Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.
Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).
Proteins from the family Retroviridae. The most frequently encountered member of this family is the Rous sarcoma virus protein.
Genus of non-oncogenic retroviruses which establish persistent infections in many animal species but are considered non-pathogenic. Its species have been isolated from primates (including humans), cattle, cats, hamsters, horses, and sea lions. Spumaviruses have a foamy or lace-like appearance and are often accompanied by syncytium formation. SIMIAN FOAMY VIRUS is the type species.
Nucleotide sequences repeated on both the 5' and 3' ends of a sequence under consideration. For example, the hallmarks of a transposon are that it is flanked by inverted repeats on each end and the inverted repeats are flanked by direct repeats. The Delta element of Ty retrotransposons and LTRs (long terminal repeats) are examples of this concept.
Elements that are transcribed into RNA, reverse-transcribed into DNA and then inserted into a new site in the genome. Long terminal repeats (LTRs) similar to those from retroviruses are contained in retrotransposons and retrovirus-like elements. Retroposons, such as LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS do not contain LTRs.
Retroviral proteins that have the ability to transform cells. They can induce sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and mammary carcinomas. Not all retroviral proteins are oncogenic.

Role of cytokine signaling molecules in erythroid differentiation of mouse fetal liver hematopoietic cells: functional analysis of signaling molecules by retrovirus-mediated expression. (1/1022)

Erythropoietin (EPO) and its cell surface receptor (EPOR) play a central role in proliferation, differentiation, and survival of erythroid progenitors. Signals induced by EPO have been studied extensively by using erythroid as well as nonerythroid cell lines, and various controversial results have been reported as to the role of signaling molecules in erythroid differentiation. Here we describe a novel approach to analyze the EPO signaling by using primary mouse fetal liver hematopoietic cells to avoid possible artifacts due to established cell lines. Our strategy is based on high-titer retrovirus vectors with a bicistronic expression system consisting of an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and green fluorescent protein (GFP). By placing the cDNA for a signaling molecule in front of IRES-GFP, virus-infected cells can be viably sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorter, and the effect of expression of the signaling molecule can be assessed. By using this system, expression of cell-survival genes such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL was found to enhance erythroid colony formation from colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) in response to EPO. However, their expression was not sufficient for erythroid colony formation from CFU-E alone, indicating that EPO induces signals for erythroid differentiation. To examine the role of EPOR tyrosine residues in erythroid differentiation, we introduced a chimeric EGFR-EPOR receptor, which has the extracellular domain of the EGF receptor and the intracellular domain of the EPOR, as well as a mutant EGFR-EPOR in which all the cytoplasmic tyrosine residues are replaced with phenylalanine, and found that tyrosine residues of EPOR are essential for erythroid colony formation from CFU-E. We further analyzed the function of the downstream signaling molecules by expressing modified signaling molecules and found that both JAK2/STAT5 and Ras, two major signaling pathways activated by EPOR, are involved in full erythroid differentiation.  (+info)

B cell response after MMTV infection: extrafollicular plasmablasts represent the main infected population and can transmit viral infection. (2/1022)

The immune response to mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) relies on the presentation of an MMTV-encoded superantigen by infected B cells to superantigen-specific T cells. The initial extrafollicular B cell differentiation involved the generation of B cells expressing low levels of B220. These B220low B cells corresponded to plasmablasts that expressed high levels of CD43 and syndecan-1 and were CD62 ligand- and IgD-. Viral DNA was detected nearly exclusively in these B220low B cells by PCR, and retroviral type-A particles were observed in their cytoplasm by electron microscopy. An MMTV transmission to the offspring was also achieved after transfer of B220low CD62 ligand- CD43+ plasmablasts into noninfected females. These data suggest that B220low plasmablasts, representing the bulk of infected B cells, are capable of sustaining viral replication and may be involved in the transmission of MMTV.  (+info)

Foamy virus capsids require the cognate envelope protein for particle export. (3/1022)

Unlike other subclasses of the Retroviridae the Spumavirinae, its prototype member being the so-called human foamy virus (HFV), require the expression of the envelope (Env) glycoprotein for viral particle egress. Both the murine leukemia virus (MuLV) Env and the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein, which efficiently pseudotype other retrovirus capsids, were not able to support export of HFV particles. Analysis of deletion and point mutants of the HFV Env protein revealed that the HFV Env cytoplasmic domain (CyD) is dispensable for HFV particle envelopment, release, and infectivity, whereas deletion of the membrane-spanning-domain (MSD) led to an accumulation of naked capsids in the cytoplasm. Neither alternative membrane association of HFV Env deletion mutants lacking the MSD and CyD via phosphoglycolipid anchor nor domain swapping mutants, with the MSD or CyD of MuLV Env and VSV-G exchanged against the corresponding HFV domains, could restore particle envelopment and the release defect of pseudotypes. However, replacement of the HFV MSD with that of MuLV led to budding of HFV capsids at the intracellular membranes. These virions were of apparently wild-type morphology but were not naturally released into the supernatant and they were noninfectious.  (+info)

Recombinant feline leukemia virus (FeLV) variants establish a limited infection with altered cell tropism in specific-pathogen-free cats in the absence of FeLV subgroup A helper virus. (4/1022)

Feline leukemia virus subgroup B (FeLV-B) is commonly associated with feline lymphosarcoma and arises through recombination between endogenous retroviral elements inherited in the cat genome and corresponding regions of the envelope (env) gene from FeLV subgroup A (FeLV-A). In vivo infectivity for FeLV-B is thought to be inefficient in the absence of FeLV-A. Proposed FeLV-A helper functions include enhanced replication efficiency, immune evasion, and replication rescue for defective FeLV-B virions. In vitro analysis of the recombinant FeLV-B-like viruses (rFeLVs) employed in this study confirmed these viruses were replication competent prior to their use in an in vivo study without FeLV-A helper virus. Eight specific-pathogen-free kittens were inoculated with the rFeLVs alone. Subsequent hematology and histology results were within normal limits, however, in the absence of detectable viremia, virus expression, or significant seroconversion, rFeLV proviral DNA was detected in bone marrow tissue of 4/4 (100%) cats at 45 weeks postinoculation (pi), indicating these rFeLVs established a limited but persistent infection in the absence of FeLV-A. Altered cell tropism was also noted. Focal infection was seen in T-cell areas of the splenic follicles in 3/4 (75%) rFeLV-infected cats analyzed, while an FeLV-A-infected cat showed focal infection in B-cell areas of the splenic follicles. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the surface glycoprotein portion of the rFeLV env gene amplified from bone marrow tissue collected at 45 weeks pi showed no sequence alterations from the original rFeLV inocula.  (+info)

