A febrile disease occurring as a delayed sequela of infections with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES. It is characterized by multiple focal inflammatory lesions of the connective tissue structures, such as the heart, blood vessels, and joints (POLYARTHRITIS) and brain, and by the presence of ASCHOFF BODIES in the myocardium and skin.
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.
A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria isolated from skin lesions, blood, inflammatory exudates, and the upper respiratory tract of humans. It is a group A hemolytic Streptococcus that can cause SCARLET FEVER and RHEUMATIC FEVER.
Antibodies specific to STREPTOLYSINS which indicate STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS.
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.
Semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining the sodium salt of penicillin G with N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine.
An island of the West Indies. Its capital is St. George's. It was discovered in 1498 by Columbus who called it Concepcion. It was held at different times by the French and the British during the 18th century. The British suppressed a native uprising in 1795. It was an associate state of Great Britain 1967-74 but became an independent nation within the British Commonwealth in 1974. The original name referred to the Feast of the Immaculate Conception but it was later renamed for the Spanish kingdom of Granada. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p467 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p219)
Territory in north central Australia, between the states of Queensland and Western Australia. Its capital is Darwin.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.
A small round or oval, mostly subcutaneous nodule made up chiefly of a mass of Aschoff bodies and seen in cases of rheumatic fever. It is differentiated from the RHEUMATOID NODULE which appears in rheumatoid arthritis, most frequently over bony prominences. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).
Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).
An acute infectious disease caused by COXIELLA BURNETII. It is characterized by a sudden onset of FEVER; HEADACHE; malaise; and weakness. In humans, it is commonly contracted by inhalation of infected dusts derived from infected domestic animals (ANIMALS, DOMESTIC).
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS.
Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present.
Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the islands of the central and South Pacific, including Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia, and traditionally Australasia.
A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.
An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.
A group of islands in Melanesia constituting a French overseas territory. The group includes New Caledonia (the main island), Ile des Pins, Loyalty Island, and several other islet groups. The capital is Noumea. It was discovered by Captain Cook in 1774 and visited by various navigators, explorers, and traders from 1792 to 1840. Occupied by the French in 1853, it was set up as a penal colony 1864-94. In 1946 it was made a French overseas territory. It was named by Captain Cook with the 5th and 6th century A.D. Latin name for Scotland, Caledonia. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p830 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p375)
A condition of fainting spells caused by heart block, often an atrioventricular block, that leads to BRADYCARDIA and drop in CARDIAC OUTPUT. When the cardiac output becomes too low, the patient faints (SYNCOPE). In some cases, the syncope attacks are transient and in others cases repetitive and persistent.
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).
A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)
Heart sounds caused by vibrations resulting from the flow of blood through the heart. Heart murmurs can be examined by HEART AUSCULTATION, and analyzed by their intensity (6 grades), duration, timing (systolic, diastolic, or continuous), location, transmission, and quality (musical, vibratory, blowing, etc).
An international professional organization composed of one association per country for the purpose of improving and developing nursing's contribution to the promotion of health and care of the sick.
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart.
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.
Arthritis is a general term used to describe inflammation in the joints, often resulting in pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility, which can be caused by various conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or lupus.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

Rheumatic chorea in northern Australia: a clinical and epidemiological study. (1/268)

To describe the epidemiology and clinical features of Sydenham's chorea in the Aboriginal population of northern Australia a review was conducted of 158 episodes in 108 people: 106 were Aborigines, 79 were female, and the mean age was 10.9 years at first episode. Chorea occurred in 28% of cases of acute rheumatic fever, carditis occurred in 25% of episodes of chorea, and arthritis in 8%. Patients with carditis or arthritis tended to have raised acute phase reactants and streptococcal serology. Two episodes lasted at least 30 months. Mean time to first recurrence of chorea was 2.1 years compared with 1.2 years to second recurrence. Established rheumatic heart disease developed in 58% of cases and was more likely in those presenting with acute carditis, although most people who developed rheumatic heart disease did not have evidence of acute carditis with chorea. Differences in the patterns of chorea and other manifestations of acute rheumatic fever in different populations may hold clues to its pathogenesis. Long term adherence to secondary prophylaxis is crucial following all episodes of acute rheumatic fever, including chorea, to prevent recurrence.  (+info)

Superantigen-induced T cell responses in acute rheumatic fever and chronic rheumatic heart disease patients. (2/268)

CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from healthy donors, acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and chronic rheumatic heart disease (CRHD) patients responded variably to a superantigen from Streptococcus pyogenes--Streptococcal pyrogenic erythrogenic toxin A (SPE-A). In vitro culture of CD4+ T cells from ARF patients (CD4-ARF) with SPE-A exhibited a Th1 type of response as they produced high levels of IL-2, while CD4+ T cells from CRHD patients (CD4-RHD) secreted IL-4 and IL-10 in large amounts, i.e. Th2 type of cytokine profile. The skewing of human CD4+ T cells (in response to SPE-A stimulation) to Th1 or Th2 type reflects the role of the two subsets in a disorder with differing intensities at the two extremes of the spectrum. Moreover, the anergy induction experiments revealed that CD8-ARF and CD8-RHD undergo anergy (to different extents), whereas CD4+ T cells do not, in response to re-stimulation by SPE-A. These results initially demonstrate that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells respond differentially to SPE-A, and hence it is an important observation with respect to the pathogenesis of ARF/CRHD. Anergy in CD8+ T cells in the presence of SPE-A in vitro goes a step further to show the clinical relevance of these cells and their possible role in suppression of the disease.  (+info)

Rheumatic disease and the Australian aborigine. (3/268)

OBJECTIVE: To document the frequency and disease phenotype of various rheumatic diseases in the Australian Aborigine. METHODS: A comprehensive review was performed of the archaeological, ethnohistorical, and contemporary literature relating to rheumatic diseases in these indigenous people. RESULTS: No evidence was found to suggest that rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), or gout occurred in Aborigines before or during the early stages of white settlement of Australia. Part of the explanation for the absence of these disorders in this indigenous group may relate to the scarcity of predisposing genetic elements, for example, shared rheumatoid epitope for RA, B27 antigen for AS. In contrast, osteoarthritis appeared to be common particularly involving the temporomandibular joint, right elbow and knees and, most probably, was related to excessive joint loading in their hunter gatherer lifestyle. Since white settlement, high frequency rates for rheumatic fever, systemic lupus erythematosus, and pyogenic arthritis have been observed and there are now scanty reports of the emergence of RA and gout in these original Australians. CONCLUSION: The occurrence and phenotype of various rheumatic disorders in Australian Aborigines is distinctive but with recent changes in diet, lifestyle, and continuing genetic admixture may be undergoing change. An examination of rheumatic diseases in Australian Aborigines and its changing phenotype may lead to a greater understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of these disorders.  (+info)

Functional analysis of IgA antibodies specific for a conserved epitope within the M protein of group A streptococci from Australian Aboriginal endemic communities. (4/268)

The mucosa is one of the initial sites of group A streptococcal (GAS) infection and salivary IgA (sIgA) is thought to be critical to immunity. However, the target epitopes of sIgA and the function of sIgA in GAS immunity, in particular the role of accessory cells and complement, is largely unknown. We studied the aquisition and the function of sIgA specific for a conserved region epitope, p145 (sequence: LRRDLDASREAKKQVEKALE) of the M protein. Peptide 145-specific sIgA is highly prevalent within an Aboriginal population living in an area endemic for GAS and acquisition of p145-specific sIgA increases with age, consistent with a role for such antibodies in immunity to GAS. Human sIgA and IgG specific for p145 were affinity purified and shown to opsonize M5 GAS in vitro. Opsonization could be specifically inhibited by the addition of free p145 to the antibodies during assay. Opsonization of GAS was totally dependent on the presence of both complement and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and, moreover, affinity-purified p145-specific sIgA was shown to fix complement in the presence of M5 GAS. These data show that mucosal IgA to this conserved region peptide within the M protein has an important role in human immunity against GAS and may be useful in a broad-based cross-protective anti-streptococcal vaccine.  (+info)

HLA molecules, bacteria and autoimmunity. (5/268)

It has been well established that many diseases are linked to HLA antigens. Two of the most interesting HLA associations may provide some insight into the pathogenesis of rheumatic inflammatory conditions. In ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 96% of patients possess HLA-B27, whilst the frequency of this marker in the general population is c. 8%. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), >90% of patients possess either HLA-DR1 or some subtypes of HLA-DR4, whilst the frequency of this marker in the general population is c. 35%. The association between HLA-B27 and reactive arthritis (ReA) has also been well established. Furthermore, it has been shown that ReA is triggered by infection via the gastrointestinal tract due to Yersinia, Salmonella or Campylobacter spp. and in the genitourinary tract due to chlamydia. In a similar way, microbiological and immunological studies have revealed an association between Klebsiella pneumoniae in AS and Proteus mirabilis in RA. This article reviews the possible pathological implications of the associations between HLA-B27, K. pneumoniae and AS, as well as HLA-DR1/DR4, P. mirabilis and RA.  (+info)

Rheumatic fever--is it still a problem? (6/268)

The incidence of rheumatic fever has declined in industrialized countries since the 1950s and now has an annual incidence of around 0.5 cases per 100,000 children of school age. In developing countries it remains an endemic disease with annual incidences ranging from 100 to 200 per 100,000 school-aged children and is a major cause of cardiovascular mortality. Interest in the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever was rekindled by outbreaks in the USA (1985-1987) and the rare cases still seen in industrialized countries. The current concept is that the disease results from the host's poorly adapted autoimmune response to group A beta-haemolytic streptococci. The risk of developing rheumatic fever following untreated tonsillopharyngitis is 1% in the civilian population. Knowledge of virulence factors has been greatly enriched by progress in molecular biology. One of the key elements is protein M, a surface protein on the bacterial wall which carries specific epitopes. Several serotypes which lead to rheumatic fever have been recognized among more than 80 identified serotypes. However, the reason why specific strains within a given serotype have increased rheumatogenic virulence remains unknown. The causal strain adheres to the oral and pharyngeal cells and then releases its degradation products. These products present antigenic determinants which cross-react with certain human tissues, particularly in cardiac valve tissue and myocardium. Diagnosis is now difficult owing to the low incidence. Late diagnosis can have serious consequences and acute rheumatic fever is a therapeutic emergency requiring immediate antibiotic and anti-inflammatory treatment. In most of Europe there is tacit agreement that all cases of pharyngitis and tonsillitis should be treated with antibiotics without identification of the causal agent despite the fact that only about 20% of the cases are caused by group A beta-haemolytic streptococci, and could lead to rheumatic fever.  (+info)

