Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.
A chronic inflammation in which the NASAL MUCOSA gradually changes from a functional to a non-functional lining without mucociliary clearance. It is often accompanied by degradation of the bony TURBINATES, and the foul-smelling mucus which forms a greenish crust (ozena).
A form of non-allergic rhinitis that is characterized by nasal congestion and posterior pharyngeal drainage.
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.
The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.
Application of allergens to the nasal mucosa. Interpretation includes observation of nasal symptoms, rhinoscopy, and rhinomanometry. Nasal provocation tests are used in the diagnosis of nasal hypersensitivity, including RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL.
Agents that are used to treat allergic reactions. Most of these drugs act by preventing the release of inflammatory mediators or inhibiting the actions of released mediators on their target cells. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p475)
The mucous lining of the NASAL CAVITY, including lining of the nostril (vestibule) and the OLFACTORY MUCOSA. Nasal mucosa consists of ciliated cells, GOBLET CELLS, brush cells, small granule cells, basal cells (STEM CELLS) and glands containing both mucous and serous cells.
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).
Antigen-type substances that produce immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).
Drugs designed to treat inflammation of the nasal passages, generally the result of an infection (more often than not the common cold) or an allergy related condition, e.g., hay fever. The inflammation involves swelling of the mucous membrane that lines the nasal passages and results in inordinate mucus production. The primary class of nasal decongestants are vasoconstrictor agents. (From PharmAssist, The Family Guide to Health and Medicine, 1993)
Epicutaneous or intradermal application of a sensitizer for demonstration of either delayed or immediate hypersensitivity. Used in diagnosis of hypersensitivity or as a test for cellular immunity.
The fertilizing element of plants that contains the male GAMETOPHYTES.
Immunosuppression by the administration of increasing doses of antigen. Though the exact mechanism is not clear, the therapy results in an increase in serum levels of allergen-specific IMMUNOGLOBULIN G, suppression of specific IgE, and an increase in suppressor T-cell activity.
A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.
The scroll-like bony plates with curved margins on the lateral wall of the NASAL CAVITY. Turbinates, also called nasal concha, increase the surface area of nasal cavity thus providing a mechanism for rapid warming and humidification of air as it passes to the lung.
A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).
Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H1 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine. Included here are the classical antihistaminics that antagonize or prevent the action of histamine mainly in immediate hypersensitivity. They act in the bronchi, capillaries, and some other smooth muscles, and are used to prevent or allay motion sickness, seasonal rhinitis, and allergic dermatitis and to induce somnolence. The effects of blocking central nervous system H1 receptors are not as well understood.
An immunoglobulin associated with MAST CELLS. Overexpression has been associated with allergic hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).
Fluid obtained by THERAPEUTIC IRRIGATION or washout of the nasal cavity and NASAL MUCOSA. The resulting fluid is used in cytologic and immunologic assays of the nasal mucosa such as with the NASAL PROVOCATION TEST in the diagnosis of nasal hypersensitivity.
Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigen-antibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability.
A plant genus of the family TAXODIACEAE. Its POLLEN is one of the major ALLERGENS.
A class of drugs designed to prevent leukotriene synthesis or activity by blocking binding at the receptor level.
Delivery of medications through the nasal mucosa.
Skin tests in which the sensitizer is injected.
Administration of a soluble dosage form by placement under the tongue.
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.
The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the NASAL SEPTUM. Nasal cavities, extending from the nares to the NASOPHARYNX, are lined with ciliated NASAL MUCOSA.
Diagnostic measurement of the nose and its cavity through acoustic reflections. Used to measure nasal anatomical landmarks, nasal septal deviation, and nasal airway changes in response to allergen provocation tests (NASAL PROVOCATION TESTS).
Technique for measuring air pressure and the rate of airflow in the nasal cavity during respiration.
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.
Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.
One of several basic proteins released from EOSINOPHIL cytoplasmic granules. Eosinophil cationic protein is a 21-kDa cytotoxic peptide with a pI of 10.9. Although eosinophil cationic protein is considered a member of the RNAse A superfamily of proteins, it has only limited RNAse activity.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists. Classical antihistaminics block the histamine H1 receptors only.
Family of house dust mites, in the superfamily Analgoidea, order Astigmata. They include the genera Dermatophagoides and Euroglyphus.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria normally found in the flora of the mouth and respiratory tract of animals and birds. It causes shipping fever (see PASTEURELLOSIS, PNEUMONIC); HEMORRHAGIC BACTEREMIA; and intestinal disease in animals. In humans, disease usually arises from a wound infection following a bite or scratch from domesticated animals.
Infections with bacteria of the genus PASTEURELLA.
A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.
Antigens from the house dust mites (DERMATOPHAGOIDES), mainly D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus. They are proteins, found in mite feces or mite extracts, that can cause ASTHMA and other allergic diseases such as perennial rhinitis (RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL) and atopic dermatitis (DERMATITIS, ATOPIC). More than 11 groups of Dermatophagoides ALLERGENS have been defined. Group I allergens, such as Der f I and Der p I from the above two species, are among the strongest mite immunogens in humans.
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.
Any arthropod of the subclass ACARI except the TICKS. They are minute animals related to the spiders, usually having transparent or semitransparent bodies. They may be parasitic on humans and domestic animals, producing various irritations of the skin (MITE INFESTATIONS). Many mite species are important to human and veterinary medicine as both parasite and vector. Mites also infest plants.
Species of European house dust mite, in the family PYROGLYPHIDAE. It is the most commonly found house dust mite.
Tests involving inhalation of allergens (nebulized or in dust form), nebulized pharmacologically active solutions (e.g., histamine, methacholine), or control solutions, followed by assessment of respiratory function. These tests are used in the diagnosis of asthma.
Asthma attacks caused, triggered, or exacerbated by OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251)
A form of hypersensitivity affecting the respiratory tract. It includes ASTHMA and RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL.
A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.
Infections with bacteria of the genus BORDETELLA.
Substances found in PLANTS that have antigenic activity.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The POLLEN is one cause of HAYFEVER.
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the transparent membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the white part of the eye, resulting in symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, burning, discharge, and increased sensitivity to light.
One of the phthalimide fungicides.
Earth or other matter in fine, dry particles. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin.
A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732)
Drugs that are used to treat asthma.
A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.
A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)
Agents causing the narrowing of the lumen of a bronchus or bronchiole.
A plant genus of the family BETULACEAE. The tree has smooth, resinous, varicolored or white bark, marked by horizontal pores (lenticels), which usually peels horizontally in thin sheets.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria whose cells are minute coccobacilli. It consists of both parasitic and pathogenic species.
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.
A method of treating an ALLERGY by administering ALLERGENS, in liquid formulation or tablets, to the ORAL MUCOSA under the tongue.
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.
The oldest recognized genus of the family PASTEURELLACEAE. It consists of several species. Its organisms occur most frequently as coccobacillus or rod-shaped and are gram-negative, nonmotile, facultative anaerobes. Species of this genus are found in both animals and humans.
A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.
A plant species in the CHENOPODIUM genus known for edible greens.
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.
A large family of narrow-leaved herbaceous grasses of the order Cyperales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Food grains (EDIBLE GRAIN) come from members of this family. RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL can be induced by POLLEN of many of the grasses.
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.
Adrenal cortex hormones are steroid hormones produced by the outer portion of the adrenal gland, consisting of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens, which play crucial roles in various physiological processes such as metabolism regulation, stress response, electrolyte balance, and sexual development and function.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.
Species of American house dust mite, in the family PYROGLYPHIDAE.
Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellant agents.
Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung.
Physiologically, the opposition to flow of air caused by the forces of friction. As a part of pulmonary function testing, it is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow.
An in vitro allergen radioimmunoassay in which allergens are coupled to an immunosorbent. The coupled allergens bind the IgE in the sera of patients which in turn binds radioisotope-labeled anti-IMMUNOGLOBULIN E antibodies.
Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.
Dibenzoxepins are heterocyclic compounds consisting of a seven-membered oxepin ring fused with two benzene rings, which have been used as building blocks in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical agents, including some antidepressants and antipsychotics.
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.
Pharmacologic agents delivered into the nostrils in the form of a mist or spray.
Cell-surface receptors that bind LEUKOTRIENES with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. The leukotriene receptor subtypes have been tentatively named according to their affinities for the endogenous leukotrienes LTB4; LTC4; LTD4; and LTE4.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Doubly unsaturated pregnane derivatives with two hydroxy groups substituted anywhere on the rings or side chains.
A subjective psychometric response scale used to measure distinct behavioral or physiological phenomena based on linear numerical gradient or yes/no alternatives.
Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, BLATTELLIDAE, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach PERIPLANETA americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae.
Quinolines are heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of a two-nitrogened benzene ring fused to a pyridine ring, which have been synthesized and used as building blocks for various medicinal drugs, particularly antibiotics and antimalarials.
Ground up seed of WHEAT.
Disorders of the nose, general or unspecified.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE with strong-smelling foliage. It is a source of SANTONIN and other cytotoxic TERPENES.
A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.
Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be expelled in a given number of seconds during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination . It is usually given as FEV followed by a subscript indicating the number of seconds over which the measurement is made, although it is sometimes given as a percentage of forced vital capacity.
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.
Abnormal breathing through the mouth, usually associated with obstructive disorders of the nasal passages.
The administration of drugs by the respiratory route. It includes insufflation into the respiratory tract.
An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.
Virus diseases caused by the PICORNAVIRIDAE.
A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE infecting mainly cloven-hoofed animals. They cause vesicular lesions and upper respiratory tract infections. FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS is the type species.
Proteins found in EOSINOPHIL granules. They are primarily basic proteins that play a role in host defense and the proinflammatory actions of activated eosinophils.
The contamination of indoor air.
Respiratory tract diseases are a broad range of medical conditions that affect the nose, throat, windpipe, and lungs, impairing breathing and oxygen uptake, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, bronchitis, influenza, tuberculosis, and sleep apnea.
Diseases in persons engaged in cultivating and tilling soil, growing plants, harvesting crops, raising livestock, or otherwise engaged in husbandry and farming. The diseases are not restricted to farmers in the sense of those who perform conventional farm chores: the heading applies also to those engaged in the individual activities named above, as in those only gathering harvest or in those only dusting crops.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Animals kept by humans for companionship and enjoyment, as opposed to DOMESTIC ANIMALS such as livestock or farm animals, which are kept for economic reasons.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Conventional versus endoscopic inferior turbinate reduction: technique and results. (1/8)

Different modalities of turbinate reduction procedures are available for treatment of vasomotor rhinitis not responding to appropriate medical therapy. Amongst these, conventional inferior turbinectomy (non-endoscopic) is the most widely performed procedure. With the advent of nasal endoscopes, inferior turbinoplasty has been gaining popularity worldwide. The purpose of this study was to compare the post-operative complaints and hospital stay of conventional versus endoscopic inferior turbinate reduction techniques performed non-randomly on 15 and 21 patients of vasomotor rhinitis respectively from January 1998 to December 1999 at Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HUKM). A total of 36 patients (22 males and 14 females) with a mean age of 30.6 years underwent turbinate reduction procedures during this period with a post-operative follow up ranging from 3 months to 6.7 months (mean 3.8 months). There was a significant difference between the conventional and the endoscopic technique with regards to nasal discomfort (p = 0.05) and dry throat (p = 0.02) which was less severe when performed endoscopically. The average hospital stay in hours by the endoscopic technique was almost half compared to the conventional technique. Due to the improved visualisation and minimal post-operative complaints and reduced hospital stay, the technique of endoscopic inferior turbinoplasty is currently the procedure of choice at our center. In septoplasty when endoscopic instrument is not needed, the standard turbinate reduction procedure is still performed. The availability of pre and post-operative acoustic rhinomanometric evaluation will be helpful as an objective measurement of nasal symptoms in the near future.  (+info)

Nasal wall compliance in vasomotor rhinitis. (2/8)

Nasal compliance is a measure related to the blood volume in the nasal mucosa. The objective of this study was to better understand the vascular response in vasomotor rhinitis by measuring nasal cross-sectional area and nasal compliance before and after mucosal decongestion in 10 patients with vasomotor rhinitis compared with 10 healthy subjects. Nasal compliance was inferred by measuring nasal area by acoustic rhinometry at pressures ranging from atmospheric pressure to a negative pressure of -10 cmH2O. Mucosal decongestion was obtained with one puff per nostril of 0.05% oxymetazoline. At atmospheric pressure, nasal cross-sectional areas were similar in the vasomotor rhinitis group and the healthy subject group. Mucosal decongestion did not induce any decrease of nasal compliance in patients with vasomotor rhinitis in contrast with healthy subjects. Our results support the hypothesis, already proposed, of an autonomic dysfunction based on a paradoxical response of the nasal mucosa in vasomotor rhinitis. Moreover, the clearly different behavior between healthy subjects and vasomotor rhinitis subjects suggests that nasal compliance measurement may therefore represent a potential line of research to develop a diagnostic tool for vasomotor rhinitis, which remains a diagnosis of exclusion.  (+info)

Olfactory receptor gene polymorphisms and nonallergic vasomotor rhinitis. (3/8)

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Nonallergic rhinitis: common problem, chronic symptoms. (4/8)

