Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.
Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina.
A rare disorder consisting of microangiopathy of brain, retina, and inner ear ARTERIOLES. It is characterized by the clinical triad of encephalopathy, BRANCH RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION and VERTIGO/hearing loss.
Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.
The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
A form of secondary glaucoma which develops as a consequence of another ocular disease and is attributed to the forming of new vessels in the angle of the anterior chamber.
Transient complete or partial monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia. This may be caused by emboli from the CAROTID ARTERY (usually in association with CAROTID STENOSIS) and other locations that enter the central RETINAL ARTERY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p245)
A systemic non-inflammatory arteriopathy primarily of middle-aged females characterized by the association of livedo reticularis, multiple thrombotic CEREBRAL INFARCTION; CORONARY DISEASE, and HYPERTENSION. Elevation of antiphospholipid antibody titers (see also ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME), cardiac valvulopathy, ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; SEIZURES; DEMENTIA; and chronic ischemia of the extremities may also occur. Pathologic examination of affected arteries reveals non-inflammatory adventitial fibrosis, thrombosis, and changes in the media. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p861; Arch Neurol 1997 Jan;54(1):53-60)
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.
Central retinal vein and its tributaries. It runs a short course within the optic nerve and then leaves and empties into the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus.
Artery originating from the internal carotid artery and distributing to the eye, orbit and adjacent facial structures.
Retinal diseases refer to a diverse group of vision-threatening disorders that affect the retina's structure and function, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, retinitis pigmentosa, and macular edema, among others.
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
A procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from a body cavity or organ via a trocar and cannula, needle, or other hollow instrument.
Measurement of the blood pressure of the retinal vessels. It is used also for the determination of the near point of convergence (CONVERGENCE, OCULAR). (From Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.
Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)
The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
Three groups of arteries found in the eye which supply the iris, pupil, sclera, conjunctiva, and the muscles of the iris.
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.
Fibrinolysin or agents that convert plasminogen to FIBRINOLYSIN.
Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).

Superselective intraarterial fibrinolysis in central retinal artery occlusion. (1/169)

Intraarterial fibrinolysis was performed in three patients with acute central retinal artery occlusion using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator as a fibrinolytic agent. In two cases the ophthalmic artery was selectively catheterized, and in the other a thrombolytic drug was infused into the ophthalmic artery by way of the meningeal collaterals. All patients experienced visual improvement. Fibrinolysis can produce better results than obtained from conservative treatment. A good prognosis can be achieved if the treatment starts within the first 4 to 5 hours after occlusion.  (+info)

Follow up of focal narrowing of retinal arterioles in glaucoma. (2/169)

AIM: To evaluate whether focal narrowing of retinal arterioles increases with progressive glaucomatous optic neuropathy. METHODS: Focal narrowing of retinal arterioles and area of neuroretinal rim were morphometrically evaluated on colour stereo optic disc photographs of 59 patients with primary open angle glaucoma, 22 patients with normal pressure glaucoma, 11 patients with secondary open angle glaucoma, and 31 patients with ocular hypertension. Minimum follow up was 8 months. Focal arteriolar narrowing was quantified by calculating the ratio of the vessel width in the broadest to the narrowest vessel part. RESULTS: In the subgroup of patients with progressive glaucomatous optic nerve damage (n = 37), focal narrowing of retinal arterioles increased significantly (p < 0.005) with decreasing neuroretinal rim area. In the subgroup of patients with stable appearance of the optic disc (n = 86), focal narrowing of retinal arterioles did not change significantly (p = 0.79). The positive correlation between increasing focal thinning of retinal arterioles and progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy was present, although not statistically significant, in all the glaucoma subtypes examined. The location of focal thinning of retinal arterioles did not change in the follow up. CONCLUSIONS: Focal narrowing of retinal arterioles increases significantly with progressive glaucomatous optic neuropathy, independent of the type of glaucoma. It is stable in patients with non-progressive glaucoma. The findings agree with previous reports on a higher degree of focal arteriole narrowing in eyes with pronounced optic nerve damage in comparison with those with moderate optic nerve atrophy or normal eyes. In the clinical management of patients with glaucoma, in some eyes, increasing focal arteriole narrowing may suggest progression of disease.  (+info)

Mechanisms of retinal arterial occlusive disease in African American and Caucasian patients. (3/169)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the causes of retinal arterial occlusive disease in African American patients and to compare these etiologies with those observed in Caucasian patients with retinal ischemic symptoms. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of a series of consecutive patients evaluated by both the ophthalmology department and the neurology/stroke clinic. Patients had a diagnosis of amaurosis fugax, branch retinal artery occlusion, central retinal artery occlusion, or intra-arterial retinal plaques. RESULTS: Twenty-nine African American patients and 17 Caucasian patients were evaluated. African American patients had a mean age of 61 years (range, 30 to 77 years) and Caucasian patients a mean age of 73 years (range, 56 to 94 years) (P=0.003). There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups with respect to visible emboli on funduscopy (P=0.462). After adjusting for age, there was also no difference between the 2 groups with regards to risk factors for arterial occlusive disease such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, hypercholesterolemia, tobacco use, and history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks. Caucasian patients had a 41% incidence (7/17) of high-grade ipsilateral internal carotid artery stenosis, measured by carotid duplex, compared with 3.4% incidence (1/29) in African American patients (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: There are racial differences in the causes of retinal arterial occlusion. African American patients have a low prevalence of moderate to severe extracranial carotid stenosis, and a high proportion of African American patients have cryptogenic retinal ischemia. In Caucasian patients there is a stronger association between extracranial carotid artery disease and retinal arterial occlusion.  (+info)

The influence of randomized trials on the use of anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation. (4/169)

INTRODUCTION: Anticoagulants and anti-platelet drugs have been shown in randomized trials to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We therefore investigated their use in patients known to be in AF before a stroke, transient ischaemic attack (either cerebral or ocular) or retinal artery occlusion to assess the influence of trials on clinical practice. METHODS: Inpatients and outpatients with acute stroke, transient ischaemic attack or retinal artery occlusion were prospectively identified by a stroke physician from 1990 to 1997. The presence or absence of AF before the vascular event, and prior use of anticoagulant and anti-platelet drugs were recorded at the time of the assessment and verified using information from general practitioner and hospital case notes. RESULTS: Of 1934 patients with stroke or retinal artery occlusion, 191 (10%) were in AF before their ischaemic event. Anticoagulants had been used in 40 (21%) of these, but only in 32 (2%) of the 1743 patients in sinus rhythm [odds ratio (OR) 14.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.6-23.2]. Anti-platelet drugs had been used in 62 (32%) of those with AF compared with 500 (30%) of those in sinus rhythm (OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.9-1.64). Of the 161 patients in AF without contraindications to anticoagulants, only 36 (22%) were taking them. Although there was a statistically significant increase in anticoagulant use from 8% in 1990 to 23% in 1996, this could be explained solely by a fall in the age of the patients referred to our hospital. CONCLUSION: Anticoagulation is probably under-used in AF. We found no conclusive evidence that anticoagulation trials have influenced clinical practice. This raises issues about the dissemination and implementation of trial results.  (+info)

Continued lodging of retinal emboli in a patient with internal carotid artery and ophthalmic artery occlusions. (5/169)

Internal carotid artery or ophthalmic artery occlusions are devastating ophthalmological events which lead to severe impairment of vision. A case of multiple branch retinal artery occlusions in a 63-year-old male with internal carotid artery and ophthalmic artery occlusions on brain angiography is presented. Emboli lodging in branches of the retinal arteries were bright, glistening, yellow or orange in appearance. Such a distinctive ophthalmoscopic appearance led to the diagnosis of cholesterol emboli. Fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography disclosed delayed filling of the retinal vessels and choroid, and showed multiple hypofluorescence distal to the vessels in which the emboli were lodged. At the time of initial examination, the number of emboli lodged in retinal arteries was estimated at more than 20. As time passed, a few of the previous emboli disappeared and new emboli appeared in other sites on fundus examination. We think that the lodging of new emboli in other sites is due to the continued break-up of atheromatous tissue through the collateral circulation associated with the occlusion of the internal carotid and ophthalmic arteries.  (+info)

Central retinal vein occlusion combined with cilioretinal artery occlusion. (6/169)

A healthy 65-year-old man with sudden profound visual loss in his right eye presented with clinical signs of central retinal venous occlusion and retinal whitening, indicative of a cilioretinal arterial obstruction. He had been diagnosed with cilioretinal artery occlusion at a private ophthalmology clinic three days before being referred to our department. On fluorescein angiogram of the affected eye, the proximal portion of the retinal arteries filled with dye 27.3 seconds after injection, indicating a delay in retinal arterial filling. Moreover, the cilioretinal artery did not fill at that phase, but went on to fill 45.1 seconds after injection. Over 63.4 seconds after the filling of the retinal arteries, the laminar flow of the retinal venous vessels appeared. This was not until 90.7 seconds after injection. This patient was elderly, had no systemic diseases, and showed non-ischemic CRVO, prolonged retinal arterial filling on fluorescein angiography, and poor prognosis in visual acuity. His clinical course seemed to favor the pathogenetic hypothesis of a primary arterial affection.  (+info)