Comparison of short-course (5 day) cefuroxime axetil with a standard 10 day oral penicillin V regimen in the treatment of tonsillopharyngitis. (7/268)

Oral penicillin V given three times daily in doses of 50,000-100,000 IU daily has been the standard treatment for tonsillopharyngitis for the last few decades. These regimens, initially recommended by the American Heart Association, were extrapolated from i.v. dosing with long-acting forms of penicillin which had been shown to prevent post-streptococcal sequelae. More recently, several antibiotics, including cefuroxime axetil, have been shown to be at least as effective as penicillin G in eradicating group A beta-haemolytic streptococci (GABHS) but their influence on post-streptococcal sequelae has never been assessed in a large-scale trial. The German Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (DGPI) undertook a large study of culture-proven tonsillopharyngitis involving several agents and included a 1 year follow-up to establish the effect on sequelae. In one arm of this study, cefuroxime 250 mg bid was compared with 50,000 IU penicillin V given in three divided doses. Cefuroxime axetil was more effective than oral penicillin V in eradicating GABHS at the assessment 2-4 days post-treatment (441/490 (90%) patients versus 1196/1422 (84%) patients; P = 0.001). Clinically, the two agents were equivalent in efficacy, and carriage rates were similar (11.1% and 13.8%, respectively) in patients receiving cefuroxime axetil and penicillin V, 7-8 weeks post-treatment. One case of glomerular nephritis occurred in a patient given penicillin V. There were no post-streptococcal sequelae confirmed for patients treated with cefuroxime axetil. The findings confirm the previously reported efficacy of short-course (4-5 day) treatments with cefuroxime axetil and indicate that short-course treatment is comparable to the standard oral penicillin V regimen in preventing post-streptococcal sequelae.  (+info)

Evaluation of the approach of primary care physicians to the management of streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. IPROS Network. (8/268)

BACKGROUND: Streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis remains a common illness in children and can lead to serious complications if left untreated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic and management approach of a sample of primary care physicians in the largest sick fund in Israel to streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in children. METHODS: A questionnaire was mailed to all physicians who treat children and are employed by the General Health Services (Kupat Holim Klalit) in the Jerusalem District. The questionnaire included data on demographics, practice type and size, and availability of throat culture and rapid strep test; as well as a description of three hypothetical cases followed by questions relating to their diagnosis and treatment. RESULTS: Of the 188 eligible physicians, 118 (62.5%) responded, including 65 of 89 pediatricians (73%) and 53 of 99 family and general practitioners (53.5%). Fifty-six physicians (47.4%) had more than 18 years experience, and 82 (70%) completed specialization in Israel. Mean practice size was 950 patients. Fifty-three physicians (43%) worked in Kupat Holim community clinics, 25 (21%) worked independently in private clinics, and 40 (34%) did both. A total of 91 (77%) had access to laboratory facilities for daily throat culture. The time it took for the results to arrive was 48 to 72 hours. For the three clinical scenarios, 90% of the physicians accurately evaluated case A, a 1-year-old with viral pharyngotonsillitis, and 100 (85%) correctly diagnosed case C, a 7-year-old with streptococcal infection. As expected, opinions were divided on case B, a 3-year-old child with uncertain diagnosis. Accordingly, 75 (65.3%) physicians did not recommend treatment for case A, compared to 109 (92.5%) for case C. For case B, 22 (19%) said they would always treat, 43 (36%) would sometimes treat, and 35 (30%) would await the result of the throat culture. For 104 (88%) physicians the antibiotic of choice for case C was penicillin, while only 9 (7.5%) chose amoxicillin. However, the recommended dosage regimens varied from 250 to 500 mg per dose, and from two to four doses daily. For case C, 110 physicians (93%) chose a 10 day duration of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The primary care physicians in the sample (pediatricians, general practitioners and family physicians) accurately diagnosed viral and streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. However, there was a lack of uniformity regarding its management in general, and the dosage regimen for penicillin in particular.  (+info)

Rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory disease that may occur following an untreated Group A streptococcal infection, such as strep throat. It primarily affects children between the ages of 5 and 15, but it can occur at any age. The condition is characterized by inflammation in various parts of the body, including the heart (carditis), joints (arthritis), skin (erythema marginatum, subcutaneous nodules), and brain (Sydenham's chorea).

The onset of rheumatic fever usually occurs 2-4 weeks after a streptococcal infection. The exact cause of the immune system's overreaction leading to rheumatic fever is not fully understood, but it involves molecular mimicry between streptococcal antigens and host tissues.

The Jones Criteria are used to diagnose rheumatic fever, which include:

1. Evidence of a preceding streptococcal infection (e.g., positive throat culture or rapid strep test, elevated or rising anti-streptolysin O titer)
2. Carditis (heart inflammation), including new murmurs or changes in existing murmurs, electrocardiogram abnormalities, or evidence of heart failure
3. Polyarthritis (inflammation of multiple joints) – typically large joints like the knees and ankles, migratory, and may be associated with warmth, swelling, and pain
4. Erythema marginatum (a skin rash characterized by pink or red, irregularly shaped macules or rings that blanch in the center and spread outward)
5. Subcutaneous nodules (firm, round, mobile lumps under the skin, usually over bony prominences)
6. Sydenham's chorea (involuntary, rapid, irregular movements, often affecting the face, hands, and feet)

Treatment of rheumatic fever typically involves antibiotics to eliminate any residual streptococcal infection, anti-inflammatory medications like corticosteroids or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to manage symptoms and prevent long-term heart complications, and secondary prophylaxis with regular antibiotic administration to prevent recurrent streptococcal infections.

Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) is defined as a chronic heart condition caused by damage to the heart valves due to untreated or inadequately treated streptococcal throat infection (strep throat). The immune system's response to this infection can mistakenly attack and damage the heart tissue, leading to inflammation and scarring of the heart valves. This damage can result in narrowing, leakage, or abnormal functioning of the heart valves, which can further lead to complications such as heart failure, stroke, or infective endocarditis.

RHD is a preventable and treatable condition if detected early and managed effectively. It primarily affects children and young adults in developing countries where access to healthcare and antibiotics for strep throat infections may be limited. Long-term management of RHD typically involves medications, regular monitoring, and sometimes surgical intervention to repair or replace damaged heart valves.

Rheumatic diseases are a group of disorders that cause pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or bones. They include conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), gout, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and many others. These diseases can also affect other body systems including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, kidneys, and nervous system. Rheumatic diseases are often chronic and may be progressive, meaning they can worsen over time. They can cause significant pain, disability, and reduced quality of life if not properly diagnosed and managed. The exact causes of rheumatic diseases are not fully understood, but genetics, environmental factors, and immune system dysfunction are believed to play a role in their development.

Chorea is a medical term that describes an involuntary movement disorder characterized by brief, irregular, and abrupt jerky movements. These movements often occur randomly and can affect any part of the body. Chorea can also cause difficulty with coordination and balance, and can sometimes be accompanied by muscle weakness or rigidity.

The term "chorea" comes from the Greek word "χορεία" (khoréia), which means "dance," reflecting the graceful, dance-like movements that are characteristic of this condition. Chorea can occur as a symptom of various underlying medical conditions, including neurological disorders such as Huntington's disease, Sydenham's chorea, and cerebral palsy, as well as metabolic disorders, infections, and certain medications.

Treatment for chorea depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include medications to help control the involuntary movements, physical therapy to improve coordination and balance, and lifestyle modifications to reduce the risk of injury from falls or other accidents. In some cases, surgery may be recommended as a last resort for severe or refractory chorea.

Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive, beta-hemolytic streptococcus bacterium that causes various suppurative (pus-forming) and nonsuppurative infections in humans. It is also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS) due to its ability to produce the M protein, which confers type-specific antigenicity and allows for serological classification into more than 200 distinct Lancefield groups.

S. pyogenes is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, erysipelas, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. In rare cases, it can lead to invasive diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS).

The bacterium is typically transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected skin lesions. Effective prevention strategies include good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing and avoiding sharing personal items, as well as prompt recognition and treatment of infections to prevent spread.

Antistreptolysin (ASO) is a type of antibody that the body produces in response to an infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a species of bacteria commonly known as group A streptococcus. This bacterium produces a toxin called streptolysin O, which can damage tissues and cells in the body. The ASO antibodies are produced by the immune system to help neutralize the effects of this toxin and protect against further tissue damage.

ASO titers, or levels of these antibodies in the blood, can be measured through a laboratory test called an antistreptolysin O titer test. This test is often used to help diagnose recent streptococcal infections, such as strep throat, and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. Elevated ASO titers may indicate a recent or ongoing infection with group A streptococcus, while normal or decreasing titers suggest that the infection has resolved.

It's important to note that a positive ASO test does not necessarily mean that a person is currently infected with group A streptococcus, as these antibodies can persist in the blood for several months after an infection has cleared. Therefore, the test should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and laboratory results.

Pharyngitis is the medical term for inflammation of the pharynx, which is the back portion of the throat. This condition is often characterized by symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and scratchiness in the throat. Pharyngitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections (such as the common cold), bacterial infections (such as strep throat), and irritants (such as smoke or chemical fumes). Treatment for pharyngitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include medications to relieve symptoms or antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection.

Fever, also known as pyrexia or febrile response, is a common medical sign characterized by an elevation in core body temperature above the normal range of 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) due to a dysregulation of the body's thermoregulatory system. It is often a response to an infection, inflammation, or other underlying medical conditions, and it serves as a part of the immune system's effort to combat the invading pathogens or to repair damaged tissues.

Fevers can be classified based on their magnitude:

* Low-grade fever: 37.5-38°C (99.5-100.4°F)
* Moderate fever: 38-39°C (100.4-102.2°F)
* High-grade or severe fever: above 39°C (102.2°F)

It is important to note that a single elevated temperature reading does not necessarily indicate the presence of a fever, as body temperature can fluctuate throughout the day and can be influenced by various factors such as physical activity, environmental conditions, and the menstrual cycle in females. The diagnosis of fever typically requires the confirmation of an elevated core body temperature on at least two occasions or a consistently high temperature over a period of time.

While fevers are generally considered beneficial in fighting off infections and promoting recovery, extremely high temperatures or prolonged febrile states may necessitate medical intervention to prevent potential complications such as dehydration, seizures, or damage to vital organs.