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Clinical effect of pricking blood at neiyingxiang (ExHN 9) on non-allergic rhinopathy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. (5/8)

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A rhinitis primer for family medicine. (6/8)

Rhinitis and related problems such as facial pressure and nasal congestion are a very common reason people seek medical care. There are four, often overlapping, syndromes or conditions that account for most of what patients perceive as "nose" problems or rhinitis. These conditions are irritant rhinitis, the anterior nasal valve effect, migraine with vasomotor symptoms, and allergic rhinitis. Virtually all patients with allergic rhinitis have some concomitant irritant or nonallergic rhinitis. Many migraine sufferers with vasomotor nasal symptoms will have their nasal congestion, headaches, and runny noses exacerbated by irritant rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, and/or a preexisting nasal valve effect. Failure to consider all of the causes for the symptoms will result in poor clinical outcomes. The work-up and management of these common conditions is discussed in this article.  (+info)

Capsaicin and nicotine-sensitive afferent neurones and nasal secretion in healthy human volunteers and in patients with vasomotor rhinitis. (7/8)

1. Applications of capsaicin, nicotine and methacholine were made locally onto the nasal mucosa in human controls and patients suffering from hyperreactive nasal disorders. Perception of sensation was registered as a sympton score and secretion quantified. The sensory reaction (irritation - pain) to capsaicin was similar in the three groups studied, i.e. controls, a group of patients with the diagnosis of vasomotor rhinitis and a group of patients with increased nasal secretion as the main symptom of the hyperreactive disorder. Nicotine induced only a mild itching sensation in the three groups. However, capsaicin and nicotine challenge caused a significantly larger secretory response in the last group than in the unselected vasomotor rhinitis group and in the control group. 2. Pretreatment with muscarinic receptor antagonists almost completely abolished the secretory response to both capsaicin and nicotine, and blocked methacholine-induced secretion. Furthermore, pretreatment with a combination of local anaesthetic and vasoconstrictor agent abolished the capsaicin-induced irritation, as well as the capsaicin- and nicotine-induced secretion on both the ipsilateral and the contralateral side. Therefore, no clearcut contribution seems to be exerted by locally released peptides from sensory neurones as direct trigger substances for the secretory response to capsaicin. 3. In conclusion, the nasal secretory response, in man, to both capsaicin and nicotine, seems to be mediated via cholinergic parasympathetic reflexes. In patients with hyperreactive non-allergic disorders of the nasal mucosa with rhinorrhea as the main complaint, the enhanced secretion may be due to a hyperreactive efferent cholinergic mechanism rather than hypersensitive irritant receptors on capsaicin- and nicotine-sensitive sensory neurones. Challenge with irritant agents seems a useful test for the evaluation of both afferent and efferent reflexogenic responses in hyperreactive disorders of the nasal mucosa.  (+info)

Rhinitis medicamentosa. (8/8)

Rhinitis medicamentosa, the syndrome of rebound nasal congestion secondary to prolonged topical intranasal use of vasoconstrictors, is reviewed. In this condition, the nasal airway is very obstructed; atrophic rhinitis is the most serious complication. Management consists of withdrawing the offending nasal spray and alleviating the nasal obstruction by means of any of several treatment modalities.  (+info)

Rhinitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and irritation of the nasal passages, leading to symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, congestion, and postnasal drip. It can be caused by various factors, including allergies (such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander), infections (viral or bacterial), environmental irritants (such as smoke or pollution), and hormonal changes. Depending on the cause, rhinitis can be classified as allergic rhinitis, non-allergic rhinitis, infectious rhinitis, or hormonal rhinitis. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause but may include medications such as antihistamines, decongestants, nasal sprays, and immunotherapy (allergy shots).

Allergic rhinitis, seasonal (also known as hay fever) is a type of inflammation in the nose which occurs when an individual breathes in allergens such as pollen or mold spores. The immune system identifies these substances as harmful and releases histamine and other chemicals, causing symptoms such as sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, red, watery, and itchy eyes, cough, and fatigue. Unlike perennial allergic rhinitis, seasonal allergic rhinitis is worse during specific times of the year when certain plants pollinate.

Atrophic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the nasal passages and sinuses characterized by the atrophy (wasting away) of the nasal mucous membranes. This results in decreased mucus production, crusting, and eventually, shrinkage of the nasal structures. The symptoms may include a stuffy or runny nose, loss of smell, and crusting inside the nose. Atrophic rhinitis can be caused by various factors such as infection, trauma, radiation therapy, or surgery. In some cases, the cause may be unknown. It is often difficult to treat, and treatment typically aims to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.

Vasomotor rhinitis is a type of non-allergic rhinitis, which is a chronic inflammation of the nasal passages characterized by symptoms similar to those of allergies, such as runny nose, congestion, and sneezing. However, in vasomotor rhinitis, these symptoms are not caused by an allergic reaction but rather by abnormal regulation of blood vessels in the nose.

The blood vessels in the nasal passages can dilate (widen) or constrict (narrow) due to various factors such as changes in temperature, humidity, strong odors, smoke, or even emotional stress. In vasomotor rhinitis, the blood vessels overreact to these triggers, leading to nasal congestion and other symptoms.

The exact cause of vasomotor rhinitis is not fully understood, but it may be related to abnormal nerve function or sensitivity in the nose. Treatment typically involves avoiding triggers and using medications such as decongestants, antihistamines, or nasal sprays containing steroids to manage symptoms.

Nasal obstruction is a medical condition that refers to any blockage or restriction in the normal flow of air through the nasal passages. This can be caused by various factors such as inflammation, swelling, or physical abnormalities in the nasal cavity. Common causes of nasal obstruction include allergies, sinusitis, deviated septum, enlarged turbinates, and nasal polyps. Symptoms may include difficulty breathing through the nose, nasal congestion, and nasal discharge. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Sneezing is an involuntary, forceful expulsion of air through the nose and mouth, often triggered by irritation or inflammation in the nasal passages. It is a protective reflex that helps to clear the upper respiratory tract of irritants such as dust, pollen, or foreign particles. The sneeze begins with a deep inspiration of air, followed by closure of the glottis (the opening between the vocal cords) and contraction of the chest and abdominal muscles. This builds up pressure in the lungs, which is then suddenly released through the nose and mouth as the glottis opens and the velum (the soft tissue at the back of the roof of the mouth) rises to block the nasal passage. The result is a powerful burst of air that can travel at speeds of up to 100 miles per hour, expelling mucus and any trapped irritants along with it.

Nasal provocation tests are a type of diagnostic procedure used in allergy testing to determine the specific allergens that cause a person's nasal symptoms. In this test, a small amount of an allergen is introduced into the patient's nostril using a spray or drops. The patient's response is then observed and measured for any signs of an allergic reaction, such as sneezing, runny nose, or congestion.

The test may be performed with a single allergen or with a series of allergens to identify which specific substances the patient is allergic to. The results of the test can help guide treatment decisions and management strategies for allergies, including immunotherapy (allergy shots) and avoidance measures.

It's important to note that nasal provocation tests should only be performed under the supervision of a trained healthcare professional, as there is a small risk of inducing a severe allergic reaction.

Anti-allergic agents, also known as antihistamines, are a class of medications used to treat allergies. They work by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that is released during an allergic reaction and causes symptoms such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes.

There are two main types of antihistamines: first-generation and second-generation. First-generation antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton), can cause drowsiness and other side effects, such as dry mouth and blurred vision. They are typically used for the treatment of short-term symptoms, such as those caused by seasonal allergies or a mild reaction to an insect bite.

Second-generation antihistamines, such as loratadine (Claritin) and cetirizine (Zyrtec), are less likely to cause drowsiness and other side effects. They are often used for the long-term treatment of chronic allergies, such as those caused by dust mites or pet dander.

In addition to their use in treating allergies, antihistamines may also be used to treat symptoms of motion sickness, insomnia, and anxiety. It is important to follow the instructions on the label when taking antihistamines and to talk to a healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns about using these medications.

Nasal mucosa refers to the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity. It is a delicate, moist, and specialized tissue that contains various types of cells including epithelial cells, goblet cells, and glands. The primary function of the nasal mucosa is to warm, humidify, and filter incoming air before it reaches the lungs.

The nasal mucosa produces mucus, which traps dust, allergens, and microorganisms, preventing them from entering the respiratory system. The cilia, tiny hair-like structures on the surface of the epithelial cells, help move the mucus towards the back of the throat, where it can be swallowed or expelled.

The nasal mucosa also contains a rich supply of blood vessels and immune cells that help protect against infections and inflammation. It plays an essential role in the body's defense system by producing antibodies, secreting antimicrobial substances, and initiating local immune responses.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. The airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment.

The underlying cause of asthma involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors that result in hypersensitivity of the airways to certain triggers, such as allergens, irritants, viruses, exercise, and emotional stress. When these triggers are encountered, the airways constrict due to smooth muscle spasm, swell due to inflammation, and produce excess mucus, leading to the characteristic symptoms of asthma.

Asthma is typically managed with a combination of medications that include bronchodilators to relax the airway muscles, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and leukotriene modifiers or mast cell stabilizers to prevent allergic reactions. Avoiding triggers and monitoring symptoms are also important components of asthma management.

There are several types of asthma, including allergic asthma, non-allergic asthma, exercise-induced asthma, occupational asthma, and nocturnal asthma, each with its own set of triggers and treatment approaches. Proper diagnosis and management of asthma can help prevent exacerbations, improve quality of life, and reduce the risk of long-term complications.

An allergen is a substance that can cause an allergic reaction in some people. These substances are typically harmless to most people, but for those with allergies, the immune system mistakenly identifies them as threats and overreacts, leading to the release of histamines and other chemicals that cause symptoms such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, rashes, hives, and difficulty breathing. Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, mold spores, pet dander, insect venom, and certain foods or medications. When a person comes into contact with an allergen, they may experience symptoms that range from mild to severe, depending on the individual's sensitivity to the substance and the amount of exposure.

Nasal decongestants are medications that are used to relieve nasal congestion, or a "stuffy nose," by narrowing the blood vessels in the lining of the nose, which helps to reduce swelling and inflammation. This can help to make breathing easier and can also help to alleviate other symptoms associated with nasal congestion, such as sinus pressure and headache.

There are several different types of nasal decongestants available, including over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription options. Some common OTC nasal decongestants include pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) and phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine), which are available in the form of tablets, capsules, liquids, and nasal sprays. Prescription nasal decongestants may be stronger than OTC options and may be prescribed for longer periods of time.

It is important to follow the instructions on the label when using nasal decongestants, as they can have side effects if not used properly. Some potential side effects of nasal decongestants include increased heart rate, blood pressure, and anxiety. It is also important to note that nasal decongestants should not be used for longer than a few days at a time, as prolonged use can actually make nasal congestion worse (this is known as "rebound congestion"). If you have any questions about using nasal decongestants or if your symptoms persist, it is best to speak with a healthcare provider.

Skin tests are medical diagnostic procedures that involve the application of a small amount of a substance to the skin, usually through a scratch, prick, or injection, to determine if the body has an allergic reaction to it. The most common type of skin test is the patch test, which involves applying a patch containing a small amount of the suspected allergen to the skin and observing the area for signs of a reaction, such as redness, swelling, or itching, over a period of several days. Another type of skin test is the intradermal test, in which a small amount of the substance is injected just beneath the surface of the skin. Skin tests are used to help diagnose allergies, including those to pollen, mold, pets, and foods, as well as to identify sensitivities to medications, chemicals, and other substances.

Pollen, in a medical context, refers to the fine powder-like substance produced by the male reproductive organ of seed plants. It contains microscopic grains known as pollen grains, which are transported by various means such as wind, water, or insects to the female reproductive organ of the same or another plant species for fertilization.

Pollen can cause allergic reactions in some individuals, particularly during the spring and summer months when plants release large amounts of pollen into the air. These allergies, also known as hay fever or seasonal allergic rhinitis, can result in symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, congestion, itchy eyes, and coughing.

It is important to note that while all pollen has the potential to cause allergic reactions, certain types of plants, such as ragweed, grasses, and trees, are more likely to trigger symptoms in sensitive individuals.

Desensitization, Immunologic is a medical procedure that aims to decrease the immune system's response to an allergen. This is achieved through the controlled exposure of the patient to gradually increasing amounts of the allergen, ultimately leading to a reduction in the severity of allergic reactions upon subsequent exposures. The process typically involves administering carefully measured and incrementally larger doses of the allergen, either orally, sublingually (under the tongue), or by injection, under medical supervision. Over time, this repeated exposure can help the immune system become less sensitive to the allergen, thereby alleviating allergic symptoms.

The specific desensitization protocol and administration method may vary depending on the type of allergen and individual patient factors. Immunologic desensitization is most commonly used for environmental allergens like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander, as well as insect venoms such as bee or wasp stings. It is important to note that this procedure should only be performed under the close supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, as there are potential risks involved, including anaphylaxis (a severe and life-threatening allergic reaction).

Loratadine is an antihistamine medication that is commonly used to relieve symptoms of allergies, such as hay fever, hives, and other skin reactions. It works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms. Loratadine is available over-the-counter in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and syrup.

The medical definition of loratadine is: "A second-generation antihistamine used for the symptomatic treatment of allergies, including hay fever, hives, and other skin reactions. It works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms."

