Colloid or hyaline bodies lying beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. They may occur either secondary to changes in the choroid that affect the pigment epithelium or as an autosomal dominant disorder of the retinal pigment epithelium.
Optic disk bodies composed primarily of acid mucopolysaccharides that may produce pseudopapilledema (elevation of the optic disk without associated INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION) and visual field deficits. Drusen may also occur in the retina (see RETINAL DRUSEN). (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p355)
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.
The inner layer of CHOROID, also called the lamina basalis choroideae, located adjacent to the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; (RPE) of the EYE. It is a membrane composed of the basement membranes of the choriocapillaris ENDOTHELIUM and that of the RPE. The membrane stops at the OPTIC NERVE, as does the RPE.
A form of MACULAR DEGENERATION also known as dry macular degeneration marked by occurrence of a well-defined progressive lesion or atrophy in the central part of the RETINA called the MACULA LUTEA. It is distinguishable from WET MACULAR DEGENERATION in that the latter involves neovascular exudates.
Method of making images on a sensitized surface by exposure to light or other radiant energy.
The single layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA, situated closely to the tips (outer segments) of the RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. These epithelial cells are macroglia that perform essential functions for the photoreceptor cells, such as in nutrient transport, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor membranes, and ensuring retinal attachment.
Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.
The layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA; the CILIARY BODY; and the IRIS in the eye.
The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.
The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.
An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.
An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to ceroid. It accumulates in various normal tissues and apparently increases in quantity with age.
A form of RETINAL DEGENERATION in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.

Vitronectin is a constituent of ocular drusen and the vitronectin gene is expressed in human retinal pigmented epithelial cells. (1/196)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) leads to dysfunction and degeneration of retinal photoreceptor cells. This disease is characterized, in part, by the development of extracellular deposits called drusen. The presence of drusen is correlated with the development of AMD, although little is known about drusen composition or biogenesis. Drusen form within Bruch's membrane, a stratified extracellular matrix situated between the retinal pigmented epithelium and choriocapillaris. Because of this association, we sought to determine whether drusen contain known extracellular matrix constituents. Antibodies directed against a battery of extracellular matrix molecules were screened on drusen-containing sections from human donor eyes, including donors with clinically documented AMD. Antibodies directed against vitronectin, a plasma protein and extracellular matrix component, exhibit intense and consistent reactivity with drusen; antibodies to the conformationally distinct, heparin binding form of human vitronectin are similarly immunoreactive. No differences in vitronectin immunoreactivity between hard and soft drusen, or between macular and extramacular regions, have been observed. RT-PCR analyses revealed that vitronectin mRNA is expressed in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)-choroidal complex and cultured RPE cells. These data document that vitronectin is a major constituent of human ocular drusen and that vitronectin mRNA is synthesized locally. Based on these data, we propose that vitronectin may participate in the pathogenesis of AMD.  (+info)

Increase in the advanced glycation end product pentosidine in Bruch's membrane with age. (2/196)

PURPOSE: To determine whether there is an age-related increase of pentosidine in human Bruch's membranes and to localize pentosidine and carboxymethyllysine (CML), two well-characterized, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in aged human Bruch's membranes and choroid in vivo. METHODS: Human Bruch's membrane samples were isolated from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid and subjected to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to determine pentosidine content. A polyclonal anti-pentosidine antibody and a monoclonal antibody specific for carboxymethyllysine were used to localize AGEs in 20-month-old nondiabetic, 82-year-old nondiabetic, and 82-year-old diabetic globes. RESULTS: Human Bruch's membranes (n = 20) showed a linear age-dependent increase in pentosidine that reached approximately 0.17 millimoles pentosidine per mole hydroxyproline in late life (r = 0.896; P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical evaluation showed evidence of pentosidine in Bruch's membrane, choroidal extracellular matrix, and vessel walls in the 82-year-old nondiabetic and diabetic globes. A similar staining pattern was found with the anti-CML antibody. Basal laminar deposits and drusen stained with both antibodies in the elderly nondiabetic eye. In contrast, neither antibody stained the 20-month-old tissue. CONCLUSIONS: We provide biochemical and immunohistochemical evidence for the formation of pentosidine and CML structures in human Bruch's membrane and choroid with age. These changes could promote aging of the RPE-Bruch's membrane-choroid complex.  (+info)

Early drusen formation in the normal and aging eye and their relation to age related maculopathy: a clinicopathological study. (3/196)

AIM: To describe the early formation of drusen and their relation to normal aging changes at the macula and to the development of age related maculopathy (ARM). METHOD: Histopathological features of 353 eyes without histological evidence of ARM are described and correlated with the clinical appearance. In addition, 45 of these eyes were examined by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Drusen were detected histopathologically in 177 (50%) eyes but were seen clinically in only 34% of these. Drusen were mainly small hard drusen with an occasional soft distinct drusen: no soft indistinct drusen were seen. Only those drusen deposits larger than 25-30 microns in diameter were detectable clinically. Preclinical drusen in eyes with only an occasional drusen were seen on electron microscopy as entrapment sites of coated membrane bound bodies which formed adjacent to the inner collagenous zone of Bruch's membrane. In contrast, preclinical drusen deposits in eyes with many drusen were seen as accumulations of amorphous material which appeared hyalinised by light microscopy. A distinct feature were rows of dense hyalinised microdrusen (1-2 microns in diameter), over which larger globular hyalinised drusen formed. CONCLUSION: Histological and ultrastructural examination can recognise and distinguish the earliest drusen formed as a result of normal aging from those associated with ARM. In eyes without diffuse deposits, histologically all drusen were of the hard hyalinised variety or their derivatives; no soft drusen composed of membranous debris were found. These findings support and explain those of other authors who do not consider the presence of a few small hard drusen to be a risk factor for the development of ARM.  (+info)

Histopathology of age-related macular degeneration. (4/196)

Age-related macular degeneration is a diffuse condition involving the retinal pigment epithelium, the photoreceptor cell layer, and perhaps the choriocapillaris. The early morphologic change is the development of basal deposits of two distinct types. This phase is not ophthalmoscopically detectable but psychophysical testing may demonstrate reduced function. The process becomes detectable with the occurrence of secondary changes in the pigment epithelium, soft drusen formation, and choroidal neovascularization. A reparative response results in disciform scars. The various morphologic forms of age-related macular degeneration are interrelated.  (+info)

Molecular composition of drusen as related to substructural phenotype. (5/196)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized in part by the deposition of extracellular deposits, including drusen, in the aging macula. A number of clinical studies have revealed a strong association between the number, size, and degree of confluency of drusen and AMD. Although a number of distinct morphological classes, or phenotypes, of drusen can be resolved at the ultrastructural level, very little is known about the compositional and etiological relationship between these phenotypes. A number of recent studies have begun to provide insight into the composition of drusen at the light microscopic level of resolution. Out of 33 extracellular matrix proteins evaluated, vitronectin was identified in hard and soft drusen [FASEB J 1999; 13:477-84]. Drusen have also been found to contain carbohydrate moieties which are labeled by wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and Limax flavus agglutinin (LFA). We have recently extended these histochemical, immunohistochemical, and biochemical investigations to examine the relationship between substructural drusen phenotype and composition. The initial results of these observations, generated from a repository of human donor eyes processed within four hours of death, are reported herein. Five distinct substructural drusen phenotypes were identified in tissue sections from eyes of approximately 400 donors; all five phenotypes were observed in eyes from donors with and without clinically documented AMD. Interestingly, no strict relationship between size (one important discriminator between "hard" and "soft" drusen class) and morphology was noted for four out of the five drusen phenotypes. Sections from the same donors were incubated with antibodies directed against vitronectin and with the lectins WGA and LFA, three probes recently shown to label hard and soft drusen at the light microscopic level of resolution. As anticipated, all of these probes bound to all phenotypes of drusen examined. These data suggest that different phenotypes of drusen, although they may differ significantly with respect to their substructural morphology, may possess a similar complement of extracellular matrix-associated proteins and saccharides. Ongoing investigations are directed toward determining whether there exist specific drusen constituents, not yet identified, that impart phenotypic and/or ontogenic specificity to drusen. It is anticipated that a more complete understanding of drusen composition, as it relates to phenotype, will provide significant new insight into the biology and etiology of various clinically manifested forms of AMD.  (+info)