Gene transfer to human pancreatic endocrine cells using viral vectors. (5/1022)

We have studied the factors that influence the efficiency of infection of human fetal and adult pancreatic endocrine cells with adenovirus, murine retrovirus, and lentivirus vectors all expressing the green fluorescent protein (Ad-GFP, MLV-GFP, and Lenti-GFP, respectively). Adenoviral but not retroviral vectors efficiently infected intact pancreatic islets and fetal islet-like cell clusters (ICCs) in suspension. When islets and ICCs were plated in monolayer culture, infection efficiency with all three viral vectors increased. Ad-GFP infected 90-95% of the cells, whereas infection with MLV-GFP and Lenti-GFP increased only slightly. Both exposure to hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) and dispersion of the cells by removal from the culture dish and replating had substantial positive effects on the efficiency of infection with retroviral vectors. Studies of virus entry and cell replication revealed that cell dispersion and stimulation by HGF/SF may be acting through both mechanisms to increase the efficiency of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Although HGF/SF and cell dispersion increased the efficiency of infection with MLV-GFP, only rare cells with weak staining for insulin were infected, whereas approximately 25% of beta-cells were infected with Lenti-GFP. We conclude that adenovirus is the most potent vector for ex vivo overexpression of foreign genes in adult endocrine pancreatic cells and is the best vector for applications where high-level but transient expression is desired. Under the optimal conditions of cell dispersion plus HGF/SF, infection with MLV and lentiviral vectors is reasonably efficient and stable, but only lentiviral vectors efficiently infect pancreatic beta-cells.  (+info)

Protection against establishment of retroviral persistence by vaccination with a live attenuated virus. (6/1022)

Many human viruses not only cause acute diseases but also establish persistent infections. Such persistent viruses can cause chronic diseases or can reactivate to cause acute diseases in AIDS patients or patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies. While the prevention of persistent infections is an important consideration in the design of modern vaccines, surprisingly little is known about this aspect of protection. In the current study, we tested the feasibility of vaccine prevention of retroviral persistence by using a Friend virus model that we recently developed. In this model, persistent virus can be detected at very low levels by immunosuppressing the host to reactivate virus or by transferring persistently infected spleen cells into highly susceptible mice. Two vaccines were analyzed, a recombinant vaccinia virus vector expressing Friend virus envelope protein and a live attenuated Friend virus. Both vaccines reduced pathogenic virus loads to levels undetectable by infectious center assays. However, only the live, attenuated vaccine prevented immunosuppression-induced reactivation of persistent virus. Thus, even very low levels of persistent Friend virus posed a significant threat during immunosuppression. Our results demonstrate that vaccine protection against establishment of retroviral persistence is attainable.  (+info)

Complete sequence of enzootic nasal tumor virus, a retrovirus associated with transmissible intranasal tumors of sheep. (7/1022)

The sequence of the complete genome of ovine enzootic nasal tumor virus, an exogenous retrovirus associated exclusively with contagious intranasal tumors of sheep, was determined. The genome is 7,434 nucleotides long and exhibits a genetic organization characteristic of type B and D oncoviruses. Enzootic nasal tumor virus is closely related to the Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus and to sheep endogenous retroviruses.  (+info)

Jaagsiekte retrovirus is widely distributed both in T and B lymphocytes and in mononuclear phagocytes of sheep with naturally and experimentally acquired pulmonary adenomatosis. (8/1022)

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is a type D retrovirus specifically associated with a contagious lung tumor of sheep, sheep pulmonary adenomatosis (SPA). JSRV replicates actively in the transformed epithelial cells of the lung, and JSRV DNA and RNA have been detected in lymphoid tissues of naturally affected animals. To determine the lymphoid target cells of JSRV, CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, B lymphocytes, and adherent cell (macrophage/monocyte) populations were isolated from the mediastinal lymph nodes of naturally affected sheep and lambs inoculated with JSRV. Cells were enriched to high purity and then analyzed for JSRV proviral DNA by heminested PCR, and the proviral burden was quantitated by limiting dilution analysis. JSRV proviral DNA was found in all subsets examined but not in appropriate negative controls. In sheep naturally affected with SPA, JSRV proviral burden was greatest in the adherent cell population. In the nonadherent lymphocyte population, surface immunoglobulin-positive B cells contained the greatest proviral burden, while CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells contained the lowest levels of JSRV proviral DNA. In most of the cases (5 of 8), provirus also could be detected in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) population. A kinetic study of JSRV infection in the mediastinal lymphocyte population of newborn lambs inoculated with JSRV found that JSRV proviral DNA could be detected as early as 7 days postinoculation before the onset of pulmonary adenomatosis, although the proviral burden was greatly reduced compared to adult natural cases. This was reflected in the levels found in PBMC since proviral DNA was detected in 2 of 13 animals. At the early time points studied (7 to 28 days postinoculation) no one subset was preferentially infected. These data indicate that JSRV can infect lymphoid and phagocytic mononuclear cells of sheep and that dissemination precedes tumor formation. Infection of lymphoid tissue, therefore, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SPA.  (+info)

Retroviridae infections refer to diseases caused by retroviruses, which are a type of virus that integrates its genetic material into the DNA of the host cell. This allows the virus to co-opt the cell's own machinery to produce new viral particles and infect other cells.

Some well-known retroviruses include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), which can cause certain types of cancer and neurological disorders.

Retroviral infections can have a range of clinical manifestations depending on the specific virus and the host's immune response. HIV infection, for example, is characterized by progressive immunodeficiency that makes the infected individual susceptible to a wide range of opportunistic infections and cancers. HTLV infection, on the other hand, can cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma or tropical spastic paraparesis, a neurological disorder.

Prevention and treatment strategies for retroviral infections depend on the specific virus but may include antiretroviral therapy (ART), vaccination, and behavioral modifications to reduce transmission risk.

Retroviridae is a family of viruses that includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other viruses that primarily use RNA as their genetic material. The name "retrovirus" comes from the fact that these viruses reverse transcribe their RNA genome into DNA, which then becomes integrated into the host cell's genome. This is a unique characteristic of retroviruses, as most other viruses use DNA as their genetic material.