Local intra-arterial fibrinolysis for acute occlusion of the central retinal artery: a meta-analysis of the published data. (7/169)

BACKGROUND/AIM: Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is typically associated with a poor visual outcome. Several favourable reports of local intra-arterial fibrinolysis (LIF), which involves the superselective administration of a thrombolytic agent directly into the ophthalmic artery, have appeared in the recent literature. The aim of this study was to critically appraise these studies in a collective fashion. METHODS: A meta-analysis was performed of all the published literature germane to LIF in cases of CRAO. RESULTS: Of the 16 studies identified, all were retrospective and non-randomised. After correction for data duplication, the results of LIF in 100 patients can be reported. A final acuity of 6/6 or better was seen in 14% of patients following LIF, and a visual result of 6/12 or better was seen in 27% of subjects. A poor final acuity of 3/60 or worse was seen in 60.6% of eyes treated with local intra-arterial fibrinolysis. These results compare favourably with conventional forms of therapy. Potentially serious complications were seen in four patients, but no patient suffered a permanent neurological deficit. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that there may be a marginal visual benefit associated with LIF compared with conventional management of CRAO. However, the methodology of the cited studies was often unsatisfactory, and a randomised controlled trial of LIF in cases of CRAO is justified. Outside of a randomised clinical trial, the use of superselective fibrinolytic therapy for CRAO cannot be recommended on the basis of current evidence.  (+info)

Transient ischemic injury in the rat retina caused by thrombotic occlusion-thrombolytic reperfusion. (8/169)

PURPOSE: To establish a clinically relevant model of transient retinal ischemia by thrombotic occlusion-thrombolytic reperfusion of the central retinal artery of the rat. METHODS: Thrombus was photochemically induced in the central retinal artery by the combination of intravenous injection of photo-sensitive dye, rose bengal, and green laser irradiation focused on the artery. Transient retinal ischemia for 60 minutes was achieved by a subsequent systemic administration of tissue-type plasminogen activator to reperfuse the occluded vessel. Samples of retinas were excised from the animals killed 3, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 78 hours after the reperfusion. The experimental data were processed using the TdT-dUTP terminal nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method to detect apoptotic cells. RESULTS: The transient retinal ischemia caused time-sequential apoptotic changes in the retinal cells as evaluated by counting the number of TUNEL-positive cells. The most remarkable changes occurred in the central area of retina, and further on the sections taken 24 hours after reperfusion. The peripheral area was less affected, and the outer nuclear cell layer was almost unaffected throughout the observation period. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method to cause retinal transient ischemia is highly reproducible, and it is easy to simulate the progress and topographical distribution of retinal changes observed in the clinical cases of central retinal arterial occlusion and its subsequent thrombolytic reperfusion. This may provide a useful tool for constructing the effective thrombolytic strategies against the central retinal arterial occlusion and for evaluating the effects of neuroprotective agents.  (+info)

Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is a medical condition characterized by the blockage or obstruction of the retinal artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the retina. This blockage typically occurs due to embolism (a small clot or debris that travels to the retinal artery), thrombosis (blood clot formation in the artery), or vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels).

There are two types of retinal artery occlusions:

1. Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO): This type occurs when the main retinal artery is obstructed, affecting the entire inner layer of the retina. It can lead to severe and sudden vision loss in the affected eye.
2. Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO): This type affects a branch of the retinal artery, causing visual field loss in the corresponding area. Although it is less severe than CRAO, it can still result in noticeable vision impairment.

Immediate medical attention is crucial for both types of RAO to improve the chances of recovery and minimize potential damage to the eye and vision. Treatment options may include medications, laser therapy, or surgery, depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition.

A retinal artery is a small branch of the ophthalmic artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the inner layers of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. There are two main retinal arteries - the central retinal artery and the cilioretinal artery. The central retinal artery enters the eye through the optic nerve and divides into smaller branches to supply blood to the entire retina, while the cilioretinal artery is a smaller artery that supplies blood to a small portion of the retina near the optic nerve. Any damage or blockage to these arteries can lead to serious vision problems, such as retinal artery occlusion or retinal artery embolism.

Susac syndrome, also known as retinocochleocerebral vasculopathy, is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by the inflammation and damage to small blood vessels in the brain, retina, and inner ear. It primarily affects young adults, particularly women, and can lead to various neurological, auditory, and visual symptoms.

The medical definition of Susac syndrome includes:

1. Encephalopathy (brain dysfunction) - This is characterized by headaches, cognitive impairment, behavioral changes, seizures, or psychiatric symptoms due to inflammation in the brain.
2. Branch retinal artery occlusions (BRAO) - These are blockages of small blood vessels in the retina, leading to visual disturbances such as blurry vision, scotomas (blind spots), or even permanent vision loss.
3. Sensorineural hearing loss - This is caused by damage to the inner ear structures responsible for hearing, resulting in difficulties with hearing, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), or vertigo (dizziness).

The triad of these symptoms is necessary for a definitive diagnosis of Susac syndrome. However, not all patients may present with all three components simultaneously. The presence of any two features should raise suspicion for this condition, and further diagnostic workup is required to confirm the diagnosis. Early recognition and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes in patients with Susac syndrome.

Fluorescein angiography is a medical diagnostic procedure used in ophthalmology to examine the blood flow in the retina and choroid, which are the inner layers of the eye. This test involves injecting a fluorescent dye, Fluorescein, into a patient's arm vein. As the dye reaches the blood vessels in the eye, a specialized camera takes rapid sequences of photographs to capture the dye's circulation through the retina and choroid.

The images produced by fluorescein angiography can help doctors identify any damage to the blood vessels, leakage, or abnormal growth of new blood vessels. This information is crucial in diagnosing and managing various eye conditions such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, and inflammatory eye diseases.

It's important to note that while fluorescein angiography is a valuable diagnostic tool, it does carry some risks, including temporary side effects like nausea, vomiting, or allergic reactions to the dye. In rare cases, severe adverse reactions can occur, so patients should discuss these potential risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing the procedure.

"Fundus Oculi" is a medical term that refers to the back part of the interior of the eye, including the optic disc, macula, fovea, retinal vasculature, and peripheral retina. It is the area where light is focused and then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve, forming visual images. Examinations of the fundus oculi are crucial for detecting various eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, glaucoma, and other retinal diseases. The examination is typically performed using an ophthalmoscope or a specialized camera called a retinal camera.

Neovascular glaucoma is a type of glaucoma that is characterized by the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels on the iris (the colored part of the eye) and/or over the drainage channels (trabecular meshwork) in the corner of the eye. These new blood vessels can interfere with the normal flow of fluid out of the eye, leading to an increase in eye pressure (intraocular pressure or IOP). This elevated IOP can cause damage to the optic nerve and result in permanent vision loss if not treated promptly and effectively.

Neovascular glaucoma is often associated with other underlying conditions that affect the blood vessels, such as diabetes, central retinal vein occlusion, or ocular ischemic syndrome. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, as well as controlling the IOP with medications, laser treatment, or surgery to prevent further vision loss.

Amaurosis fugax is a medical term that describes a temporary loss of vision in one eye, which is often described as a "shade or curtain falling over the field of vision." It's usually caused by a temporary interruption of blood flow to the retina or optic nerve. This condition is often associated with conditions such as giant cell arteritis, carotid artery stenosis, and cardiovascular disease.

It's important to note that Amaurosis fugax can be a warning sign for a more serious medical event, such as a stroke, so it's essential to seek medical attention promptly if you experience any symptoms of this condition.

Sneddon syndrome is a rare medical condition characterized by the concurrence of livedo reticularis (a purplish, net-like discoloration of the skin) and recurrent strokes or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). It primarily affects young to middle-aged women. The exact cause of Sneddon syndrome remains unknown, but it's thought to be an autoimmune disorder with potential involvement of the coagulation system.

The main diagnostic criteria for Sneddon syndrome are:

1. Livedo reticularis (fixed, persistent form)
2. One or more cerebrovascular events (strokes or TIAs)

Additional features may include cognitive impairment, migraine-like headaches, seizures, and other neurological symptoms. Diagnosis is often challenging due to its rarity and the need to exclude other conditions that can present with similar symptoms. Treatment typically involves anticoagulation therapy, antiplatelet agents, or immunosuppressive medications to manage symptoms and prevent further cerebrovascular events.

Blindness is a condition of complete or near-complete vision loss. It can be caused by various factors such as eye diseases, injuries, or birth defects. Total blindness means that a person cannot see anything at all, while near-complete blindness refers to having only light perception or the ability to perceive the direction of light, but not able to discern shapes or forms. Legal blindness is a term used to define a certain level of visual impairment that qualifies an individual for government assistance and benefits; it usually means best corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye, or a visual field no greater than 20 degrees in diameter.

A Retinal Vein is a vessel that carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the retina, a light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. The retinal veins originate from a network of smaller vessels called venules and ultimately merge to form the central retinal vein, which exits the eye through the optic nerve.