The genetics of age-related macular degeneration. (6/196)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is increasingly recognized as a complex genetic disorder in which one or more genes contribute to an individual's susceptibility for developing the condition. Twin and family studies as well as population-based genetic epidemiologic methods have convincingly demonstrated the importance of genetics in AMD, though the extent of heritability, the number of genes involved, and the phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of the condition remain unresolved. The extent to which other hereditary macular dystrophies such as Stargardts disease, familial radial drusen (malattia leventinese), Best's disease, and peripherin/RDS-related dystrophy are related to AMD remains unclear. Alzheimer's disease, another late onset, heterogeneous degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, offers a valuable model for identifying the issues that confront AMD genetics.  (+info)

Subthreshold (retinal pigment epithelium) photocoagulation in macular diseases: a pilot study. (7/196)

BACKGROUND: Subthreshold (retinal pigment epithelium) photocoagulation is a new photocoagulation method, which treats the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and avoids damage to the neural retina. The initial results in this prospective pilot study on various macular diseases are presented. METHODS: 12 patients with diabetic maculopathy (group I), 10 with soft drusen (group II), and four with central serous retinopathy (CSR) (group III) were treated and followed up for 1 year. Treatment was achieved using a train of repetitive short laser pulses (1.7 micros) of a green Nd:YLF laser (parameters: 527 nm, 100 and 500 pulses, repetition rate: 500 Hz, spot size: 160 microm, energies: 70-100 microJ). Laser energy was based on the visibility of test lesions on fluorescein angiography (50-130 microJ). Patients were examined at various times by ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein and ICG angiography, and infrared imaging. RESULTS: After 6 months hard exudates disappeared in six out of nine patients in group I and leakage disappeared in six out of 12 diabetic patients. In group II drusen were less in seven out of 10 patients. In group III serous detachment disappeared in three out of four cases. Visual acuity was stable in all cases. None of the laser lesions was clinically visible immediately. After 1 day most lesions were visible as yellowish RPE depigmentation. After 3 months some of the lesions were visible as hyperpigmented areas but most were not. Fluorescein angiography showed leakage only in the first week. Infrared imaging showed that most lesions can be visualised in groups I and II after a period longer than 1 week as hyperreflective areas. CONCLUSION: This study showed that subthreshold (RPE) photocoagulation is effective in some cases of diabetic maculopathy, drusens, and in CSR. Visibility of laser burns is not always necessary in the treatment of macular diseases presented here. Infrared imaging is an effective and non-invasive way of visualising subthreshold (RPE) laser burns.  (+info)

Autofluorescence distribution associated with drusen in age-related macular degeneration. (8/196)

PURPOSE: To determine whether drusen in patients with age-related maculopathy and macular degeneration (ARM/AMD) are associated with focal changes in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lipofuscin fluorescence. METHOD: A new autofluorescence imaging device was used to study lipofuscin distribution associated with individual drusen in 20 patients with ARM/AMD. Paired monochromatic and autofluorescence fundus images were used for detailed analysis of the topography of autofluorescence at specific sites containing drusen. In four eyes, image analysis was used to compare the spatial distribution of the autofluorescence with the location of drusen and to quantify the autofluorescence distribution over individual drusen (54 drusen). REsuLTs. A specific pattern of autofluorescence was frequently found to be spatially associated with hard drusen and soft drusen between 60 and 175 microm in size. The pattern is characterized by a central area of decreased autofluorescence surrounded, in most cases, by an annulus of increased autofluorescence. The location of this pattern was highly correlated with the position of individual distinct drusen. The central low autofluorescence focus was on average 16% below the surrounding background, and the annulus, when present, was on average 6% more fluorescent than the background. Soft drusen larger than 175 microm and confluent soft drusen show either multifocal areas of low autofluorescence or a more heterogeneous distribution. CONCLUSIoNs. Autofluorescence imaging permits measurement of RPE lipofuscin at specific sites. RPE overlying drusen have altered autofluorescence, suggesting changes in RPE health.  (+info)

Retinal drusen are yellow-white, deposits of extracellular material that accumulate beneath the retina, most commonly in the macula. They are a common age-related finding and can also be seen in various other conditions such as inherited retinal diseases. Drusen can vary in size and number, and their presence is often associated with an increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss in older adults. However, not all individuals with drusen will develop AMD, and the significance of drusen depends on factors such as size, number, and location. It's important to monitor drusen and have regular eye examinations to assess any changes or progression that may indicate a higher risk for developing AMD.

Optic disk drusen are small, calcified deposits that form within the optic nerve head, also known as the optic disc. They are made up of protein and calcium salts and can vary in size and number. These deposits can be seen on ophthalmic examination using an instrument called an ophthalmoscope.

Optic disk drusen are typically asymptomatic and are often discovered during routine eye examinations. However, in some cases, they may cause visual disturbances or even vision loss if they compress the optic nerve fibers. They can also increase the risk of developing other eye conditions such as glaucoma.

Optic disk drusen are more commonly found in individuals with a family history of the condition and tend to occur in younger people, typically before the age of 40. While there is no cure for optic disk drusen, regular eye examinations can help monitor any changes in the condition and manage any associated visual symptoms or complications.

Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a medical condition that affects the central part of the retina, called the macula. The macula is responsible for sharp, detailed vision, which is necessary for activities such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces.

In AMD, there is a breakdown or deterioration of the macula, leading to gradual loss of central vision. There are two main types of AMD: dry (atrophic) and wet (exudative). Dry AMD is more common and progresses more slowly, while wet AMD is less common but can cause rapid and severe vision loss if left untreated.

The exact causes of AMD are not fully understood, but risk factors include age, smoking, family history, high blood pressure, obesity, and exposure to sunlight. While there is no cure for AMD, treatments such as vitamin supplements, laser therapy, and medication injections can help slow its progression and reduce the risk of vision loss.

The Bruch membrane is a thin, layered structure that separates the retina from the choroid in the eye. It is composed of five layers: the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the inner collagenous layer, the elastic layer, the outer collagenous layer, and the basement membrane of the choriocapillaris. The Bruch membrane provides structural support to the RPE and serves as a barrier between the retina and the choroid, allowing for the selective transport of nutrients and waste products. It also plays a role in maintaining the health of the photoreceptors in the retina. Damage to the Bruch membrane is associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss in older adults.

Geographic atrophy is a medical term used to describe a specific pattern of degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the underlying choroidal tissue in the eye. This condition is often associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of vision loss in older adults.

In geographic atrophy, there are well-defined areas of RPE and choroidal atrophy that appear as pale, irregularly shaped patches in the central part of the retina known as the macula. These patches can grow larger over time and may lead to progressive vision loss. The exact cause of geographic atrophy is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and other age-related changes in the eye.

Currently, there are no effective treatments for geographic atrophy, although research is ongoing to find new ways to slow or halt its progression. Regular eye exams and monitoring by an ophthalmologist are important for people with AMD or geographic atrophy to help detect any changes in their vision and manage their condition effectively.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "photography" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Photography refers to the art, application, or process of creating images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film.

If you're looking for a medical term related to imaging, there are several terms that might be relevant, such as:

1. Radiography: This is a technique using X-rays to visualize the internal structures of the body.
2. Ultrasonography: Also known as ultrasound, this is a diagnostic imaging technique using high-frequency sound waves to create images of the inside of the body.
3. Computed Tomography (CT): A type of imaging that uses X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): A type of imaging that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body.
5. Nuclear Medicine: This is a branch of medical imaging that uses small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose and treat diseases.