It's important to note that while loratadine is generally considered safe, it can cause side effects such as dizziness, dry mouth, and headache. If you have any concerns about taking loratadine or experience severe side effects, you should speak with your healthcare provider.

In medical terms, turbinates refer to the curled bone shelves that are present inside the nasal passages. They are covered by a mucous membrane and are responsible for warming, humidifying, and filtering the air that we breathe in through our nose. There are three pairs of turbinates in each nasal passage: inferior, middle, and superior turbinates. The inferior turbinate is the largest and most significant contributor to nasal airflow resistance. Inflammation or enlargement of the turbinates can lead to nasal congestion and difficulty breathing through the nose.

Cetirizine is an antihistamine medication that is used to relieve symptoms of allergies, such as hay fever, hives, and other allergic skin conditions. It works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms. Cetirizine is available over-the-counter and by prescription in various forms, including tablets, chewable tablets, and syrup.

The medical definition of Cetirizine is:

Cetirizine hydrochloride: A second-generation antihistamine with selective peripheral H1 receptor antagonist activity. A potent and long-acting inhibitor of the early and late phases of the allergic reaction, it exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and has a more favorable side effect profile than many other antihistamines. It is used in the management of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and angioedema.

Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated or inappropriate immune response to a substance that is generally harmless to most people. It's also known as an allergic reaction. This abnormal response can be caused by various types of immunological mechanisms, including antibody-mediated reactions (types I, II, and III) and cell-mediated reactions (type IV). The severity of the hypersensitivity reaction can range from mild discomfort to life-threatening conditions. Common examples of hypersensitivity reactions include allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergies, and anaphylaxis.

Eczema is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the skin, which leads to symptoms such as redness, itching, scaling, and blistering. It is often used to describe atopic dermatitis, a chronic relapsing form of eczema, although there are several other types of eczema with different causes and characteristics.

Atopic dermatitis is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and it often affects people with a family history of allergic conditions such as asthma or hay fever. The condition typically begins in infancy or childhood and can persist into adulthood, although it may improve over time.

Eczema can affect any part of the body, but it is most commonly found on the hands, feet, behind the knees, inside the elbows, and on the face. The rash of eczema is often accompanied by dry, scaly skin, and people with the condition may experience periods of flare-ups and remissions.

Treatment for eczema typically involves a combination of moisturizers to keep the skin hydrated, topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and antihistamines to relieve itching. In severe cases, systemic immunosuppressive drugs may be necessary. It is also important for people with eczema to avoid triggers that can worsen their symptoms, such as harsh soaps, scratchy fabrics, and stress.

Histamine H1 antagonists, also known as H1 blockers or antihistamines, are a class of medications that work by blocking the action of histamine at the H1 receptor. Histamine is a chemical mediator released by mast cells and basophils in response to an allergic reaction or injury. It causes various symptoms such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, and wheal and flare reactions (hives).

H1 antagonists prevent the binding of histamine to its receptor, thereby alleviating these symptoms. They are commonly used to treat allergic conditions such as hay fever, hives, and eczema, as well as motion sickness and insomnia. Examples of H1 antagonists include diphenhydramine (Benadryl), loratadine (Claritin), cetirizine (Zyrtec), and doxylamine (Unisom).

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody that plays a key role in the immune response to parasitic infections and allergies. It is produced by B cells in response to stimulation by antigens, such as pollen, pet dander, or certain foods. Once produced, IgE binds to receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils, which are immune cells found in tissues and blood respectively. When an individual with IgE antibodies encounters the allergen again, the cross-linking of IgE molecules bound to the FcεRI receptor triggers the release of mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and various cytokines from these cells. These mediators cause the symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as itching, swelling, and redness. IgE also plays a role in protecting against certain parasitic infections by activating eosinophils, which can kill the parasites.

In summary, Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune response to allergens and parasitic infections, it binds to receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils, when an individual with IgE antibodies encounters the allergen again, it triggers the release of mediators from these cells causing the symptoms of an allergic reaction.

Nasal lavage fluid refers to the fluid that is obtained through a process called nasal lavage or nasal washing. This procedure involves instilling a saline solution into the nose and then allowing it to drain out, taking with it any mucus, debris, or other particles present in the nasal passages. The resulting fluid can be collected and analyzed for various purposes, such as diagnosing sinus infections, allergies, or other conditions affecting the nasal cavity and surrounding areas.

It is important to note that the term "nasal lavage fluid" may also be used interchangeably with "nasal wash fluid," "nasal irrigation fluid," or "sinus rinse fluid." These terms all refer to the same basic concept of using a saline solution to clean out the nasal passages and collect the resulting fluid for analysis.

Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Also known as Type I hypersensitivity, it is an exaggerated and abnormal immune response that occurs within minutes to a few hours after exposure to a second dose of an allergen (a substance that triggers an allergic reaction). This type of hypersensitivity is mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, which are produced by the immune system in response to the first exposure to the allergen. Upon subsequent exposures, these IgE antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils, leading to their degranulation and the release of mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins. These mediators cause a variety of symptoms, including itching, swelling, redness, and pain at the site of exposure, as well as systemic symptoms such as difficulty breathing, wheezing, and hypotension (low blood pressure). Examples of immediate hypersensitivity reactions include allergic asthma, hay fever, anaphylaxis, and some forms of food allergy.

"Cryptomeria" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is actually the scientific name for a type of evergreen tree, also known as Japanese cedar. In some cases, Cryptomeria pollen may cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals, leading to symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes. However, it is not a medical condition itself.

Leukotriene antagonists are a class of medications that work by blocking the action of leukotrienes, which are chemicals released by the immune system in response to an allergen or irritant. Leukotrienes cause airway muscles to tighten and inflammation in the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. By blocking the action of leukotrienes, leukotriene antagonists can help relieve these symptoms and improve lung function. These medications are often used to treat asthma and allergic rhinitis (hay fever). Examples of leukotriene antagonists include montelukast, zafirlukast, and pranlukast.

Intranasal administration refers to the delivery of medication or other substances through the nasal passages and into the nasal cavity. This route of administration can be used for systemic absorption of drugs or for localized effects in the nasal area.

When a medication is administered intranasally, it is typically sprayed or dropped into the nostril, where it is absorbed by the mucous membranes lining the nasal cavity. The medication can then pass into the bloodstream and be distributed throughout the body for systemic effects. Intranasal administration can also result in direct absorption of the medication into the local tissues of the nasal cavity, which can be useful for treating conditions such as allergies, migraines, or pain in the nasal area.

Intranasal administration has several advantages over other routes of administration. It is non-invasive and does not require needles or injections, making it a more comfortable option for many people. Additionally, intranasal administration can result in faster onset of action than oral administration, as the medication bypasses the digestive system and is absorbed directly into the bloodstream. However, there are also some limitations to this route of administration, including potential issues with dosing accuracy and patient tolerance.

Intradermal tests are a type of allergy test that involves the injection of a small amount of allergen extract directly into the skin, usually the forearm or back. This is different from other types of allergy tests such as scratch tests or blood tests, which measure immune system responses to allergens in other ways.

During an intradermal test, a healthcare professional uses a fine needle to inject a small amount of allergen extract just beneath the surface of the skin. This creates a small wheal or bubble, and the area is then observed for signs of a reaction such as redness, swelling, or itching. These reactions indicate that the person has antibodies to the allergen and may be allergic to it.

Intradermal tests are often used when other types of allergy tests have been inconclusive or when a healthcare professional wants to confirm the results of a previous test. They can be used to diagnose a variety of allergies, including those to insect venom, medications, and environmental allergens such as pollen or mold.

It's important to note that intradermal tests carry a higher risk of causing a severe allergic reaction than other types of allergy tests, so they should only be performed by trained healthcare professionals in a medical setting where appropriate treatments are available.

Sublingual administration refers to a route of delivering medication or other substances through placement under the tongue, allowing for rapid absorption into the bloodstream through the mucous membranes located there. This method can allow for quick onset of action and avoids first-pass metabolism in the liver that may occur with oral administration. Common examples of sublingual medications include nitroglycerin for angina pectoris and certain forms of hormone replacement therapy.

Sinusitis, also known as rhinosinusitis, is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, which are air-filled cavities located within the skull near the nose. The inflammation can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections, as well as allergies, structural issues, or autoimmune disorders.

In sinusitis, the mucous membranes lining the sinuses become swollen and may produce excess mucus, leading to symptoms such as nasal congestion, thick green or yellow nasal discharge, facial pain or pressure, reduced sense of smell, cough, fatigue, and fever.

Sinusitis can be classified into acute (lasting less than 4 weeks), subacute (lasting 4-12 weeks), chronic (lasting more than 12 weeks), or recurrent (multiple episodes within a year). Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms, and may include antibiotics, nasal corticosteroids, decongestants, saline irrigation, and in some cases, surgery.

The nasal cavity is the air-filled space located behind the nose, which is divided into two halves by the nasal septum. It is lined with mucous membrane and is responsible for several functions including respiration, filtration, humidification, and olfaction (smell). The nasal cavity serves as an important part of the upper respiratory tract, extending from the nares (nostrils) to the choanae (posterior openings of the nasal cavity that lead into the pharynx). It contains specialized structures such as turbinate bones, which help to warm, humidify and filter incoming air.

Acoustic rhinometry is a diagnostic technique used to measure the cross-sectional area and volume of the nasal cavity. It utilizes sound waves to create a visual representation of the nasal passages' shape and size. By measuring the reflection of sound waves as they travel through the nasal cavity, acoustic rhinometry can help identify any abnormalities or obstructions in the nasal passage that may be causing difficulty breathing through the nose. This technique is non-invasive and quick, making it a useful tool for evaluating nasal airflow and diagnosing conditions such as nasal congestion, sinusitis, and nasal polyps.

Rhinomanometry is a medical diagnostic procedure that measures the pressure and flow of air through the nasal passages. It is used to assess the nasal airway resistance and function, and can help diagnose and monitor conditions such as nasal congestion, deviated septum, sinusitis, and other disorders that affect nasal breathing.

During the procedure, a small catheter or mask is placed over the nose, and the patient is asked to breathe normally while the pressure and airflow are measured. The data is then analyzed to determine any abnormalities in nasal function, such as increased resistance or asymmetry between the two sides of the nose.

Rhinomanometry can be performed using either anterior or posterior methods, depending on whether the measurement is taken at the entrance or exit of the nasal passages. The results of the test can help guide treatment decisions and assess the effectiveness of therapies such as medications or surgery.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that is commonly known as eczema. It is characterized by dry, itchy, and scaly patches on the skin that can become red, swollen, and cracked over time. The condition often affects the skin on the face, hands, feet, and behind the knees, and it can be triggered or worsened by exposure to certain allergens, irritants, stress, or changes in temperature and humidity. Atopic dermatitis is more common in people with a family history of allergies, such as asthma or hay fever, and it often begins in infancy or early childhood. The exact cause of atopic dermatitis is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors that affect the immune system and the skin's ability to maintain a healthy barrier function.

Allergic conjunctivitis is a type of conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva, the membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids) caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. It is often characterized by redness, itching, watering, and swelling of the eyes. In some cases, the eyes may also become sensitive to light. Allergic conjunctivitis is not contagious and can be treated with medications such as antihistamines, decongestants, or mast cell stabilizers.

Eosinophil Cationic Protein (ECP) is a protein found in the granules of eosinophils, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a role in the immune response, particularly against parasitic infections and allergens. ECP is released from eosinophils during degranulation, a process that occurs when these cells are activated and release their granules' contents.

Elevated levels of ECP in body fluids, such as blood or sputum, can indicate eosinophil activation and may be associated with various inflammatory conditions, including asthma, allergies, and some parasitic infections. Measuring ECP levels can help monitor disease activity and assess the effectiveness of treatment in these conditions.

Histamine antagonists, also known as histamine blockers or H1-blockers, are a class of medications that work by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that is released during an allergic reaction. Histamine causes many of the symptoms of an allergic response, such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, and hives. By blocking the effects of histamine, these medications can help to relieve or prevent allergy symptoms.

Histamine antagonists are often used to treat conditions such as hay fever, hives, and other allergic reactions. They may also be used to treat stomach ulcers caused by excessive production of stomach acid. Some examples of histamine antagonists include diphenhydramine (Benadryl), loratadine (Claritin), and famotidine (Pepcid).

It's important to note that while histamine antagonists can be effective at relieving allergy symptoms, they do not cure allergies or prevent the release of histamine. They simply block its effects. It's also worth noting that these medications can have side effects, such as drowsiness, dry mouth, and dizziness, so it's important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when taking them.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Pyroglyphidae" is not a medical term. It is actually a family of small arthropods, specifically mites, that are often found in houses and other buildings. These mites are commonly known as dust mites or storage mites, and some species are associated with allergies and asthma symptoms in humans. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I'll be happy to help!

"Pasteurella multocida" is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, coccobacillus bacterium that is part of the normal flora in the respiratory tract of many animals, including birds, dogs, and cats. It can cause a variety of infections in humans, such as respiratory infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and bloodstream infections, particularly in individuals who have close contact with animals or animal bites or scratches. The bacterium is named after Louis Pasteur, who developed a vaccine against it in the late 19th century.