Retinal veins are crucial for maintaining the health and function of the retina, as they facilitate the removal of waste products and help regulate the ocular environment. However, they can also be susceptible to various pathological conditions such as retinal vein occlusions, which can lead to vision loss or damage to the eye.

The ophthalmic artery is the first branch of the internal carotid artery, which supplies blood to the eye and its adnexa. It divides into several branches that provide oxygenated blood to various structures within the eye, including the retina, optic nerve, choroid, iris, ciliary body, and cornea. Any blockage or damage to the ophthalmic artery can lead to serious vision problems or even blindness.

Retinal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina is responsible for converting light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain and interpreted as visual images. Retinal diseases can cause vision loss or even blindness, depending on their severity and location in the retina.

Some common retinal diseases include:

1. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive disease that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, causing blurred or distorted vision.
2. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that can damage the blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision loss.
3. Retinal detachment: A serious condition where the retina becomes separated from its underlying tissue, requiring immediate medical attention.
4. Macular edema: Swelling or thickening of the macula due to fluid accumulation, which can cause blurred vision.
5. Retinitis pigmentosa: A group of inherited eye disorders that affect the retina's ability to respond to light, causing progressive vision loss.
6. Macular hole: A small break in the macula that can cause distorted or blurry vision.
7. Retinal vein occlusion: Blockage of the retinal veins that can lead to bleeding, swelling, and potential vision loss.

Treatment for retinal diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Some treatments include medication, laser therapy, surgery, or a combination of these options. Regular eye exams are essential for early detection and treatment of retinal diseases.

Arterial occlusive diseases are medical conditions characterized by the blockage or narrowing of the arteries, which can lead to a reduction in blood flow to various parts of the body. This reduction in blood flow can cause tissue damage and may result in serious complications such as tissue death (gangrene), organ dysfunction, or even death.

The most common cause of arterial occlusive diseases is atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the inner lining of the artery walls. Over time, this plaque can harden and narrow the arteries, restricting blood flow. Other causes of arterial occlusive diseases include blood clots, emboli (tiny particles that travel through the bloodstream and lodge in smaller vessels), inflammation, trauma, and certain inherited conditions.

Symptoms of arterial occlusive diseases depend on the location and severity of the blockage. Common symptoms include:

* Pain, cramping, or fatigue in the affected limb, often triggered by exercise and relieved by rest (claudication)
* Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected limb
* Coldness or discoloration of the skin in the affected area
* Slow-healing sores or wounds on the toes, feet, or legs
* Erectile dysfunction in men

Treatment for arterial occlusive diseases may include lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet. Medications to lower cholesterol, control blood pressure, prevent blood clots, or manage pain may also be prescribed. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery may be necessary to restore blood flow.

Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision. It is usually tested by reading an eye chart from a specific distance, such as 20 feet (6 meters). The standard eye chart used for this purpose is called the Snellen chart, which contains rows of letters that decrease in size as you read down the chart.

Visual acuity is typically expressed as a fraction, with the numerator representing the testing distance and the denominator indicating the smallest line of type that can be read clearly. For example, if a person can read the line on the eye chart that corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/20, it means they have normal vision at 20 feet. If their visual acuity is 20/40, it means they must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 40 feet.

It's important to note that visual acuity is just one aspect of overall vision and does not necessarily reflect other important factors such as peripheral vision, depth perception, color vision, or contrast sensitivity.

Paracentesis is a medical procedure in which a thin needle or catheter is inserted through the abdominal wall to remove excess fluid from the peritoneal cavity. This procedure is also known as abdominal tap or paracentesis aspiration. The fluid removed, called ascites, can be analyzed for infection, malignant cells, or other signs of disease. Paracentesis may be performed to relieve symptoms caused by the buildup of excess fluid in the abdomen, such as pain, difficulty breathing, or loss of appetite. It is commonly used to diagnose and manage conditions such as liver cirrhosis, cancer, heart failure, and kidney failure.

Ophthalmodynamometry is a medical technique used to measure the amount of pressure or force required to flatten the cornea, which can help in the diagnosis and evaluation of various eye conditions, particularly glaucoma. It involves using a handheld device called an ophthalmodynamometer to apply gentle pressure to the eyelid while observing changes in the optic nerve head and retinal vessels through an ophthalmoscope. The test provides information about the resistance of the eyeball to external pressure, which can be useful in assessing the functioning of the eye's aqueous humor drainage system and identifying any abnormalities that may contribute to increased intraocular pressure (IOP).

The procedure typically involves several steps:

1. The patient is asked to look in different directions while the examiner observes the optic nerve head and retinal vessels through an ophthalmoscope.
2. The examiner then applies gentle pressure to the eyelid using the ophthalmodynamometer, gradually increasing the force until the cornea begins to flatten.
3. The amount of pressure required to achieve this is recorded as the ophthalmodynamometric value.
4. The examiner may repeat the process several times to ensure accurate and consistent results.
5. The results are then compared with normative data to determine whether the patient's IOP is within normal limits or if there are any signs of glaucoma or other eye conditions.

It is important to note that ophthalmodynamometry should only be performed by trained healthcare professionals, as improper technique can lead to inaccurate results and potential harm to the patient's eyes.

Carotid artery diseases refer to conditions that affect the carotid arteries, which are the major blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the head and neck. The most common type of carotid artery disease is atherosclerosis, which occurs when fatty deposits called plaques build up in the inner lining of the arteries.

These plaques can cause the arteries to narrow or become blocked, reducing blood flow to the brain and increasing the risk of stroke. Other carotid artery diseases include carotid artery dissection, which occurs when there is a tear in the inner lining of the artery, and fibromuscular dysplasia, which is a condition that affects the muscle and tissue in the walls of the artery.

Symptoms of carotid artery disease may include neck pain or pulsations, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or "mini-strokes," and strokes. Treatment options for carotid artery disease depend on the severity and type of the condition but may include lifestyle changes, medications, endarterectomy (a surgical procedure to remove plaque from the artery), or angioplasty and stenting (procedures to open blocked arteries using a balloon and stent).

Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) is a medical condition that refers to the damage or death of the optic nerve due to insufficient blood supply. The optic nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain.

In ION, the blood vessels that supply the optic nerve become blocked or narrowed, leading to decreased blood flow and oxygen delivery to the nerve fibers. This results in inflammation, swelling, and ultimately, damage to the optic nerve. The damage can cause sudden, painless vision loss, often noticed upon waking up in the morning.

There are two types of ION: anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION). AION affects the front part of the optic nerve, while PION affects the back part of the nerve. AION is further classified into arteritic and non-arteritic types, depending on whether it is caused by giant cell arteritis or not.

Risk factors for ION include age (most commonly occurring in people over 50), hypertension, diabetes, smoking, sleep apnea, and other cardiovascular diseases. Treatment options depend on the type and cause of ION and may include controlling underlying medical conditions, administering corticosteroids, or undergoing surgical procedures to improve blood flow.

Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. They have thick, muscular walls that can withstand the high pressure of blood being pumped out of the heart. Arteries branch off into smaller vessels called arterioles, which further divide into a vast network of tiny capillaries where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs between the blood and the body's cells. After passing through the capillary network, deoxygenated blood collects in venules, then merges into veins, which return the blood back to the heart.

Ciliary arteries are a type of ocular (eye) artery that originate from the posterior ciliary and muscular arteries. They supply blood to the ciliary body, choroid, and iris of the eye. The ciliary body is a part of the eye that contains muscles responsible for accommodation (the ability to focus on objects at different distances). The choroid is a layer of blood vessels that provides oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the retina. The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light reaching the retina by adjusting the size of the pupil.

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) infarction is a type of ischemic stroke that occurs when there is an obstruction in the blood supply to the middle cerebral artery, which is one of the major blood vessels that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain. The MCA supplies blood to a large portion of the brain, including the motor and sensory cortex, parts of the temporal and parietal lobes, and the basal ganglia.

An infarction is the death of tissue due to the lack of blood supply, which can lead to damage or loss of function in the affected areas of the brain. Symptoms of MCA infarction may include weakness or numbness on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, and altered levels of consciousness.

MCA infarctions can be caused by various factors, including embolism (a blood clot that travels to the brain from another part of the body), thrombosis (a blood clot that forms in the MCA itself), or stenosis (narrowing of the artery due to atherosclerosis or other conditions). Treatment for MCA infarction may include medications to dissolve blood clots, surgery to remove the obstruction, or rehabilitation to help regain lost function.

Fibrinolytic agents are medications that dissolve or break down blood clots by activating plasminogen, which is converted into plasmin. Plasmin is a proteolytic enzyme that degrades fibrin, the structural protein in blood clots. Fibrinolytic agents are used medically to treat conditions such as acute ischemic stroke, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and myocardial infarction (heart attack) by restoring blood flow in occluded vessels. Examples of fibrinolytic agents include alteplase, reteplase, and tenecteplase. It is important to note that these medications carry a risk of bleeding complications and should be administered with caution.