If you have any questions related to medical definitions or topics, feel free to ask!

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a single layer of cells located between the photoreceptor cells of the retina and the choroid, which is a part of the eye containing blood vessels. The RPE plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and function of the photoreceptors by providing them with nutrients, removing waste products, and helping to regulate the light-sensitive visual pigments within the photoreceptors.

The RPE cells contain pigment granules that absorb excess light to prevent scattering within the eye and improve visual acuity. They also help to form the blood-retina barrier, which restricts the movement of certain molecules between the retina and the choroid, providing an important protective function for the retina.

Damage to the RPE can lead to a variety of eye conditions, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of vision loss in older adults.

Fluorescein angiography is a medical diagnostic procedure used in ophthalmology to examine the blood flow in the retina and choroid, which are the inner layers of the eye. This test involves injecting a fluorescent dye, Fluorescein, into a patient's arm vein. As the dye reaches the blood vessels in the eye, a specialized camera takes rapid sequences of photographs to capture the dye's circulation through the retina and choroid.

The images produced by fluorescein angiography can help doctors identify any damage to the blood vessels, leakage, or abnormal growth of new blood vessels. This information is crucial in diagnosing and managing various eye conditions such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, and inflammatory eye diseases.

It's important to note that while fluorescein angiography is a valuable diagnostic tool, it does carry some risks, including temporary side effects like nausea, vomiting, or allergic reactions to the dye. In rare cases, severe adverse reactions can occur, so patients should discuss these potential risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing the procedure.

The pigment epithelium of the eye, also known as the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), is a layer of cells located between the photoreceptor cells of the retina and the choroid, which is the vascular layer of the eye. The RPE plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and function of the photoreceptors by providing them with nutrients, removing waste products, and helping to regulate the light that enters the eye.

The RPE cells contain pigment granules that absorb excess light, preventing it from scattering within the eye and improving visual acuity. They also help to create a barrier between the retina and the choroid, which is important for maintaining the proper functioning of the photoreceptors. Additionally, the RPE plays a role in the regeneration of visual pigments in the photoreceptor cells, allowing us to see in different light conditions.

Damage to the RPE can lead to various eye diseases and conditions, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of vision loss in older adults.

"Fundus Oculi" is a medical term that refers to the back part of the interior of the eye, including the optic disc, macula, fovea, retinal vasculature, and peripheral retina. It is the area where light is focused and then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve, forming visual images. Examinations of the fundus oculi are crucial for detecting various eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, glaucoma, and other retinal diseases. The examination is typically performed using an ophthalmoscope or a specialized camera called a retinal camera.

Diagnostic techniques in ophthalmology refer to the various methods and tests used by eye specialists (ophthalmologists) to examine, evaluate, and diagnose conditions related to the eyes and visual system. Here are some commonly used diagnostic techniques:

1. Visual Acuity Testing: This is a basic test to measure the sharpness of a person's vision. It typically involves reading letters or numbers from an eye chart at a specific distance.
2. Refraction Test: This test helps determine the correct lens prescription for glasses or contact lenses by measuring how light is bent as it passes through the cornea and lens.
3. Slit Lamp Examination: A slit lamp is a microscope that allows an ophthalmologist to examine the structures of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, and retina, in great detail.
4. Tonometry: This test measures the pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure) to detect conditions like glaucoma. Common methods include applanation tonometry and non-contact tonometry.
5. Retinal Imaging: Several techniques are used to capture images of the retina, including fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). These tests help diagnose conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal detachments.
6. Color Vision Testing: This test evaluates a person's ability to distinguish between different colors, which can help detect color vision deficiencies or neurological disorders affecting the visual pathway.
7. Visual Field Testing: This test measures a person's peripheral (or side) vision and can help diagnose conditions like glaucoma, optic nerve damage, or brain injuries.
8. Pupillary Reactions Tests: These tests evaluate how the pupils respond to light and near objects, which can provide information about the condition of the eye's internal structures and the nervous system.
9. Ocular Motility Testing: This test assesses eye movements and alignment, helping diagnose conditions like strabismus (crossed eyes) or nystagmus (involuntary eye movement).
10. Corneal Topography: This non-invasive imaging technique maps the curvature of the cornea, which can help detect irregularities, assess the fit of contact lenses, and plan refractive surgery procedures.

The choroid is a layer of the eye that contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the retina. It lies between the sclera (the white, protective coat of the eye) and the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye). The choroid is essential for maintaining the health and function of the retina, particularly the photoreceptor cells that detect light and transmit visual signals to the brain. Damage to the choroid can lead to vision loss or impairment.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses low-coherence light to capture high-resolution cross-sectional images of biological tissues, particularly the retina and other ocular structures. OCT works by measuring the echo time delay of light scattered back from different depths within the tissue, creating a detailed map of the tissue's structure. This technique is widely used in ophthalmology to diagnose and monitor various eye conditions such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.

The macula lutea, often simply referred to as the macula or fovea centralis, is a part of the eye that is responsible for central vision and color perception. It's located in the center of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. The macula contains a high concentration of pigments called xanthophylls, which give it a yellowish color and protect the photoreceptor cells in this area from damage by blue light.

The central part of the macula is called the fovea, which is a small depression that contains only cones, the photoreceptor cells responsible for color vision and high visual acuity. The fovea is surrounded by the parafovea and the perifovea, which contain both cones and rods, the photoreceptor cells responsible for low-light vision and peripheral vision.

Damage to the macula can result in a loss of central vision and color perception, a condition known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of blindness in older adults. Other conditions that can affect the macula include macular edema, macular holes, and macular pucker.

Lipofuscin is a type of pigment that accumulates in the lysosomes (membrane-bound organelles found inside cells) of various tissues, particularly in nerve cells and heart muscle cells. It consists of cross-linked proteins and lipids that are resistant to degradation by enzymes. The accumulation of lipofuscin is a normal part of aging but can also be associated with certain diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders.

It's often referred to as "age pigment" because it tends to increase in amount with age, and its presence in tissues has been linked to oxidative stress and cellular damage caused by free radicals. Lipofuscin is autofluorescent, meaning that it emits light when excited by certain wavelengths of light, which can be useful for its detection and quantification in research and diagnostic settings.

Wet macular degeneration, also known as neovascular or exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a medical condition that affects the central part of the retina called the macula. It's characterized by the growth of new blood vessels (neovascularization) from the choroid layer behind the retina into the macula, which is not typical in healthy eyes. These abnormal blood vessels are fragile and prone to leakage, leading to the accumulation of fluid or blood in the macula, causing distortion or loss of central vision.

The wet form of AMD can progress rapidly and often leads to more severe visual loss compared to the dry form. It's essential to diagnose and treat wet AMD promptly to preserve as much vision as possible. Common treatments include anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections, photodynamic therapy, or thermal laser treatment, depending on the specific case and individual patient factors.

