-off for REM-sleep behaviour disorder (p=0.008). (bmj.com)
  • Nearly two-thirds of RBD couples continued co-sleeping, despite the risk of sleep-related injuries and nocturnal disturbances. (nih.gov)
  • 2 ] It is estimated that one-third to one-half of people with cancer experience sleep disturbances. (cancer.gov)
  • 6 ] Sleep disturbances and, ultimately, sleep-wake cycle reversals can be early signs of a developing delirium. (cancer.gov)
  • Berger AM: Update on the state of the science: sleep-wake disturbances in adult patients with cancer. (cancer.gov)
  • on PSG, at least some tonic or phasic abnormalities of muscle tone are observed during REM sleep accompanying the attack, although usually patients have both. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) show mostly unimpaired motor behavior during REM sleep, which contrasts strongly to coexistent nocturnal bradykinesia. (jneurosci.org)
  • These findings support the hypothesis that pathological movement-inhibiting basal ganglia networks in PD patients are bypassed during sleep. (jneurosci.org)
  • Similarly, some PD patients show unimpaired motor control during REM sleep, a phenomenon known as REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). (jneurosci.org)
  • In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of patients' RBD symptoms on their spouses, in terms of the quality of sleep, and physical, mental and marital aspects. (nih.gov)
  • An increased phasic submental EMG density occurs in RBD patients, but REM density is similar to that of controls. (neurology.org)
  • Experts believe that degeneration in the pre-locus coeruleus causes disinhibition of spinal motor neurons during REM sleep, which causes the dream enactment behavior that is seen in patients. (vjneurology.com)
  • OBJECTIVES: Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) patients have a high risk of developing a Parkinsonian disorder, offering an opportunity for neuroprotective intervention. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Patients will have a history and physical evaluation performed by one of the sleep medicine physicians. (wustl.edu)
  • The guidelines also call for patients to maintain a safe sleeping environment to prevent injuries and the removal of bedside objects that can injury the individual. (fosilu.com)
  • In addition, patients with severe REM sleep behavior disorder should sleep separately from their partners until they are treated. (fosilu.com)
  • Foldvary-Schaefer said the main need in this field is there is a dearth of data and there should be more randomized controlled trials testing drugs in patients with REM sleep behavior disorder. (fosilu.com)
  • Cancer patients are at great risk of developing insomnia and disorders of the sleep-wake cycle. (cancer.gov)
  • Prior sleep deprivation and poor sleep hygiene increase the likelihood of these episodes, and risk is higher for 1st-degree relatives of patients with the disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Occasionally, patients are advised to sleep on mattresses on the floor. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Patients are aware of having vivid dreams when they awaken after the behaviors. (msdmanuals.com)
  • REM sleep behavior disorder: a possible early marker for synucleinopathies. (medscape.com)
  • Montplaisir J. Abnormal motor behavior during sleep. (medscape.com)
  • Based on brain connectome analysis using task-based and resting-state fMRI, we clarified the relationship between various lifestyles related to willpower and willpower-related networks in healthy subjects, and abnormal brain networks and biomarker candidates in various neuropsychiatric disorders that reduce willpower. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Most recently, the International Classification of Sleep Disorders ( ICSD ) categorized sleep disorders based on the symptoms, how it affects a person (pathophysiology) and the body system it affects. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Recent research has suggested that REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is linked to Parkinson's disease. (comfortlinen.com)
  • Sleep disorders (SDs) are common non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) with wide vari-ability in their prevalence rates. (uniparthenope.it)
  • Parkinson's Disease can be understood as a disorder of motor habits. (nature.com)
  • Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder. (nature.com)
  • In addition to my main project, I have carried out both national and international collaborations where I participate in studies to understand how our genes affect the development and progression of Parkinson's disease and the REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) which is associated with Parkinson's disease. (lu.se)
  • Disorders of the sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm sleep disorders). (cancer.gov)
  • If you have insomnia, for example, you likely don't need further sleep testing, as it's already clear that you don't sleep - so your doctor may refer you to an insomnia specialist (a sleep doctor with a specialty in psychology) who can help you figure out what may be keeping you up. (healthline.com)
  • Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Lemoine P: Comorbidity of mental and insomnia disorders in the general population. (cancer.gov)
  • Insomnia, the most common sleep disturbance in this population, is most often secondary to physical and/or psychological factors related to cancer and/or cancer treatment. (cancer.gov)
  • For some people, fragmented sleep may stem from something like a newborn baby in the house or life events, whereas for others, interrupted sleep could be a symptom of depression or insomnia. (amerisleep.com)
  • We report a 69 years old male with a parkinsonian syndrome and a 50 years old female without neurological problems who showed violent behavior during REM sleep . (bvsalud.org)
  • We recorded local field potentials in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and scalp EEG (modified 10/20 montage) during sleep in humans with PD and RBD. (jneurosci.org)
  • REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia , an undesirable physical experience that occurs while a person sleeps. (sleepdoctor.com)
  • RBD is a REM parasomnia characterised by dream enactment behavior. (vjneurology.com)
  • Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia disorder characterized by the loss of muscle paralysis during REM sleep, which leads to complex motor behaviors and vivid dreams. (sleepflorida.org)
  • Slow-wave sleep and delta power in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. (medscape.com)
  • Abad VC, Guilleminault C. Review of rapid eye movement behavior sleep disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder is a condition in which people act out dreams during REM sleep. (sleepdoctor.com)
  • REM behavior disorder (RBD) occurs during a stage of sleep known as Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. (wustl.edu)
  • You act out your dreams while in the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep: REM sleep, also known as dream sleep, is the active or paradoxic phase of sleep in which the brain is active. (cancer.gov)
  • Item 9 focuses on disturbed sleep in general and item 10 on the presence of any neurological disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Then you may have REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD), an intriguing medical condition linked to several neurological disorders. (comfortlinen.com)
  • We cover the symptoms of the disorder, who is at risk, and how you can manage the condition. (sleepdoctor.com)
  • RBD has several defining symptoms, the combination of which helps distinguish it from other sleep disorders. (sleepdoctor.com)
  • RBD is often the first sign of the underlying disorder, and it may appear years before or alongside other early symptoms, such as an altered manner of walking. (sleepdoctor.com)
  • During a sleep study, specialists will look for certain signs and symptoms that are characteristic of RBD. (sleepflorida.org)
  • 5. If lifestyle changes and establishing a regular sleep schedule do not help improve RBD symptoms, there are a variety of medications that can be used. (sleepflorida.org)
  • What are the symptoms of sleep disorders? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Other simple screens based upon autonomic symptoms, depression and personality changes, quantitative motor testing and other sleep disorders may also be useful markers, but have not been extensively tested. (bmj.com)
  • Despite the overlaps, however, there are symptoms that indicate the disorder is indeed LBD and not another condition. (helpguide.org)
  • We examine the causes and effects of interrupted sleep, common symptoms, and we share some tips for fixing your own interrupted sleep. (amerisleep.com)
  • This project focused on the living human brain using PET, which was able to clarify the molecular aspects that controls will-power through imaging data of dopamine release under the will-power-related actions and impairments of the monoaminergic (serotonin and dopamine) and GAAB systems and developments of neuroinflammation in brain disorders lacking in will-power. (nii.ac.jp)
  • The characteristic behaviors of this sleep disorder can sometimes be violent and may cause injury, if left untreated. (wustl.edu)
  • Even when people with RBD are not acting out their dreams, they generally do not experience the protective paralysis that occurs during REM sleep. (sleepdoctor.com)
  • Additionally, RBD commonly occurs alongside other sleep disorders . (sleepdoctor.com)
  • REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is when the normal paralysis that occurs during REM sleep is absent or reduced, causing people to physically act out their dreams. (comfortlinen.com)
  • People with the disorder do not have the normal lack of muscle tone that occurs during REM sleep, often known as the dream stage of sleep. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A tranquilizer that calms your brain activity, allowing you to sleep soundly. (comfortlinen.com)