Retroviruses can cause a variety of diseases in animals and humans, including cancer, neurological disorders, and immunodeficiency syndromes like AIDS. They have a lipid membrane envelope that contains glycoprotein spikes, which allow them to attach to and enter host cells. Once inside the host cell, the viral RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which is then integrated into the host genome by the enzyme integrase.

Retroviruses can remain dormant in the host genome for extended periods of time, and may be reactivated under certain conditions to produce new viral particles. This ability to integrate into the host genome has also made retroviruses useful tools in molecular biology, where they are used as vectors for gene therapy and other genetic manipulations.

Retroviridae is a family of viruses that includes HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Retroviridae proteins refer to the various structural and functional proteins that are encoded by the retroviral genome. These proteins can be categorized into three main groups:

1. Group-specific antigen (Gag) proteins: These proteins make up the viral matrix, capsid, and nucleocapsid. They are involved in the assembly of new virus particles.

2. Polymerase (Pol) proteins: These proteins include the reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease enzymes. Reverse transcriptase is responsible for converting the viral RNA genome into DNA, which can then be integrated into the host cell's genome by the integrase enzyme. The protease enzyme is involved in processing the polyprotein precursors of Gag and Pol into their mature forms.

3. Envelope (Env) proteins: These proteins are responsible for the attachment and fusion of the virus to the host cell membrane. They are synthesized as a precursor protein, which is then cleaved by a host cell protease to form two distinct proteins - the surface unit (SU) and the transmembrane unit (TM). The SU protein contains the receptor-binding domain, while the TM protein forms the transmembrane anchor.

Retroviral proteins play crucial roles in various stages of the viral life cycle, including entry, reverse transcription, integration, transcription, translation, assembly, and release. Understanding the functions of these proteins is essential for developing effective antiretroviral therapies and vaccines against retroviral infections.

Spumavirus is actually referred to as " foamy virus" in medical terminology. It's a type of retrovirus, which means it uses RNA as its genetic material and has the ability to integrate its genetic material into the DNA of the host cell.

Spumaviruses are unique among retroviruses because they don't cause the same kind of diseases that other retroviruses do, like HIV. Instead, they're associated with a slow-growing, non-cancerous infection in various animal species, including cats and non-human primates. They're called "foamy viruses" because of the foamy or bubbly appearance of the infected cells when viewed under a microscope.

It's important to note that while spumaviruses can infect human cells in laboratory experiments, there's no evidence that they cause disease in humans.

Terminal repeat sequences (TRS) are repetitive DNA sequences that are located at the termini or ends of chromosomes, plasmids, and viral genomes. They play a significant role in various biological processes such as genome replication, packaging, and integration. In eukaryotic cells, telomeres are the most well-known TRS, which protect the chromosome ends from degradation, fusion, and other forms of DNA damage.

Telomeres consist of repetitive DNA sequences (5'-TTAGGG-3' in vertebrates) that are several kilobases long, associated with a set of shelterin proteins that protect them from being recognized as double-strand breaks by the DNA repair machinery. With each cell division, telomeres progressively shorten due to the end replication problem, which can ultimately lead to cellular senescence or apoptosis.

In contrast, prokaryotic TRS are often found at the ends of plasmids and phages and are involved in DNA replication, packaging, and integration into host genomes. For example, the attP and attB sites in bacteriophage lambda are TRS that facilitate site-specific recombination during integration and excision from the host genome.

Overall, terminal repeat sequences are essential for maintaining genome stability and integrity in various organisms, and their dysfunction can lead to genomic instability, disease, and aging.

Retroelements are a type of mobile genetic element that can move within a host genome by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. They are called "retro" because they replicate through a retrotransposition process, which involves the reverse transcription of their RNA into DNA, and then integration of the resulting cDNA into a new location in the genome.

Retroelements are typically divided into two main categories: long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons and non-LTR retrotransposons. LTR retrotransposons have direct repeats of several hundred base pairs at their ends, similar to retroviruses, while non-LTR retrotransposons lack these repeats.

Retroelements are widespread in eukaryotic genomes and can make up a significant fraction of the DNA content. They are thought to play important roles in genome evolution, including the creation of new genes and the regulation of gene expression. However, they can also cause genetic instability and disease when they insert into or near functional genes.

Retroviridae proteins, oncogenic, refer to the proteins expressed by retroviruses that have the ability to transform normal cells into cancerous ones. These oncogenic proteins are typically encoded by viral genes known as "oncogenes," which are acquired through the process of transduction from the host cell's DNA during retroviral replication.

The most well-known example of an oncogenic retrovirus is the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1), which encodes the Tax and HBZ oncoproteins. These proteins manipulate various cellular signaling pathways, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and malignant transformation.

It is important to note that not all retroviruses are oncogenic, and only a small subset of them have been associated with cancer development in humans or animals.