Retinal findings such as macular drusen and macular hypoplasia have also been identified. STAR syndrome is caused by either ... Li, Alexa L.; Borooah, Shyamanga; Nudleman, Eric (2022). "Multimodal imaging of retinal findings in syndactyly, telecanthus, ... Other bone abnormalities, hearing loss, epilepsy, retinal abnormalities, syringomyelia, tethered spinal cord, and several other ...
", "dominant radial drusen" and "Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy". In 1889, he was the first physician to describe angioid ... Other names for the disorder are: "macular drusen", "malattia leventinese ...
It is characterised by changes in pigmentation in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium, the appearance of drusen on the retina of the ... Malattia Leventinese (or Doyne's honeycomb retinal dystrophy) is another maculopathy with a similar pathology to wet AMD. ...
In view of their location between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and its vascular supply, the choriocapillaris, it is ... Drusen composition also includes members of the complement system. Zinc in drusen has been suggested to play a role in drusen ... optic disc drusen, which is present on the optic nerve head. Both age-related drusen and optic disc drusen can be observed by ... Whether drusen promote AMD or are symptomatic of an underlying process that causes both drusen and AMD is not known, but they ...
The central retinal artery and vein can be seen in the middle of the disc as it exits the scleral canal with the optic nerve to ... Optic disc drusen are not related to Bruch membrane drusen of the retina which have been associated with age-related macular ... Optic disc drusen are found clinically in about 1% of the population but this increases to 3.4% in individuals with a family ... "Optic Nerve Head Drusen". Handbook of Ocular Disease Management. Jobson Publishing L.L.C. 2001. Archived from the original on ...
... of drusen. AMD-like pathology begins with small yellow deposits (drusen) in the macula, between the retinal pigment epithelium ... If normal retinal reception and image transmission are sometimes possible in a retina when high concentrations of drusen are ... People with drusen may or may not develop AMD. In fact, the majority of people over age 60 have drusen with no adverse effects ... In late AMD, enough retinal damage occurs that, in addition to drusen, people will also begin to experience symptomatic central ...
In many cases, people with MPGN II can develop drusen caused by deposits within Bruch's membrane beneath the retinal pigment ... Colville D, Guymer R, Sinclair RA, Savige J (2003). "Visual impairment caused by retinal abnormalities in mesangiocapillary ( ... "Visual impairment caused by retinal abnormalities in mesangiocapillary (membranoproliferative) glomerulonephritis type II (" ...
It is described as an exudative maculopathy, characterised by multiple recurrent serosanguineous retinal pigment epithelial ... hard exudates and drusen. If there is presence of polyps without clinical signs of subretinal detachment or hemorrhage, it is ... Signs include polypoidal lesions, orange-red lesions in fundus, subretinal fluid, retinal detachment, subretinal hemorrhages, ... and polypoidal vascular structures beneath the retinal detachment are other features of PCV. PCV is believed to occur due to ...
This allows a better contrast for viewing retinal blood vessels and associated hemorrhages, pale lesions such as drusen and ... The retinal nerve fibre layer should also be studied and commented on. The retina consists of ten semi-transparent layers that ... As retinal abnormalities often begin in a particular layer of the retina before encroaching into the other layers (such as the ... A typical camera views 30 to 50° of retinal area, with a magnification of 2.5x, and allows some modification of this ...
Bruch's membrane Drusen Fovea centralis Fundus (eye) Macula of retina This article incorporates text in the public domain from ... This comes not directly from the visual cycle but from several retinal pools of retinal binding proteins which are connected to ... For this, functional aspects come into play: the storage of retinal and the adaption of the reaction speed. Basically vision at ... The pigmented layer of retina or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory ...
... retinal drusen MeSH C11.768.585.731 - retinitis pigmentosa MeSH C11.768.585.731.627 - kearns-sayer syndrome MeSH C11.768. ... retinal perforations MeSH C11.768.757 - retinal vasculitis MeSH C11.768.760 - retinal vein occlusion MeSH C11.768.773 - ... retinal dysplasia MeSH C11.768.710 - retinal hemorrhage MeSH C11.768.717 - retinal neoplasms MeSH C11.768.717.760 - ... retinal artery occlusion MeSH C11.768.585 - retinal degeneration MeSH C11.768.585.439 - macular degeneration MeSH C11.768. ...
Also, vision can be impaired if the streaks progress to the fovea and damage the retinal pigment epithelium. Retinal fundus ... Optic disc drusen may also seen. The diagnosis is mainly clinical, however fundus fluorescein angiography shows that the ... They were first described by Robert Walter Doyne in 1889 in a patient with retinal hemorrhages. In 1892, ophthalmologist ...
... with drusen can be considered as a sign of chronicity since drusen take years to develop and appear. Drusen are ... Once retinal detachment occurs, the case becomes a surgical emergency.[citation needed] Additionally, if the nevus is present ... The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) can be captured as well, using autofluorescence, because the light waves can detect ... In nevi imaged by OCT, about 41% are found to have drusen. Naturally, nevi occur more frequently than melanoma. Research shows ...
... where in choroidal neovascularization occurs primarily in the presence of cracks within the retinal (specifically) macular ... also occur frequently with the rare genetic disease pseudoxanthoma elasticum and rarely with the more common optic disc drusen ... to control neovascularization and reduce the area of fluid below the retinal pigment epithelium. Angiogenesis inhibitors ...
Pigmented epithelial detachment Retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) Chorioretinal atrophy: ICGA help evaluating different ... In nonexudative AMD, ICGA is used in classification of drusen and associated subretinal deposits. Indications for indocyanine ... Images are taken in several second intervals until the retinal and choroidal circulations are maximally hyperfluorescent. Then ... as well as exudates and thin layers of sub-retinal vessels. Age-related macular degeneration is the third main cause of ...
Katsanis N, Venable S, Smith JR, Lupski JR (2000). "Isolation of a paralog of the Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy gene from ... 2003). "Analysis of the Arg345Trp disease-associated allele of the EFEMP1 gene in individuals with early onset drusen or ... Mutations in this gene are associated with Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy and with predisposition to hernias. EFEMP1/Fibulin ... 2001). "EFEMP1 is not associated with sporadic early onset drusen". Ophthalmic Genet. 22 (1): 27-34. doi:10.1076/opge.22.1. ...
This may be seen with optic nerve head drusen, astrocytic hamartoma, or calcific scarring. Black-and-white photos give better ... The ophthalmic artery supplies the choroid via the short posterior ciliary arteries and the retina via the central retinal ... This accounts for the short delay between the "choroidal flush" and retinal filling.[citation needed] Pathologic changes are ... Kumar, Vinay (2007). "Chapter 29: Eye, Retina and Vitreous, Retinal Vascular Disease". Robbins basic pathology (8th ed.). ...
This may lead to the formation of drusen in age-related macular degeneration. There is also a buildup of deposits (Basal Linear ... Bruch's membrane consists of five layers (from inside to outside): the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium the ... With age, lipid-containing extracellular deposits may accumulate between the membrane and the basal lamina of the retinal ...
They went on to use fundus autofluorescence to image the retinal pigment epithelium over the course of a year, this allowed ... results in the appearance of drusen and lipofuscin deposits (early and intermediate AMD). These and other products of oxidative ... Since the choriocapillaris is the main blood supply of the retinal pigment epithelium, it is leading some to believe that ... However, more recent data suggest that photoreceptor degeneration is not limited to the area of retinal pigment epithelium ...
It is important to determine whether the observed condition is due to optic nerve head drusen, which can cause an elevation of ... The fibers of the retinal ganglion cells of the optic disc become engorged and bulge anteriorly. Persistent and extensive optic ... For this reason, optic nerve head drusen is also called pseudopapilledema. Historically, papilledema was a potential ... radial retinal lines cascading from the optic disc) On visual field examination, the physician may elicit an enlarged blind ...