Pasteurella infections are diseases caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Pasteurella, with P. multocida being the most common species responsible for infections in humans. These bacteria are commonly found in the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tracts of animals, particularly domestic pets such as cats and dogs.

Humans can acquire Pasteurella infections through animal bites, scratches, or contact with contaminated animal secretions like saliva. The infection can manifest in various forms, including:

1. Skin and soft tissue infections: These are the most common types of Pasteurella infections, often presenting as cellulitis, abscesses, or wound infections after an animal bite or scratch.
2. Respiratory tract infections: Pasteurella bacteria can cause pneumonia, bronchitis, and other respiratory tract infections, especially in individuals with underlying lung diseases or weakened immune systems.
3. Ocular infections: Pasteurella bacteria can infect the eye, causing conditions like conjunctivitis, keratitis, or endophthalmitis, particularly after an animal scratch to the eye or face.
4. Septicemia: In rare cases, Pasteurella bacteria can enter the bloodstream and cause septicemia, a severe and potentially life-threatening condition.
5. Other infections: Pasteurella bacteria have also been known to cause joint infections (septic arthritis), bone infections (osteomyelitis), and central nervous system infections (meningitis or brain abscesses) in some cases.

Prompt diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment are crucial for managing Pasteurella infections, as they can progress rapidly and lead to severe complications, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems.

Terfenadine is an antihistamine medication that has been used to treat symptoms of allergies such as hay fever, hives, and other allergic reactions. It works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms. Terfenadine was first approved for use in the United States in 1985, but it is no longer available in many countries due to concerns about rare but serious side effects related to heart rhythm disturbances. It has been replaced by other antihistamines that are considered safer and more effective.

Dermatophagoides are a group of mites that are commonly found in house dust. They are a common cause of allergies and can be found in bedding, carpets, and upholstered furniture. Dermatophagoides mites feed on human skin cells and dander, and their feces and bodies contain proteins that can act as antigens. These antigens can trigger an immune response in some people, leading to the production of antibodies and the release of chemicals such as histamine, which can cause allergic symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes.

There are several species of Dermatophagoides mites that are known to cause allergies, including D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae. These mites are very small, measuring only about 0.3 millimeters in length, and are not visible to the naked eye. They thrive in warm, humid environments and are most active at night.

Exposure to Dermatophagoides antigens can occur through inhalation or skin contact. In people with allergies to these mites, symptoms can be triggered by activities such as making the bed, vacuuming, or sleeping on a mattress that is infested with mites. Allergy testing, such as a skin prick test or a blood test, can be used to diagnose an allergy to Dermatophagoides mites. Treatment options for allergies to these mites may include avoidance measures, medications, and immunotherapy (allergy shots).

Respiratory sounds are the noises produced by the airflow through the respiratory tract during breathing. These sounds can provide valuable information about the health and function of the lungs and airways. They are typically categorized into two main types: normal breath sounds and adventitious (or abnormal) breath sounds.

Normal breath sounds include:

1. Vesicular breath sounds: These are soft, low-pitched sounds heard over most of the lung fields during quiet breathing. They are produced by the movement of air through the alveoli and smaller bronchioles.
2. Bronchovesicular breath sounds: These are medium-pitched, hollow sounds heard over the mainstem bronchi and near the upper sternal border during both inspiration and expiration. They are a combination of vesicular and bronchial breath sounds.

Abnormal or adventitious breath sounds include:

1. Crackles (or rales): These are discontinuous, non-musical sounds that resemble the crackling of paper or bubbling in a fluid-filled container. They can be heard during inspiration and are caused by the sudden opening of collapsed airways or the movement of fluid within the airways.
2. Wheezes: These are continuous, musical sounds resembling a whistle. They are produced by the narrowing or obstruction of the airways, causing turbulent airflow.
3. Rhonchi: These are low-pitched, rumbling, continuous sounds that can be heard during both inspiration and expiration. They are caused by the vibration of secretions or fluids in the larger airways.
4. Stridor: This is a high-pitched, inspiratory sound that resembles a harsh crowing or barking noise. It is usually indicative of upper airway narrowing or obstruction.

The character, location, and duration of respiratory sounds can help healthcare professionals diagnose various respiratory conditions, such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and bronchitis.

Mites are tiny arthropods belonging to the class Arachnida, which also includes spiders and ticks. They are characterized by their small size, usually measuring less than 1 mm in length, and their lack of obvious segmentation on their bodies. Many mites are parasitic, feeding on the skin cells, blood, or fluids of plants and animals, including humans. Some common mite infestations in humans include scabies, caused by the itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei), and dust mites (e.g., Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae), which are commonly found in household dust and can cause allergic reactions in some people. It's worth noting that the majority of mites are not harmful to humans and play important roles in ecosystems as decomposers and predators.

'Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus' is a species of mite that belongs to the family Pyroglyphidae. These mites are commonly known as house dust mites, and they are found in various environments, particularly in households. They thrive in warm and humid conditions, and their primary food source consists of human skin scales.

House dust mites like 'Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus' are associated with allergic reactions in humans, such as asthma, rhinitis, and dermatitis. Their feces and body parts contain protease enzymes that can trigger an immune response in sensitive individuals, leading to the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators. These allergens can become airborne and inhaled or come into contact with the skin, causing symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes, and difficulty breathing.

It is essential to maintain a clean living environment, particularly in bedding and upholstered furniture, to reduce the population of house dust mites and minimize allergen exposure. Measures such as using allergen-impermeable covers for mattresses and pillows, washing bedding in hot water, and reducing humidity levels can help control dust mite populations and alleviate allergic symptoms.

Bronchial provocation tests are a group of medical tests used to assess the airway responsiveness of the lungs by challenging them with increasing doses of a specific stimulus, such as methacholine or histamine, which can cause bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways) in susceptible individuals. These tests are often performed to diagnose and monitor asthma and other respiratory conditions that may be associated with heightened airway responsiveness.

The most common type of bronchial provocation test is the methacholine challenge test, which involves inhaling increasing concentrations of methacholine aerosol via a nebulizer. The dose response is measured by monitoring lung function (usually through spirometry) before and after each exposure. A positive test is indicated when there is a significant decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) or other measures of airflow, which suggests bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

Other types of bronchial provocation tests include histamine challenges, exercise challenges, and mannitol challenges. These tests have specific indications, contraindications, and protocols that should be followed to ensure accurate results and patient safety. Bronchial provocation tests are typically conducted in a controlled clinical setting under the supervision of trained healthcare professionals.

Occupational asthma is a type of asthma that is caused or worsened by exposure to specific agents in the workplace. These agents, known as occupational sensitizers, can cause an immune response that leads to airway inflammation and narrowing, resulting in classic asthma symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, and chest tightness.

Occupational asthma can develop in individuals who have no prior history of asthma, or it can worsen pre-existing asthma. The onset of symptoms may be immediate (within hours) or delayed (up to several days) after exposure to the sensitizer. Common occupational sensitizers include isocyanates (found in certain paints and spray foam insulation), flour and grain dust, wood dust, animal dander, and various chemicals used in manufacturing processes.

Prevention of occupational asthma involves minimizing or eliminating exposure to known sensitizers through proper engineering controls, personal protective equipment, and workplace practices. If occupational asthma is suspected, individuals should consult with a healthcare professional for appropriate diagnosis and management strategies.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Oxymetazoline is a direct-acting mainly α1-adrenergic receptor agonist, which is primarily used as a nasal decongestant and an ophthalmic vasoconstrictor. It constricts blood vessels, reducing swelling and fluid accumulation in the lining of the nose, thereby providing relief from nasal congestion due to allergies or colds. Oxymetazoline is available over-the-counter in various forms, such as nasal sprays, drops, and creams. It's important to follow the recommended usage guidelines, as prolonged use of oxymetazoline can lead to a rebound effect, causing further congestion.

Respiratory hypersensitivity, also known as respiratory allergies or hypersensitive pneumonitis, refers to an exaggerated immune response in the lungs to inhaled substances or allergens. This condition occurs when the body's immune system overreacts to harmless particles, leading to inflammation and damage in the airways and alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs.

There are two types of respiratory hypersensitivity: immediate and delayed. Immediate hypersensitivity, also known as type I hypersensitivity, is mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies and results in symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, and asthma-like symptoms within minutes to hours of exposure to the allergen. Delayed hypersensitivity, also known as type III or type IV hypersensitivity, is mediated by other immune mechanisms and can take several hours to days to develop after exposure to the allergen.

Common causes of respiratory hypersensitivity include mold spores, animal dander, dust mites, pollen, and chemicals found in certain occupations. Symptoms may include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and fatigue. Treatment typically involves avoiding the allergen, if possible, and using medications such as corticosteroids, bronchodilators, or antihistamines to manage symptoms. In severe cases, immunotherapy (allergy shots) may be recommended to help desensitize the immune system to the allergen.

Cyproheptadine is an antihistamine and anticholinergic medication that is primarily used to treat symptoms of allergies, such as runny nose, sneezing, and itching. It works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic reactions.

Cyproheptadine also has other uses, including the treatment of migraines and cluster headaches, appetite stimulation in people with certain medical conditions, and as a sedative in some cases. It is available in various forms, such as tablets, capsules, and syrup.

Like all medications, cyproheptadine can have side effects, including drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness, and blurred vision. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and talk to a healthcare provider if you experience any bothersome or persistent side effects.

Bordetella infections are caused by bacteria called Bordetella pertussis or Bordetella parapertussis, which result in a highly contagious respiratory infection known as whooping cough or pertussis. These bacteria primarily infect the respiratory cilia (tiny hair-like structures lining the upper airways) and produce toxins that cause inflammation and damage to the respiratory tract.

The infection typically starts with cold-like symptoms, including a runny nose, sneezing, and a mild cough. After about one to two weeks, the cough becomes more severe, leading to episodes of intense, uncontrollable coughing fits that can last for several minutes. These fits often end with a high-pitched "whoop" sound as the person gasps for air. Vomiting may occur following the coughing spells.

Bordetella infections can be particularly severe and even life-threatening in infants, young children, and people with weakened immune systems. Complications include pneumonia, seizures, brain damage, and, in rare cases, death.

Prevention is primarily through vaccination, which is part of the recommended immunization schedule for children. A booster dose is also recommended for adolescents and adults to maintain immunity. Antibiotics can be used to treat Bordetella infections and help prevent the spread of the bacteria to others. However, antibiotics are most effective when started early in the course of the illness.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies or activation of immune cells. In plants, antigens are typically found on the surface of plant cells and may be derived from various sources such as:

1. Pathogens: Plant pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and oomycetes have unique molecules on their surfaces that can serve as antigens for the plant's immune system. These antigens are recognized by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and trigger an immune response.
2. Endogenous proteins: Some plant proteins, when expressed in abnormal locations or quantities, can be recognized as foreign by the plant's immune system and elicit an immune response. These proteins may serve as antigens and are involved in self/non-self recognition.
3. Glycoproteins: Plant cell surface glycoproteins, which contain carbohydrate moieties, can also act as antigens. They play a role in plant-microbe interactions and may be recognized by both the plant's immune system and pathogens.
4. Allergens: Certain plant proteins can cause allergic reactions in humans and animals when ingested or inhaled. These proteins, known as allergens, can also serve as antigens for the human immune system, leading to the production of IgE antibodies and triggering an allergic response.
5. Transgenic proteins: In genetically modified plants, new proteins introduced through genetic engineering may be recognized as foreign by the plant's immune system or even by the human immune system in some cases. These transgenic proteins can serve as antigens and have been a subject of concern in relation to food safety and potential allergies.

Understanding plant antigens is crucial for developing effective strategies for plant disease management, vaccine development, and improving food safety and allergy prevention.

'Ambrosia' is a term that does not have a specific medical definition. In general, it refers to the food or drink of the Greek gods, said to confer immortality upon them. It has been used in various contexts outside of its mythological origins, such as in botany to refer to certain types of plants, and in popular culture to name a genus of weed pollen that can cause severe allergic reactions. However, it does not have a technical medical meaning.

Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, a thin, clear membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer surface of the eye. The condition can cause redness, itching, burning, tearing, discomfort, and a gritty feeling in the eyes. It can also result in a discharge that can be clear, yellow, or greenish.

Conjunctivitis can have various causes, including bacterial or viral infections, allergies, irritants (such as smoke, chlorine, or contact lens solutions), and underlying medical conditions (like dry eye or autoimmune disorders). Treatment depends on the cause of the condition but may include antibiotics, antihistamines, anti-inflammatory medications, or warm compresses.

It is essential to maintain good hygiene practices, like washing hands frequently and avoiding touching or rubbing the eyes, to prevent spreading conjunctivitis to others. If you suspect you have conjunctivitis, it's recommended that you consult an eye care professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

Captan is a broad-spectrum fungicide that is used to prevent and control various fungal diseases in crops such as fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. Its chemical name is N-trichloromethylthio-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide. It works by inhibiting the growth of fungi, preventing the spread of disease in plants.

Captan is often applied as a powder or spray to plant surfaces and can be used on both pre- and post-harvest crops. While it is generally considered safe for use, captan can be toxic to humans and other animals if ingested or inhaled in large quantities. Therefore, it is important to follow all safety guidelines when handling this chemical.