  • To determine if secular changes occur in REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). (mdsabstracts.org)
  • Sitting, walking, or other complex behaviors occur during sleep, usually with the eyes open but without evidence of recognition. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Other treatments include melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep -wake cycles, and SSRIs, a class of antidepressants that are also used to treat anxiety disorders. (sleepflorida.org)
  • Sometimes medications such as antidepressants, can cause REM behavior disorder. (wustl.edu)
  • Normally, a person's muscles become temporarily paralyzed while they are in REM sleep, keeping them from moving while they dream.This paralysis is a protective measure that helps sleepers avoid injury. (sleepdoctor.com)
  • The exact cause of RBD is unknown, but it is thought to be linked to a dysfunction in the brainstem regions that control muscle paralysis during REM sleep. (sleepflorida.org)
  • You snore and have moments during sleep when you stop breathing that disrupt your sleep. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • 3 , 4 ] Physical illness, pain, hospitalization, drugs and other treatments for cancer, and the psychological impact of a malignant disease may disrupt the sleeping patterns of people with cancer. (cancer.gov)
  • Disruptions in individual sleep patterns can disrupt the circadian rhythm and impair the sleep cycle. (cancer.gov)
  • Critically, when seen in isolation, RBD is a highly specific marker of future synucleinopathy: long-term cohort studies indicate that more than 80% of people who develop isolated RBD will go on to develop an alpha-synuclein related neurodegenerative disorder. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Have you ever been told that you talk in your sleep, move around a lot while asleep, or act out your dreams? (comfortlinen.com)
  • The primary symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder is acting out vivid dreams during sleep, often accompanied by vocalizations. (comfortlinen.com)
  • During the dreaming state, people are normally paralyzed during their dreams and cannot act out their behaviors. (wustl.edu)
  • REM sleep behavior disorder , a condition in which a person seems to act out dreams. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The most common treatment is clonazepam, a type of benzodiazepine that helps to reduce muscle activity during REM sleep. (sleepflorida.org)
  • This relatively rare disorder affects about 1 out of every 100 people and is slightly more common in older adults. (sleepdoctor.com)
  • If your lack of sleep is not something that affects what you're doing during the daytime, then it is probably OK," says Hussam Al-Sharif, MD, a sleep medicine specialist at the Mayo Clinic Health System in Wisconsin. (healthline.com)
  • RBD is a disorder that affects the way you sleep. (sleepflorida.org)
  • Poor sleep adversely affects daytime mood and performance. (cancer.gov)
  • We look at all sorts of factors, beginning with a patient's medical history, occupation (especially if they work night shifts), and sleep habits (bedtime, wakeup time, sleep environment, anything their partners have told them about their nighttime behavior)," explains Al-Sharif. (healthline.com)
  • View source of people report frequent nighttime waking or interrupted sleep. (amerisleep.com)
  • Maybe you've wondered whether other people toss and turn as much as you do or whether there's actually something clinically wrong with your sleep patterns. (healthline.com)
  • A sleep study involves spending a night in a sleep lab, where sleep specialists can monitor your sleep patterns and behaviors. (sleepflorida.org)
  • Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and synhexl: effects on human sleep patterns. (springer.com)
  • Feinberg I, Jones R, Walker JM, Cavness C, March J. Effects of high dosage delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on sleep patterns in man. (springer.com)
  • Barratt ES, Beaver W, White R. The effects of marijuana on human sleep patterns. (springer.com)
  • Feinberg I, Jones R, Walker J, Cavness C, Floyd T. Effects of marijuana extract and tetrahydrocannabinol on electroencephalographic sleep patterns. (springer.com)
  • The reason for this sudden amelioration of motor control in REM sleep is unknown, however. (jneurosci.org)
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. (medscape.com)
  • He had trouble sleeping, and when he did sleep, he had nightmares. (drugawareness.org)
  • 5 ] Adequate sleep may increase the cancer patient's pain tolerance. (cancer.gov)
  • This disorder is caused by the brain's inability to regulate sleep-wake cycles normally, but it can be treated with medication and behavior modification. (cdc.gov)
  • Numerous cases of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) have been reported to be associated with other conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases, structural lesions in brainstem, sleep disorders, and medications. (e-jsm.org)