Streptococcal infections are a type of infection caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes). These bacteria can cause a variety of illnesses, ranging from mild skin infections to serious and potentially life-threatening conditions such as sepsis, pneumonia, and necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease).

Some common types of streptococcal infections include:

* Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) - an infection of the throat and tonsils that can cause sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
* Impetigo - a highly contagious skin infection that causes sores or blisters on the skin.
* Cellulitis - a bacterial infection of the deeper layers of the skin and underlying tissue that can cause redness, swelling, pain, and warmth in the affected area.
* Scarlet fever - a streptococcal infection that causes a bright red rash on the body, high fever, and sore throat.
* Necrotizing fasciitis - a rare but serious bacterial infection that can cause tissue death and destruction of the muscles and fascia (the tissue that covers the muscles).

Treatment for streptococcal infections typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect a streptococcal infection, as prompt treatment can help prevent serious complications.

Penicillin G Benzathine is a type of antibiotic that is used to treat various bacterial infections. According to the International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, Penicillin G Benzathine is a "water-soluble salt of penicillin G, which has a very high degree of stability and provides prolonged low-level serum concentrations after intramuscular injection."

It is often used to treat infections caused by streptococci and treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis. Penicillin G Benzathine works by interfering with the ability of these bacteria to form a cell wall, which is essential for their survival. Without a functional cell wall, the bacteria are unable to grow and multiply, and are eventually destroyed by the body's immune system.

Penicillin G Benzathine is typically administered via intramuscular injection, and its prolonged release allows for less frequent dosing compared to other forms of penicillin. However, it may not be suitable for all patients, particularly those with a history of allergic reactions to penicillin or other antibiotics. As with any medication, Penicillin G Benzathine should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Grenada" is not a medical term. It is a country, specifically an island nation in the Caribbean. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Northern Territory" is not a medical term. It is a geographical and political term referring to a federal territory in Australia. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, which is the middle layer of the heart wall. The myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for the heart's pumping function. Myocarditis can be caused by various infectious and non-infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, autoimmune diseases, toxins, and drugs.

In myocarditis, the inflammation can damage the cardiac muscle cells, leading to decreased heart function, arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms), and in severe cases, heart failure or even sudden death. Symptoms of myocarditis may include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, and swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen.

The diagnosis of myocarditis is often based on a combination of clinical presentation, laboratory tests, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the disease and may include medications to support heart function, reduce inflammation, control arrhythmias, and prevent further damage to the heart muscle. In some cases, hospitalization and intensive care may be necessary.

A rheumatic nodule is not a specific medical definition, but rather a descriptive term for a type of nodule that can be found in certain medical conditions. These nodules are typically associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), although they can also occur in other diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and dermatomyositis.

Rheumatic nodules are small, firm, round or oval-shaped lumps that develop under the skin or in certain organs such as the lungs. They can vary in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. In RA, these nodules usually appear on the forearms, elbows, fingers, knees, and ankles, although they can occur in other areas of the body as well.

Histologically, rheumatic nodules are characterized by a central area of fibrinoid necrosis surrounded by palisading histiocytes and fibroblasts. They may also contain lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. The presence of these nodules is thought to be related to the immune system's response to the underlying disease process, although their exact cause and significance are not fully understood.

It is important to note that rheumatic nodules can also occur in individuals without any known medical condition, and their presence does not necessarily indicate the presence of a specific disease. However, if you notice any new or unusual lumps or bumps on your body, it is always a good idea to consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and diagnosis.

Heart valve diseases are a group of conditions that affect the function of one or more of the heart's four valves (tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic). These valves are responsible for controlling the direction and flow of blood through the heart. Heart valve diseases can cause the valves to become narrowed (stenosis), leaky (regurgitation or insufficiency), or improperly closed (prolapse), leading to disrupted blood flow within the heart and potentially causing symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and irregular heart rhythms. The causes of heart valve diseases can include congenital defects, age-related degenerative changes, infections, rheumatic heart disease, and high blood pressure. Treatment options may include medications, surgical repair or replacement of the affected valve(s), or transcatheter procedures.

Pyoderma is a term used in medicine to describe a bacterial skin infection. It's derived from two Greek words: "pyon" meaning pus and "derma" meaning skin.

The infection can result in inflammation, often characterized by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain. Pus-filled blisters or boils may also form, which can rupture and crust over as the infection progresses.

Pyoderma can occur in people of all ages but is particularly common in children. The causative bacteria are often Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. The condition can be superficial, affecting only the top layer of the skin (epidermis), or it can be deeper, involving the dermis and/or subcutaneous tissue.

Treatment typically involves antibiotics, either topical or oral, depending on the severity and extent of the infection. In some cases, drainage of pus-filled abscesses may be necessary. Preventive measures such as good hygiene and keeping skin clean and dry can help reduce the risk of pyoderma.

Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. It is characterized by acute or chronic flu-like symptoms, pneumonia, and hepatitis. The bacteria are primarily transmitted to humans through inhalation of contaminated dust or aerosols from infected animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. Q fever can also be transmitted through consumption of unpasteurized milk or direct contact with infected animals. It is often asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic in animals but can cause severe disease in humans.

The acute form of Q fever typically presents with sudden onset of high fever, severe headache, fatigue, muscle pain, and cough. Some patients may also develop pneumonia or hepatitis. The chronic form of the disease is less common but more serious, often affecting people with compromised immune systems. Chronic Q fever can lead to endocarditis, an infection of the inner lining of the heart, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Diagnosis of Q fever typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, serological testing, and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assays. Treatment usually involves antibiotics such as doxycycline or fluoroquinolones for several weeks to months, depending on the severity and duration of the illness. Prevention measures include avoiding contact with infected animals, wearing protective clothing and masks when handling animal products, and pasteurizing milk before consumption.

Streptococcal vaccines are immunizations designed to protect against infections caused by Streptococcus bacteria. These vaccines contain antigens, which are substances that trigger an immune response and help the body recognize and fight off specific types of Streptococcus bacteria. There are several different types of streptococcal vaccines available or in development, including:

1. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV): This vaccine protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae, a type of bacteria that can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and other serious infections. PCV is recommended for all children under 2 years old, as well as older children and adults with certain medical conditions.
2. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV): This vaccine also protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae, but it is recommended for adults 65 and older, as well as younger people with certain medical conditions.
3. Streptococcus pyogenes vaccine: This vaccine is being developed to protect against Group A Streptococcus (GAS), which can cause a variety of infections, including strep throat, skin infections, and serious diseases like rheumatic fever and toxic shock syndrome. There are several different GAS vaccine candidates in various stages of development.
4. Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine: This vaccine is being developed to protect against Group B Streptococcus (GBS), which can cause serious infections in newborns, pregnant women, and older adults with certain medical conditions. There are several different GBS vaccine candidates in various stages of development.

Overall, streptococcal vaccines play an important role in preventing bacterial infections and reducing the burden of disease caused by Streptococcus bacteria.

Scarlet Fever is a bacterial illness that mainly affects children and is characterized by a bright red rash on the body, high fever, and a sore throat. It's caused by Group A Streptococcus bacteria (Strep throat) and is treatable with antibiotics. The distinctive red rash associated with Scarlet Fever is due to toxins produced by the bacteria, which can also cause other symptoms such as flushed face, strawberry tongue, and a pale ring around the mouth. If left untreated, Scarlet Fever can lead to serious complications like kidney damage or rheumatic fever.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oceanic Ancestry Group" is not a standard medical term or classification. It seems to be a general term that refers to people who have ancestral origins in the Oceanic region, which includes countries like Australia, New Zealand, and various islands in the Pacific Ocean.

In genetic or genealogical contexts, it might refer to a group of populations sharing certain genetic characteristics due to their geographical and historical connections. However, it's important to note that such classifications can be oversimplified and may not accurately reflect the complex genetic histories and cultural identities of individuals.

If you're looking for a medical term related to ancestry or genetics, you might be thinking of "racial" or "ethnic" categories, which are sometimes used in medical research or clinical settings to describe patterns of disease risk or treatment response. However, these categories are also flawed and can oversimplify the genetic and cultural diversity within and between populations. It's generally more useful and accurate to consider each individual's unique genetic and environmental factors when considering their health and medical needs.

Streptococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, spherical bacteria that typically form pairs or chains when clustered together. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. They are non-motile and do not produce spores.

Streptococcus species are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some strains are part of the normal flora of the body, while others can cause a variety of infections, ranging from mild skin infections to severe and life-threatening diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, and toxic shock syndrome.

The pathogenicity of Streptococcus species depends on various virulence factors, including the production of enzymes and toxins that damage tissues and evade the host's immune response. One of the most well-known Streptococcus species is Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus (GAS), which is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and rheumatic fever.

It's important to note that the classification of Streptococcus species has evolved over time, with many former members now classified as different genera within the family Streptococcaceae. The current classification system is based on a combination of phenotypic characteristics (such as hemolysis patterns and sugar fermentation) and genotypic methods (such as 16S rRNA sequencing and multilocus sequence typing).

Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.

When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.

Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.

The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.

Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.

Reactive arthritis is a form of inflammatory arthritis that occurs in response to an infection in another part of the body, such as the genitals, urinary tract, or gastrointestinal tract. It is also known as Reiter's syndrome. The symptoms of reactive arthritis include joint pain and swelling, typically affecting the knees, ankles, and feet; inflammation of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes; and urethritis or cervicitis. It is more common in men than women and usually develops within 1-4 weeks after a bacterial infection. The diagnosis is made based on the symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Treatment typically includes antibiotics to eliminate the underlying infection and medications to manage the symptoms of arthritis.

Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease that's transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The "yellow" in the name refers to the jaundice that can occur in some patients, resulting from liver damage caused by the virus. The disease is endemic in tropical regions of Africa and Central and South America.

The yellow fever virus is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family, genus Flavivirus. It's closely related to other mosquito-borne viruses like dengue and Zika. The virus has three distinct geographical variants (West African, East African, and South American), each with different epidemiological patterns and clinical features.

The incubation period for yellow fever is typically 3 to 6 days after infection. The initial symptoms include fever, chills, headache, back pain, myalgia, and fatigue. Most patients recover after this initial phase, but around 15% of those infected enter a more severe phase characterized by high fever, jaundice, abdominal pain, vomiting, bleeding, and often rapid death within 7 to 10 days.