It's worth noting that captan is not used in medical context, but rather in agricultural and horticultural settings.

In medical terms, "dust" is not defined as a specific medical condition or disease. However, generally speaking, dust refers to small particles of solid matter that can be found in the air and can come from various sources, such as soil, pollen, hair, textiles, paper, or plastic.

Exposure to certain types of dust, such as those containing allergens, chemicals, or harmful pathogens, can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory issues like asthma, allergies, and lung diseases. Prolonged exposure to certain types of dust, such as silica or asbestos, can even lead to serious conditions like silicosis or mesothelioma.

Therefore, it is important for individuals who work in environments with high levels of dust to take appropriate precautions, such as wearing masks and respirators, to minimize their exposure and reduce the risk of health problems.

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play an important role in the body's immune response. They are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream, where they can travel to different tissues and organs throughout the body. Eosinophils are characterized by their granules, which contain various proteins and enzymes that are toxic to parasites and can contribute to inflammation.

Eosinophils are typically associated with allergic reactions, asthma, and other inflammatory conditions. They can also be involved in the body's response to certain infections, particularly those caused by parasites such as worms. In some cases, elevated levels of eosinophils in the blood or tissues (a condition called eosinophilia) can indicate an underlying medical condition, such as a parasitic infection, autoimmune disorder, or cancer.

Eosinophils are named for their staining properties - they readily take up eosin dye, which is why they appear pink or red under the microscope. They make up only about 1-6% of circulating white blood cells in healthy individuals, but their numbers can increase significantly in response to certain triggers.

Fluocinolone acetonide is a synthetic corticosteroid, which is a type of medication that reduces inflammation and suppresses the immune system. It is used to treat various skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and dermatitis. Fluocinolone acetonide works by reducing the production of chemicals in the body that cause inflammation.

Fluocinolone acetonide is available in several forms, including creams, ointments, solutions, and tape. It is usually applied to the affected area of the skin one to three times a day, depending on the severity of the condition and the specific formulation being used.

Like all corticosteroids, fluocinolone acetonide can have side effects, particularly with long-term use or if used in large amounts. These may include thinning of the skin, easy bruising, stretch marks, increased hair growth, and acne. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider carefully when using this medication to minimize the risk of side effects.

Anti-asthmatic agents are a class of medications used to prevent or alleviate the symptoms of asthma, such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. These medications work by reducing inflammation, relaxing muscles in the airways, and preventing allergic reactions that can trigger an asthma attack.

There are several types of anti-asthmatic agents, including:

1. Bronchodilators: These medications relax the muscles around the airways, making it easier to breathe. They can be short-acting or long-acting, depending on how long they work.
2. Inhaled corticosteroids: These medications reduce inflammation in the airways and help prevent asthma symptoms from occurring.
3. Leukotriene modifiers: These medications block the action of leukotrienes, chemicals that contribute to inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
4. Combination therapies: Some anti-asthmatic agents combine different types of medications, such as a bronchodilator and an inhaled corticosteroid, into one inhaler.
5. Biologics: These are newer types of anti-asthmatic agents that target specific molecules involved in the inflammatory response in asthma. They are usually given by injection.

It's important to note that different people with asthma may require different medications or combinations of medications to manage their symptoms effectively. Therefore, it is essential to work closely with a healthcare provider to determine the best treatment plan for each individual.

A nose, in a medical context, refers to the external part of the human body that is located on the face and serves as the primary organ for the sense of smell. It is composed of bone and cartilage, with a thin layer of skin covering it. The nose also contains nasal passages that are lined with mucous membranes and tiny hairs known as cilia. These structures help to filter, warm, and moisturize the air we breathe in before it reaches our lungs. Additionally, the nose plays an essential role in the process of verbal communication by shaping the sounds we make when we speak.

Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) or bronchial hyperreactivity (BH) is a medical term that refers to the increased sensitivity and exaggerated response of the airways to various stimuli. In people with BHR, the airways narrow (constrict) more than usual in response to certain triggers such as allergens, cold air, exercise, or irritants like smoke or fumes. This narrowing can cause symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.

BHR is often associated with asthma and other respiratory conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchiectasis. It is typically diagnosed through a series of tests that measure the degree of airway narrowing in response to various stimuli. These tests may include spirometry, methacholine challenge test, or histamine challenge test.

BHR can be managed with medications such as bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, which help to relax the muscles around the airways and reduce inflammation. It is also important to avoid triggers that can exacerbate symptoms and make BHR worse.

Methacholine chloride is a medication that is used as a diagnostic tool to help identify and assess the severity of asthma or other respiratory conditions that cause airway hyperresponsiveness. It is a synthetic derivative of acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter that causes smooth muscle contraction in the body.

When methacholine chloride is inhaled, it stimulates the muscarinic receptors in the airways, causing them to constrict or narrow. This response is measured and used to determine the degree of airway hyperresponsiveness, which can help diagnose asthma and assess its severity.

The methacholine challenge test involves inhaling progressively higher doses of methacholine chloride until a significant decrease in lung function is observed or until a maximum dose is reached. The test results are then used to guide treatment decisions and monitor the effectiveness of therapy. It's important to note that this test should be conducted under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it carries some risks, including bronchoconstriction and respiratory distress.

Bronchoconstrictor agents are substances that cause narrowing or constriction of the bronchioles, the small airways in the lungs. This can lead to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Bronchoconstrictor agents include certain medications (such as some beta-blockers and prostaglandin F2alpha), environmental pollutants (such as tobacco smoke and air pollution particles), and allergens (such as dust mites and pollen).

In contrast to bronchodilator agents, which are medications that widen the airways and improve breathing, bronchoconstrictor agents can make it more difficult for a person to breathe. People with respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may be particularly sensitive to bronchoconstrictor agents and may experience severe symptoms when exposed to them.

'Betula' is the genus name for a group of trees commonly known as birches. These trees belong to the family Betulaceae and are native to the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere. There are around 30-60 species in this genus, depending on the classification system used.

Birch trees are known for their distinctive bark, which is often white and peels away in thin layers. They also have simple, ovate leaves that are usually toothed or serrated along the edges. Many birches produce catkins, which are long, slender flowering structures that contain either male or female flowers.

Birch trees have a number of uses, both practical and cultural. The wood is lightweight and easy to work with, making it popular for uses such as furniture-making, paper production, and fuel. Birch bark has also been used historically for a variety of purposes, including canoe construction, writing surfaces, and medicinal remedies.

In addition to their practical uses, birch trees have cultural significance in many regions where they grow. For example, they are often associated with renewal and rebirth due to their ability to regrow from stumps or roots after being cut down. In some cultures, birch trees are also believed to have spiritual or mystical properties.

"Bordetella" is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that are known to cause respiratory infections in humans and animals. The most well-known species within this genus is Bordetella pertussis, which is the primary causative agent of whooping cough (pertussis) in humans.

Whooping cough is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is characterized by severe coughing fits, followed by a high-pitched "whoop" sound upon inhalation. The bacteria attach to the cilia lining the respiratory tract and release toxins that damage the cilia and cause inflammation, leading to the characteristic symptoms of the disease.

Other species within the Bordetella genus include Bordetella parapertussis, which can also cause a milder form of whooping cough, and Bordetella bronchiseptica, which is associated with respiratory infections in animals but can occasionally infect humans as well.

Prevention of Bordetella infections typically involves vaccination, with vaccines available for both infants and adults to protect against B. pertussis and B. parapertussis. Good hygiene practices, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, can also help prevent the spread of these bacteria.

A cough is a reflex action that helps to clear the airways of irritants, foreign particles, or excess mucus or phlegm. It is characterized by a sudden, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs through the mouth and nose. A cough can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term), and it can be accompanied by other symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or fever. Coughing can be caused by various factors, including respiratory infections, allergies, asthma, environmental pollutants, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchitis. In some cases, a cough may be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition, such as heart failure or lung cancer.

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is a form of allergen immunotherapy that involves the administration of allergens under the tongue, typically in the form of dissolvable tablets or liquid drops. This treatment modality is used to treat allergic rhinitis (hay fever), allergic asthma, and other allergic conditions by exposing the immune system to small amounts of an allergen over a period of time, with the goal of inducing tolerance and reducing the severity of symptoms upon subsequent exposure to the allergen. The sublingual route is preferred because it allows for direct absorption of the allergen into the bloodstream while minimizing the risk of severe allergic reactions associated with injection-based immunotherapy.

Nasal polyps are benign (noncancerous) growths that originate from the lining of your nasal passages or sinuses. They most often occur in the area where the sinuses open into the nasal cavity. Small nasal polyps may not cause any problems. But if they grow large enough, they can block your nasal passages and lead to breathing issues, frequent infections and loss of smell.

Nasal polyps are associated with chronic inflammation due to conditions such as asthma, allergic rhinitis or chronic sinusitis. Treatment typically includes medication to reduce the size of the polyps or surgery to remove them. Even after successful treatment, nasal polyps often return.

"Pasteurella" is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic coccobacilli that are part of the family Pasteurellaceae. These bacteria are commonly found as normal flora in the upper respiratory tracts of animals, including cats, dogs, and livestock. They can cause a variety of infections in humans, such as wound infections, pneumonia, and septicemia, often following animal bites or scratches. Two notable species are Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella canis. Proper identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing are essential for appropriate treatment.

Diazinon is a type of organophosphate insecticide that works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft and results in overstimulation of cholinergic receptors. This can cause a variety of symptoms, including muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, and respiratory failure, which can be fatal if not treated promptly.

Diazinon is used to control a wide range of insect pests in agriculture, horticulture, and residential settings. However, it is highly toxic to both insects and mammals, including humans, and its use is regulated by environmental and public health agencies around the world. Exposure to diazinon can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, and can cause acute and chronic health effects depending on the level and duration of exposure.

In the medical field, diazinon poisoning is treated with atropine, which blocks the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, and oximes, which reactivate acetylcholinesterase. Supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and fluid replacement, may also be necessary in severe cases.

Chenopodium album, also known as Lamb's Quarters or Goosefoot, is an annual plant that belongs to the family Chenopodiaceae. It is native to Europe and Asia but has been introduced and naturalized in many parts of the world, including North America. The plant can grow up to 1.5 meters tall and has alternate, simple leaves that are usually green but can sometimes be tinged with red or purple.

The flowers of Chenopodium album are small and inconspicuous, arranged in dense spikes at the tips of the branches. The fruit is a tiny, round, black seed that is enclosed in a thin, papery covering.

Chenopodium album is often considered a weed because it can grow rapidly and aggressively in disturbed soils, such as those found in gardens, agricultural fields, and waste areas. However, the plant is also edible and has been used as a leaf vegetable and grain crop in some cultures. It is high in nutrients, including protein, vitamins A and C, and minerals like calcium and iron.

In addition to its use as a food source, Chenopodium album has also been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, such as skin conditions, respiratory problems, and digestive issues. However, it is important to note that the plant can contain potentially toxic compounds, including oxalic acid and nitrates, so it should be consumed in moderation and with caution.

Swine diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions that affect pigs. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors. Some common swine diseases include:

1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): a viral disease that causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in piglets and grower pigs.
2. Classical Swine Fever (CSF): also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects pigs of all ages.
3. Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD): a group of diseases caused by porcine circoviruses, including Porcine CircoVirus Associated Disease (PCVAD) and Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS).
4. Swine Influenza: a respiratory disease caused by type A influenza viruses that can infect pigs and humans.
5. Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes pneumonia in pigs.
6. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes severe pneumonia in pigs.
7. Salmonella: a group of bacteria that can cause food poisoning in humans and a variety of diseases in pigs, including septicemia, meningitis, and abortion.
8. Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae: a bacterial disease that causes dysentery in pigs.
9. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae: a bacterial disease that causes erysipelas in pigs.
10. External and internal parasites, such as lice, mites, worms, and flukes, can also cause diseases in swine.

Prevention and control of swine diseases rely on good biosecurity practices, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, and management practices. Regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring are essential to detect and treat diseases early.

Poaceae is not a medical term but a taxonomic category, specifically the family name for grasses. In a broader sense, you might be asking for a medical context where knowledge of this plant family could be relevant. For instance, certain members of the Poaceae family can cause allergies or negative reactions in some people.

In a medical definition, Poaceae would be defined as:

The family of monocotyledonous plants that includes grasses, bamboo, and sedges. These plants are characterized by narrow leaves with parallel veins, jointed stems (called "nodes" and "internodes"), and flowers arranged in spikelets. Some members of this family are important food sources for humans and animals, such as rice, wheat, corn, barley, oats, and sorghum. Other members can cause negative reactions, like skin irritation or allergies, due to their silica-based defense structures called phytoliths.

Food hypersensitivity is an umbrella term that encompasses both immunologic and non-immunologic adverse reactions to food. It is also known as "food allergy" or "food intolerance." Food hypersensitivity occurs when the body's immune system or digestive system reacts negatively to a particular food or food component.

Immunologic food hypersensitivity, commonly referred to as a food allergy, involves an immune response mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. Upon ingestion of the offending food, IgE antibodies bind to the food antigens and trigger the release of histamine and other chemical mediators from mast cells and basophils, leading to symptoms such as hives, swelling, itching, difficulty breathing, or anaphylaxis.