... as the infection in humans can cause significant health problems, and cats who are not otherwise transmitting the infection can ... Feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus belong to the Retroviridae family, and both cause immunosuppression in ... Researchers studying 553 feral cats in North Florida in the United States tested them for a number of infections that could be ... Lee, I. T.; Levy, J. K.; Gorman, S. P.; Crawford, P. C.; Slater, M. R. (2002). "Prevalence of feline leukemia virus infection ...
... infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of abortively infected T ... HIV is a member of the genus Lentivirus, part of the family Retroviridae. Lentiviruses have many morphologies and biological ... When simultaneous infection occurs, the genome of progeny virions may be composed of RNA strands from two different strains. ... Thus, during the course of infection, viral adaptation to the use of CXCR4 instead of CCR5 may be a key step in the progression ...
It is a member of the retroviridae group of viruses, with its nucleic acid being ssRNA. Experiments have shown that it is ... The virus infects adult immunocompetent mice and is a well-established model for studying genetic resistance to infection by an ... Hasenkrug, Kim J.; Chesebro, Bruce (1997). "Immunity to retroviral infection: The Friend virus model". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U ... a gene influencing neutralizing antibody control of retrovirus infection". Science. 321 (5894): 1343-6. doi:10.1126/science. ...
Infection begins when the surface glycoprotein (SU) on the outer part of the mature, infectious virion binds to the receptor on ... The murine leukemia viruses are group/type VI retroviruses belonging to the gammaretroviral genus of the Retroviridae family. ... Exogenous forms are transmitted as new infections from one host to another. The Moloney, Rauscher, Abelson and Friend MLVs, ... Experiments have shown that it is possible to protect against Friend virus infection with several types of vaccines, including ...
... after an infection, each virus generates only one provirus. After infection, reverse transcription occurs and this process is ... This is unlike Lentivirus, a genus of Retroviridae, which are able to integrate their RNA into the genome of non-dividing host ... As a result, cells such as neurons are very resistant to infection and transduction by retroviruses. This gives rise to a ... Pol proteins are responsible for synthesis of viral DNA and integration into host DNA after infection. Env proteins play a role ...
The high SFV infection rates of chimpanzees provide an opportunity to monitor where humans are exposed to these viruses. ... Simian foamy virus (SFV) is a species of the genus Spumavirus that belongs to the family of Retroviridae. It has been ... There is little data on how SFV interacts with the host cell as the infection takes its course. The most obvious effect that ... Since the long-term consequences of these cross-species infections are not known, it is important to determine to what extent ...
Infection is usually asymptomatic, but inflammation and cancer can develop over time. Four species are recognized by the ICTV ... Deltaretrovirus is a genus of the Retroviridae family. It consists of exogenous horizontally transmitted viruses found in ...
Infection with HTLV-I, like infection with other retroviruses, probably occurs for life. A patient infected with HTLV can be ... HTLV-1 is a retrovirus belonging to the family retroviridae and the genus deltaretrovirus. It has a positive-sense RNA genome ... HTLV-1 infection has also been associated with Tuberculosis. Treatment of opportunistic infections varies depending on the type ... HTLV-I infection in the United States appears to be about half as prevalent among IV drug users and about one-tenth as ...
"Retroviridae". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2020-02-16. Hardy, W. D.; Hess, P. W.; MacEwen, E. G.; McClelland, A. J.; Zuckerman, ... Hausen, Harald zur (2007-09-24). Infections Causing Human Cancer. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-3-527-60929-1. Reitz, M S; wong- ... At present, KoRV is the only retroviral that induces germ-line infections and therefore presents the opportunity for scientists ... FeLV is an oncogenic gammaretrovirus belonging to the orthoretrovirinae subfamily and retroviridae family. First discovered in ...
ASLV is a Group VI virus of the family Retroviridae. It is of the genus Alpharetrovirus, and has a C-type morphology. Hence, it ... "Two different molecular defects in the Tva receptor gene explain the resistance of two tvar lines of chickens to infection by ... it has proven useful for understanding the early events in retroviral infection. A detailed understanding of retroviral cell ...
The resulting recombinant viruses may sometimes cause an outbreak of infection in humans. RNA world Crick F (1970). "Central ... In the Retroviridae ((+)ssRNA)(e.g. HIV), damage in the RNA genome appears to be avoided during reverse transcription by strand ... Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE (January 2018). "Sex in microbial pathogens". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 57: 8-25. ...
The resulting recombinant viruses may sometimes cause an outbreak of infection in humans. Evolutionary biologists are often ... In the Retroviridae ((+)ssRNA)(e.g. HIV), damage in the RNA genome appears to be avoided during reverse transcription by strand ... Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE (January 2018). "Sex in microbial pathogens". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 57: 8-25. ...
For example, some protect against infection with related viruses. In some mammal groups, including higher primates, retroviral ... and 12 million years for the Lentivirus genus of the Retroviridae family. EVEs also facilitate the use of molecular clock-based ...
In the Retroviridae ((+)ssRNA), e.g. HIV, damage in the RNA genome appears to be avoided during reverse transcription by strand ... Purified RNA of a positive-sense virus can directly cause infection though it may be less infectious than the whole virus ... Kondo H, Chiba S, Toyoda K, Suzuki N (January 2013). "Evidence for negative-strand RNA virus infection in fungi". Virology. 435 ... The resulting recombinant viruses may sometimes cause an outbreak of infection in humans. Classification is based principally ...
After infection, the entirety of the host cell's translation machinery may be diverted to the production of viral proteins as a ... In the Retroviridae (e.g. HIV), genome damage appears to be avoided during reverse transcription by strand switching, a form of ... Kolondam B, Rao P, Sztuba-Solinska J, Weber PH, Dzianott A, Johns MA, Bujarski JJ (2015). "Co-infection with two strains of ... The resulting recombinant viruses may sometimes cause an outbreak of infection in humans, as in the case of SARS and MERS. ...
Michod RE, Bernstein H, Nedelcu AM (May 2008). "Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens" (PDF). Infection, Genetics and ... In the retroviridae ((+)ssRNA)(e.g. HIV), damage in the RNA genome appears to be avoided during reverse transcription by strand ... Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE (January 2018). "Sex in microbial pathogens". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 57: 8-25. ... The resulting recombinant viruses may sometimes cause an outbreak of infection in humans. Especially in coronaviruses, ...
"Feline Foamy Virus Infection in Cats". petMD LLC. Lee, IT; Levy, JK; Gorman, SP; Crawford, PC; Slater, MR (1 March 2002). " ... Feline foamy virus or Feline syncytial virus (FeFV or FFV) is a retrovirus and belongs to the family Retroviridae and the ... Viral infections are similar between male and female domesticated cats whereas in the wild, more feral females cats are ... This virus is fairly common and infection rates gradually increase with a cat's age. Study results from antibody examinations ...
However, infection from retroviruses does not directly produce tumors, but only placement and recombination events leading to ... Alpharetrovirus is a genus of the family Retroviridae. It has type C morphology. Members can cause sarcomas, other tumors, and ...