A Cochrane review published in 2015 found that while laser treatment reduces drusen, there is no difference from placebo at 2 ... The procedure is safe and effective for treating indicated retinal disorders, such as tears and glaucoma. It is typically an ... Light from the laser is absorbed by the retinal pigment epithelium and by the underlying choroid, which raises the temperature ... In 1949, he performed the first successful treatment of a retinal detachment with a light beam (light coagulation) using a self ...
The use of the distal order creates retinal nerve. The shape of leaf blades is a feature dividing the genus into informal ... The tissue of the stem also contains idioblasts with calcium oxalate crystals and drusen. The stem also contains secretory ...
Blockage of a vein in the retina can cause engorgement of the other retinal veins causing them to leak fluid under or into the ... As individuals age there may be a natural deterioration in the macula which can lead to the depositing of drusen under the ... In 2005, steroids were investigated for the treatment of macular edema due to retinal blood vessel blockage such as CRVO and ... Lusby FW (8 May 2014). "Retinal Vein Occlusion". Medline Plus. US Library of Medicine. Retrieved 30 January 2016. Abaasi O (11 ...
2004). "Mutation in a short-chain collagen gene, CTRP5, results in extracellular deposit formation in late-onset retinal ... and optic disc drusen is caused by a MFRP gene mutation". Mol. Vis. 12: 1483-9. PMID 17167404. Yang L, Yamasaki K, Shirakata Y ... 2006). "Mutation screen of the membrane-type frizzled-related protein (MFRP) gene in patients with inherited retinal ... 2005). "Sequencing arrays for screening multiple genes associated with early-onset human retinal degenerations on a high- ...
Retinal haemorrhage (H35.7) Separation of retinal layers Central serous retinopathy Retinal detachment: Detachment of retinal ... Optic disc drusen - globules progressively calcify in the optic disc, compressing the vascularization and optic nerve fibers ( ... Peripheral retinal degeneration (H35.5) Hereditary retinal dystrophy (H35.5) Retinitis pigmentosa - genetic disorder; tunnel ... Retinal detachment - the retina detaches from the choroid, leading to blurred and distorted vision (H33.1) Retinoschisis - the ...
Upon the absorption of light rhodopsin was decomposed into retinal and opsin through bleaching. Retinal could then have one of ... Eventually, these deposits become clinically visible drusen that affect photoreceptor health, causing inflammation and a ... The photopigment rhodopsin found in human rod cells is composed of retinal, a form of vitamin A, bound to an opsin protein. ... Lamb, T. D.; Pugh Jr, E. N. (2004). "Dark adaptation and the retinoid cycle of vision". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. ...
Berger was a pioneer of quantitative retinal imaging with a number of publications on image analysis methods for modalities ... Computer-assisted, interactive fundus image processing for macular drusen quantitation. Ophthalmology. 1999 Jun;106(6):1119-25 ... Thermal modelling of micropulsed diode laser retinal photocoagulation. Lasers Surg Med. 1997;20(4):409-15. Berger JW, Talamo JH ...
"Retinal Physician - CONVERSATIONS IN RETINA: A Conversation With Michael Abràmoff, MD, PhD". Retinal Physician. Retrieved 2018- ... "Automated detection and differentiation of drusen, exudates, and cotton-wool spots in digital color fundus photographs for ... Abramoff, Michael D; Garvin, Mona K; Sonka, Milan (2010). "Retinal Imaging and Image Analysis". IEEE Reviews in Biomedical ... SPIETV (February 23, 2012), Automated detection of retinal disease: when Moore's law meets Baumol's cost disease, retrieved ...
... leading to a decrease in retinal circulation which, in turn, causes retinal hypoxia. While, most commonly, emboli causing ... Ocular causes include: Iritis Keratitis Blepharitis Optic disc drusen Posterior vitreous detachment Closed-angle glaucoma ... Smit RL, Baarsma GS, Koudstaal PJ (1994). "The source of embolism in amaurosis fugax and retinal artery occlusion" (PDF). Int ... "Observations suggest that a systemic hemodynamic challenge provoke[s] the release of vasospastic substance in the retinal ...
The optic disc represents the beginning of the optic nerve and is the point where the axons of retinal ganglion cells come ... and optic disc drusen. Women in an advanced stage of pregnancy with pre-eclampsia should be screened by an ophthalmoscopic ... Heidelberg retinal tomography (HRT), scanning laser polarimetry and optical coherence tomography are computerised techniques ... Diagram at Moorfields Eye Hospital Diagram at Ballard Optical[permanent dead link] Retinal Vein Pulsation Is in Phase with ...
... or conventional drusen (CD). Participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmoscopic examination. Evidence of SDD or CD was ... Inner retinal layer macular thickness measurements were obtained for central circles with 1, 3, and 5 mm diameter. Continuous ... There was significant reduction in the inner retinal layer thickness in the central 1mm area and in the superior 3 mm area in ... Inner retinal layer macular thickness measurements were obtained for central circles with 1, 3, and 5 mm diameter. Continuous ...
Retinal Drusen / metabolism Substances * Glycation End Products, Advanced * N(6)-carboxymethyllysine * Arginine ... Methods: Human Bruchs membrane samples were isolated from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid and subjected to ... Basal laminar deposits and drusen stained with both antibodies in the elderly nondiabetic eye. In contrast, neither antibody ...
Retinal findings such as macular drusen and macular hypoplasia have also been identified. STAR syndrome is caused by either ... Li, Alexa L.; Borooah, Shyamanga; Nudleman, Eric (2022). "Multimodal imaging of retinal findings in syndactyly, telecanthus, ... Other bone abnormalities, hearing loss, epilepsy, retinal abnormalities, syringomyelia, tethered spinal cord, and several other ...
Categories: Retinal Drusen Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 5 ...
Fast detection and segmentation of drusen in retinal optical coherence tomography images Author(s): Sina Farsiu; Stephanie J. ... We report on the development of an automatic method for detection and segmentation of drusen in retinal images captured via ... In the retina, retinal nerve fiber layer and retinal pigment epitherial layer have the characteristic birefringent properties. ... A computer model was used to predict thresholds for 532 nm scanned retinal exposure and exposure for different retinal beam ...
Learning Non-Homogenous Textures and the Unlearning Problem with Application to Drusen Detection in Retinal Images Lee, Noah; ... NeuronsRetinal ganglion cellsCalculus of tensorsNeurosciencesBiomedical engineering 11. Use of Wavelet Transforms in Analysis ...
Although the mechanisms behind AMD are unknown, the growth of fatty deposits known as drusen, have been shown to play a role in ... Although the mechanisms behind AMD are unknown, the growth of fatty deposits known as drusen, have been shown to play a role in ... Future work will focus on encapsulating biologically active moieties to target drusen. This would allow this novel bioactive ... During atrophic AMD the waste/exchange pathway between the blood supply (choroid) and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is ...
No history of exudative ARMD, diabetes treatment or evidence of diabetic retinopathy; drusen, ERM, CME, and other retinal ... No history of exudative ARMD, diabetes treatment or evidence of diabetic retinopathy; drusen, ERM, CME, and other retinal ... One general approach estimates retinal blood flow (RBF) by measuring the speed of blood transiting the retinal capillary bed ( ... Intravitreal sustained release of VEGF causes retinal neovascularization in rabbits and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier ...
Learning Non-Homogenous Textures and the Unlearning Problem with Application to Drusen Detection in Retinal Images Lee, Noah; ... Biomedical engineeringImage analysisRetinal degeneration 9. Interactive segmentation for geographic atrophy in retinal fundus ... 2. A Partial Intensity Invariant Feature Descriptor for Multimodal Retinal Image Registration Chen, Jian; Tian, Jie; Lee, Noah ... 4. Bayesian Transductive Markov Random Fields for Interactive Segmentation in Retinal Disorders Lee, Noah; Laine, Andrew F.; ...
Overlying retinal pigment epithelium usually develops areas of atrophy, drusen, and localized pigment epithelial detachments. ... Overlying the choroidal melanoma, there are usually retinal pigment epithelial changes (eg, drusen), patches of atrophy, and ... Overlying the choroidal melanoma there usually are retinal pigment epithelial changes (eg, drusen), patches of atrophy, and ... Simultaneous fluorescence of retinal and choroidal circulation within the tumor is fairly distinctive of choroidal melanomas ...