Non-immunologic food hypersensitivity, on the other hand, does not involve the immune system. Instead, it is caused by various mechanisms, including enzyme deficiencies, pharmacological reactions, and metabolic disorders. Examples of non-immunologic food hypersensitivities include lactose intolerance, gluten sensitivity, and histamine intolerance.

It's important to note that the term "food hypersensitivity" is often used interchangeably with "food allergy," but it has a broader definition that includes both immunologic and non-immunologic reactions.

The adrenal cortex hormones are a group of steroid hormones produced and released by the outer portion (cortex) of the adrenal glands, which are located on top of each kidney. These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes, including:

1. Glucose metabolism: Cortisol helps control blood sugar levels by increasing glucose production in the liver and reducing its uptake in peripheral tissues.
2. Protein and fat metabolism: Cortisol promotes protein breakdown and fatty acid mobilization, providing essential building blocks for energy production during stressful situations.
3. Immune response regulation: Cortisol suppresses immune function to prevent overactivation and potential damage to the body during stress.
4. Cardiovascular function: Aldosterone regulates electrolyte balance and blood pressure by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
5. Sex hormone production: The adrenal cortex produces small amounts of sex hormones, such as androgens and estrogens, which contribute to sexual development and function.
6. Growth and development: Cortisol plays a role in normal growth and development by influencing the activity of growth-promoting hormones like insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

The main adrenal cortex hormones include:

1. Glucocorticoids: Cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid, responsible for regulating metabolism and stress response.
2. Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid, involved in electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation.
3. Androgens: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate derivative (DHEAS) are the most abundant adrenal androgens, contributing to sexual development and function.
4. Estrogens: Small amounts of estrogens are produced by the adrenal cortex, mainly in women.

Disorders related to impaired adrenal cortex hormone production or regulation can lead to various clinical manifestations, such as Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency), Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism), and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

Histamine is defined as a biogenic amine that is widely distributed throughout the body and is involved in various physiological functions. It is derived primarily from the amino acid histidine by the action of histidine decarboxylase. Histamine is stored in granules (along with heparin and proteases) within mast cells and basophils, and is released upon stimulation or degranulation of these cells.

Once released into the tissues and circulation, histamine exerts a wide range of pharmacological actions through its interaction with four types of G protein-coupled receptors (H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors). Histamine's effects are diverse and include modulation of immune responses, contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, increased vascular permeability, stimulation of gastric acid secretion, and regulation of neurotransmission.

Histamine is also a potent mediator of allergic reactions and inflammation, causing symptoms such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, and wheezing. Antihistamines are commonly used to block the actions of histamine at H1 receptors, providing relief from these symptoms.

Occupational exposure refers to the contact of an individual with potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents as a result of their job or occupation. This can include exposure to hazardous substances such as chemicals, heavy metals, or dusts; physical agents such as noise, radiation, or ergonomic stressors; and biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

Occupational exposure can occur through various routes, including inhalation, skin contact, ingestion, or injection. Prolonged or repeated exposure to these hazards can increase the risk of developing acute or chronic health conditions, such as respiratory diseases, skin disorders, neurological damage, or cancer.

Employers have a legal and ethical responsibility to minimize occupational exposures through the implementation of appropriate control measures, including engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and training programs. Regular monitoring and surveillance of workers' health can also help identify and prevent potential health hazards in the workplace.

Beclomethasone is a corticosteroid medication that is used to treat inflammation and allergies in the body. It works by reducing the activity of the immune system, which helps to prevent the release of substances that cause inflammation. Beclomethasone is available as an inhaler, nasal spray, and cream or ointment.

In its inhaled form, beclomethasone is used to treat asthma and other lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It helps to prevent symptoms such as wheezing and shortness of breath by reducing inflammation in the airways.

As a nasal spray, beclomethasone is used to treat allergies and inflammation in the nose, such as hay fever or rhinitis. It can help to relieve symptoms such as sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, and itching.

Beclomethasone cream or ointment is used to treat skin conditions such as eczema, dermatitis, and psoriasis. It works by reducing inflammation in the skin and relieving symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and irritation.

It's important to note that beclomethasone can have side effects, especially if used in high doses or for long periods of time. These may include thrush (a fungal infection in the mouth), coughing, hoarseness, sore throat, and easy bruising or thinning of the skin. It's important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using beclomethasone to minimize the risk of side effects.

Dermatophagoides farinae is a species of mite that belongs to the family Pyroglyphidae. These mites are commonly known as house dust mites, and they are found in household environments all over the world. Dermatophagoides farinae mites feed on human skin cells and other organic debris, and they are often found in bedding, upholstered furniture, and carpeting.

House dust mites, including Dermatophagoides farinae, are a common cause of allergies. The proteins present in the mite's feces and body parts can trigger an immune response in some people, leading to symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes, and skin irritation. Dermatophagoides farinae is one of the most prevalent species of house dust mite found in North America.

It's worth noting that while house dust mites are often associated with poor hygiene or dirty environments, they can be found even in the cleanest homes. Regular cleaning and vacuuming, as well as the use of allergen-proof covers on bedding, can help reduce the number of house dust mites in the home and alleviate symptoms for those who are allergic to them.

Aerosols are defined in the medical field as suspensions of fine solid or liquid particles in a gas. In the context of public health and medicine, aerosols often refer to particles that can remain suspended in air for long periods of time and can be inhaled. They can contain various substances, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or chemicals, and can play a role in the transmission of respiratory infections or other health effects.

For example, when an infected person coughs or sneezes, they may produce respiratory droplets that can contain viruses like influenza or SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). Some of these droplets can evaporate quickly and leave behind smaller particles called aerosols, which can remain suspended in the air for hours and potentially be inhaled by others. This is one way that respiratory viruses can spread between people in close proximity to each other.

Aerosols can also be generated through medical procedures such as bronchoscopy, suctioning, or nebulizer treatments, which can produce aerosols containing bacteria, viruses, or other particles that may pose an infection risk to healthcare workers or other patients. Therefore, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and airborne precautions are often necessary to reduce the risk of transmission in these settings.

Spirometry is a common type of pulmonary function test (PFT) that measures how well your lungs work. This is done by measuring how much air you can exhale from your lungs after taking a deep breath, and how quickly you can exhale it. The results are compared to normal values for your age, height, sex, and ethnicity.

Spirometry is used to diagnose and monitor certain lung conditions, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory diseases that cause narrowing of the airways. It can also be used to assess the effectiveness of treatment for these conditions. The test is non-invasive, safe, and easy to perform.

Airway resistance is a measure of the opposition to airflow during breathing, which is caused by the friction between the air and the walls of the respiratory tract. It is an important parameter in respiratory physiology because it can affect the work of breathing and gas exchange.

Airway resistance is usually expressed in units of cm H2O/L/s or Pa·s/m, and it can be measured during spontaneous breathing or during forced expiratory maneuvers, such as those used in pulmonary function testing. Increased airway resistance can result from a variety of conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchitis, and bronchiectasis. Decreased airway resistance can be seen in conditions such as emphysema or after a successful bronchodilator treatment.

A Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST) is a type of blood test used in the diagnosis of allergies. It measures the presence and levels of specific antibodies, called immunoglobulin E (IgE), produced by the immune system in response to certain allergens. In this test, a small amount of blood is taken from the patient and then mixed with various allergens. If the patient has developed IgE antibodies against any of these allergens, they will bind to them, forming an antigen-antibody complex.

The mixture is then passed over a solid phase, such as a paper or plastic surface, which has been coated with allergen-specific antibodies. These antibodies will capture the antigen-antibody complexes formed in the previous step. A radioactive label is attached to a different type of antibody (called anti-IgE), which then binds to the IgE antibodies captured on the solid phase. The amount of radioactivity detected is proportional to the quantity of IgE antibodies present, providing an indication of the patient's sensitivity to that specific allergen.

While RAST tests have been largely replaced by more modern and sensitive techniques, such as fluorescence enzyme immunoassays (FEIA), they still provide valuable information in diagnosing allergies and guiding treatment plans.

Occupational diseases are health conditions or illnesses that occur as a result of exposure to hazards in the workplace. These hazards can include physical, chemical, and biological agents, as well as ergonomic factors and work-related psychosocial stressors. Examples of occupational diseases include respiratory illnesses caused by inhaling dust or fumes, hearing loss due to excessive noise exposure, and musculoskeletal disorders caused by repetitive movements or poor ergonomics. The development of an occupational disease is typically related to the nature of the work being performed and the conditions in which it is carried out. It's important to note that these diseases can be prevented or minimized through proper risk assessment, implementation of control measures, and adherence to safety regulations.

Pruritus is a medical term derived from Latin, in which "prurire" means "to itch." It refers to an unpleasant sensation on the skin that provokes the desire or reflex to scratch. This can be caused by various factors, such as skin conditions (e.g., dryness, eczema, psoriasis), systemic diseases (e.g., liver disease, kidney failure), nerve disorders, psychological conditions, or reactions to certain medications.

Pruritus can significantly affect a person's quality of life, leading to sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. Proper identification and management of the underlying cause are essential for effective treatment.

Dibenzoxepins are a class of organic compounds that contain a seven-membered ring consisting of two benzene rings fused to an oxygen atom. This structure is a heterocyclic compound, and dibenzoxepins are aromatic in nature. They can be found in some natural sources, but many dibenzoxepin derivatives are synthesized for use in pharmaceuticals and other applications.

In the medical field, certain dibenzoxepin derivatives have been explored for their potential therapeutic benefits. For instance, some of these compounds have shown promise as anti-inflammatory, analgesic (pain-relieving), and antipyretic (fever-reducing) agents. Additionally, some dibenzoxepin derivatives are being investigated for their potential use in treating neurological disorders such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia due to their ability to interact with various neurotransmitter systems in the brain.

It is important to note that while these compounds have shown promise in preclinical studies, further research is needed to establish their safety and efficacy in humans before they can be approved as medications. Additionally, individual dibenzoxepin derivatives may have different properties, indications, and side effects, so it's essential to consult medical literature or healthcare professionals for specific information on each compound.

Urticaria, also known as hives, is an allergic reaction that appears on the skin. It is characterized by the rapid appearance of swollen, pale red bumps or plaques (wheals) on the skin, which are often accompanied by itching, stinging, or burning sensations. These wheals can vary in size and shape, and they may change location and appear in different places over a period of hours or days. Urticaria is usually caused by an allergic reaction to food, medication, or other substances, but it can also be triggered by physical factors such as heat, cold, pressure, or exercise. The condition is generally harmless, but severe cases of urticaria may indicate a more serious underlying medical issue and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

A nasal spray is a medication delivery device that delivers a liquid formulation directly into the nostrils, where it can then be absorbed through the nasal mucosa and into the bloodstream. Nasal sprays are commonly used to administer medications for local effects in the nose, such as decongestants, corticosteroids, and antihistamines, as well as for systemic absorption of drugs like vaccines and pain relievers.

The medication is typically contained in a small bottle or container that is pressurized or uses a pump mechanism to create a fine mist or spray. This allows the medication to be easily and precisely administered in a controlled dose, reducing the risk of overdose or incorrect dosing. Nasal sprays are generally easy to use, non-invasive, and can provide rapid onset of action for certain medications.

Leukotriene receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind to and are activated by leukotrienes, which are lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. These receptors play an important role in the inflammatory response and are involved in various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including bronchoconstriction, increased vascular permeability, and recruitment of inflammatory cells.

There are two main types of leukotriene receptors: CysLT1 and CysLT2. The CysLT1 receptor has a high affinity for the cysteinyl leukotrienes LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, while the CysLT2 receptor has a lower affinity for these ligands. Activation of the CysLT1 receptor leads to smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, and recruitment of inflammatory cells, while activation of the CysLT2 receptor is associated with vasoconstriction and bronchodilation.

Leukotriene receptors are found on various cell types, including immune cells (e.g., eosinophils, mast cells), airway smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells. They play a key role in the pathogenesis of asthma and other allergic diseases, as well as in the development of inflammation in response to infection or tissue injury.

Drugs that target leukotriene receptors, such as montelukast (a CysLT1 receptor antagonist), are used in the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis. These drugs work by blocking the activation of leukotriene receptors, thereby reducing inflammation and bronchoconstriction.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Pregnadienediols are not a recognized medical term in human physiology or pathology. The term "pregnadienediols" is most commonly found in the context of steroid hormone metabolism research, particularly in animals such as rats and mice.

Pregnadienediols are specific types of compounds that result from the metabolism of certain steroid hormones, including progesterone and its derivatives. They are formed through the reduction of pregnadiene-3,20-dione, a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis and breakdown of steroid hormones.

In this context, pregnadienediols can be further classified into different subcategories based on the position and configuration of their hydroxyl groups (OH). For example:

1. 5β-Pregnane-3α,20β-diol (5β-pregnadienediol)
2. 5α-Pregnane-3α,20β-diol (5α-pregnadienediol)

These compounds may have potential use as biomarkers in research to study steroid hormone metabolism and related physiological processes. However, they do not have a direct clinical relevance or application in human medicine.

A Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a subjective measurement tool used to quantify and communicate the intensity or severity of various symptoms or experiences, such as pain, mood, or fatigue. It typically consists of a straight, horizontal line, 10 centimeters in length, with verbal anchors at each end that describe the extreme limits of the variable being measured (e.g., "no pain" and "worst possible pain"). Patients are asked to mark a point on the line that corresponds to their perceived intensity or severity of the symptom, and the distance from the "no pain" anchor to the patient's mark is then measured in centimeters to obtain a score between 0 and 100.

The VAS has been widely used in clinical research and practice due to its simplicity, ease of use, and ability to detect small but meaningful changes in symptom intensity over time. However, it should be noted that the interpretation of VAS scores may vary among individuals and populations, and additional validation studies are often necessary to establish the psychometric properties of this measurement tool in specific contexts.

Cockroaches are not a medical condition or disease. They are a type of insect that can be found in many parts of the world. Some species of cockroaches are known to carry diseases and allergens, which can cause health problems for some people. Cockroach allergens can trigger asthma symptoms, especially in children. Additionally, cockroaches can contaminate food and surfaces with bacteria and other germs, which can lead to illnesses such as salmonellosis and gastroenteritis.

If you have a problem with cockroaches in your home or workplace, it is important to take steps to eliminate them to reduce the risk of health problems. This may include cleaning up food and water sources, sealing entry points, and using pesticides or hiring a professional pest control service.

Quinolines are a class of organic compounds that consist of a bicyclic structure made up of a benzene ring fused to a piperidine ring. They have a wide range of applications, but they are perhaps best known for their use in the synthesis of various medications, including antibiotics and antimalarial drugs.

Quinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, work by inhibiting the bacterial enzymes involved in DNA replication and repair. They are commonly used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and skin infections.

Quinoline-based antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, work by inhibiting the parasite's ability to digest hemoglobin in the red blood cells. They are commonly used to prevent and treat malaria.

It is important to note that quinolines have been associated with serious side effects, including tendinitis and tendon rupture, nerve damage, and abnormal heart rhythms. As with any medication, it is important to use quinolines only under the supervision of a healthcare provider, and to follow their instructions carefully.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "flour" is not a medical term. It is a powder made by grinding raw grains, roots, beans, nuts, or seeds. The most common type is wheat flour, which is made from grinding wheat grains. Flour is a primary ingredient in many foods such as bread, pasta, and baked goods. I hope this clarifies any confusion! If you have any medical questions, I'd be happy to help.

Nose diseases, also known as rhinologic disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the nose and its surrounding structures. These may include:

1. Nasal Allergies (Allergic Rhinitis): An inflammation of the inner lining of the nose caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, or mold.

2. Sinusitis: Inflammation or infection of the sinuses, which are air-filled cavities in the skull that surround the nasal cavity.

3. Nasal Polyps: Soft, fleshy growths that develop on the lining of the nasal passages or sinuses.

4. Deviated Septum: A condition where the thin wall (septum) between the two nostrils is displaced to one side, causing difficulty breathing through the nose.

5. Rhinitis Medicamentosa: Nasal congestion caused by overuse of decongestant nasal sprays.

6. Nosebleeds (Epistaxis): Bleeding from the nostrils, which can be caused by a variety of factors including dryness, trauma, or underlying medical conditions.

7. Nasal Fractures: Breaks in the bone structure of the nose, often caused by trauma.

8. Tumors: Abnormal growths that can occur in the nasal passages or sinuses. These can be benign or malignant.

9. Choanal Atresia: A congenital condition where the back of the nasal passage is blocked, often by a thin membrane or bony partition.

10. Nasal Valve Collapse: A condition where the side walls of the nose collapse inward during breathing, causing difficulty breathing through the nose.

These are just a few examples of the many diseases that can affect the nose.

Artemisia is a genus of plants in the Asteraceae family, also known as the daisy family. It includes several species that are commonly known as mugworts, wormwoods, and sagebrushes. Some Artemisia species have been used in traditional medicine for their medicinal properties. For example, Artemisia annua, or sweet wormwood, contains artemisinin, a compound that has been found to be effective against the malaria parasite. However, it's important to note that some Artemisia species can be toxic and should only be used under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.

The common cold is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract. It primarily affects the nose, throat, sinuses, and upper airways. The main symptoms include sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, cough, and fatigue. The common cold is often caused by rhinoviruses and can also be caused by other viruses like coronaviruses, coxsackieviruses, and adenoviruses. It is usually spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. The common cold is self-limiting and typically resolves within 7-10 days, although some symptoms may last up to three weeks. There is no specific treatment for the common cold, and management focuses on relieving symptoms with over-the-counter medications, rest, and hydration. Preventive measures include frequent hand washing, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and not touching the face with unwashed hands.

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) is a medical term used to describe the volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs in one second. It is often measured during pulmonary function testing to assess lung function and diagnose conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.

FEV is typically expressed as a percentage of the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), which is the total volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after taking a deep breath in. The ratio of FEV to FVC is used to determine whether there is obstruction in the airways, with a lower ratio indicating more severe obstruction.

There are different types of FEV measurements, including FEV1 (the volume of air exhaled in one second), FEV25-75 (the average volume of air exhaled during the middle 50% of the FVC maneuver), and FEV0.5 (the volume of air exhaled in half a second). These measurements can provide additional information about lung function and help guide treatment decisions.

Fungi, in the context of medical definitions, are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. The study of fungi is known as mycology.

Fungi can exist as unicellular organisms or as multicellular filamentous structures called hyphae. They are heterotrophs, which means they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by living as parasites on other organisms. Some fungi can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants, known as mycoses. These infections range from superficial, localized skin infections to systemic, life-threatening invasive diseases.

Examples of fungal infections include athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (dermatophytosis), candidiasis (yeast infection), histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Fungal infections can be challenging to treat due to the limited number of antifungal drugs available and the potential for drug resistance.

Airway obstruction is a medical condition that occurs when the normal flow of air into and out of the lungs is partially or completely blocked. This blockage can be caused by a variety of factors, including swelling of the tissues in the airway, the presence of foreign objects or substances, or abnormal growths such as tumors.

When the airway becomes obstructed, it can make it difficult for a person to breathe normally. They may experience symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. In severe cases, airway obstruction can lead to respiratory failure and other life-threatening complications.

There are several types of airway obstruction, including:

1. Upper airway obstruction: This occurs when the blockage is located in the upper part of the airway, such as the nose, throat, or voice box.
2. Lower airway obstruction: This occurs when the blockage is located in the lower part of the airway, such as the trachea or bronchi.
3. Partial airway obstruction: This occurs when the airway is partially blocked, allowing some air to flow in and out of the lungs.
4. Complete airway obstruction: This occurs when the airway is completely blocked, preventing any air from flowing into or out of the lungs.

Treatment for airway obstruction depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, removing the obstruction may be as simple as clearing the airway of foreign objects or mucus. In other cases, more invasive treatments such as surgery may be necessary.

Mouth breathing is a condition characterized by the regular habit of breathing through the mouth instead of the nose during awake states and sometimes during sleep. This can occur due to various reasons such as nasal congestion, deviated septum, enlarged tonsils or adenoids, or structural abnormalities in the jaw or airway. Prolonged mouth breathing can lead to several oral and general health issues, including dry mouth, bad breath, gum disease, and orthodontic problems. It can also affect sleep quality and cognitive function.

"Inhalation administration" is a medical term that refers to the method of delivering medications or therapeutic agents directly into the lungs by inhaling them through the airways. This route of administration is commonly used for treating respiratory conditions such as asthma, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and cystic fibrosis.

Inhalation administration can be achieved using various devices, including metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), nebulizers, and soft-mist inhalers. Each device has its unique mechanism of delivering the medication into the lungs, but they all aim to provide a high concentration of the drug directly to the site of action while minimizing systemic exposure and side effects.

The advantages of inhalation administration include rapid onset of action, increased local drug concentration, reduced systemic side effects, and improved patient compliance due to the ease of use and non-invasive nature of the delivery method. However, proper technique and device usage are crucial for effective therapy, as incorrect usage may result in suboptimal drug deposition and therapeutic outcomes.

Ovalbumin is the major protein found in egg white, making up about 54-60% of its total protein content. It is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of around 45 kDa and has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Ovalbumin is a single polypeptide chain consisting of 385 amino acids, including four disulfide bridges that contribute to its structure.

Ovalbumin is often used in research as a model antigen for studying immune responses and allergies. In its native form, ovalbumin is not allergenic; however, when it is denatured or degraded into smaller peptides through cooking or digestion, it can become an allergen for some individuals.

In addition to being a food allergen, ovalbumin has been used in various medical and research applications, such as vaccine development, immunological studies, and protein structure-function analysis.

Picornaviridae is a family of small, single-stranded RNA viruses that include several important human pathogens. Picornaviridae infections refer to the illnesses caused by these viruses.

The most well-known picornaviruses that cause human diseases are:

1. Enteroviruses: This genus includes poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and enterovirus 71. These viruses can cause a range of illnesses, from mild symptoms like the common cold to more severe diseases such as meningitis, myocarditis, and paralysis (in the case of poliovirus).
2. Rhinoviruses: These are the most common cause of the common cold. They primarily infect the upper respiratory tract and usually cause mild symptoms like runny nose, sore throat, and cough.
3. Hepatitis A virus (HAV): This picornavirus is responsible for acute hepatitis A infection, which can cause jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite.

Transmission of Picornaviridae infections typically occurs through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects, respiratory droplets, or fecal-oral routes. Preventive measures include maintaining good personal hygiene, practicing safe food handling, and getting vaccinated against poliovirus and hepatitis A (if recommended). Treatment for most picornaviridae infections is generally supportive, focusing on relieving symptoms and ensuring proper hydration.

Aphthovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Picornaviridae, order Picornavirales. This genus includes several species of viruses that are primarily associated with causing oral and foot lesions in cloven-hoofed animals, such as cattle, sheep, and pigs. The most well-known member of this genus is foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which causes a highly contagious and economically significant disease in livestock. Other species in the Aphthovirus genus include equine rhinitis A virus, bovine rhinitis virus, and porcine teschovirus. These viruses are typically transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions and excretions, and they can cause a range of clinical signs including fever, loss of appetite, lameness, and lesions in the mouth and feet. There are currently no vaccines available for all serotypes of FMDV, and control measures typically involve quarantine, slaughter of infected animals, and strict biosecurity practices to prevent spread of the virus.

Eosinophil granule proteins are a group of biologically active molecules that are stored within the granules of eosinophils, which are types of white blood cells. These proteins include:

1. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP): A protein with potent ribonuclease activity and the ability to disrupt cell membranes. It is involved in the immune response against parasites and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and allergies.
2. Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO): An enzyme that generates hypohalous acids, which can cause oxidative damage to cells and tissues. It contributes to the microbicidal activity of eosinophils and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases.
3. Major basic protein (MBP): A highly cationic protein that can disrupt cell membranes, leading to cell lysis. MBP is involved in the immune response against parasites and has been linked to tissue damage in several inflammatory conditions, such as asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, and eosinophilic esophagitis.
4. Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN): A protein with ribonuclease activity that can induce histamine release from mast cells and contribute to the inflammatory response. EDN is also involved in the immune response against parasites and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, allergies, and other inflammatory diseases.

These eosinophil granule proteins are released during eosinophil activation and degranulation, which can occur in response to various stimuli, such as immune complexes, cytokines, and infectious agents. Their release contributes to the inflammatory response and can lead to tissue damage in various diseases.

Indoor air pollution refers to the contamination of air within buildings and structures due to presence of particles, gases, or biological materials that can harmfully affect the health of occupants. These pollutants can originate from various sources including cooking stoves, heating systems, building materials, furniture, tobacco products, outdoor air, and microbial growth. Some common indoor air pollutants include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and mold. Prolonged exposure to these pollutants can cause a range of health issues, from respiratory problems to cancer, depending on the type and level of exposure. Effective ventilation, air filtration, and source control are some of the strategies used to reduce indoor air pollution.

Respiratory tract diseases refer to a broad range of medical conditions that affect the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat (pharynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. These diseases can be categorized into upper and lower respiratory tract infections based on the location of the infection.

Upper respiratory tract infections affect the nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx, and include conditions such as the common cold, flu, sinusitis, and laryngitis. Symptoms often include nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, and fever.

Lower respiratory tract infections affect the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs, and can be more severe. They include conditions such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. Symptoms may include cough, chest congestion, shortness of breath, and fever.

Respiratory tract diseases can also be caused by allergies, irritants, or genetic factors. Treatment varies depending on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, breathing treatments, or surgery in severe cases.

"Agricultural Workers' Diseases" is a term used to describe a variety of health conditions and illnesses that are associated with agricultural work. These can include both acute and chronic conditions, and can be caused by a range of factors including exposure to chemicals, dusts, allergens, physical injuries, and biological agents such as bacteria and viruses.