Helminthiasis (worm infection), Ascariasis, and enterobiasis (pinworm infection) are few that are caused by various parasitic ... Retroviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Papovaviridae, Polyomavirus, Poxviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Togaviridae. Some ... 2014). Immune Response to Parasitic Infections. Immune Response to Parasitic Infections. Vol. 2. Bentham Science Publishers. ... or yeast infections. Most antibiotics that function on bacterial pathogens cannot be used to treat fungal infections because ...
Although it can infect human tissue, no known disease is associated with the infection and it is unlikely to exist outside ... Gammaretrovirus is a genus in the Retroviridae family. Example species are the murine leukemia virus and the feline leukemia ... Gammaretrovirus is a part of the retroviridae family. Gammaretroviruses are considered zoonotic viruses because they are found ... infection: a novel finding in subtype of prostate cancer". Turkish Journal of Urology. 43 (3): 268-272. doi:10.5152/tud. ...
"Retroviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03 ... A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus ... "Babies Born with CMV (Congenital CMV Infection)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 13, 2017. Retrieved June 17 ... Page 273 in: Lennette's Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections (Fourth ed.). CRC Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1420084962. Murillo A ...
The infection proliferates in temperatures between 0-5 °C (32-41 °F), and this may be why it occurs primarily in the fall and ... a genus in the family of Retroviridae. There are three genome sequenced and identified exogenous retroviruses of this genus ... Mortality in the host fish is hypothesized to be less related to the virus and more to secondary infections that invade ... The specific association of retroviral infection with proliferative lesions in fish is based on the presence of retrovirus-like ...
i: p. 1456-1457 Levy, J.A. and Y. Levy, HIV infection: what should be considered in approaches for a cure? AIDS, 2012. 26(17): ... Among these are his text book on Virology (Prentice Hall), four volume series, The Retroviridae (Plenum Press) and his, sole- ... i: p. 259-262 Walker, C.M., et al., CD8+ lymphocytes can control HIV infection in vitro by suppressing virus replication. ... This unexpected antiviral response that does not involve cell killing has subsequently been found in other viral infections ...
Continued research has shown that the infection prevalence of BFV is 40-85% worldwide but lacks any significant pathogenic ... Spumaviruses differ from the other six members of family retroviridae, both structurally and in pathogenic nature. Spumaviruses ... Rustigian, R.; Johnston, P.; Reihart, H. (January 1955). "Infection of monkey kidney tissue cultures with virus-like agents". ... Meiering, Christopher D.; Maxine L. Linial (January 2001). "Historical Perspective of Foamy Virus Epidemiology and Infection". ...
Unlike HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in humans, SIV infections in their natural simian non-human hosts appear in many cases to be ... The genus is one of 6 genera in subfamily orthoretrovirinae which together with genus Spumavirus form family retroviridae of ... SIV infection of non-human primates (NHPs) invariably results in persistent infection, but rarely acute disease. Pathogenic ... The later stages of SIV infection develop into sAIDS, much like how HIV infection develops into AIDS. The simian (monkey-hosted ...
2017-01-01). "Chapter 14 - Retroviridae". Fenner's Veterinary Virology (Fifth ed.). Boston: Academic Press. pp. 269-297. doi: ... "PCR and RT-PCR analysis of infection and transcriptional activity of walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV) in organs of adult ...
Most viral infections of humans and other animals have incubation periods during which the infection causes no signs or ... Reverse transcribing viruses Reverse transcribing viruses have ssRNA (Retroviridae, Metaviridae, Pseudoviridae) or dsDNA ( ... The presence of IgM in the blood of the host is used to test for acute infection, whereas IgG indicates an infection sometime ... Smallpox infections have been eradicated. Vaccines are available to prevent over thirteen viral infections of humans, and more ...
IFA testing will not give positive results for transient, primary infections - the infection must be persistent to get a ... Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is an RNA virus in the subfamily Oncovirinae belonging to the Retroviridae family. The virus ... Infection is far higher in city cats, stray or owned, than in rural cats: this is entirely due to the amount of contact the ... Once the virus has entered the cat, there are six stages to a FeLV infection[citation needed]: Stage One: The virus enters the ...
An important feature of JSRV infection is the absence of any specific immune response from the host. A likely explanation is ... JSRV belongs to the family Retroviridae, to the subfamily Orthoretrovirinae and the genus Betaretrovirus.[citation needed] JSRV ... Critically, the majority of infected animals in endemic areas never show outward signs of infection, but they may be shedding ... These observations support the theory that an ancient retroviral infection had important consequences for mammalian evolution. ...
Infections occur through contact with these bodily fluids or with contaminated surfaces. Out of a host, flu viruses can remain ... Orthomyxoviridae viruses are one of two RNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus (the other being retroviridae). This is ... Stage 1 in infection figure). The cell imports the virus by endocytosis. In the acidic endosome, part of the hemagglutinin ... The only other animal known to be susceptible to influenza B infection is the seal. This type of influenza mutates at a rate 2- ...
Categories: Retroviridae Infections Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
HIV disease is caused by infection with HIV-1 or HIV-2, which are retroviruses in the Retrovir... ... HIV disease is caused by infection with HIV-1 or HIV-2, which are retroviruses in the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus. [1 ... Phases of HIV infection. Clinical HIV infection undergoes 3 distinct phases: acute seroconversion, asymptomatic infection, and ... The CDC classifies HIV infection into 3 categories, as follows [12] :. * Category A: Asymptomatic HIV infection without a ...
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus in a non-endemic area: a single institution ... Clusters of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Across Six Schools for Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Gemmell, M. ...
infection: coordinate IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); add SARCOMA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM), ... Retroviridae (1970-1974). Vertebrate Viruses, Unclassified (1970-1974). Public MeSH Note:. 2002; see SARCOMA VIRUS, FELINE 1994 ... see FELINE FIBROSARCOMA VIRUS 1991-1993, see RETROVIRIDAE 1981-1990, see LEUKOVIRUSES 1978-1980, see LEUKEMOGENIC VIRUSES 1975- ...
Retroviridae Infections * Viral Core Proteins Identity. PubMed Central ID * 2161869 Digital Object Identifier (DOI) * 10.1128/ ...
Retroviridae Infections [C02.782.815]. *Lentivirus Infections [C02.782.815.616]. *HIV Infections [C02.782.815.616.400] ... "HIV Infections" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "HIV Infections" by people in this website by year, and whether ... Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related ...
Retroviridae Infections [C02.782.815]. *Lentivirus Infections [C02.782.815.616]. *HIV Infections [C02.782.815.616.400] ... "HIV Infections" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "HIV Infections" by people in this website by year, and whether ... Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related ...
RNA Virus Infections [C02.782]. *Retroviridae Infections [C02.782.815]. *Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine [C02.782.815.725] ...