There is no specific treatment for yellow fever, and management is focused on supportive care, including fluid replacement, blood transfusions, and addressing any complications that arise. Prevention relies on vaccination and mosquito control measures. The yellow fever vaccine is safe and highly effective, providing immunity in 95% of those who receive it. A single dose offers lifelong protection in most individuals. Mosquito control efforts, such as reducing breeding sites and using insecticide-treated materials, can help prevent the spread of the virus in affected areas.

Mitral valve insufficiency, also known as mitral regurgitation, is a cardiac condition in which the mitral valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart does not close properly, causing blood to flow backward into the atrium during contraction of the ventricle. This leads to an increased volume load on the left heart chamber and can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. The condition can be caused by various factors including valve damage due to degenerative changes, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, or trauma. Treatment options include medication, mitral valve repair, or replacement surgery depending on the severity and underlying cause of the insufficiency.

Typhoid fever is an acute illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. It is characterized by sustained fever, headache, constipation or diarrhea, rose-colored rash (in some cases), abdominal pain, and weakness. The bacteria are spread through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with an infected person's feces. If left untreated, typhoid fever can lead to severe complications and even be fatal. It is diagnosed through blood, stool, or urine tests and treated with antibiotics. Vaccination is available for prevention.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "New Caledonia" is not a medical term or concept. It is actually the name of a group of islands located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, east of Australia. The main island, Grande Terre, is known for its beautiful landscapes, which include mountains, beaches, and lagoons. New Caledonia is a special collectivity of France, and French is one of the official languages spoken there. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those instead!

Adams-Stokes syndrome is a medical condition characterized by a series of episodes of sudden loss of consciousness (syncope) due to a significant decrease or temporary cessation of heart function (cardiac standstill or severe bradycardia). These episodes are often associated with convulsive movements and may be triggered by certain positions or activities that increase the obstruction to blood flow from the heart.

The syndrome is named after English physicians Robert Adams and William Stokes, who independently described the condition in the 19th century. It is most commonly caused by heart block or sick sinus syndrome, which are electrical conduction disorders of the heart. Other causes may include structural heart diseases, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or coronary artery disease.

Treatment for Adams-Stokes syndrome typically involves addressing the underlying cause. In some cases, a pacemaker may be required to regulate the heart's electrical activity and prevent further episodes of syncope.

Aortic valve insufficiency, also known as aortic regurgitation or aortic incompetence, is a cardiac condition in which the aortic valve does not close properly during the contraction phase of the heart cycle. This allows blood to flow back into the left ventricle from the aorta, instead of being pumped out to the rest of the body. As a result, the left ventricle must work harder to maintain adequate cardiac output, which can lead to left ventricular enlargement and heart failure over time if left untreated.

The aortic valve is a trileaflet valve that lies between the left ventricle and the aorta. During systole (the contraction phase of the heart cycle), the aortic valve opens to allow blood to be pumped out of the left ventricle into the aorta and then distributed to the rest of the body. During diastole (the relaxation phase of the heart cycle), the aortic valve closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.

Aortic valve insufficiency can be caused by various conditions, including congenital heart defects, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, Marfan syndrome, and trauma. Symptoms of aortic valve insufficiency may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, palpitations, and edema (swelling). Diagnosis is typically made through physical examination, echocardiography, and other imaging studies. Treatment options depend on the severity of the condition and may include medication, surgery to repair or replace the aortic valve, or a combination of both.

Penicillins are a group of antibiotics derived from the Penicillium fungus. They are widely used to treat various bacterial infections due to their bactericidal activity, which means they kill bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of their cell walls. The first penicillin, benzylpenicillin (also known as penicillin G), was discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming. Since then, numerous semi-synthetic penicillins have been developed to expand the spectrum of activity and stability against bacterial enzymes that can inactivate these drugs.

Penicillins are classified into several groups based on their chemical structure and spectrum of activity:

1. Natural Penicillins (e.g., benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin): These have a narrow spectrum of activity, mainly targeting Gram-positive bacteria such as streptococci and staphylococci. However, they are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes produced by some bacteria.
2. Penicillinase-resistant Penicillins (e.g., methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin): These penicillins resist degradation by certain bacterial beta-lactamases and are primarily used to treat infections caused by staphylococci, including methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA).
3. Aminopenicillins (e.g., ampicillin, amoxicillin): These penicillins have an extended spectrum of activity compared to natural penicillins, including some Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae. However, they are still susceptible to degradation by many beta-lactamases.
4. Antipseudomonal Penicillins (e.g., carbenicillin, ticarcillin): These penicillins have activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria with increased resistance to other antibiotics. They are often combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanate or tazobactam to protect them from degradation.
5. Extended-spectrum Penicillins (e.g., piperacillin): These penicillins have a broad spectrum of activity, including many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They are often combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors to protect them from degradation.

Penicillins are generally well-tolerated antibiotics; however, they can cause allergic reactions in some individuals, ranging from mild skin rashes to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Cross-reactivity between different penicillin classes and other beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., cephalosporins) is possible but varies depending on the specific drugs involved.

A heart murmur is an abnormal sound heard during a heartbeat, which is caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart. It is often described as a blowing, whooshing, or rasping noise. Heart murmurs can be innocent (harmless and not associated with any heart disease) or pathological (indicating an underlying heart condition). They are typically detected during routine physical examinations using a stethoscope. The classification of heart murmurs includes systolic, diastolic, continuous, and functional murmurs, based on the timing and auscultatory location. Various heart conditions, such as valvular disorders, congenital heart defects, or infections, can cause pathological heart murmurs. Further evaluation with diagnostic tests like echocardiography is often required to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.

The International Council of Nurses (ICN) is not a medical organization, but rather a non-governmental organization that represents the nursing profession worldwide. Here's a medical definition-like description:

The International Council of Nurses (ICN) is a global federation of more than 130 national nurses' associations, representing the millions of nurses worldwide. Established in 1899, ICN is the international voice of nursing, advocating for quality health care, nursing education, evidence-based practice, and research. ICN sets standards, influences health policy, and promotes ethical nursing practice and the rights of nurses and patients. It works closely with other health organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO), to promote global health and nursing concerns.

Mitral valve stenosis is a cardiac condition characterized by the narrowing or stiffening of the mitral valve, one of the four heart valves that regulate blood flow through the heart. This narrowing prevents the mitral valve from fully opening during diastole (relaxation phase of the heart cycle), leading to restricted flow of oxygenated blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle.

The narrowing or stiffening of the mitral valve can be caused by various factors, such as rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart defects, aging, or calcium deposits on the valve leaflets. As a result, the left atrium has to work harder to pump blood into the left ventricle, causing increased pressure in the left atrium and pulmonary veins. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, coughing, and heart palpitations.

Mitral valve stenosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and imaging techniques like echocardiography or cardiac catheterization. Treatment options may include medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications, as well as surgical interventions such as mitral valve repair or replacement to alleviate the stenosis and improve heart function.

Glomerulonephritis is a medical condition that involves inflammation of the glomeruli, which are the tiny blood vessel clusters in the kidneys that filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. This inflammation can impair the kidney's ability to filter blood properly, leading to symptoms such as proteinuria (protein in the urine), hematuria (blood in the urine), edema (swelling), hypertension (high blood pressure), and eventually kidney failure.

Glomerulonephritis can be acute or chronic, and it may occur as a primary kidney disease or secondary to other medical conditions such as infections, autoimmune disorders, or vasculitis. The diagnosis of glomerulonephritis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, urinalysis, blood tests, and imaging studies, with confirmation often requiring a kidney biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the disease but may include medications to suppress inflammation, control blood pressure, and manage symptoms.

Bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are a type of protein found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. The outer membrane is a unique characteristic of gram-negative bacteria, and it serves as a barrier that helps protect the bacterium from hostile environments. OMPs play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and selective permeability of the outer membrane. They are involved in various functions such as nutrient uptake, transport, adhesion, and virulence factor secretion.

OMPs are typically composed of beta-barrel structures that span the bacterial outer membrane. These proteins can be classified into several groups based on their size, function, and structure. Some of the well-known OMP families include porins, autotransporters, and two-partner secretion systems.

Porins are the most abundant type of OMPs and form water-filled channels that allow the passive diffusion of small molecules, ions, and nutrients across the outer membrane. Autotransporters are a diverse group of OMPs that play a role in bacterial pathogenesis by secreting virulence factors or acting as adhesins. Two-partner secretion systems involve the cooperation between two proteins to transport effector molecules across the outer membrane.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial OMPs is essential for developing new antibiotics and therapies that target gram-negative bacteria, which are often resistant to conventional treatments.

The mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve, is a two-leaflet valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart. Its function is to ensure unidirectional flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle during the cardiac cycle. The mitral valve consists of two leaflets (anterior and posterior), the chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and the left atrial and ventricular myocardium. Dysfunction of the mitral valve can lead to various heart conditions such as mitral regurgitation or mitral stenosis.

Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO) is a medical condition defined as a fever that remains undiagnosed after one week of inpatient evaluation or three days of outpatient evaluation, with temperatures repeatedly measuring at or above 38.3°C (101°F). The fevers can be continuous or intermittent and are often associated with symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and general malaise.

The causes of FUO can be broadly categorized into four groups: infections, inflammatory diseases, neoplasms (cancers), and miscellaneous conditions. Infections account for a significant proportion of cases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Other possible causes include connective tissue disorders, vasculitides, drug reactions, and factitious fever.

The diagnostic approach to FUO involves a thorough history and physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The goal is to identify the underlying cause of the fever and provide appropriate treatment. In some cases, despite extensive evaluation, the cause may remain undiagnosed, and management focuses on supportive care and monitoring for any new symptoms or complications.

Arthritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation in one or more joints, leading to symptoms such as pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced range of motion. There are many different types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, and lupus, among others.

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and is caused by wear and tear on the joints over time. Rheumatoid arthritis, on the other hand, is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the joint lining, causing inflammation and damage.