Vision disorders refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the visual system and result in various symptoms, such as blurry vision, double vision, distorted vision, impaired depth perception, and difficulty with visual tracking or focusing. These disorders can be categorized into several types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, resulting in blurry vision. Examples include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Strabismus: Also known as crossed eyes or walleye, strabismus is a misalignment of the eyes where they point in different directions, which can lead to double vision or loss of depth perception.
3. Amblyopia: Often called lazy eye, amblyopia is a condition where one eye has reduced vision due to lack of proper visual development during childhood. It may be caused by strabismus, refractive errors, or other factors that interfere with normal visual development.
4. Accommodative disorders: These involve problems with the focusing ability of the eyes, such as convergence insufficiency (difficulty focusing on close objects) and accommodative dysfunction (inability to maintain clear vision at different distances).
5. Binocular vision disorders: These affect how the eyes work together as a team, leading to issues like poor depth perception, eye strain, and headaches. Examples include convergence insufficiency, divergence excess, and suppression.
6. Ocular motility disorders: These involve problems with eye movement, such as nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), strabismus, or restricted extraocular muscle function.
7. Visual processing disorders: These affect the brain's ability to interpret and make sense of visual information, even when the eyes themselves are healthy. Symptoms may include difficulty with reading, recognizing shapes and objects, and understanding spatial relationships.
8. Low vision: This term refers to significant visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected with glasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery. It includes conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts.
9. Blindness: Complete loss of sight in both eyes, which can be caused by various factors such as injury, disease, or genetic conditions.