Retroviridae Agriculture & Biology 51% * Dynactin Complex Medicine & Life Sciences 44% * Retroviridae Infections Medicine & ... Dynein regulators are important for ecotropic murine leukemia virus infection. In: Journal of Virology. 2016 ; Vol. 90, No. 15 ... During the early steps of infection, retroviruses must direct the movement of the viral genome into the nucleus to complete ... We propose that the cytoplasmic dynein regulators are a critical component of the host machinery needed for infection by the ...
Retroviridae Infections Medicine & Life Sciences 97% * Cameroon Medicine & Life Sciences 87% * HIV-1 Medicine & Life Sciences ... We here demonstrate the presence of HTLV-I infections in the South of Cameroon with possible clustering of infection in some ... We here demonstrate the presence of HTLV-I infections in the South of Cameroon with possible clustering of infection in some ... We here demonstrate the presence of HTLV-I infections in the South of Cameroon with possible clustering of infection in some ...
Agents used to treat RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.. Allowable Qualifiers:. AD administration & dosage. AE adverse effects. AG ...
The compounds and compositions disclosed herein may be used for the treatment or prevention of a Retroviridae viral infection, ... The compounds and compositions disclosed herein may be used for the treatment or prevention of a Retroviridae viral infection, ... The compounds and compositions disclosed herein may be used for the treatment or prevention of a Retroviridae viral infection, ... The compounds and compositions provided herein may be used for the treatment or prevention of a Retroviridae infection, ...
HIV infection is caused by the HIV-1 or HIV-2 retroviruses in the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus. ... Acute Infection. About 10%-60% of people with early HIV infection will not experience any symptoms. In those that do, the usual ... Because hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) infections are transmitted in the same manner as HIV, people with HIV infection ... Managing Coexisting Infections. Patients should be regularly screened for infections, including:. *Tuberculosis testing (TST or ...
Retroviridae InfectionsHIV InfectionsSimian Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeLentivirus InfectionsLeukemia, Experimental ... Tumor Virus Infections. Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but ... ViralSuperinfectionTumor Virus InfectionsHTLV-I InfectionsDeltaretrovirus InfectionsCanavan Disease ... Retroviridae Proteins. Proteins from the family Retroviridae. The most frequently encountered member of this family is the Rous ...
... as the infection in humans can cause significant health problems, and cats who are not otherwise transmitting the infection can ... Feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus belong to the Retroviridae family, and both cause immunosuppression in ... Researchers studying 553 feral cats in North Florida in the United States tested them for a number of infections that could be ... Lee, I. T.; Levy, J. K.; Gorman, S. P.; Crawford, P. C.; Slater, M. R. (2002). "Prevalence of feline leukemia virus infection ...
As HIV infection tends to accelerate the progression of HCV and HBV infections, clinical management of this patient group must ... The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) belongs to the lentivirus a subgroup of Retroviruses belongs to the Retroviridae family ... HIV infection is regarded as one of the most important causes of mortality disease worldwide. The pathogenesis of HIV infection ... HIV accelerates the progression of tuberculosis infection toward disease both in recent and latent infection of TB. Pulmonary ...
HIV Infection and AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Retroviridae family, is ... Retroviridae: HIV The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a species of Lentivirus, a genus of the family Retroviridae, which ... Primary infection can also be asymptomatic. Herpes infections are unique in that the virus is able to remain dormant in the ... Primary infection can also be asymptomatic. Herpes infections are unique in that the virus is able to remain dormant in the ...
"Domestic cats endure infections by all three subfamilies of the retroviridae: lentiviruses (feline immunodeficiency virus [FIV ... Infection developed in 3 children (9.6%) within 2 months postoperatively, including 2 (10.5%) with and 1 (8.3%) without bowel ... The optimal timing for measuring the inhibitory potencies of antiviral agents was found to be day 3 post-infection for ... No obvious phenotypic effects of infection by either virus strain were detected in the natural host fungus. These combined ...
... infection were identified in 1981, the number of children infected with HIV has increased dramatically in developing countries ... Infection is due to HIV, a complex member of the Lentivirus genus of the Retroviridae family. HIV-1 is the most common cause of ... Vertical HIV infection occurs before birth, during delivery, or after birth. With infection before birth (period 1), the fetus ... Most vertical infections occur during delivery (period 2), and many factors affect the risk of infection during this period ( ...
Domestic cats endure infections by all three subfamilies of the retroviridae: lentiviruses (feline immunodeficiency virus [FIV ... We also report the presence, in authentic virus infections, of N-RNA rings packaged within RSV virions. These data provide ... Importantly, VAPB knockdown did not alter pUL34, calnexin or GM-130 localization during infection, arguing against an indirect ... Interactions between respiratory viruses during infection affect transmission dynamics and clinical outcomes. To identify and ...
Infection prevention and control The ultimate goal of Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) is to strengthen and standardise ... The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) belongs to the Retroviridae virus that causes the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ( ... Infection prevention and control Effective infection prevention and control (IPC) is critical to prevent the spread of ... Malaria can coexist with many other infections. Consequently, confirming malaria infection with a diagnostic test does not rule ...
The compounds and compositions disclosed herein may be used for the treatment or prevention of a Retroviridae viral infection, ... The compounds and compositions provided herein may be used for the treatment or prevention of a Retroviridae infection, ... The compounds and compositions provided herein may be used for the treatment or prevention of a Retroviridae infection, ... for preparing compounds of formula I and therapeutic methods for treating a Retroviridae viral infection including an infection ...
The murine leukaemia infections (MLVs) are associates of the gamma-retrovirus genus of the Retroviridae family members. The ... Background Intrinsic level of resistance to retroviral infection was 1st recognised. * Post author By siamtech ... Rodents with the Fvn/m genotype are resistant to both stresses of MLVs but are vulnerable to infections that are both In and M ... Research on Friend MLV led to the breakthrough discovery of the archetypal control or limitation of virus-like infections by ...
FeLV infection can cause anemia and immunosuppression (progressive infection). Co-infection with FFV/FeLV allows evaluation of ... Feline foamy virus (FFV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) belong to the Retroviridae family. While disease has not been ... Clinical and Molecular Features of Feline Foamy Virus and Feline Leukemia Virus Co-Infection in Naturally-Infected Cats. ... Our results suggest that regressive FeLV infection may reduce FFV saliva transmission, the main mode of FV transmission. We did ...
Differential Expression of CD8+ T Cell Cytotoxic Effector Molecules in Blood and Gastrointestinal Mucosa in HIV-1 Infection. ... HIV is part of the genus lentiviridae and family of retroviridae, with its categorization being attributed to its morphology ... HIV infection distinguishes between its latent/dormant and replicating stage, allowing for a long term evasion from the immune ... It has become clear that the V2 loop of gp120 is an important site for immunogenicity and protection from HIV infection. The ...