Arthritis can affect people of all ages, including children, although it is more common in older adults. Treatment for arthritis may include medications to manage pain and reduce inflammation, physical therapy, exercise, and in some cases, surgery.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

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Rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever generally develops a few weeks after symptoms of strep throat have passed and is less likely ... Rheumatic fever may lead to more serious complications of the heart such as rheumatic heart disease. Glomerulonephritis. Onset ... Rheumatic fever is believed to be the result of an autoimmune reaction to various tissues in the body that are similar to ... "Group A Strep , Rheumatic Fever , GAS , CDC". cdc.gov. 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2019-09-02. Rawla, Prashanth; Ludhwani, Dipesh ( ...
"Rheumatic fever". A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. PubMed Health. 2012-05-30. Retrieved 3 February 2014. Lindsay, James (1997). " ... For example: "the patient had neck pain status post a motor vehicle accident".[citation needed] Rheumatic fever is a non- ...
For instance, certain autoimmune conditions like Guillain-Barre syndrome and rheumatic fever are thought to be triggered by ... Karthikeyan, Ganesan; Guilherme, Luiza (2018). "Acute rheumatic fever". The Lancet. Elsevier BV. 392 (10142): 161-174. doi: ... might trigger rheumatic fever, an autoimmune response affecting the heart. Similarly, some studies propose a link between the ... Symptoms are often diverse and can be fleeting, fluctuating from mild to severe, and typically comprise low-grade fever, ...
There is also a strong focus on health issues affecting specific population groups (i.e. Rheumatic Fever prophylaxis). District ...
After contracting rheumatic fever at age 12, Tagg later decided, as a young microbiology student, to seek an effective way of ... Gibb, John (19 December 2013). "Funding for rheumatic fever". Otago Daily Times. Retrieved 20 June 2018. "Professor John Tagg ...
1866). "Treatment of Rheumatic Fever". British Medical Journal. 1 (268): 187-188. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.268.187-a. PMC 2309021 ... 1863). "Statistics of the Treatment of Rheumatic Fever". British Medical Journal. 2 (139): 237. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.139.237. PMC ...
Gross, Louis; Friedberg, Charles K. (1936). "Lesions of the cardiac valves in rheumatic fever". The American Journal of ... Louis Gross, Friedberg investigated the cardiac pathoanatomy of rheumatic fever. Friedberg was a consulting cardiologist, and ... Friedberg, Charles K.; Gross, Louis (1936). "Pericardial lesions in rheumatic fever". The American Journal of Pathology. 12 (2 ... bacterial endocarditis should be assumed as most probable whenever a patient with an organic cardiac murmur experiences fever, ...
By 1921 several wards were devoted to patients with rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease. By 1929 the state of ... By 1931 the "entire hospital was given over to the treatment and study of rheumatic fever and related diseases". After WW II, ... T. Duckett Jones and his associates organized studies of rheumatic fever dating back to 1921 at the House of the Good Samaritan ... Before the widespread use of penicillin and other antibiotics, rheumatic fever was one of the major causes of death in ...
October 1966). "Acute Rheumatic Fever in Karachi, Pakistan". The American Journal of Cardiology. 18 (4): 548-551. doi:10.1016/ ...
The treatment of rheumatic fever with salicin gradually gained some acceptance in medical circles. By the 1880s, the German ... Reid, James (1948). "Does sodium salicylate cure rheumatic fever?". QJM. New Series. 66: 139-151. Fürstenwerth, Hauke (2011). " ... Its fever-reducing properties gave many sick patients enough strength to fight through the infection, and aspirin companies ... As of 2016 Bayer still described Hoffmann as having "discovered a pain-relieving, fever-lowering and anti-inflammatory ...
The treatment of rheumatic fever with salicin gradually gained some acceptance in medical circles. The discovery of acetanilide ... Reid, James (1948). "Does sodium salicylate cure rheumatic fever?". QJM. New Series. 66: 139-151. Fürstenwerth, Hauke (2011). " ... It is clear in the novel that the causes of fevers were poorly understood, and there is no suggestion at all of any possible ... "the green boughs with the leaves may very well be brought into chambers and set about the beds of those that be sick of fevers ...
With Leonard Glynn, he was one of the first scientists to explore the contribution of autoimmunity to rheumatic fever, ... Holborow, E. J. (October 1953). "Rheumatic Fever: Biochemical and Histopathological Aspects". Postgrad Med J. 29 (336): 482-486 ... he created a model centre for the scientific basis of investigating patients with rheumatic diseases. He was in 1956 a founder ...
One out of a hundred children in New Zealand have a heart disease which is caused by rheumatic fever, which is caused by an ... rheumatic fever, and tuberculosis. This is an issue that greatly affects children as 75-80% of crowded households had children ... Increased spending on rheumatic fever prevention; and Increased spending on early childhood education and schooling initiatives ...
Long-term complications as a result of scarlet fever include kidney disease, rheumatic fever, and arthritis. In the early 20th ... The link to rheumatic fever and heart disease is a particular concern in Australia, because of the high prevalence of these ... Acute rheumatic fever: This is a complication that results 2-6 weeks after a group A streptococcal infection of the upper ... As long as antibiotics are started within nine days, it is very unlikely for the child to develop acute rheumatic fever. ...
Anderson, Harold C (1951). "Convalescent Care in Rheumatic Fever: Irvington House". The Journal of Educational Sociology. 24 (8 ... he studied patients with rheumatic fever and challenged the belief that proper treatment after an early diagnosis kept those ...
Paul's Episcopal Church Dies in Columbus; FAILS TO RECOVER FROM RHEUMATIC FEVER ATTACK; He Came to Detroit in 1877 and Remained ...
The cause of death was rheumatic fever. After the death of Theakston the group were going to call it quits. But because the BBC ... When Theakston was a child, he contracted rheumatic fever. Prior to playing rock'n roll, Theakston was playing skiffle. When ...
"Pathology and therapy of rheumatic fever", 1944. Biographie Leopold Lichtwitz DGIM - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin ...
As a child, Macpherson had rheumatic fever. The illness was the reason he did not attend school. Instead, he was taught at home ...
At age five, she contracted rheumatic fever; she and her mother then moved to Birmingham. In 1969 she and her family settled in ...
Rheumatic fever Scarlet fever Toxic shock syndrome Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a complication of respiratory infections ... Sika-Paotonu, D.; Beaton, A.; Raghu, A.; Steer, A.; Carapetis, J. (2016). "Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease". ... The severity of streptococcal infections has decreased over the years, and so has rheumatic fever (a sequelae of GAS) which is ... HOUSER HB, WANNAMAKER LW, RAMMELKAMP CH, DENNY FW, BRINK WR, HAHN EO, DINGLE JH (1950). "Prophylaxis of acute rheumatic fever ...
Rheumatic fever at eMedicine Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). ... In pathology, Anitschkow (or Anichkov) cells are often cells associated with rheumatic heart disease. Anitschkow cells are ...
3 million over 2 years for a trans-Tasman project to investigate potential vaccines against Rheumatic fever Rheumatic fever is ... University of Auckland (18 February 2013). "University of Auckland welcomes rheumatic fever initiative". Scoop. Retrieved 10 ... basic science of group A streptococcus infection and public health approaches required to take high rates of rheumatic fever as ...
Initially, mainly patients with rheumatic fever were treated. However, by the end of the decade focus shifted towards patients ... The Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology treats children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases including juvenile ... was now the only facility in Europe exclusively dedicated to treating rheumatic diseases in childhood. Starting in 2002, the ... is the largest specialized center for the treatment of children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases and chronic pain ...
She suffered from rheumatic fever as a child. Later in life she fought rheumatoid arthritis and breast cancer. After hip and ...
It is also used to prevent rheumatic fever. It is given by injection into a muscle. Side effects include allergic reactions ...
He also contributed to advances against rheumatic fever. Dorfman was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, Director of ... RHEUMATIC CASES REPORTED HELPED; Doctors Say Penicillin Use May Prevent Heart Ailment After Streptecoccal Sore Throat,By ...
Howells served for nine years, until her death from rheumatic fever in Salt Lake City in 1951. She was succeeded by LaVern W. ... As a child, Cannon suffered from rheumatic fever. She enjoyed reading in her spare time and horseback riding. Cannon attended ... from 1943 until her death of rheumatic heart disease. She contributed to The Children's Friend magazine, as well as the ...
... to eradicate rheumatic fever. When the incidence of rheumatic fever began to decline, La Rabida began to focus on other chronic ... It opened in 1932 with 30 beds available; most patients were being treated for rheumatic fever. An outpatient wing was added to ... In 1932, La Rabida became the first sanitarium in the midwest for children with rheumatic fever and its frequent complications ... and scarlet fever. In the summers, women were encouraged to bring their children to the sanitarium for the day to escape the ...
... scarlet fever, and strep skin infections are not treated properly. ... Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory condition that can develop if strep throat, ... Rheumatic fever (acute rheumatic fever) is a condition that can affect the heart, joints, brain, and skin. Rheumatic fever can ... How you get rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever may develop if strep throat or scarlet fever infections are not treated properly ...
Rheumatic fever occurs in about 325,000 children each year and about 33.4 million people currently have rheumatic heart disease ... Rheumatic fever can lead to rheumatic heart disease.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) GBD 2015 ... "WHO , Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 1 ... In those with rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, prolonged periods of antibiotics are sometimes recommended. Gradual ...
Rheumatic fever Definition Rheumatic fever (RF) is an illness that occurs as a complication of untreated or inadequately ... Minor signs of rheumatic fever. Typical minor signs of rheumatic fever include fever, joint pain, prior history of rheumatic ... Typical minor signs of rheumatic fever include fever, joint pain, prior history of rheumatic fever, and laboratory evidence of ... Cause of rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever occurs as a result of a primary infection with Streptococcus pyogenes. If the ...
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is an autoimmune inflammatory process that develops as a sequela of streptococcal infection. ARF ... encoded search term (Rheumatic Fever) and Rheumatic Fever What to Read Next on Medscape ... Joseph N, Madi D, Kumar GS, Nelliyanil M, Saralaya V, Rai S. Clinical spectrum of rheumatic Fever and rheumatic heart disease: ... Muhamed B, Parks T, Sliwa K. Genetics of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020 Mar. 17 (3):145-154 ...
It occurs when infections, including those that cause strep throat and scarlet fever, go untreated. Rheumatic fever is most ... www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Rheumatic-fever/Pages/Symptoms.aspx. *. Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. (2013, June 3). http ... patient.info/doctor/rheumatic-fever-pro#ref-9. *. Steer, A. & Gibofsky, A. (2017, January 3). Acute rheumatic fever: ... Rheumatic fever - causes. (2015, October 29). http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Rheumatic-fever/Pages/Causes.aspx. ...
Learn how rheumatic fever can damage the heart. ... Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory response to an untreated ... What is Pediatric Rheumatic Fever?. Rheumatic fever isnt an infection itself. First, the child is infected by group A ... Pediatric Rheumatic Fever. Pediatric rheumatic fever is as an inflammatory response after a child is infected with group A ... it can take two to four weeks for symptoms of rheumatic fever to appear. Symptoms of rheumatic fever can occur throughout the ...