Central retinal artery occlusion Central retinal vein occlusion Branch retinal vein occlusion Myron Yanoff; Jay S. Duker (2009 ... Branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) is a rare retinal vascular disorder in which one of the branches of the central retinal ... No proved treatment exists for branch retinal artery occlusion. In the rare patient who has branch retinal artery obstruction ... Most of the cases are due to emboli to the retinal circulation. Three main types of retinal emboli have been identified: ...
Central retinal vein occlusion Branch retinal artery occlusion Branch retinal vein occlusion Amaurosis fugax Ocular ischemic ... Variations, such as branch retinal artery occlusion, can also occur. Central retinal artery occlusion is most often due to ... Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a disease of the eye where the flow of blood through the central retinal artery is ... "Retinal Artery Occlusion - EyeWiki". eyewiki.aao.org. Retrieved 2019-11-25. Hayreh SS (December 2018). "Central retinal artery ...
"Central Retinal Artery Occlusion". Retrieved 2014-05-30. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. "Clostridal Myositis and ... Central retinal artery occlusion; Clostridal myositis and myonecrosis (gas gangrene); Crush injury, compartment syndrome, and ... Chang YH, Chen PL, Tai MC, Chen CH, Lu DW, Chen JT (August 2006). "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy ameliorates the blood-retinal ... neurogenesis through reactive oxygen species/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/β-catenin pathway in middle cerebral artery occlusion ...
Retinal artery occlusion (such as central retinal artery occlusion or branch retinal artery occlusion) leads to rapid death of ... In 2009, the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society added "central retinal artery occlusion" to their list of approved ... Central retinal vein occlusion Diabetic retinopathy: The presence of retinal hemorrhages, particularly in those who have ... The syndrome has been associated with occlusion of the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, and less frequently the ...
Hayreh, SS; Kolder, HE; Weingeist, TA (1980). "Central retinal artery occlusion and retinal tolerance time". Ophthalmology. 87 ... Hayreh, SS (1983). "Classification of central retinal vein occlusion". Ophthalmology. 90 (5): 458-74. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(83 ... Neetens of the existence of the central artery of the optic nerve; Hayreh found instead that the artery did not exist. In 1961 ... Hayreh, Sohan Singh (2009). "Ischemic optic neuropathy". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 28 (1): 34-62. doi:10.1016/j. ...
"Interventions for acute non-arteritic central retinal artery occlusion". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1 (1): CD001989. doi: ... The optic disc is where the axons from the retinal ganglion cells collect into the optic nerve. The optic nerve is the bundle ... Bernstein SL, Koo JH, Slater BJ, Guo Y, Margolis FL (2006). "Analysis of optic nerve stroke by retinal Bex expression". ... Animal studies have demonstrated that pentoxifylline can inhibit TNF and, in turn, prevent retinal ganglion cell death and ...
Smit RL, Baarsma GS, Koudstaal PJ (1994). "The source of embolism in amaurosis fugax and retinal artery occlusion" (PDF). Int ... ophthalmic artery, or ciliary artery blood flow, leading to a decrease in retinal circulation which, in turn, causes retinal ... any emboli arising from vasculature preceding the retinal artery, ophthalmic artery, or ciliary arteries may cause this ... during which an embolus unilaterally obstructs the lumen of the retinal artery or ophthalmic artery, causing a decrease in ...
The significantly elevated intraocular pressure will lead to central retinal artery occlusion, which may result in permanent ... Linberg JV (August 1982). "Orbital emphysema complicated by acute central retinal artery occlusion: case report and treatment ... central retinal artery occlusion, compressive optic neuropathy, and other severe complications caused by orbital compartment ...
Both patients underwent fluorescein retinal angiography that demonstrated multifocal retinal artery occlusions without evidence ... Partial vision loss is often present and caused by branch retinal artery occlusions. The presence of refractile or non- ... branch retinal artery occlusions and hearing loss. The cause is unknown but it is theorized that antibodies are produced ... the retinal and brain biopsy findings suggest a small vessel vasculopathy leading to arteriolar occlusion and microinfarction ...
Related retinal vasculature conditions include central retinal artery occlusion, central retinal vein occlusion and ... Hayreh SS (2014-12-08). "Retinal Survival Time and Visual Outcome in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion". Ocular Vascular ... This orbital compression will result in ophthalmic and central retinal artery occlusion which lead to ischemia in the inner ... Saturday night retinopathy is a condition that is due to central retinal or ophthalmic artery occlusion. Common clinical ...
Central retinal artery occlusion Central retinal vein occlusion Branch retinal artery occlusion Branch retinal vein occlusion ... "What are Retinal Vascular Occlusions?". The Retina Centre. Retrieved 31 January 2010. "Understanding Vascular Occlusion". AGA ... Vascular occlusion is a blockage of a blood vessel, usually with a clot. It differs from thrombosis in that it can be used to ... Occlusion can be carried out using a ligature; by implanting small coils which stimulate the formation of clots; or, ...
... the central vision will be preserved even in case of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). The central retinal artery is ... The central retinal artery (retinal artery) branches off the ophthalmic artery, running inferior to the optic nerve within its ... Diagram at suncoastretina.com[permanent dead link] emerg/777 at eMedicine ("Retinal artery occlusion") (Anatomy NAV infobox ... The veins are darker in appearance than the arteries. (Central retinal artery visible but not labeled). Horizontal section of ...
Central retinal artery occlusion: CRAO is characterized by painless, acute vision loss in one eye. Central retinal vein ... BRVO And Other Retinal Artery And Vein Occlusions". Musa Abdelaziz, MD, Mahdi Rostamizadeh, Baseer Ahmad, MD. "Branch retinal ... Branch retinal artery occlusion: BRAO may also cause acute painless loss of vision. It is one of the most common causes of ... M.D. "Branch retinal artery occlusion".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) John P. Berdahl, MD, and ...
As with central retinal artery occlusions, ophthalmic artery occlusions may result from systemic cardiovascular diseases; ... Occlusion of the ophthalmic artery or its branches can produce sight-threatening conditions. The ophthalmic artery emerges from ... The ophthalmic artery (OA) is an artery of the head. It is the first branch of the internal carotid artery distal to the ... ciliares posteriores breves Anterior ciliary artery A. ciliares anterior Central retinal artery A. centralis retinae Superior ...
Central retinal vein occlusion Central retinal artery occlusion Branch retinal artery occlusion "Retina and vitreous". Basic ... Branch retinal vein occlusion is a common retinal vascular disease of the elderly. It is caused by the occlusion of one of the ... branch retinal vein occlusion is four times more common than central retinal vein occlusion. Usual age of onset is 60-70 years ... The eye examination findings of acute branch retinal vein occlusion include superficial hemorrhages, retinal edema, and often ...
This can be caused by either physically blocking the vessels of the retinal artery branches or causing the arteries to narrow. ... direct retinal damage, or occlusion of the blood vessels. The first mechanism is indirect damage by altering the blood vessels ... Sickle cell disease compromises blood flow by causing blood to sludge, or thicken and flow slowly, through the retinal arteries ... The retina is supplied by small vessel branches from the central retinal artery. Proliferative retinopathy refers to damage ...
The cherry red spot is seen in central retinal artery occlusion, appearing several hours after the blockage of the retinal ... central retinal artery occlusion) Drugs: Quinine toxicity Dapsone toxicity Poisoning: Carbon monoxide Methanol Blunt ocular ... supplied by the long and short posterior ciliary arteries, while the surrounding retina is pale due to retinal artery ... spot is a finding in the macula of the eye in a variety of lipid storage disorders and in central retinal artery occlusion. It ...
... carbon dioxide can be used as part of the early treatment of central retinal artery occlusion. On this same premise it has also ... hearing loss which can increase the blood flow to the inner ear and also possibly relieve the internal auditory artery spasm. ...
... is not used in seeing eyes as this can cause a central retinal artery occlusion. An enzyme, hyaluronidase, is frequently a ...
Central retinal artery occlusion Branch retinal artery occlusion Branch retinal vein occlusion Eylea Iridodialysis Ischemic ... Since the central retinal artery and vein are the sole source of blood supply and drainage for the retina, such occlusion can ... Central retinal vein occlusion, also CRVO, is when the central retinal vein becomes occluded, usually through thrombosis. The ... Central Retinal Vein Occlusion at eMedicine Romiti, Giulio Francesco; Corica, Bernadette; Borgi, Marco; Visioli, Giacomo; ...
Branch retinal artery occlusion, Branch retinal vein occlusion, Coloboma, Papilloedema, lesions in visual cortex etc. The ... Branch retinal artery occlusion etc. Peripheral visual field loss including tunnel vision is seen in Retinal detachment, ... Branch retinal vein occlusion etc. Hemianopia and quadrantanopia are seen in patients with stroke, traumatic brain injury, ... "Cone Dystrophy". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). "Eye Occlusions, Blockages or Eye Strokes". All About Vision ...
There are several reasons for retinal degeneration, including artery or vein occlusion, diabetic retinopathy, R.L.F./R.O.P. ( ... Of the retinal degenerative diseases retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a very important example. Inherited retinal degenerative ... It suggests a mechanism for retinal degeneration caused by non-retinal-specific genes, such as PRPF31 mutations. For example, a ... "A Novel Form of Transducin-Dependent Retinal Degeneration: Accelerated Retinal Degeneration in the Absence of Rod Transducin". ...
... vein occlusions, retinal artery occlusions, edema of the optic disc, and tumors. Additionally, the transit time (the period ... The ophthalmic artery supplies the choroid via the short posterior ciliary arteries and the retina via the central retinal ... late staining Fluorescein enters the ocular circulation from the internal carotid artery via the ophthalmic artery. ... This accounts for the short delay between the "choroidal flush" and retinal filling.[citation needed] Pathologic changes are ...
Like that blood vessel, it can suffer from occlusion (central retinal vein occlusion). This occlusion is similar to that seen ... The central retinal vein runs through the centre of the optic nerve (alongside the central retinal artery) surrounded by a ... The central retinal vein is the venous equivalent of the central retinal artery. ... The central retinal vein is formed by the convergence of veins that drain retinal tissue. The central retinal vein originates ...
... embolism Carbon monoxide poisoning Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Complicated by Cyanide Poisoning Central retinal artery occlusion ... treatment of a central retinal vein occlusion with hyperbaric oxygen". Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine. 34 (5): 315-9. PMID ...
Emboli and thrombi Central retinal artery occlusion Cardiac myxoma Cranial arteritis Sickle cell attack Occlusive vascular ... and retinal vasculitis. Varicella (chickenpox) Rubeola (measles) Rubella (German measles) Variola (smallpox) Vaccinia Herpes ... disease (slow, progressive) Carotid artery disease Arterial spasm (TIA) Diabetes mellitus Collagen diseases Venous occlusive ...
... areas on the retina may misdiagnose the condition as cotton wool spots instead of transient branch retinal artery occlusion ( ... Another condition in which cotton wool spots are found is central retinal vein occlusion as a result of reduced blood flow from ... Patel PS, Sadda SR (2013). "Retinal Artery Obstructions". Retina. Elsevier: 1012-1025. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-0737-9.00051-5. ... Hayreh SS (September 2011). "Acute retinal arterial occlusive disorders". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 30 (5): 359-394 ...
... retinal artery occlusion (blockage of the artery in the retina) and retinal detachment (separation of the retina from the back ... retinal vasculitis and retinal vascular occlusion, as part of the spectrum of intraocular inflammation observed in HAWK ( ... specifically in 14 cases of retinal vasculitis reported in Beovu patients, 11 of the cases were occlusive retinal vasculitis ...
... central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), decompression sickness, etc. The hospital is the only hospital with a helipad on Hong ...
Branch retinal artery occlusion, a rare eye vascular disorder where a branch of the central retinal artery is obstructed Bru ( ...