Both large, soft drusen and SDDs contribute to development of neovascular AMD and macular atrophy. However, the lesions differ ... An older man with myocardial insufficiency had high myopia and confluent SDD with no evidence of drusen. A patient with severe ... Source Reference: Smith RT, et all "Could we save lives with retinal imaging by finding undetected high-risk vascular diseases ... Among 47 patients with CVD and AMD, 40 (85%) had SDD with or without subretinal drusen. An analysis aided by artificial ...
Normal retinal. appearance initially that progresses afterward to drusen-like pigmentary changes in 60% and 80% of cases.10,40 ... These genes encode retinal proteins that affect one of seven pathways, the disruption of each of which causes retinal ... Type 1: Normal in vivo retinal architecture: LCA patients with GUCY2D mutations can display subnormal retinal and outer nuclear ... In type 3, there is retinal dysfunction due to absence or dysfunction of key retinal biochemical messages despite relatively ...
2017). Vision function differs with retinal characteristics in AMD: large drusen with and without pigment abnormalities. ... 2017). Studying the Retinal Source of Photophobia by Facial Electroretinography. Optometry And Vision Science, 94(4). 10.1097/ ...
2015, Retinal Layer Thickness in Drusen and Drusen-Free Retinal Areas in Age-Related Macular Degeneration, in INVESTIGATIVE ... Nivison-Smith L; Wang H; Assaad N; Kalloniatis M, 2018, Retinal Thickness Changes throughout the Natural History of Drusen in ... 2015, In vivo quantification of retinal changes associated with drusen in age-related macular degeneration, Investigative ... 2015, In Vivo Quantification of Retinal Changes Associated With Drusen in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (vol 56, pg 1689, ...
... which further inhibited the viability of human retinal pigment epithelial cells and promoted cell apoptosis and angiogenesis as ... The hallmark of AMD pathogenesis is the retinal pigment epithelial cell damage induced by drusen accumulation, in which ... The retinal and choroid tissues were separated from CNV mice (post-laser, 21 days), homogenized in ice-cold RIPA lysis buffer ( ... the presence of drusen and atrophy and wet AMD with the features of edema and hemorrhage within or below the retina or retinal ...
Overlying retinal pigment epithelium usually develops areas of atrophy, drusen, and localized pigment epithelial detachments. ... Overlying the choroidal melanoma, there are usually retinal pigment epithelial changes (eg, drusen), patches of atrophy, and ... Overlying the choroidal melanoma there usually are retinal pigment epithelial changes (eg, drusen), patches of atrophy, and ... Simultaneous fluorescence of retinal and choroidal circulation within the tumor is fairly distinctive of choroidal melanomas ...
Drusen are accumulations of acellular, amorphous debris subjacent to the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium (6 ... 6. NM Bressler et al, Clinicopathological correlation of drusen and retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities in age-related ... The amount of central vision loss is directly related to the location and amount of retinal thinning caused by the drusen. ... Nearly all people over the age of 50 years have at least one small druse in one or both eyes (7). Only eyes with large drusen ...
Nguyen, A. N., Mane, P., Keller, L. P., Piani, L., Abe, Y., Aléon, J., Alexander, C. M. O. D., Amari, S., Amelin, Y., Bajo, K. I., Bizzarro, M., Bouvier, A., Carlson, R. W., Chaussidon, M., Choi, B. G., Dauphas, N., Davis, A. M., Di Rocco, T., Fujiya, W., Fukai, R., & 72 othersGautam, I., Haba, M. K., Hibiya, Y., Hidaka, H., Homma, H., Hoppe, P., Huss, G. R., Ichida, K., Iizuka, T., Ireland, T. R., Ishikawa, A., Itoh, S., Kawasaki, N., Kita, N. T., Kitajima, K., Kleine, T., Komatani, S., Krot, A. N., Liu, M. C., Masuda, Y., McKeegan, K. D., Morita, M., Motomura, K., Moynier, F., Nakai, I., Nagashima, K., Nesvorný, D., Nittler, L., Onose, M., Pack, A., Park, C., Qin, L., Russell, S. S., Sakamoto, N., Schönbächler, M., Tafla, L., Tang, H., Terada, K., Terada, Y., Usui, T., Wada, S., Wadhwa, M., Walker, R. J., Yamashita, K., Yin, Q. Z., Yokoyama, T., Yoneda, S., Young, E. D., Yui, H., Zhang, A. C., Nakamura, T., Naraoka, H., Noguchi, T., Okazaki, R., Sakamoto, K., Yabuta, H., Abe, M., Miyazaki, ...
A. Drusen Explanation. Drusen are small, round, yellow dots that are commonly found on the retinal surface. They are benign ... Benign degenerative hyaline deposits that are small, round, yellow dots and scattered haphazardly on the retinal surface are ... Drusen are important to identify as their presence can indicate an increased risk for developing AMD, a leading cause of vision ...
The Types, Causes, and Symptoms of Retinal Drusen. September 7, 2023 No Comments ... What is Drusen Macular Degeneration?. September 28, 2022 No Comments Drusen and macular degeneration, are they the same thing? ... What does a retinal pucker mean? An uncommon eye problem called a macular pucker can make your vision wavy or blurry. Most of ... Glaucoma, which is defined by the loss of retinal ganglion cells, is the most prevalent cause of permanent blindness in the ...
... soft drusen or reticular drusen, hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium. Diabetic retinopathy ...
Automated drusen detection in retinal images using analytical modelling algorithms. Mora. 1 ... The drusen detection uses a gradient based segmentation algorithm that isolates drusen and provides basic drusen ... However, the thickness of such slices, when compared with the retinal thickness, is too large to give useful 3D retinal images ... The detected drusen are then fitted by Modified Gaussian functions, producing a model of the image that is used to evaluate the ...
Her retinal images clearly show that, as of July 2023, the drusen are gone in both eyes. In addition, Ambers images show that ... Her retinal images show not only the disappearance of drusen in both eyes, but also, improvement in the health of adjacent ... This was done at the suggestion of her retinal specialist who thought that, because the drusen were gone, less irradiation of ... Drusen do not cause AMD but are associated with an increased risk of the disease. And it is well-known that drusen themselves ...
The Proteomics of Drusen. John W. Crabb. Highly Penetrant Alleles in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Anneke I. den Hollander ... GENETICS OF INHERITED RETINAL DEGENERATIONS. Clinical Characteristics and Current Therapies for Inherited Retinal Degenerations ... Retinal Disorders: Genetic Approaches to Diagnosis and Treatment Book Series: A Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine ... Gene Therapy for the Retinal Degeneration of Usher Syndrome Caused by Mutations in MY07A. Vanda S. Lopes and David S. Williams ...
... drusen, and retinal pigment 27 May 2016 Clinical and ultrasound findings suggest a choroidal nevus that has remained stable ... such as overlying retinal pigment epithelial alterations and drusen; and suspicious features, including subretinal fluid and ... A typical choroidal naevus is asymp-tomatic, less than 5mm in diameter and less than 1mm in thickness, with surface drusen, no ... Gunnar Akner, Örebro Hopping from hope to reality in retinal dystrophies. Eduardo samt nya teorier kring hur våra nevi uppstår ...
retinal drusen. *microcystoid degeneration. *pigment clumping. *diffuse zones of atrophy Paving stone degeneration, contrary to ... Round retinal tears - "round holes" carry a lower risk of retinal detachment, but if the edges are raised and if it is a risk ... Retinal tufts - sites of focal adhesion of the retina and vitreous body and are a risk for rupture and an indication for laser ... degeneration of the retinal periphery, which can be risky or non-risky. ruptures that can be horseshoe-shaped - tractional ( ...
A knowledge graph of biological entities such as genes, gene functions, diseases, phenotypes and chemicals. Embeddings are generated with Walking RDF and OWL method ...
  • LCN2 was increased by SOX9 and SIRT1 deacetylated SOX9 to promote its nuclear translocation, which further inhibited the viability of human retinal pigment epithelial cells and promoted cell apoptosis and angiogenesis as well as CNV-induced AMD formation. (hindawi.com)
  • 6. NM Bressler et al, Clinicopathological correlation of drusen and retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities in age-related macular degeneration. (macular.org)
  • Young patients tend to show little overlying retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) changes or drusen. (entokey.com)
  • It is associated with a slowly progressive form of sight loss where fatty deposits known as drusen, form on BM leading to alterations and atrophy of the RPE. (frontiersin.org)
  • Both large, soft drusen and SDDs contribute to development of neovascular AMD and macular atrophy. (medpagetoday.com)