... such as in strep throat or scarlet fever). The disease can affect the joints, heart, skin and brain. ... Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that may develop after an infection with a streptococcus bacteria ( ... What is acute rheumatic fever?. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that may develop after an infection with a ... streptococcus bacteria (such as in strep throat or scarlet fever). The disease can affect the joints, heart, skin and brain. ...
Learn about this complication of strep throat and scarlet fever and what you can do to prevent it. ... Theres no single test for rheumatic fever. Diagnosis of rheumatic fever is based on medical history, a physical exam and ... Its important to have regular health checkups after having rheumatic fever. Heart damage from rheumatic fever might not show ... Acute rheumatic fever. Mayo Clinic; 2023.. *Leal MTBC, et al. Rheumatic heart disease in the modern era: Recent developments ...
Rheumatic fever causes chronic progressive damage to the heart and its valves and is the most common cause of pediatric heart ... encoded search term (Rheumatic Fever in Emergency Medicine) and Rheumatic Fever in Emergency Medicine What to Read Next on ... In developing nations and lower socioeconomic areas where rheumatic fever is more prevalent, acute rheumatic fever and its ... Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016 Jan 14. 2:15084. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text]. ...
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is an autoimmune inflammatory process that develops as a sequela of streptococcal infection. ARF ... encoded search term (Rheumatic Fever) and Rheumatic Fever What to Read Next on Medscape ... Joseph N, Madi D, Kumar GS, Nelliyanil M, Saralaya V, Rai S. Clinical spectrum of rheumatic Fever and rheumatic heart disease: ... Muhamed B, Parks T, Sliwa K. Genetics of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020 Mar. 17 (3):145-154 ...
Rheumatic fever is caused by certain strains of ... Rheumatic fever is a bacterial infection that can cause ... Rheumatic fever can damage heart muscle and heart valves. Not all people who have rheumatic fever develop rheumatic heart ... Rheumatic Fever and the Heart * Heart Valve Problems: Should I Choose a Mechanical Valve or Tissue Valve to Replace My Heart ... Rheumatic fever is caused by certain strains of streptococcal bacteria. A strep throat infection that isnt properly treated ...
... having an onset marked by fever and joint pain and frequently resulting in scarring of the heart valves. ... rheumatic fever: An acute inflammatory disease occurring during recovery from infection with a strain of streptococcus bacteria ... Help support Wordnik (and make this page ad-free) by adopting the word rheumatic fever. ... having an onset marked by fever and joint pain and frequently resulting in scarring of the heart valves. ...
... and Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are preventable health problems that disproportionately affect Australias Aboriginal and ... Pilot Program to Prevent Rheumatic Fever Highlights. *Acute rheumatic fever and heart disease disproportionately affect ... Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are preventable health problems that disproportionately affect ...
Funding to reduce rheumatic fever in New Zealand has been halved in this weeks Budget. That is despite the Governments ... Funding to reduce rheumatic fever in New Zealand has been halved in this weeks Budget.. That is despite the Governments ... The Government set a goal of reducing the rheumatic fever rate from 4 cases per 100,000 people to 1.4 cases per 100,000 people ... The Ministry of Health said preventing rheumatic fever would continue to be a focus for the 11 District Health Boards which had ...
... including those associated with acute rheumatic fever (ARF). We observed few so-called rheumatogenic emm types but found a high ... M-Protein Analysis of Streptococcus pyogenes Isolates Associated with Acute Rheumatic Fever in New Zealand J Clin Microbiol. ... including those associated with acute rheumatic fever (ARF). We observed few so-called rheumatogenic emm types but found a high ...
Millions of dollars are being poured into reducing rheumatic fever in NZ. However rates of the disease in Auckland are at least ... Housing crisis blamed for Aucklands rheumatic fever rates. The government is failing to make a dent in rheumatic fever rates ... rheumatic fever?. And Id be interested in the breakdown of rheumatic fever or strep by household rather than by population. ... Rheumatic fever rates fail to fall in central Auckland, Waitemata. The Government is reshuffling money to bolster its rheumatic ...
Rheumatic Fever - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the Merck Manuals - Medical ... Prognosis for Rheumatic Fever Prognosis following an initial episode of acute rheumatic fever depends mostly on how severely ... Pathophysiology of Rheumatic Fever Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis is the etiologic precursor of acute rheumatic fever ... Symptoms and Signs of Rheumatic Fever An initial episode of symptoms of rheumatic fever occurs typically about 2 to 3 weeks ...
Sore throats can lead to rheumatic fever. We have over 180 free sore throat services in Waikato DHB. ... What is Rheumatic Fever? Rheumatic fever is a serious but preventable illness. Rheumatic fever can start with a sore throat ... What can I do to prevent Rheumatic Fever? Living in a warm, dry home also helps to stop strep throats being passed on between ... What are the symptoms of Rheumatic Fever? Usually, sore throats get better on their own. But if strep throat is left untreated ...
This 12-year controlled study indicates that the outcome of patients with rheumatic fever is better with a 3-week than with a 4 ... Methods: A total of 249 consecutive patients with rheumatic fever, randomly assigned to either a 3-week or a 4-week regimen, ... Conclusions: This 12-year controlled study indicates that the outcome of patients with rheumatic fever is better with a 3-week ... Long-term outcome of patients with rheumatic fever receiving benzathine penicillin G prophylaxis every three weeks versus every ...
... rheumatic fever, sore throat, soup stock, tom monte, viral infections, ...
Rheumatic fever and its most serious complication, rheumatic heart disease (RHD), are believed to result from an autoimmune ... Rheumatic fever (RF) is a systemic illness that may occur following group A beta hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) pharyngitis in ... The murmurs of acute rheumatic fever are from valve regurgitation, and the murmurs of chronic rheumatic fever are from valve ... encoded search term (Pediatric Rheumatic Fever) and Pediatric Rheumatic Fever What to Read Next on Medscape ...
By Tanya Remer Altmann, MD, FAAP "Mommy, my throat hurts!" Weve all heard this often-usually at 3 am, and the next stop is the pediatricians office. Parents often look to antibiotics as a cure-all for whatever ails their child ...
Concomitant Rheumatic Fever and Dilated Cardiomyopathy on Pediatric Oncall ... CONCOMITANT RHEUMATIC FEVER AND DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY: A CASE REPORT ... Concomitant Rheumatic Fever and Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Case Report. Kumar Amritanshu, D P Banerjee.. Department of ... fever and positive acute phase reactants suggestive of rheumatic fever. Echocardiography was suggestive of DCM. Patient was ...
Best practice algorithm with notes outlining when to use echocardiography as a diagnostic tool for acute rheumatic fever. ... The Heart Foundation: Primary Care eLearning features a free rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease course. ... A guide for the use of echocardiography in acute rheumatic fever - Algorithm. Best practice algorithm with notes outlining when ... Home / Resources / A guide for the use of echocardiography in acute rheumatic fever - Algorithm ...
Streptococcal Mechanisms: Novel Models and New Insights into Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease. Thursday, 2 ... What can models teach us about host-pathogen interaction in rheumatic pathogenesis Shiranee Sriskandan (Imperial College, ... Establishment of a fully characterised model of Rheumatic Heart Disease. Natkunam Ketheesan (University of New England) ... Prospects for ex-vivo models for rheumatic heart disease. Najma Latif (Imperial College London) ...
This guidance supports public health professionals with the prevention and management of Rheumatic fever species disease cases ... New Zealand Guidelines for Rheumatic Fever: 3. Proposed rheumatic fever primary prevention programme. Auckland: National Heart ... see the National Heart Foundations New Zealand Guidelines for Rheumatic Fever: 3. Proposed rheumatic fever primary prevention ... 2004. Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: Report of a WHO Expert consultation, Geneva, 29 October-1 November 2001. WHO ...
A proposal for the eradication of rheumatic fever in our lifetime ...
  • [ 7 ] Although several classic group A streptococcal emm types are considered to be rheumatogenic and most likely to be associated with acute rheumatic fever, in Oceania and Hawaii, group A streptococcal strains not traditionally associated with rheumatic fever have been found to cause the disease. (medscape.com)
  • We applied an emm cluster typing system to group A Streptococcus strains in New Zealand, including those associated with acute rheumatic fever (ARF). (nih.gov)
  • 1) In the present case DCM was associated with acute rheumatic fever (ARF). (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Group A streptococcal isolates temporally associated with acute rheumatic fever in Hawaii: differences from the continental United States. (medscape.com)
  • Erdem G, Mizumoto C, Esaki D, Reddy V, Kurahara D, Yamaga K. Group A streptococcal isolates temporally associated with acute rheumatic fever in Hawaii: differences from the continental United States. (medscape.com)
  • Many patients are seen recommendations of the American Society with established rheumatic heart disease at of Echocardiography. (who.int)
  • There are some factors that can increase the risk of getting rheumatic fever. (cdc.gov)
  • A child might need to continue taking antibiotics for 5 years or through age 21 to prevent rheumatic fever from coming back, whichever is longer. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Get all sore throats seen and swabbed quickly to prevent rheumatic fever and heart damage. (waikatodhb.govt.nz)
  • What can I do to prevent Rheumatic Fever? (waikatodhb.govt.nz)
  • If the heart is undamaged, long-term use of antibiotics should prevent rheumatic fever occurring again, which shouldhopefully prevent the heart becoming damaged. (zana.com)
  • Doctors treat symptoms of rheumatic fever with medicines to reduce fever, pain, and general inflammation. (cdc.gov)
  • People who develop rheumatic heart disease (long-term heart damage) with symptoms of heart failure may require medicines to help manage this as well. (cdc.gov)
  • Signs and symptoms include fever, multiple painful joints, involuntary muscle movements, and occasionally a characteristic non-itchy rash known as erythema marginatum. (wikipedia.org)
  • The disease is so named because its symptoms are similar to those of some rheumatic disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • However the antibodies may also react against the myocardium and joints, producing the symptoms of rheumatic fever. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, when a throat infection occurs without symptoms, or when a patient neglects to take the prescribed medication for the full 10-day course of treatment, there is up to an estimated 3% chance that he or she will develop rheumatic fever. (encyclopedia.com)
  • What are the signs and symptoms of Pediatric Rheumatic Fever? (childrens.com)
  • After a child is infected with strep bacteria, it can take two to four weeks for symptoms of rheumatic fever to appear. (childrens.com)
  • Make an appointment for a health checkup if symptoms of rheumatic fever develop. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Finally, history may reveal symptoms more specific to rheumatic fever. (medscape.com)
  • however rheumatic heart disease, in the absence of signs and symptoms of ARF, is not. (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
  • ARF symptoms can include arthritis, fever, swelling of the heart and heart valves, and rash ( Ralph 2020 ). (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • The symptoms of rheumatic fever include joint pain and swelling ( Arthritis ) and inflammation of the heart, which can cause shortness of breath and chest pain. (zana.com)
  • The symptoms of rheumatic fever aren't caused by the bacteria itself, but the immune system's response to it. (zana.com)
  • In such cases,the symptoms of rheumatic heart disease, such as shortness of breath and constant tiredness, will continue. (zana.com)