Central retinal artery occlusion Central retinal vein occlusion Branch retinal vein occlusion Myron Yanoff; Jay S. Duker (2009 ... Branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) is a rare retinal vascular disorder in which one of the branches of the central retinal ... No proved treatment exists for branch retinal artery occlusion. In the rare patient who has branch retinal artery obstruction ... Most of the cases are due to emboli to the retinal circulation. Three main types of retinal emboli have been identified: ...
... although emboli may travel to distal branches of the retinal artery, causing loss of only a section of the visual field. ... Ocular stroke commonly is caused by embolism of the retinal artery, ... Painless loss of monocular vision is the usual presenting symptom of retinal artery occlusion (RAO). ... The central retinal artery is affected in 57% of occlusions, the branch retinal artery is involved in 38% of occlusions, and ...
A branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) occurs when one of these branches of the arterial supply to the retina becomes ... a branch of the ophthalmic artery, enters the eye through the optic disc and divides into multiple branches to perfuse the ... encoded search term (Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)) and Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO) What to Read Next on ... Ocular neovascularization in eyes with a central retinal artery occlusion or a branch retinal artery occlusion. Clin Ophthalmol ...
A branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) occurs when one of these branches of the arterial supply to the retina becomes ... a branch of the ophthalmic artery, enters the eye through the optic disc and divides into multiple branches to perfuse the ... encoded search term (Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)) and Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO) What to Read Next on ... Ocular neovascularization in eyes with a central retinal artery occlusion or a branch retinal artery occlusion. Clin Ophthalmol ...
Retinal emboli in RAO patients have various characteristics that affect their movement. Movement of emboli may affect vascular ... we analyzed emboli in patients with acute central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) or branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) and ... The Characteristics of Retinal Emboli and its Association With Vascular Reperfusion in Retinal Artery Occlusion Invest ... To analyze the characteristics of retinal emboli and their association with vascular reperfusion in retinal artery occlusion ( ...
Introduction and objective: Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is an ophthalmic and systemic emergency requiring urgent diagnosis ... Associations of retinal artery occlusion and retinal vein occlusion to mortality, stroke, and myocardial infarction: a ... De Potter P, Zografos L. Survival prognosis of patients with retinal artery occlusion and associated carotid artery disease. ... Retinal artery occlusion does not portend an increased risk of stroke. J Vasc Surg. 2020;72(1):198-203. doi:10.1016/j.jvs. ...
... is an eye condition related to high blood pressure. Learn more at Houston Eye Associates ... Branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) blocks the small arteries in the retina, the light-sensing nerve layer lining the back ... If you have had a branch retinal artery occlusion or have high blood pressure, regular visits to your ophthalmologist are ... Central vision is lost suddenly if the blocked retinal artery is one that nourishes the macula, the part of the retina ...
You need to be signed in to access email alerts. If you have an account log in with your user name and password. If you dont have an account you can just enter your email address in the email box below ...
Comparison of retinal and cerebral inflammatory responses after middle cerebral artery occlusion ... Comparison of retinal and cerebral inflammatory responses after middle cerebral artery occlusion ... Comparison of retinal and cerebral inflammatory responses after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. ... Thus, we are investigating the common mechanism of inflammation in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, a stroke ...
... including screening for branch retinal artery occlusions characteristic of Susacs syndrome. Clinical features included severe ... dilated funduscopy detected bilateral multiple peripheral branch retinal artery occlusions which were confirmed on fluorescein ... Full recovery was made with no new arterial occlusions on four months follow-up. The case further establishes the crucial role ... We report an interesting case of asymptomatic retinal involvement in an encephalopathic patient enabling early identification ...
... although emboli may travel to distal branches of the retinal artery, causing loss of only a section of the visual field. ... Ocular stroke commonly is caused by embolism of the retinal artery, ... Painless loss of monocular vision is the usual presenting symptom of retinal artery occlusion (RAO). ... encoded search term (Retinal Artery Occlusion) and Retinal Artery Occlusion What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion. Introduction:. The incidence of branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) is slightly less than ... Retinal Detachment Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy ... Retinal whitening is seen along the sector of retina that is supplied by the arterial branch from the central retinal artery ( ... that of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), possibly slightly less frequent. Patients typically present with acute ...
Role of Neuroprotection in the Management of Patients With Nonarteritic Central Retinal Artery Occlusion. Clinical ... Neuroprotection for Nonarteritic Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Lessons from Acute Ischemic Stroke. Clin Ophthalmol 2023 May ... Predictors of Response to a Lapse in Anti-VEGF Treatment in Patients With Macular Edema Secondary to Retinal Vein Occlusion Can ... Predictors of Response to a Lapse in Anti-VEGF Treatment in Patients With Macular Edema Secondary to Retinal Vein Occlusion ...
... retinal artery occlusions typically appear in 4-6 weeks following the initial onset of the central retinal artery occlusion ... With acute central retinal artery occlusion, retinal signs typically show up in 15 minutes to a few hours Chronic/Resolved ... Acute central retinal artery occlusion without evidence of retinal neovascularization, neovascular glaucoma, subhyaloid ... Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO) SYMPTOMS Sudden painless vision loss (typically counting fingers to light perception) ...
Know more about Central Retinal Artery Occlusion, its causes, symptoms & treatment. Also learn about fundoscopy and treatment ... It is an occlusion of the main blood vessel (central retinal artery) supplying the retina. It presents as a sudden and painless ... leading to the eye can also result in abnormal tissue or clot being transmitted to central retinal artery causing its occlusion ... "My dad had a retinal detachment which was found overnight and he had to undergo retinal detachment surgery (vitrectomy) within ...
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion - Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy- HBOT ...
Posts about Retinal Artery Occlusion written by Mr Anish Shah ... Risk of stroke after retinal artery occlusion. This study ... analysed the risk of stroke in the year before and after a central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) in the entire Korean ... Retinal Artery Occlusion, Uncategorized stroke Search MrShah.org. Search for: Latest from the Blog. * Extended Depth of Focus ...
Find a doctor who specializes in treating retinal artery occlusion and schedule an appointment today. Our specialists are ...
RGF provides advanced care for retinal artery and vein occlusions to patients throughout South Florida and beyond. Schedule an ... Can retinal artery and vein occlusions be treated?. Currently, there is no cure for retinal artery and vein occlusions. Doctors ... How are retinal artery and vein occlusions diagnosed?. Retinal artery and vein occlusions are diagnosed through a comprehensive ... A retinal artery occlusion occurs when the central retinal artery or one of its branches becomes blocked, typically by a small ...
... The retinal vasculature is a system of arteries, veins, and ... Treatment for Retinal Vein & Artery Occlusion. Retinal vein and artery occlusions are typically treated in one of the following ... Branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO): BRAO is when an obstruction occurs in one of the branches of the central retinal artery ... Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO): CRAO is when an obstruction occurs in the central retinal artery, often stemming from ...
The health plan below is designed to provide relief for retinal artery vein occlusion. By following the plan consistently and ...
Found out that it was a red cherry spot-seen in a central retinal artery occlusion. Her BP was 151/91, and she has high ...
Central retinal artery is a branch of ophthalmic artery. Ophthalmic artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery. The ... central retinal artery supplies the blood to the retina. When there ... What is Central Retinal Artery Occlusion? Central retinal artery is a branch of ophthalmic artery. Ophthalmic artery is a ... The pale retinal is due to the lack of perfusion with blood.. Patient with central retinal artery occlusion may present with ...
... and probably left retinal arteries. This represents at least the sixth case of atrial myxoma and central retinal artery ... and probably left retinal arteries. This represents at least the sixth case of atrial myxoma and central retinal artery ... and probably left retinal arteries. This represents at least the sixth case of atrial myxoma and central retinal artery ... and probably left retinal arteries. This represents at least the sixth case of atrial myxoma and central retinal artery ...
Two cases of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) with perfused cilio-retinal artery and one case of cilio-retinal artery ... Two cases of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) with perfused cilio-retinal artery and one case of cilio-retinal artery ... Optical Coherence Tomography Findings In Acute And Chronic Retinal Artery Occlusion.. Panozzo G.;Gusson E.;CASATI, Stefano 2012 ... findings in acute and chronic retinal artery occlusions (RAO), and to compare these findings with other causes of inner retinal ...
COVID-19, branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) Photographer. Narciso F Atienza, Jr. MD MBA, FASRS, FPCS, FPAO. Legazpi Eye ...
Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmic emergency. It is one of the more common causes of severe visual ... Branch retinal artery occlusion[2]. What is branch retinal artery occlusion?. In branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) one or ... See also the separate Retinal Vein Occlusions article.. What is retinal artery occlusion?[1, 2]. Central retinal artery ... Central retinal artery occlusion treatment and management[5] [6] [7]. Retinal artery occlusion is an ocular emergency, both ...
... and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) as a complication of persistent hyaloid artery (PHA). In August 2019, a six-year-old ... Thus, in case of PHA, we advocate FA to be performed and if connection with retinal artery is proven, parents should be ... we present for the first time central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) ... From: Central retinal artery and vein occlusion as a complication of persistent hyaloid artery - a case report ...
We describe a patient presenting with central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) of the right eye after retrobulbar anesthesia ... From: Iatrogenic central retinal artery occlusion following retrobulbar anesthesia with adrenaline for vitreoretinal surgery: a ... a 4 month-postoperative right-eye whole retinal, deep, and choroidal OCT angiogram show retinal ischemia predominantly in the ...
  • In this retrospective comparative case series, we analyzed emboli in patients with acute central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) or branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) and visible emboli, and analyzed vascular reperfusion in patients with visible emboli causing blockage of perfusion. (nih.gov)
  • There were 52/248 (21%) eyes with RAO and visible retinal emboli (31/187 [17%] eyes with CRAO and 21/61 [34%] eyes with BRAO) showing various embolic features. (nih.gov)
  • The incidence of branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) is slightly less than that of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), possibly slightly less frequent. (clinicalgate.com)
  • This study analysed the risk of stroke in the year before and after a central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) in the entire Korean population by using national claims databases. (mrshah.org)
  • A central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is sometimes referred to as an "eye stroke. (retinagroupflorida.com)
  • CRAO is when an obstruction occurs in the central retinal artery, often stemming from a blood clot in the carotid artery located in the neck. (ncretina.com)
  • Methods:Two cases of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) with perfused cilio-retinal artery and one case of cilio-retinal artery occlusion were observed in the acute phase and then followed for four months with SD-OCT. Other 4 cases of chronic central and branch RAO were also evaluated. (univr.it)