  • AMD has two types: dry AMD with the presence of drusen and atrophy and wet AMD with the features of edema and hemorrhage within or below the retina or retinal pigment epithelium besides drusen and atrophy [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In the dry form, loss of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) results in retinal tissue atrophy called geographic atrophy (GA) . In wet AMD, choroidal neovascularization (CNV) develops in the macula, which can also result in GA in the later stages of the disease. (eyesoneyecare.com)
  • Advances in Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (Fd-OCT) permit visualization of three-dimensional morphology of in-vivo retinal structures in a way that promises to revolutionize clinical and experimental imaging of the retina. (spie.org)
  • In the "dry" type of macular degeneration, the deterioration of the retina is associated with the formation of small yellow deposits, known as drusen , under the macula. (macular.org)
  • Retinal imaging with a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO) involves scanning a small laser beam over the retina and constructing an image from the reflected light. (scite.ai)
  • We can see the peripheral part of the retina only with a completely wide pupil - mydriasis, that part is important because it often contains a wide variety of changes that, if not noticed in time, can lead to complications, and one of the most serious is certainly a rupture - tearing of the retina with the consequent detachment of the retina from its base ie retinal ablation. (drsandrajovanovic.rs)
  • Due to the pathological relationship between the vitreous and the retina at the point of degeneration and the possibility of retinal rupture, this degeneration is an indication for LFC treatment. (drsandrajovanovic.rs)
  • Age-Related Macular Degeneration , Age-related macular degeneration begins with characteristic yellow deposits in the macula (central area of the retina which provides detailed central vision, called fovea) called drusen between the retinal pigment epithelium and the underlying choroid. (fortworth2020.com)
  • Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss in people over 50 in which the central portion of the retina, called the macula , is damaged as a result of the hardening of the small arteries supplying oxygen and nutrients to the retinal tissue. (coastaljerseyeye.com)
  • Drusen are tiny yellow or white deposits under the retina. (cdc.gov)
  • It is characterized by a buildup of yellowish deposits called drusen beneath the retina and vision loss that worsens slowly over time. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The purpose of this study was to evaluate central and parafoveal inner retinal layer thickness in patients with subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) or conventional drusen (CD). (uzh.ch)
  • Basal laminar deposits and drusen stained with both antibodies in the elderly nondiabetic eye. (nih.gov)
  • Although the mechanisms behind AMD are unknown, the growth of fatty deposits known as drusen, have been shown to play a role in the disease. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, their evaluation is fastidious and difficult to reproduce when performed manually.MethodsThis article proposes a methodology for Automatic Drusen Deposits Detection and quantification in Retinal Images (AD3RI) by using digital image processing techniques. (scite.ai)
  • She also had fatty deposits called drusen in both eyes. (merliannews.com)
  • During a routine eye exam, the eye doctor may notice subretinal deposits of fats, proteins, and cellular waste known as drusen . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • These deposits are known as drusen and subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDDs). (mountsinai.org)
  • Typically, we see small, yellow colored deposits between the retinal layers, which are called drusen . (coastaljerseyeye.com)
  • It occurs in 6-8% of patients and is associated with retinal detachment in 14-35% of cases. (drsandrajovanovic.rs)
  • Retinal ablation can occur asymptomatically, without prior vitreous detachment due to the presence of quiet circular ruptures within the palisade degeneration. (drsandrajovanovic.rs)
  • As the tumor enlarges, it may cause distortion of the pupil (iris melanoma), blurred vision (ciliary body melanoma), or markedly decreased visual acuity caused by secondary retinal detachment (choroidal melanoma). (cigna.com)
  • Retinal detachment. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • Ophthalmological risk with the intraocular injection (all intravitreal treatments): active or suspected ocular or periocular infection, severe blepharitis, history of endophthalmitis, history of retinal detachment, myopathy, glaucoma. (who.int)
  • The early stage of dry age-related macular degeneration is associated with minimal visual impairment and is characterized by large drusen and pigmentary abnormalities in the macula (5). (macular.org)
  • The giant nevus often has overlying drusen and RPE abnormalities, but has an approximate 15% risk for transformation into melanoma. (entokey.com)
  • I.E., central retinal artery occlusion, swollen discs, papilledema, drusen, congenital anomalies The project will be completed within the Summer and Fall semesters to best accommodate the schedules of the content experts. (nnlm.gov)
  • Patients with branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) typically present with acute, unilateral, painless, partial visual loss. (medscape.com)
  • Validation of smartphone based retinal photography for diabetic retinopathy screening. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Sengupta S, Sindal MD, Baskaran P, Pan U, Venkatesh R. Sensitivity and specificity of smartphone based retinal imaging for diabetic retinopathy: a comparative study. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Development and validation of a deep learning algorithm for detection of diabetic retinopathy in retinal fundus photographs. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Development and validation of a deep learning system for diabetic retinopathy and related eye diseases using retinal images from multiethnic populations with diabetes. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Human Bruch's membrane samples were isolated from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid and subjected to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to determine pentosidine content. (nih.gov)
  • During atrophic AMD the waste/exchange pathway between the blood supply (choroid) and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is compromised. (frontiersin.org)
  • Drusen on the surface of a choroidal nevus usually show hyperfluorescence throughout the angiogram sequence as a result of transmission of fluorescence from the choroid. (entokey.com)
  • Ultra-high isotropic resolution imaging of retinal structures was made possible with an adaptive optics system using dual deformable mirrors and a Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (Fd-OCT) system with correction for longitudinal chromatic aberration. (spie.org)
  • This work should prompt retinal specialists to look for both drusen and SDDs with optical coherence tomography (OCT), a standard retinal imaging technique, to best counsel patients. (mountsinai.org)
  • Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been shown to greatly benefit in the diagnosis of peripheral retinal degenerations by characterizing structural elements. (okna-dvere-podlahy.cz)
  • Figure 4 shows spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) illustrating medium-sized soft drusen. (eyesoneyecare.com)
  • For example, patients with mutations in CRB1 , LRAT , CEP290, or RPE65 may have VA better than 20/50 and may actually be diagnosed later in early childhood, and sometimes designated as having early-onset childhood retinal dystrophy or early-onset severe childhood retinal dystrophy, rather than LCA. (aao.org)
  • As you follow the superior temporal artery, a large aneurysmal dilation of the artery can be seen with surrounding retinal hemorrhage and exudate. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • In conclusion the inner retinal layer is thinner in the central macula and in the superior parafovea in eyes. (uzh.ch)
  • The presence of small drusen is normal and does not cause vision loss. (cdc.gov)
  • Isolated RPD, in the absence of conventional drusen, is uncommon but does occur. (medscape.com)
  • 6 7 By contrast, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) appears to stimulate retinal vasodilatation and neovascularization. (arvojournals.org)
  • Macroaneurysms are frequently associated with other ocular conditions including retinal vascular occlusions and retinal emboli. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • 22 Jan 2018 Enhanced depth imaging (EDI)-OCT of choroidal nevus shows smooth-surface topography, chronic overlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) 3 May 2019 Small pigmented choroidal lesions may be choroidal nevus or choroidal surface features (orange pigmentation, drusen, and retinal pigment 27 May 2016 Clinical and ultrasound findings suggest a choroidal nevus that has remained stable over a decade of Pigmented lesion next to optic disc. (firebaseapp.com)