Nidovirales Infections. *Orthomyxoviridae Infections. *Picornaviridae Infections. *Reoviridae Infections. *Retroviridae ... "Reoviridae Infections" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Reoviridae Infections" by people in this website by year, and ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Reoviridae Infections" by people in Profiles. ...
Enterovirus infections , Orthomyxoviridae , Arbovirus infections , Retroviridae infections , HIV infections , Cross infection ...
  • HIV disease is caused by infection with HIV-1 or HIV-2, which are retroviruses in the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus. (medscape.com)
  • HIV is grouped into the genus Lentivirus (lentus, from Latin) due to the slow course of infection and thus disease, with a long latency period, persistent viral replication and central nervous system involvement ( 1 ). (scielo.sa.cr)
  • Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA lentivirus in the family Retroviridae. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Lentivirus Pneumonia in Sheep and Goats Lentiviral infection causes a progressive, interstitial pneumonia typically observed in mature sheep. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • however, some resistance to lentivirus infection may exist within breeds. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • During the early steps of infection, retroviruses must direct the movement of the viral genome into the nucleus to complete their replication cycle. (unab.cl)
  • For simple retroviruses, such as murine leukemia virus (MLV), the identities of the cellular proteins involved in trafficking of the PIC in infection are unknown. (unab.cl)
  • We propose that the cytoplasmic dynein regulators are a critical component of the host machinery needed for infection by the retroviruses entering the cell via the ecotropic envelope pathway. (unab.cl)
  • A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Inhibition of transfer of collagen-induced arthritis into SCID mice by ex vivo infection of spleen cells with retroviruses expressing soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The murine leukaemia infections (MLVs) are associates of the gamma-retrovirus genus of the Retroviridae family members. (siamtech.net)
  • HIV is part of the genus lentiviridae and family of retroviridae, with its categorization being attributed to its morphology and infection mechanism, respectively. (jpt.com)
  • Interactions between respiratory viruses during infection affect transmission dynamics and clinical outcomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Regarding the family, it is grouped within the Retroviridae family, viruses that have the enzyme Reverse Transcriptase (TR) - responsible for transcribing the RNA genome into complementary DNA (cDNA), being the subfamily Orthoretrovirinae ( 2 ). (scielo.sa.cr)
  • Infections with viruses of the family FLAVIVIRIDAE. (uams.edu)
  • We also find a striking correlation between the softening of viruses during maturation and their ability to enter cells, providing the first evidence, to our knowledge, for a prominent role for virus mechanical properties in the infection process. (bgu.ac.il)
  • Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP) , or maedi-visna, is a chronic disease of sheep due to lentiviruses (enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses in the family Retroviridae). (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) belongs to the family Retroviridae (subfamily Lentivirinae) and is closely related to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2), the etiologic agents of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (cdc.gov)
  • Abstract Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an exogenous C- type oncovirus in the Retroviridae family. (austinpublishinggroup.com)
  • Lentiviral (LV) vectors of the Retroviridae family show interesting properties for monogenic gene therapy, since they integrate into the host genome and allow long-lasting gene expression 22 . (nature.com)
  • The Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) virus belongs to the family Retroviridae. (ca.gov)
  • Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus (XMRV) is a newly identified retrovirus and the first gammaretrovirus of the Retroviridae family detected in humans. (phoenixrising.me)
  • Members of the family Retroviridae infect a huge range of host species [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Examples of misuse include when antibiotics are taken by people with viral infections like colds and flu, and when they are given as growth promoters in animals and fish. (who.int)
  • Reoviridae Infections" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
  • Although most HTLV-1-infected individuals are asymptomatic, fetal and childhood infections often result in several diseases with disappointing treatment outcomes. (e-cep.org)
  • Title : Perspectives in Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Guidelines to Prevent Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Laboratory Workers and Animal Handlers Corporate Authors(s) : National Center for Infectious Diseases (U.S.). Division of HIV/AIDS. (cdc.gov)
  • It is also known as food poisoning, food infection, stomach flu, and winter vomiting diseases. (sanfoundry.com)
  • The seroprevalence of SIV among rhesus monkeys in captive colonies (whether from natural infections or interspecies transmission) appears to be low (i.e., 0-1%) (6). (cdc.gov)
  • Reported seroprevalence for lentiviral infection in sheep varies widely, ranging in the US from 49% in the West to 9% in the Northeast. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Sasidharan A, Harrison CJ, Banerjee D, Selvarangan R. Emergence of Parechovirus A4 Central Nervous System Infections among Infants in Kansas City, Missouri, USA. (childrensmercy.org)
  • Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (ucdenver.edu)
  • Primary infection can also be asymptomatic. (lecturio.com)
  • Syphilis is a bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (T. pallidum), which is usually spread through sexual contact. (lecturio.com)
  • The clinical course of this infection in monkeys, like that of AIDS in humans, is complicated by various opportunistic infections (7). (cdc.gov)
  • Herpes infections are unique in that the virus is able to remain dormant in the neuronal ganglia, which allows for recurrent infections. (lecturio.com)
  • Recurrent outbreaks are usually less severe than the initial infection. (lecturio.com)
  • If supplemental testing for HIV-1/HIV-2 antibodies shows nonreactive or indeterminant results (or if acute HIV infection or recent exposure is suspected or reported), an HIV-1 nucleic acid test is recommended to differentiate acute HIV-1 infection from a false-positive test result. (medscape.com)
  • HIV infection distinguishes between its latent/dormant and replicating stage, allowing for a long term evasion from the immune system, and - if left untreated - to acute acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (jpt.com)
  • Chronic infection consists of acute episodes with remissions. (nih.gov)
  • Reexamination of amphotropic murine leukemia virus neurovirulence: neural stem cell-mediated microglial infection fails to induce acute neurodegeneration. (omeka.net)
  • It is a picornavirus that is transmitted by the fecal-oral route and causes acute infections of the liver. (sanfoundry.com)
  • Caprine arthritis and encephalitis (CAE) is a persistent lentiviral infection of goats. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection is manifested clinically as polysynovitis-arthritis in adult goats and less commonly as leukoencephalomyelitis (progressive weakness, ataxia, proprioceptive deficits) in kids. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Further screening of brain samples, virus isolation, and infection studies are needed to estimate the significance of these findings and the causative association of BoRV CH15 with neurological disease and encephalitis in cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, at that point we could draw no conclusion regarding the association of BoRV CH15 infection with encephalitis in cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Worldwide, antimicrobial resistance has been reported for key antibiotic and antiviral treatments used for various commonly occurring conditions including pneumonia, bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, gonorrhoea, tuberculosis, HIV and malaria. (who.int)