  • Conclusions:SD-OCT in acute-CRAO demonstrates swelling of the inner retinal layers and sharp demarcation of the affected. (univr.it)
  • Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmic emergency. (patient.info)
  • This artery, thought to be present in 15-30% of people, supplies the macular retina to a varying degree and may help preserve some vision after CRAO. (patient.info)
  • Occlusion affecting the retinal artery prior to branching is termed CRAO. (patient.info)
  • Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) usually occurs in people between the ages of 50 and 70. (epso.ca)
  • Purpose: To define the incidence and demographics of clinically diagnosed central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) in Korea. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • abstract = "Purpose: To define the incidence and demographics of clinically diagnosed central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) in Korea.Design: Nationwide population-based retrospective study using data entered into the Korean national health claims database from 2007 to 2011.Participants: Data of the entire Korean population (N = 47 990 761, based on the 2010 census) were analyzed.Methods: We used the national health claims database to identify patients diagnosed with CRAO. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a catastrophic ophthalmic emergency that severely impairs a patient 's visual function, often reducing visual acuity to counting fingers or worse. (bvsalud.org)
  • To review the efficacy and safety of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) for central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) in Hong Kong patients. (hkjo.hk)
  • More than 90% of eyes with successful use of Reynard and Hanscom's central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) method [ 4 ], with some modifications, for have a sudden, painless decrease in visual the treatment of retinal artery occlusion. (who.int)
  • Branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) is a rare retinal vascular disorder in which one of the branches of the central retinal artery is obstructed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) occurs when the embolus lodges in a more distal branch of the retinal artery. (medscape.com)
  • BRAO typically involves the temporal retinal vessels and usually does not require ocular therapeutics unless perifoveolar vessels are threatened. (medscape.com)
  • A branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) occurs when one of these branches of the arterial supply to the retina becomes occluded. (medscape.com)
  • BRAO is most likely to occur at the bifurcation of an artery because bifurcation sites are associated with a narrowed lumen. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) typically present with acute, unilateral, painless, partial visual loss. (medscape.com)
  • Branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) blocks the small arteries in the retina , the light-sensing nerve layer lining the back of the eye. (houstoneye.com)
  • It has been suggested that retinopathy with branch retinal artery occlusions (BRAO) and hearing loss are not always essential in order to have the diagnosis of SS as long as encephalopathy and pathognomonic radiological findings are present [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BRAO is when an obstruction occurs in one of the branches of the central retinal artery, typically causing a sudden loss of peripheral vision, blurriness, and blind spots in your field of vision. (ncretina.com)
  • Occlusion of one of the branches of the retinal artery is referred to as branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO). (patient.info)
  • Branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) blocks the small arteries in the retina, the light-sensing nerve layer lining the back of. (epso.ca)
  • citation needed] Retinal whitening that corresponds to the area of ischemia is the most notable finding. (wikipedia.org)
  • thus, retinal recovery is possible even after days of ischemia. (medscape.com)
  • Management of Acute Retinal Ischemia: Follow the Guidelines! (aaem.pl)
  • Ocular ischemia is often observed in cases of cerebral stroke and atherosclerosis of the ophthalmic or carotid arteries. (arvojournals.org)
  • Acute central retinal artery occlusion without evidence of retinal neovascularization, neovascular glaucoma, subhyaloid hemorrhages, preretinal hemorrhages, intravitreal hemorrhages, and/or cystoid macular edema: Should see back in 1-2 months in order to monitor for development of cystoid macular edema, worsening of ischemia, retinal neovascularization, and neovascular glaucoma. (odclinicals.com)
  • a 4 month-postoperative right-eye whole retinal, deep, and choroidal OCT angiogram show retinal ischemia predominantly in the deep plexus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Reversibility of retinal ischemia due to central retinal artery occlusion by hyperbaric oxygen. (hkjo.hk)
  • Atebara NH, Brown GC, Cater J. Efficacy of anterior chamber paracentesis and Carbogen in treating acute nonarteritic central retinal artery occlusion. (medscape.com)
  • Anterior chamber paracentesis in the management of acute nonarteritic central retinal artery occlusion. (medscape.com)
  • Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in 72 eyes with retinal arterial occlusion. (medscape.com)
  • which is an important cause of arterial occlusion that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Inferior hemiretinal arterial occlusion of the embolus. (who.int)
  • The right eye is affected more commonly than the left eye which probably reflects the greater possibility of cardiac or aortic emboli traveling to the right carotid artery. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most of the cases are due to emboli to the retinal circulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Three main types of retinal emboli have been identified: Cholesterol, calcific, and fibrin-platelet. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ocular stroke commonly is caused by embolism of the retinal artery, although emboli may travel to distal branches of the retinal artery, causing loss of only a section of the visual field. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with visualized retinal artery emboli, whether or not obstruction is present, have 56% mortality over 9 years, compared with 27% for an age-matched population without retinal artery emboli. (medscape.com)
  • Possibly, these episodes are secondary to emboli transiently becoming lodged, causing temporary occlusions and then reperfusing the retina as the emboli are released. (medscape.com)
  • Multiple studies have shown increased mortality in patients with retinal arterial emboli. (medscape.com)
  • [ 15 ] A10-fold increase in the annual rate of stroke in patients with retinal emboli compared with controls after a follow-up period of 3.4 years was demonstrated in another study. (medscape.com)
  • Regarding mortality, 1 study found a 3-fold higher risk for 8-year mortality from stroke in patients with documented retinal emboli at baseline compared with patients without emboli. (medscape.com)
  • A case series reported that 15% of patients with retinal emboli died within 1 year, and a mortality rate of 54% was shown within 7 years. (medscape.com)
  • The site of obstruction most often is at the bifurcation of the arteries where emboli are most likely to become lodged. (medscape.com)
  • Narrowed branch retinal artery, boxcarring, segmentation of the blood columns, cotton-wool spots, and emboli are other possible findings. (medscape.com)
  • Auscultation of the heart and carotid arteries and comparison of ophthalmodynamometry may help identify the source of emboli. (medscape.com)
  • In a study of 70 patients with retinal emboli, 40 were found to have cholesterol emboli, 8 platelet-fibrin emboli, 6 calcific emboli, and 1 possible myxomatous embolus. (medscape.com)
  • [ 24 ] These types of emboli can be iatrogenically displaced during cardiac angiography, catheterization procedures, or any interventional embolization of any branch of the carotid artery. (medscape.com)
  • To analyze the characteristics of retinal emboli and their association with vascular reperfusion in retinal artery occlusion (RAO). (nih.gov)
  • Retinal emboli in RAO patients have various characteristics that affect their movement. (nih.gov)
  • Retinal emboli and cardiovascular disease: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. (medscape.com)
  • It is a form of vasculitis affecting the ophthalmic or central retinal artery which leads to reduced blood flow. (kembara.co)
  • Inadvertent occlusion of the ophthalmic or central retinal artery during external carotid artery embolization has been reported in 4 cases, 2 - 4 with immediate loss of vision. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Antinuclear antithrombin, protein C, protein S or pres- antibodies were investigated with standard- ence of antiphospholipid antibodies, are ized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay common in patients with retinal vein occlu- sions and may contribute to the etiology of (ELISA). (who.int)
  • One patient with retinal artery occlusion lost their vision and had a final best-corrected visual acuity of 20/60, according to the researchers, who presented their findings at the 2023 annual meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology. (medscape.com)
  • Giant Cell Arteritis Giant cell arteritis involves predominantly the thoracic aorta, large arteries emerging from the aorta in the neck, and extracranial branches of the carotid arteries. (msdmanuals.com)
  • When any of these blood vessels become blocked or obstructed, it is known as a retinal occlusion. (ncretina.com)
  • This is known as a retinal artery occlusion, or eye stroke. (aao.org)
  • Abrupt painless loss of vision in the visual field corresponding to territory of the obstructed artery is the typical history of presentation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) usually presents as painless loss of monocular vision. (medscape.com)
  • Patient with central retinal artery occlusion may present with symptoms and signs such as sudden painless loss of vision. (kembara.co)
  • Retinal artery occlusion causes sudden, painless, severe vision loss or visual field defect, usually unilaterally. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The central retinal artery supplies the retina as it branches into smaller segments upon leaving the optic disc. (medscape.com)
  • The central retinal artery supplies the blood to the retina. (kembara.co)
  • Acute Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Treated with Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator. (medscape.com)
  • Visual prognosis following treatment of acute central retinal artery obstruction. (medscape.com)
  • Selective intraarterial fibrinolysis of acute central retinal artery occlusion. (medscape.com)
  • Impact of COVID-19 on acute central retinal artery occlusion patient attendance in Hong Kong: the HORA study brief report number 2. (hkjo.hk)
  • Delayed hospital presentation of acute central retinal artery occlusion during the COVID-19 crisis: the HORA study brief report No. 4. (hkjo.hk)
  • Whether the temporal retinal vessels are affected more often or whether the nasal retinal vessel occlusions are more often undetected is unclear. (medscape.com)
  • Retinal vessel caliber and risk factors for branch retinal vein occlusion. (medscape.com)
  • It is an occlusion of the main blood vessel (central retinal artery) supplying the retina. (neoretina.com)
  • The logic of these procedures is to dislodge the pathology causing the occlusion by restoring the normal blood vessel. (neoretina.com)
  • Your doctor may also perform fluorescein angiography, which involves injecting a dye into the bloodstream to highlight the retinal vascular system and find the presence of abnormal blood vessel growth or leakage. (retinagroupflorida.com)
  • The cilioretinal artery is seen ophthalmoscopically as a single vessel emerging from the edge of the optic disc, most commonly towards the macula. (patient.info)
  • Neovascularization (abnormal new vessel formation) of the retina or iris (rubeosis iridis) with secondary (neovascular) glaucoma occurs in about 20% of patients within weeks to months after occlusion. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Though the exact pathogenesis of this disorder is unknown, the retinal and brain biopsy findings suggest a small vessel vasculopathy leading to arteriolar occlusion and microinfarction of cerebral, retinal and cochlear tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • A cilioretinal artery occurs in approximately 14% of the population. (medscape.com)
  • In those with a cilioretinal artery supplying the macula, a cherry red spot is not observed. (medscape.com)
  • The central retinal artery is affected in 57% of occlusions, the branch retinal artery is involved in 38% of occlusions, and cilioretinal artery obstructions occur in 5% of occlusions. (medscape.com)
  • One important variation is the presence of a cilioretinal artery. (patient.info)
  • Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Combined with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion: What Is the Best Imaging Modality for the Follow-Up? (hindawi.com)
  • The effect of adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy in patients with central retinal artery occlusion. (hkjo.hk)
  • Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for central retinal artery occlusion: experience in Hong Kong. (hkjo.hk)