  • The recent application of molecular genetic techniques to retinal disorders has led to remarkable advances in the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions. (cshlpress.com)
  • Objective To assess the performance of a deep learning system (DLS) to discriminate between optic disc drusen (ODD) and papilledema caused by intracranial hypertension, using standard color ocular fundus photographs collected in a large international multi-ethnic population. (medrxiv.org)
  • Hereditary, physiologic, or environmental factors can lead to various retinal disorders and may cause blindness. (cshlpress.com)
  • The co-registration between different imaging platforms becomes even more important if small retinal changes are monitored for early detection and treatment. (spie.org)
  • The drusen detection uses a gradient based segmentation algorithm that isolates drusen and provides basic drusen characterization to the modelling stage. (scite.ai)
  • By January 2023, the drusen were gone in one eye and greatly diminished in the other eye. (merliannews.com)
  • Continued improvement was evident in retinal images taken in April 2023 and even more so in July 2023. (merliannews.com)
  • Among 47 patients with CVD and AMD, 40 (85%) had SDD with or without subretinal drusen. (medpagetoday.com)
  • In clinical practice, once all this has been formulated and codified, it is possible that we could have these fairly inexpensive retinal cameras available through[out] the medical world so that patients can be screened by them as part of their routine medical care," Smith told MedPage Today . (medpagetoday.com)
  • To investigate the hypothesis, Smith and colleagues prospectively identified 97 patients with SDD, with or without drusen, and 103 with drusen only. (medpagetoday.com)
  • There are currently 20 retinal genes whose mutations cause the phenotype of LCA, accounting for about 70% of the cases, while the genes underlying the remaining 30% of patients await discovery. (aao.org)
  • External-testing was subsequently performed on an independent dataset (221 patients) including 207 images with ODD (96 visible and 111 buried), provided by 3 centers of the Optic Disc Drusen Studies Consortium, and 214 images of papilledema (92 mild-to-moderate and 122 severe) from a previously validated study. (medrxiv.org)
  • We found it was consistently twice as bright in the patients with SDDs as those with drusen when they reached advanced AMD, and came from a unique diseased layer," explains lead author R. Theodore Smith, MD, PhD, Professor of Ophthalmology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. (mountsinai.org)
  • They also selected only patients who had OCT scans over the three previous years so they could determine whether the diseased regions started with drusen, SDDs, or both. (mountsinai.org)
  • In a study of 70 patients with retinal emboli, 40 were found to have cholesterol emboli, 8 platelet-fibrin emboli, 6 calcific emboli, and 1 possible myxomatous embolus. (medscape.com)
  • Nous avons évalué les connaissances des médecins non ophtalmologistes relatives aux techniques d'examen ophtalmologique chez les patients diabétiques, leurs attitudes à l'égard de l'examen du fond d'Å“il et leurs pratiques en matière d'examen ophtalmologique complet. (who.int)
  • To study the feasibility involved in care of patients with diabetes of such an endeavour, the capacity of (family physicians, hospital physicians, the current cadre of physicians in retinal diabetologists and other types of doctors) examination of people with diabetes needed in health institutions of the North Sharqiya to be assessed. (who.int)
  • Inner retinal layer macular thickness measurements were obtained for central circles with 1, 3, and 5 mm diameter. (uzh.ch)
  • There was significant reduction in the inner retinal layer thickness in the central 1mm area and in the superior 3 mm area in the SDD and CD group compared to controls. (uzh.ch)
  • However, the thickness of such slices, when compared with the retinal thickness, is too large to give useful 3D retinal images. (scite.ai)
  • With increasing age, choroidal nevus demonstrates slightly increased thickness, greater chance for multifocality, and more obvious overlying drusen. (entokey.com)
  • Narrowed branch retinal artery, boxcarring, segmentation of the blood columns, cotton-wool spots, and emboli are other possible findings. (medscape.com)
  • Dilated fundus examination of the left eye was significant for macular drusen and mild attenuation of the retinal vasculature. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • If you are over the age of 40-45 and you have a family history of Macular Degeneration, we recommend that you have a thorough eye examination, including a dilated retinal evaluation, each year. (coastaljerseyeye.com)
  • Funduscopic examination shows retinal whitening along the distribution of the affected artery. (medscape.com)
  • Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the second most common group of inherited retinal dystrophies after retinitis pigmentosa, accounting for about 5% of all retinal dystrophies. (aao.org)
  • Gunnar Akner, Örebro Hopping from hope to reality in retinal dystrophies. (firebaseapp.com)
  • c ) OCT showing choroidal mass with overlying drusen, subretinal fluid, and photoreceptor loss. (entokey.com)
  • Investigators hypothesized that high-risk CVD -- including myocardial infarction (MI), valvular disease, and internal carotid artery stenosis (ICA) -- are strongly associated with SDDs but not drusen. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Combined with our prior research, this provides conclusive evidence that two different disease processes in AMD are taking place, one with darker fluorescence and drusen, and one with brighter fluorescence and SDDs, and they need to be treated differently. (mountsinai.org)
  • no pigmentary changes are present, and drusen are between 63µm and 125µm in size. (eyesoneyecare.com)
  • Figure 6 demonstrates SD-OCT imaging illustrating large drusen with small hyper-reflective foci suggestive of RPE pigmentary changes. (eyesoneyecare.com)
  • They are commonly found in association with other signs of ARM (age-related maculopathy), including drusen over 125 micrometers and pigmentary changes. (medscape.com)
  • 1 Sep 2011 These cells, along with the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, Fundus photograph of a benign gray choroidal nevus in the inferior arcade tive treatment of a likely central retinal the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). (firebaseapp.com)
  • fundus image of choroidal nevus showing a well-demarcated melanocytic nevus 28 Oct 2019 The main dermoscopic features seen in both congenital and acquired melanocytic nevi are pigment network, aggregated globules, and diffuse The disease is characterized by pigment accumulation along the distribution of retinal veins. (firebaseapp.com)
  • With time, a nevus can develop fine drusen on the surface ( Fig. 26-1 and Fig. 26-2 ). (entokey.com)
  • Fig. 26.1 Choroidal nevus with drusen. (entokey.com)
  • a ) Amelanotic nevus with drusen. (entokey.com)
  • c ) Giant nevus with drusen. (entokey.com)
  • The number of pigmented nevi has also The presence of dysplastic nevi per se with increased incidence of retinal malignant melanoma, but also other. (firebaseapp.com)
  • From July 2021 through October 2022, surprisingly, the retinal images showed an improvement in her condition . (merliannews.com)
  • Drusen do not cause AMD but are associated with an increased risk of the disease. (merliannews.com)
  • Drusen directly relate to the disease state. (merliannews.com)
  • Her retinal images show not only the disappearance of drusen in both eyes, but also, improvement in the health of adjacent retinal tissue. (merliannews.com)
  • Written and edited by experts in the field, this collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine reviews recent work on retinal diseases, describing their genetic and molecular basis, their clinical characteristics, and strategies to diagnose and treat them. (cshlpress.com)
  • In particular, the authors describe impressive advances in gene therapy treatments for retinal diseases, some of which have led to clinical success. (cshlpress.com)
  • Common retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and retinitis pigmentosa are covered, as are rare disorders such as Leber congenital amaurosis and Usher syndrome. (cshlpress.com)
  • Only eyes with large drusen are at risk for late age-related macular degeneration (8). (macular.org)
  • However, the presence of large and more numerous drusen raises the risk of developing advanced dry AMD or wet AMD. (cdc.gov)
  • It is estimated that 1.8 million Americans aged 40 years and older are affected by AMD and an additional 7.3 million with large drusen are at substantial risk of developing AMD. (cdc.gov)
  • It is unclear how these genetic changes are related to the retinal damage and vision loss characteristic of this condition. (medlineplus.gov)