  • The symptoms of rheumatic fever usually develop one to five weeks after a streptococcal throat infection, including arthritis, heart inflammation (carditis) and Sydenham chorea, which causes inflammation of the nerves. (zana.com)
  • It causes fever and flu-like symptoms. (healthline.com)
  • If rheumatic fever is not treated promptly, rheumatic heart disease may occur. (cdc.gov)
  • Damage to the heart valves, known as rheumatic heart disease (RHD), usually occurs after repeated attacks but can sometimes occur after one. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rheumatic fever may occur following an infection of the throat by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rheumatic fever is a systemic disease affecting the connective tissue around arterioles, and can occur after an untreated strep throat infection, specifically due to group A streptococcus (GAS), Streptococcus pyogenes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rheumatic fever may occur in people of any age, but is most common in children between the ages of five and 15. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Recent estimates suggest that 33.4 million people worldwide have rheumatic heart disease and that 300,000-500,000 new cases of rheumatic fever (approximately 60% of whom will develop rheumatic heart disease) occur annually, with 230,000 deaths resulting from its complications. (medscape.com)
  • When ARF develops, exudative and proliferative inflammatory lesions can appear in connective tissues of the joints, blood vessels, and subcutaneous tissue, but they are especially detrimental in cardiac tissue, where structural changes can occur, resulting in rheumatic heart disease (RHD). (medscape.com)
  • Evidence of preceding group A streptococcal infection is an integral part of the Jones criteria for ARF diagnosis unless the patient has chorea (which may occur months after the inciting infection) or indolent rheumatic heart disease (see Diagnosis). (medscape.com)
  • Chorea: It may occur late and be the only manifestation of rheumatic fever, thus it may be impossible to document previous group A streptococci pharyngitis. (medscape.com)
  • It's estimated that just under half a million new cases of rheumatic fever occur worldwide each year. (zana.com)
  • Rheumatic fever is thought to be an immune response to an earlier infection. (cdc.gov)
  • People cannot catch rheumatic fever from someone else because it is an immune response and not an infection. (cdc.gov)
  • If the infection is left untreated, rheumatic fever occurs in up to three percent of people. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rheumatic fever (RF) is an illness that occurs as a complication of untreated or inadequately treated strep throat infection. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Though the exact cause of rheumatic fever is unknown, the disease usually follows the contraction of a throat infection caused by a member of the Group A streptococcus (strep) bacteria (called strep throat). (encyclopedia.com)
  • Two different theories exist as to how a bacterial throat infection can result in rheumatic fever. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is an autoimmune inflammatory process that develops as a sequela of streptococcal infection. (medscape.com)
  • An extensive literature search has shown that, at least in developed countries, rheumatic fever follows pharyngeal infection with rheumatogenic group A streptococci. (medscape.com)
  • [ 11 , 12 ] The resultant inflammation may persist well beyond the acute infection and produces the protean manifestations of rheumatic fever. (medscape.com)
  • Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory reaction that can develop as a complication of a Group A streptococcal infection, such as strep throat or scarlet fever. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The disease results from damage to heart valves caused by one or several episodes of rheumatic fever, an autoimmune inflammatory reaction to throat infection caused by group A streptococci (streptococcal pharyngitis). (who.int)
  • Rheumatic fever isn't an infection itself. (childrens.com)
  • If children are treated promptly with antibiotics to wipe out the strep bacterial infection, they reduce their chance of rheumatic fever. (childrens.com)
  • A group A streptococcus bacterial infection - most likely strep - that isn't treated properly causes rheumatic fever. (childrens.com)
  • Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that may develop after an infection with a streptococcus bacteria (such as in strep throat or scarlet fever). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a sequela of a previous group A streptococcal infection , usually of the upper respiratory tract and less frequently of soft tissues. (medscape.com)
  • Rheumatic fever is a bacterial infection that can cause problems with the heart's aortic and mitral valves. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • A strep throat infection that isn't properly treated can trigger rheumatic fever. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • noun An acute inflammatory disease occurring during recovery from infection with a strain of streptococcus bacteria, having an onset marked by fever and joint pain and frequently resulting in scarring of the heart valves. (wordnik.com)
  • Rheumatic fever can start with a sore throat caused by a 'strep throat' - a bacterial infection called Group A Streptococcus (GAS). (waikatodhb.govt.nz)
  • Newly ill patients with a history of rheumatic fever, especially rheumatic heart disease who have supporting evidence of a recent GAS infection and who manifest either a single major or several minor criteria: Distinguishing recurrent carditis from preexisting significant RHD may be impossible. (medscape.com)
  • This indicates recent streptococcal infection along with carditis, polyarthritis, fever and positive acute phase reactants suggestive of rheumatic fever. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • 3) The diagnosis of isolated rheumatic fever was considered in our patient because of finding of very high anti-streptolysin O titre and lack of evidence of either viral disease, infection with group C and G streptococci or other cause of spuriously high titer of antistreptolysin O. (4). (pediatriconcall.com)
  • This patient, in fact, had acute rheumatic fever, which is a delayed autoimmune response to a Strep throat infection. (fuchsberg.com)
  • Fever, chills, and red streaking from the rash might be a sign of serious infection requiring medical attention. (healthline.com)
  • Rheumatic fever and streptococcal infection : unraveling the mysteries of a dread disease / Benedict F. Massell. (who.int)
  • Acute rheumatic fever is an autoimmune response to a previous group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GAS) infection causing acute generalized anti-inflammatory response primarily affecting the heart. (mims.com)
  • Rheumatic fever is a disease that may develop after an infection with group A streptococcus bacteria (such as strep throat or scarlet fever). (limamemorial.org)
  • Scarlet fever is caused by an infection with bacteria called A streptococcus. (limamemorial.org)
  • Rheumatic fever is an infection that causes inflammation throughout your entire body. (healthline.com)
  • Scarlet fever is a severe infection. (healthline.com)
  • Pennock V, Bell A, Moxon TA, Reed P, Maxwell F, Lennon D. Retrospective epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever: a 10-year review in the Waikato District Health Board area of New Zealand. (medscape.com)
  • Pediatric rheumatic fever is as an inflammatory response after a child is infected with group A streptococcus bacteria and isn't treated promptly. (childrens.com)
  • First, the child is infected by group A streptococcus bacteria, which is responsible for strep throat and scarlet fever . (childrens.com)
  • Recommended acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease preventative measures include monitoring Group A Streptococcus (GAS) diseases, the development of a GAS vaccine, long-acting penicillins, and improvements in social determinants, along with better access to health care and improved housing. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a multisystem autoimmune response to untreated or partially treated group A Streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis. (mhmedical.com)
  • This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of rheumatic fever, including its etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies. (madeformedical.com)
  • In 2002, a report announced that scientists had mapped the genome (genetic material) of an A streptococcus bacterium responsible for acute rheumatic fever. (encyclopedia.com)
  • In humans, S. zooepidemicus may cause glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever, which are known sequelae of Streptococcus pyogenes infections. (cdc.gov)
  • A single severe episode of ARF or recurrent episodes of ARF can result in permanent heart valve damage known as rheumatic heart disease (RHD). (mhmedical.com)
  • Region, the burden of rheumatic heart disease is especially concentrated in China and indigenous populations living in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific island States. (who.int)
  • Rheumatic fever causes inflammation of tissues and organs and can result in serious damage to the heart valves, joints, central nervous system and skin. (encyclopedia.com)
  • People who had heart inflammation during rheumatic fever might need to continue antibiotics for 10 years or longer. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Aspirin or naproxen (Naprosyn, Naprelan, Anaprox DS) can help reduce inflammation, fever and pain. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Always tell your healthcare provider about any history of rheumatic fever. (mayoclinic.org)
  • (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html, accessed 20 March 2018). (who.int)
  • While acute rheumatic fever (RF) has declined to near zero in most developed countries, it persists in New Zealand (NZ) with 168 new hospitalizations in 2018 (3.6/100,000) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There were 2,076 cases of acute rheumatic fever identified in QLD, WA, SA and the NT combined (including both first known and recurrent cases) - 95% (1,963) of which were in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, during 2014-2018. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • Seventy-two percent of acute rheumatic fever cases in Indigenous Australians were first known episodes, and 73% were in those aged 5-24, in 2014-2018. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • There were 4,993 people who had a diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease recorded on registers in Qld, WA, SA and the NT as at December 2018, of whom 87% (4,325) were Indigenous Australians. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • The incidence rate of rheumatic fever is as high as 50 cases per 100,000 children in many areas. (medscape.com)
  • Socioeconomic and environmental factors such as poor housing, undernutrition, overcrowding and poverty are well-known contributors to the incidence, magnitude and severity of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. (who.int)
  • The economic cost to countries with a persistently high incidence of rheumatic heart disease is significant. (who.int)
  • The incidence of rheumatic fever in New Zealand is much higher than in comparable countries and regions such as North America and the United Kingdom. (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
  • Patients who have had rheumatic fever have about a 50% likelihood of having a recurrence if they have another episode of group A streptococcal pharyngitis that is untreated. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Patients with previous rheumatic fever are at a high risk of recurrence. (medscape.com)
  • When minor manifestations alone are present, the exclusion of other more likely causes of the clinical presentation is recommended before a diagnosis of an acute rheumatic fever recurrence is made. (medscape.com)
  • It is interesting to note that members of certain families seem to have a greater tendency to develop rheumatic fever than do others. (encyclopedia.com)
  • It's estimated that less than 1 in 100,000 people in the UK develop rheumatic fever. (zana.com)
  • There is no single test used to diagnose rheumatic fever. (cdc.gov)
  • What are the causes of Pediatric Rheumatic Fever? (childrens.com)
  • Acute rheumatic fever in New Zealand persists and is a barometer of equity as its burden almost exclusively falls on Māori and Pacific Island populations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The most significant complication of ARF is rheumatic heart disease, which usually occurs after repeated bouts of acute illness. (medscape.com)
  • Rheumatic fever is a serious complication. (zana.com)
  • Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) occurs as a complication of ARF. (sa.gov.au)