  • [ 16 ] Over a similar period, another study showed a 20% incidence of stroke in patients with retinal artery occlusion. (medscape.com)
  • These mechanisms may apply to cerebrovascular occlusion and stroke in general. (nih.gov)
  • Management of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Stroke. (aaem.pl)
  • Retinal Artery Occlusion and the Risk of Stroke Development: Twelve-Year Nationwide Cohort Study. (aaem.pl)
  • Retinal artery occlusion and the 3-year risk of stroke in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based study. (aaem.pl)
  • Thus, we are investigating the common mechanism of inflammation in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, a stroke model that affects both the brain and eye. (arvojournals.org)
  • Risk of stroke is increased after retinal artery occlusion, particularly in the first weeks. (msdmanuals.com)
  • There are different types of retinal occlusion that have different levels of severity on vision. (ncretina.com)
  • Types of retinal occlusion are defined by where they occur in the retinal vasculature. (ncretina.com)
  • In the rare patient who has branch retinal artery obstruction accompanied by a systemic disorder, systemic anti-coagulation may prevent further events. (wikipedia.org)
  • Typical funduscopic findings of a pale retina with a cherry red macula (ie, the cherry red spot) result from obstruction of blood flow to the retina from the retinal artery, causing pallor, and continued supply of blood to the choroid from the ciliary artery, resulting in a bright red coloration at the thinnest part of the retina (ie, macula). (medscape.com)
  • Retinal arterial obstruction in children and young adults. (medscape.com)
  • Inflammation or obstruction of the blood vessels leading to the eye can also result in abnormal tissue or clot being transmitted to central retinal artery causing its occlusion. (neoretina.com)
  • CRVO is when an obstruction occurs in the central retinal vein. (ncretina.com)
  • BRVO is when an obstruction occurs in one or more of the retinal vein branches that extend through the optic nerve, leading to bleeding and leakage in the retina. (ncretina.com)
  • Blood supply to the retina originates from the ophthalmic artery, the first intracranial branch of the internal carotid artery that supplies the eye via the central retinal and the ciliary arteries. (medscape.com)
  • Under isoflurane anesthesia, a filament was inserted through an incision in the external carotid artery and slid into the internal carotid artery so that it blocked the right middle cerebral and ophthalmic arteries. (arvojournals.org)
  • Ophthalmic artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery. (kembara.co)
  • The central retinal artery (CRA) is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which is the first branch of the internal carotid artery. (patient.info)
  • My dad had a retinal detachment which was found overnight and he had to undergo retinal detachment surgery (vitrectomy) within 7days. (neoretina.com)
  • Two patients experienced retinal detachment, while two suffered retinal artery occlusion. (medscape.com)
  • The central retinal artery, a branch of the ophthalmic artery, enters the eye through the optic disc and divides into multiple branches to perfuse the inner layers of the retina. (medscape.com)
  • SD-OCT images of different causes of inner retinal atrophy (advanced glaucoma and ischemic optic neuropathy) are reported and compared. (univr.it)
  • On the contrary, in advanced glaucoma and optic neuropathy the inner retinal structure although reduced remains clearly detectable. (univr.it)
  • To assess the diagnostic value of an extensive cardiac screening and of carotid artery duplex scanning in patients suspected of suffering from retinal embolism, we examined 41 consecutive patients (mean age 59.6 years, range 36-74) who presented either with amaurosis fugax or with a retinal artery occlusion. (eyehospital.nl)
  • We conclude that in patients in this age group suffering from either amaurosis fugax or a retinal artery occlusion, a carotid artery duplex scanning should be performed first as this investigation is more likely to provide useful information than an extensive cardiac screening (ECG, Holter 24-hour monitoring and precordial echocardiography). (eyehospital.nl)
  • A retinal vein occlusion is when the blockage occurs in the central retinal vein or one of its branches. (retinagroupflorida.com)
  • Retinal vein occlusion refers to a blockage or slow-down of blood flow through one of the blood vessels in the retina that is taking the blood out of the eye and back towards the heart. (retinagroupflorida.com)
  • When there is a blockage to the blood flow through the central retinal artery this will lead to the central retinal artery occlusion. (kembara.co)
  • In 11 patients (27%), symptoms were likely to be due to a stenosis or an occlusion of the ipsilateral carotid artery. (eyehospital.nl)
  • The cause is unknown but it is theorized that antibodies are produced against endothelial cells in tiny arteries which leads to damage and the symptoms related to the illness. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although restoration of vision is of immediate concern, retinal artery occlusion is a harbinger for other systemic diseases that must be evaluated immediately. (medscape.com)
  • Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is an ophthalmic and systemic emergency requiring urgent diagnosis and treatment. (aaem.pl)
  • Retinal artery occlusion: associated systemic and ophthalmic abnormalities. (aaem.pl)
  • Ratra D, Dhupper M. Retinal arterial occlusions in the young: Systemic associations in Indian population. (medscape.com)
  • Color fundus photo of right eye with inferior branch retinal artery occlusion from a platelet-fibrin embolus. (medscape.com)
  • Central retinal artery occlusion occurs when the central retinal artery becomes blocked, usually due to an embolus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Intraocular pressure can be decreased within the first 24 hours of occlusion to attempt to dislodge the embolus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Vitreous hemorrhage may result from retinal neovascularization. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Ischemic CRVO is more severe and involves neovascularization (i.e. the growth of abnormal blood vessels) in response to the retinal blood vessels being closed off. (ncretina.com)
  • Embolism is the most common cause, the major source of this being carotid artery disease, usually due to atherosclerotic plaques. (patient.info)
  • Retinal artery occlusion may be due to embolism or thrombosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The cherry red spot of central retinal artery occlusion. (medscape.com)
  • A dilated retinal examination is done where a characteristic cherry red spot is noted in the central part of the retina. (neoretina.com)
  • Fundoscopy examination may reveal pale retinal with a cherry red spot. (kembara.co)
  • Anatomical variants include cilioretinal branches from the short posterior ciliary artery, giving additional supply to part of the macular retina. (medscape.com)
  • At autopsy, an unsuspected left atrial myxoma was found with embolization to the left middle cerebral artery, left posterior ciliary arteries, left choroid, and probably left retinal arteries. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Although she was visually asymptomatic, dilated funduscopy detected bilateral multiple peripheral branch retinal artery occlusions which were confirmed on fluorescein angiography. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fluorescein angiography is often done and shows absence of perfusion in the affected artery. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Both patients underwent fluorescein retinal angiography that demonstrated multifocal retinal artery occlusions without evidence of embolic disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fluorescein angiography may demonstrate leakage in areas remote from the retinal infarctions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ophthalmic examination and fluorescein angiography showed that occlusions were due to ischaemic events. (who.int)
  • tion and retinal flourescein angiography. (who.int)
  • The next phases of fluorescein angiography showed the blood flow in the affected artery. (who.int)
  • The intraocular and fluorescein angiography confirmed the complete vascular occlusion as the main pa- thology (Figure 2). (who.int)
  • The retina specialists of North Carolina Retina Associates have extensive experience diagnosing, managing, and treating all forms of retinal vein and artery occlusion. (ncretina.com)
  • Retinal vasculitis was re- review of the literature. (cdc.gov)
  • Depending on where the occlusion occurs, different layers and quarters of the retina can be affected: more proximal ophthalmic artery occlusion will have the most devastating effect, as all layers of the entire retina lose their blood supply, whereas a occlusion of a distal end branch of the retinal artery will only affect the inner neural retina of that part of the retina, sparing the photoreceptors and limiting visual loss. (patient.info)
  • We report a case in which stepwise decline of vision related to progressive swelling of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles lodged in retinal arterioles occurred throughout a period of 8 days. (jamanetwork.com)
  • The presence of refractile or non-refractile yellow Gass plaques in the retinal arterioles is near pathognomonic for the disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • We report an interesting case of asymptomatic retinal involvement in an encephalopathic patient enabling early identification of Susac's syndrome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is of interest to note that histological examinations in specimens from a patient with SS suggest that the cause of the retinal arterial wall plaque is the accumulation of serous deposits between the retinal blood vessels and the internal limiting membrane which leads to compression or even occlusion of them. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Neovascular glaucoma: Patient will most likely continue care with a retinal specialist and/or glaucoma specialist. (odclinicals.com)
  • The ciliary arteries supply the choroid and the anterior portion of the globe via the rectus muscles (each rectus muscle has 2 ciliary arteries except the lateral rectus, which has 1). (medscape.com)
  • The outer retina is supplied by the choriocapillaries of the choroid that branches off the ciliary artery. (patient.info)
  • Central vision is lost suddenly if the blocked retinal artery is one that nourishes the macula, the part of the retina responsible for fine sharp vision. (houstoneye.com)
  • If an occlusion occurs near the macula, it can cause a sudden decrease in vision, blurriness, or distortion. (retinagroupflorida.com)
  • This can happen to the central retinal vein or one of its branches, and leads to an abrupt decrease in vision if it involves the macula at the center of the eye. (retinagroupflorida.com)
  • Central retinal artery occlusion: A rare complication of carotid artery stenting. (manipal.edu)
  • Development of visual acuity under hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBO) in non arteritic retinal branch artery occlusion. (hkjo.hk)
  • Both the CRA and the ciliary artery must be functioning to maintain retinal function, as both CRA and ciliary artery originate from the OA. (patient.info)
  • the test includes temporal artery biopsy and treatment with high dose of steroids. (kembara.co)
  • Patients who have giant cell arteritis are 55 or older and may have a headache, a tender and palpable temporal artery, jaw claudication, fatigue, or a combination. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In particular, retinal vascular occlusions says for anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus in patients with primary APS, i.e. with an- anticoagulant. (who.int)
  • The mean age of presentation of retinal artery occlusion is early in the seventh decade of life, although a few cases have been reported in patients younger than 30 years. (medscape.com)
  • One study found that acute coronary syndrome occurred 1.72 times more often in patients with retinal artery occlusion than in controls. (medscape.com)
  • Doctors typically recommend that patients who are at risk for developing a retinal artery or vein occlusion practice preventative measures by managing underlying medical issues such as high blood pressure or cholesterol. (retinagroupflorida.com)
  • Some patients are at a greater risk of developing a retinal vascular occlusive disease than others. (ncretina.com)
  • If patients present within the first few hours of occlusion, some centers catheterize the carotid/ophthalmic artery and selectively inject thrombolytic drugs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Oxygen therapy in patients with retinal artery occlusion: a meta-analysis. (hkjo.hk)
  • Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among central retinal artery occlusion patients: a case series-HORA study report No. 3. (hkjo.hk)
  • Acute vascular ischemic events in patients with central retinal artery occlusion in the United States: a nationwide study 2003-2014. (hkjo.hk)
  • therefore, we investigated the prevalence among 33 patients with retinal vein and artery occlu- sions and 80 controls. (who.int)
  • Cella W, Avila M. Optical coherence tomography as a means of evaluating acute ischaemic retinopathy in branch retinal artery occlusion. (medscape.com)