  • Subclinical or clinical interstitial pneumonia, indurative mastitis ("hard udder"), and chronic wasting have also been attributed to infection with this virus. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Infection of iPSCs with lentiviral inserts is a highly efficient process since stem cells grow quickly, remain undifferentiated in specific cell culture conditions and can establish fully infected clones within 2-3 passages. (nature.com)
  • Genital herpes infections are common sexually transmitted infections caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 or 2. (lecturio.com)
  • This course covers transmission of HIV and infection control, Washington laws concerning confidentiality and testing, clinical manifestations and treatment, psychosocial issues, and legal and ethical issues. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
  • However, the risk varies widely depending on differences in factors such as co-occurrence with other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), level of viral load, stage of disease, and circumcision. (benthamscience.com)
  • The compounds and compositions provided herein may be used for the treatment or prevention of a Retroviridae infection, including an HIV infection. (justia.com)
  • This virus is an important model for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infection because they shared molecular and biological features. (austinpublishinggroup.com)
  • Primary infection often presents with systemic, prodromal symptoms followed by clusters of painful, fluid-filled vesicles on an erythematous base, dysuria, and painful lymphadenopathy. (lecturio.com)
  • In rhesus monkeys and other susceptible nonhuman primate species (e.g. pig-tailed macaque, crab-eating macaque), SIV infection leads to a chronic wasting disease syndrome with depletion of CD4 (T4) lymphocytes and lymphadenopathy. (cdc.gov)
  • Severe Parechovirus 3 Infections in Young Infants-Kansas and Missouri, 2014. (childrensmercy.org)
  • The prevalence of SIV infection among many other nonhuman primate species is unknown. (cdc.gov)
  • Given the importance that this disease has for Equidae associated with the role that horses play in the development of livestock on the island, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of EIA on Marajó Island, at the mouth of the Amazon river, since there are no reports in the literature of this infection for this region. (scielo.br)
  • Compound exposure was controlled by staggered addition and cell washing at various times post-infection. (justia.com)
  • Preliminary data from a limited study of XMRV in an animal model (rhesus macaques) showed disseminated infection but only low but detectable transient viremia between 4-14 days. (phoenixrising.me)
  • Kilbride H, Jackson MA, Selvarangan R. Childhood Outcomes Following Parechovirus Infections in a US Young Infant Cohort. (childrensmercy.org)
  • Letvin NL, Kauffman RS, Finberg R. T lymphocyte immunity to reovirus: cellular requirements for generation and role in clearance of primary infections. (umassmed.edu)
  • Since the first cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were identified, the number of children infected with HIV has risen dramatically in developing countries, the result of an increased number of HIV-infected women of childbearing age in these areas. (medscape.com)
  • There are currently two types of Human immunodeficiency virus: HIV-1 and HIV-2, with the former being more infectious and virulent, currently responsible for the majority of global infections. (jpt.com)
  • Interferon-Gamma test for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection in Macaca mulatta and other non-human primates. (ucdavis.edu)
  • The peripartum period is an important transmission time for human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) infection, mainly via breastfeeding and partly through the placental tissues of carrier mothers. (e-cep.org)
  • Although no reports of infection in humans have been documented, the expanding use of SIV as a model of HIV infection has raised concern about the potential risk of SIV transmission to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Using a combination of immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we established that the microtubule motor dynein regulator DCTN2/p50/dynamitin interacts with the MLV preintegration complex early in infection, suggesting a direct interaction between the incoming viral particles and the dynein complex regulators. (unab.cl)
  • PF74 antiviral potency can depend on cyclophilin A (CypA) binding to CA in some cells and it shares a CA binding site with the host nuclear transport factor CPSF6, which restrict HIV infection when mislocalized to the cell cytoplasm. (justia.com)
  • Further experiments showed that RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of either DCTN2/p50/dynamitin or another dynein regulator, NudEL, profoundly reduced the efficiency of infection by ecotropic, but not amphotropic, MLV reporters. (unab.cl)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "HIV Infections" by people in Profiles. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Equine Herpes Virus-1 (EHV-1) infection in horses can cause respiratory disease, abortion in mares, neonatal foal death and neurological disease. (ca.gov)
  • Background 'Intrinsic' level of resistance to retroviral infection was 1st recognised with the Friend computer virus susceptibility gene (Fv1), which determines susceptibility to murine leukaemia computer virus (MLV) infection in different murine species. (siamtech.net)
  • Therefore, SIV infection is an important animal model of AIDS. (cdc.gov)
  • Curiously, mutations in the M30.2/SPRY domain of huTRIM5 confer about it the ability to restrict MLV-B, SIVmac and HIV-2 infections [10,17]. (siamtech.net)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is defined as a polymicrobial infection of the upper female reproductive system. (lecturio.com)
  • Gammaretroviruses are widespread in vertebrates, but do not establish infection readily in immunocompetent hosts. (phoenixrising.me)
  • As a result, medicines become ineffective and infections persist in the body, increasing the risk of spread to others. (who.int)
  • The patient with HIV may present with signs and symptoms of any of the stages of HIV infection. (medscape.com)
  • Poor adherence to infection control, especially in healthcare settings, and inadequate sanitary conditions also encourage the spread of antimicrobial resistance. (who.int)
  • 1 false-positive result per 100 people diagnosed with HIV infection). (medscape.com)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "HIV Infections" by people in this website by year, and whether "HIV Infections" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Few people are resistant to HIV infection as they are homozygous for an allele of the CCR5 gene that cannot express a functional protein. (sanfoundry.com)
  • Detection of antibody to HIV is the usual first step in diagnosing HIV infection. (medscape.com)
  • however, research suggests that maternal transmission accounts for only a minority of infections. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • No more does exposure to the virus necessarily mean an inevitable infection and a consequential death sentence, depending on accessibility to the treatment. (jpt.com)
  • CDC guidelines recommend testing for HIV infection with a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antigen/antibody immunoassay that detects HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies and the HIV-1 p24 antigen, with supplemental testing after a reactive assay result to differentiate between HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies. (medscape.com)
  • Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. (jefferson.edu)
  • It causes a very serious infection of the heart and may result in heart failure or heart attack. (sanfoundry.com)