  • Indolent carditis: Patients presenting late to medical attention months after the onset of rheumatic fever may have insufficient support to fulfill the criteria. (medscape.com)
  • 2) However in end stage dilated cardiomyopathy with clinically unsuspected acute rheumatic carditis, it can have a fatal outcome. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Acute rheumatic carditis: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in the era of heart transplantation. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Rheumatic heart disease is a preventable yet serious public health problem in low- and middle-income countries and in marginalized communities in high-income countries, including indigenous populations. (who.int)
  • Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are preventable health problems that disproportionately affect Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations and cause serious health problems and premature deaths. (abtassociates.com)
  • Rheumatic fever is a serious but preventable illness. (waikatodhb.govt.nz)
  • Undernutrition, overcrowding, and lower socioeconomic status predispose to streptococcal infections and subsequent episodes of rheumatic fever. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Shulman ST, Jaggi P. Nonsuppurative poststreptococcal sequelae: rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In one example from Brazil, rheumatic fever cost the affected family annually about US$ 97/patient and cost society annually US$ 320/patient, whereas a secondary prevention programme cost US$ 23/patient annually. (who.int)
  • The prevention, control and elimination or eradication of rheumatic heart disease is increasingly being recognized as an important developmental issue by Member States. (who.int)
  • In 2011, the New Zealand government announced matic heart disease, which in turn may pro- a major national Rheumatic Fever Prevention Pro- duce permanent heart damage ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The ministry said it was focusing its prevention efforts on Auckland, where more than half of rheumatic fever cases were picked up. (nzherald.co.nz)
  • The Government is reshuffling money to bolster its rheumatic fever prevention programme throughout much of greater Auckland after officials admitted targets are not being met. (thestandard.org.nz)
  • The government has dedicated $65 million to its Rheumatic Fever Prevention Programme, which started five years ago with the aim of slashing incidents of the disease. (thestandard.org.nz)
  • To compare the efficacy of injections of 1.2 million units of benzathine penicillin G given every 3 weeks versus every 4 weeks for secondary prevention of rheumatic fever, based on the long-term outcome of patients receiving such prophylaxis. (nih.gov)
  • Secondary prevention and treatment of acute rheumatic fever / rheumatic heart disease are essential, through the implementation of disease registers and control programs, education of patients and their families, treatment with penicillin prophylaxis, and regular clinical review and access to specialists and hospital care. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • A cost-effective strategy for primary prevention of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in children with pharyngitis. (medscape.com)
  • Since relatively penicillin-resistant alpha-hemolytic streptococci may be found in patients using continuous therapy for secondary prevention of rheumatic fever, other agents may be selected to add to their continuous prophylactic regimen. (drugs.com)
  • RF can have long-term complications, the most common being rheumatic heart disease (RHD) which develops in 30 to 45 percent of those with RF. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Learn about the causes and complications of strep throat infections, rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease. (rhdaction.org)
  • Rheumatic fever can damage heart muscle and heart valves. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • In some cases it can lead to serious heart problems causing rheumatic heart disease, where the heart valves become damaged and heart operations are needed. (waikatodhb.govt.nz)
  • specifically an every 28-day injection of antibiotics (i.e., benzathine penicillin G or 'bicillin') for a minimum of 10 years or until age 21 (whichever is longer) for those with no/mild rheumatic heart disease [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Barash et al performed a retrospective study to compare clinical and laboratory features of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) versus poststreptococcal reactive arthritis to determine whether the two diseases are separate clinical manifestations of the same disease or are in fact different diseases altogether. (medscape.com)
  • Differentiation of post-streptococcal reactive arthritis from acute rheumatic fever. (medscape.com)
  • Rheumatic fever can develop if strep throat, scarlet fever, and strep skin infections are not treated properly. (cdc.gov)
  • It usually takes about 1 to 5 weeks after one of these infections for rheumatic fever to develop. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, all patients with rheumatic fever should get antibiotics that treat group A strep infections. (cdc.gov)
  • [ 1 ] Investigations of rheumatic fever occurring in the aboriginal populations of Australia suggest that streptococcal skin infections might also be associated with the development of rheumatic fever. (medscape.com)
  • Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is an abnormal immune reaction to group A streptococcal (strep) infections. (rhdaction.org)
  • Stevens DL, Bryant AE, Hagman MM. Nonpneumococcal streptococcal infections and rheumatic fever. (limamemorial.org)
  • The progression of severe tonsillitis to other infections, such as rheumatic or scarlet fever, is rare and associated with strep throat. (healthline.com)
  • Several infections can cause sore throats and fever that may seem like tonsillitis. (healthline.com)
  • Anyone can get rheumatic fever after having strep throat, scarlet fever, or impetigo. (cdc.gov)
  • Crowded conditions can increase the risk of getting strep throat, scarlet fever, or impetigo, and thus rheumatic fever if they are not treated properly. (cdc.gov)
  • Someone who had rheumatic fever in the past is more likely to get rheumatic fever again if they get strep throat, scarlet fever, or impetigo again. (cdc.gov)
  • The connection with scarlet fever was made in the early 1900s. (medscape.com)
  • Read the full article on scarlet fever. (healthline.com)
  • Rheumatic fever is caused by certain strains of streptococcal bacteria. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • A free throat swab detects strep throats, and a free ten day course of antibiotics (tablets or syrup) kills the strep bacteria and prevents rheumatic fever. (waikatodhb.govt.nz)
  • This is the bacteria that cause rheumatic fever (RF) and strep throat . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Sydenham (1624-1668) described chorea but did not associate it with acute rheumatic fever (ARF). (medscape.com)
  • The Government set a goal of reducing the rheumatic fever rate from 4 cases per 100,000 people to 1.4 cases per 100,000 people by mid-2017. (nzherald.co.nz)
  • Indigenous Australians were hospitalised for acute rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease at 6.4 times the rate for non-Indigenous Australians (82 and 13 per 100,000 respectively) between July 2017 and June 2019. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • Hospitalisations for acute rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease were highest for Indigenous Australians aged 10-14 (167 per 100,000, or 300 hospitalisations). (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • Rheumatic fever (RF) is an inflammatory disease that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • But how often is a sore throat just a sore throat and how often are other sore throats just 'left be' on that assumption, but they turn out to be strep and then (for some) rheumatic fever? (thestandard.org.nz)
  • Sore throats can lead to rheumatic fever. (waikatodhb.govt.nz)
  • Rheumatic fever causes chronic progressive damage to the heart and its valves and is the most common cause of pediatric heart disease in the world. (medscape.com)
  • In patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease, electrocardiography may show left atrial enlargement secondary to mitral stenosis. (medscape.com)
  • Preven- tion of chronic rheumatic heart disease is · length of the colour jet 1 cm. feasible and cost effective if secondary prophylaxis is started and maintained regu- larly [ 11,12 ]. (who.int)
  • Māori and Pacific peoples, in particular, are disproportionately affected, for both acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and chronic rheumatic heart disease (RHD). (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
  • Even a mild sore throat or a hoarse throat can be caused by strep and can go on to cause rheumatic fever if left untreated. (waikatodhb.govt.nz)
  • Best practice algorithm with notes outlining when to use echocardiography as a diagnostic tool for acute rheumatic fever. (heartfoundation.org.nz)
  • This is the current best-practice guide for health professionals in the use of echocardiography for diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever (ARF). (heartfoundation.org.nz)
  • Notification of rheumatic heart disease under the age of 20 years is no longer required as the diagnosing medical professional is responsible for ensuring cases of rheumatic heart disease that require secondary prophylaxis receive active clinical follow-up. (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
  • Rheumatic heart disease disproportionately affects girls and women. (who.int)
  • Acute rheumatic fever and heart disease disproportionately affect Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. (abtassociates.com)
  • Rheumatic fever (acute rheumatic fever) is a condition that can affect the heart, joints, brain, and skin . (cdc.gov)
  • Rheumatic fever is characterized pathologically by exudative and proliferative inflammatory lesions of the connective tissue in the heart, joints, blood vessels, and subcutaneous tissue. (medscape.com)
  • If a child or young person gets rheumatic fever they can have really painful joints and can become very unwell, causing them to have severe tiredness, breathlessness and low energy . (waikatodhb.govt.nz)
  • Valvular stenotic lesions, especially of the mitral valve, can be observed in rheumatic heart disease. (medscape.com)
  • tion rate, C reactive protein level, Rheumatic valvular heart disease, an antistreptolysin O titre, throat swab cul- important sequel to rheumatic fever, is the ture, chest radiography and electrocardio- most common acquired heart disease graphy. (who.int)
  • It is also known as acute rheumatic polyarthritis or acute articular rheumatism. (zana.com)
  • What is acute rheumatic polyarthritis or acute articular rheumatism? (zana.com)
  • A number of skin changes are common in rheumatic fever patients. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The risk of developing rheumatic heart disease is up to two times higher for females than males, and females accounted for two thirds of patients with rheumatic heart disease admitted to selected hospitals in 12 countries in the African Region, India and Yemen. (who.int)
  • If a rapid antigen detection test result is negative, obtain a throat culture in patients with suspected rheumatic fever. (medscape.com)
  • A total of 249 consecutive patients with rheumatic fever, randomly assigned to either a 3-week or a 4-week regimen, were examined every 3 to 6 months, and followed for 794 and 775 patient-years, respectively. (nih.gov)
  • This 12-year controlled study indicates that the outcome of patients with rheumatic fever is better with a 3-week than with a 4-week penicillin prophylaxis regimen. (nih.gov)
  • When rheumatic fever first became notifiable in 1986, guidance was given to medical professionals that presumed rheumatic heart disease in patients under the age of 20 years should be notified to the local medical officer of health (Department of Health circular letter to Medical Practitioners HP 1/87, January 1987). (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
  • Patients presenting with acute rheumatic fever are severely unwell, in extreme pain and requires hospitalization. (mims.com)
  • Revised in 1992 and again in 2016, the modified Jones criteria provide guidelines for making the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. (medscape.com)
  • On 31 July 2023, acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) will become routine notifiable conditions in Victoria. (vic.gov.au)
  • This article aims to present the assessment and interventions in the behavior of a 9-year-old patient, who was undergoing a period of hospitalization, affected by Rheumatic Fever. (bvsalud.org)