Some common examples of Agricultural Workers' Diseases include:

1. Pesticide poisoning: This can occur when agricultural workers are exposed to high levels of pesticides or other chemicals used in farming. Symptoms can range from mild skin irritation to severe neurological damage, depending on the type and amount of chemical exposure.
2. Respiratory diseases: Agricultural workers can be exposed to a variety of dusts and allergens that can cause respiratory problems such as asthma, bronchitis, and farmer's lung. These conditions are often caused by prolonged exposure to moldy hay, grain dust, or other organic materials.
3. Musculoskeletal injuries: Agricultural workers are at risk of developing musculoskeletal injuries due to the physical demands of their job. This can include back pain, repetitive strain injuries, and sprains and strains from lifting heavy objects.
4. Zoonotic diseases: Agricultural workers who come into contact with animals are at risk of contracting zoonotic diseases, which are illnesses that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Examples include Q fever, brucellosis, and leptospirosis.
5. Heat-related illnesses: Agricultural workers who work outside in hot weather are at risk of heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Prevention of Agricultural Workers' Diseases involves a combination of engineering controls, personal protective equipment, and training to help workers understand the risks associated with their job and how to minimize exposure to hazards.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pets" is not a medical term. In general, a pet is a domesticated animal, usually kept for companionship or pleasure. They are not typically associated with medical definitions or terminology. If you have any questions related to veterinary medicine or the care of pets as it relates to human health, I'd be happy to try and help answer those!

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Quality of Life (QOL) is a broad, multidimensional concept that usually includes an individual's physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs, and their relationship to salient features of their environment. It reflects the impact of disease and treatment on a patient's overall well-being and ability to function in daily life.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines QOL as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns." It is a subjective concept, meaning it can vary greatly from person to person.

In healthcare, QOL is often used as an outcome measure in clinical trials and other research studies to assess the impact of interventions or treatments on overall patient well-being.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "seasons" is not a term that has a medical definition. Seasons refer to the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn or fall, and winter) based on the position of the earth in its orbit around the sun. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate (TDI) is not a medical term itself, but it is an important chemical in the industrial field, particularly in the production of polyurethane products. Therefore, I will provide a general definition of this compound.

Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate (TDI) is an organic chemical compound with the formula (CH3C6H3NCO)2. It is a colorless to light yellow liquid with a pungent odor and is highly reactive due to the presence of two isocyanate functional groups (-N=C=O). TDI is primarily used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams, coatings, and adhesives. Exposure to TDI can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract and may pose potential health hazards if not handled properly.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Non-allergic rhinitis can co-exist with allergic rhinitis, and is referred to as "mixed rhinitis". The pathology of vasomotor ... Mixed rhinitis (MR) refers to patients with nonallergic rhinitis and allergic rhinitis. MR is a specific rhinitis subtype. It ... "Vasomotor rhinitis". Am Fam Physician. 72 (6): 1057-62. PMID 16190503. "Vasomotor rhinitis Medline Plus". Nlm.nih.gov. ... non-infectious perennial allergic rhinitis (NANIPER), or non-infectious non-allergic rhinitis (NINAR). In vasomotor rhinitis, ...
Other common terms for nonallergic rhinitis are vasomotor rhinitis and perennial rhinitis. The prevalence of nonallergic ... Nonallergic rhinitis is rhinitis-inflammation of the inner part of the nose-not caused by an allergy. Nonallergic rhinitis ... Nasal itching and paroxysmal sneezing are usually associated with nonallergic rhinitis rather than allergic rhinitis. Rhinitis ... PI Revised 08/2000) PI Reviewed 01/2001 Gehanno P, Deschamps E, Garay E, Baehre M, Garay RP (2001). "Vasomotor rhinitis: ...
Vasomotor rhinitis, for example, is one of many illnesses that share symptoms with allergic rhinitis, underscoring the need for ... "Vasomotor rhinitis". American Family Physician. 72 (6): 1057-62. PMID 16190503. Archived from the original on 21 August 2008. ... For instance, allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, causes irritation of the nose, sneezing, itching, and redness of the ... "AAAAI - rhinitis, sinusitis, hay fever, stuffy nose, watery eyes, sinus infection". Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 ...
Pseudoephedrine is also indicated for vasomotor rhinitis. It is used only when nasal congestion is present and can be used with ... Perennial allergic rhinitis (nonseasonal allergic rhinitis; atopic rhinitis): Caused by allergens present throughout the year ( ... Local allergic rhinitis is associated with conjunctivitis and asthma. In one study, about 25% of people with rhinitis had local ... Perennial allergic rhinitis occurs throughout the year. This type of allergic rhinitis is commonly seen in younger children. ...
Smith TL (2003). "Vasomotor rhinitis is not a wastebasket diagnosis". Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 129 (5): 584-7. doi: ...
PI Revised 08/2000) PI Reviewed 01/2001 Gehanno P, Deschamps E, Garay E, Baehre M, Garay RP (2001). "Vasomotor rhinitis: ... Astelin (Azelastine) "is indicated for symptomatic treatment of vasomotor rhinitis including rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and ... vasomotor rhinitis, fibromyalgia, eczema, rosacea, dystonia, and multiple chemical sensitivity. In migraine, stimulation of the ... idiopathic rhinitis]". HNO (in German). 56 (8): 799-807. doi:10.1007/s00106-008-1764-4. PMID 18651116. S2CID 24135943. Meggs, ...
Löfkvist T (1978). "A comparative evaluation of oral decongestants in the treatment of vasomotor rhinitis". The Journal of ...
... in the treatment of patients suffering from allergic and vasomotor rhinitis". J Int Med Res. 5 (1): 37-41. doi:10.1177/ ...
... (trade name Ellsyl) is a nasal decongestant against allergic and vasomotor rhinitis. Zumpft CW (January 1975). " ... "Double-blind comparison of metizoline hydrochloride (Ellsyl) and phenylephrine in allergic and vasomotor rhinitis". Current ...
It is used for hay fever, vasomotor rhinitis, mild urticaria, angioedema, dermatographism and allergic conjunctivitis. ...
Some people have a chronically runny nose for no apparent reason (non-allergic rhinitis or vasomotor rhinitis). Less common ... Ramey JT, Bailen E, Lockey RF (2006). "Rhinitis medicamentosa" (PDF). Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical ... causing rhinitis medicamentosa. In some cases, such as those due to allergies or sinus infections, there are medicinal ... non-allergic rhinitis (chronic congestion or sneezing not related to allergies), occupational asthma, pregnancy, respiratory ...
In some countries, it is also indicated for the treatment of vasomotor rhinitis in adults and children ≥ 12 years old. ... AHRQ Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) treatment guidelines Archived 2013-02-18 at the Wayback Machine " ... Al-Ahmad M, Hassab M, Al Ansari A (2020-12-21). "Allergic and Non-allergic Rhinitis". Textbook of Clinical Otolaryngology. Cham ... Azelastine is safe and well tolerated in both adults and children with allergic rhinitis. Bitter taste, headache, nasal burning ...
... is also indicated for vasomotor rhinitis, and as an adjunct to other agents in the optimum treatment of ... ISBN 0-07-142280-3. Al-Ahmad M, Hassab M, Al Ansari A (21 December 2020). "Allergic and Non-allergic Rhinitis". Textbook of ... allergic rhinitis, croup, sinusitis, otitis media, and tracheobronchitis. Pseudoephedrine is also used as a first-line ...
... rhinitis, allergic, seasonal MeSH C08.460.799.649 - rhinitis, atrophic MeSH C08.460.799.910 - rhinitis, vasomotor MeSH C08.528. ...
... rhinitis, allergic, seasonal MeSH C09.603.799.649 - rhinitis, atrophic MeSH C09.603.799.910 - rhinitis, vasomotor MeSH C09.647. ...
Congenital nasal abnormalities Genetically derived ethnic-nose abnormalities Allergic and vasomotor rhinitis - inflammations of ...
... increased waking after sleep onset and poor sleep efficiency with vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes. Besides vasomotor ... Fetal movements, uterine contractions, musculoskeletal discomfort and rhinitis and nasal congestion account for the ... rhinitis, nasal congestion, and sleeping position. Women at the third trimester report progressively reduced Total Sleep Time, ...
Progynon-DH Nasal Spray, α-estradiol in oil, prepared for use in the treatment of atrophic rhinitis, otosclerosis, and kindred ... "Estradiol/Progesterone (Bijuva) for Menopausal Vasomotor Symptoms". JAMA. 322 (12): 1206-1207. September 2019. doi:10.1001/jama ... PROGYNON-DH Nasal Spray has been prepared especially for use in [the treatment of atrophic rhinitis], the hormone being ... "Initial 17beta-estradiol dose for treating vasomotor symptoms". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 95 (5): 726-731. doi:10.1016/s0029- ...
Redisch, W.; Tangco, F. T.; Wertheimer, L.; Lewis, A. J.; Steele, J. M.; Andrews, D. (1957). "Vasomotor Responses in the ... rhinitis, gustatory sweating (also known as Frey's syndrome). Other long-term adverse effects include: Ultrastructural changes ...
Under vasomotor rhinitis imply a chronic disease of the nose associated with the disruption of the normal regulation of its ... When vasomotor rhinitis treatment must be carried out only by experienced personnel or under his careful supervision. ... The correct treatment vasomotor rhinitis. When vasomotor rhinitis treatment must be carried out only by experienced personnel ... Home / Topic "Runny nose (rhinitis)" / The correct treatment vasomotor rhinitis. ...
We offer you a cheap price for our natural remedy for Vasomotor rhinitis treatment. It is purely natural made from medicinal ... Vasomotor rhinitis natural treatment. ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT VASOMOTOR RHINITIS Overview Rhinitis is a soreness of the ... The symptoms of vasomotor rhinitis may come and go all over the year. They may be constant or last several weeks. Regular ... Prevention of vasomotor rhinitis may be difficult if you dont know whats causing your symptoms. If youre able to identify ...
This syndrome should be distinguished from allergic rhinitis, a syndrome that immunoglobulin E (IgE) is thought to mediate. ... Nonallergic rhinitis is a syndrome resulting from nasal inflammation that encompasses several distinct diagnoses. ... vasomotor rhinitis, (3) occupational rhinitis, (4) hormonal rhinitis, (5) drug-induced rhinitis, (6) gustatory rhinitis, and (7 ... Vasomotor rhinitis. Vasomotor rhinitis is believed to result from disturbed regulation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic ...
Dr Zarei is very caring, kind, and a very good physician. She takes a detailed history, and takes into account my other current issues. She will follow up, and is very proactive about taking care of you as a person and not just the disease. Will be a patient of hers forever. Her assistant Nerin is amazing as well. ...
... results in nasal congestion and rhinitis, this condition is called vasomotor rhinitis. These reasons include stress, some ... Vasomotor Rhinitis. Nasal conchae contain very rich vascular structures and these structures regulate breathing through the ...
MediGlobus enlist only the top hospitals in Czech for Vasomotor rhinitis. Compare clinics, read reviews, check cost and get a ...
Dive into the research topics of Vasomotor rhinitis is not a wastebasket diagnosis. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
Non-allergic rhinitis can co-exist with allergic rhinitis, and is referred to as "mixed rhinitis". The pathology of vasomotor ... Mixed rhinitis (MR) refers to patients with nonallergic rhinitis and allergic rhinitis. MR is a specific rhinitis subtype. It ... "Vasomotor rhinitis". Am Fam Physician. 72 (6): 1057-62. PMID 16190503. "Vasomotor rhinitis Medline Plus". Nlm.nih.gov. ... non-infectious perennial allergic rhinitis (NANIPER), or non-infectious non-allergic rhinitis (NINAR). In vasomotor rhinitis, ...
Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis, Vasomotor Rhinitis, Non Allergic Rhinitis - Center 4 Asthma Allergy. Dr. Atul Shah can alleviate ... Allergic Rhinitis/Hay Fever. What is Rhinitis - Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis - Perennial Allergic Rhinitis? ... Not all rhinitis is caused by an allergic reaction. Non-allergic rhinitis, or vasomotor rhinitis, can be triggered by cigarette ... Whether you suffer from seasonal allergic rhinitis, perennial allergic rhinitis, or vasomotor rhinitis, Dr. Shah can ease the ...
Effective treatment of vasomotor and hypertrophic rhinitis in adults and children at the Dr. Mozart ... What is vasomotor rhinitis?. Rhinitis is an inflammation of the membranes inside the nose. Irritants or allergens can cause ... Other names for this condition are nonallergic rhinitis and idiopathic rhinitis.. Diagnostics:. If suspicion of vasomotor ... Treatment of vasomotor and hypertrophic rhinitis. HomeAll ServicesEar Nose and Throat ENEar Nose and Throat- SC ENTreatment of ...
Vasomotor rhinitis J30.1 Allergic rhinitis due to pollen J30.2 Other seasonal allergic rhinitis ...
Rhinitis: Allergic or vasomotor. 6522 Bacterial. 6523 Granulomatous. 6524 Rickettsial, ehrlichia, and anaplasma Infections. ...
Vasomotor rhinitis. X. X. Viral conjunctivitis. X. X. Warts s. X. X 1. X. X. X. X. ...
2023). Vasomotor rhinitis.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547704. *. NIOSH training for nurses on shift work and long ... This condition is called nonallergic rhinitis.. The symptoms of nonallergic rhinitis are similar to those of an allergic ... Irritation and swelling of the lining of the nasal passages cause nonallergic rhinitis. The blood vessels in your nose expand, ... 2023). Allergic rhinitis.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538186/. *. Ao T, et al. (2021). The effects of vitamin D on ...
Perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis Vasomotor rhinitis Allergic conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods Mild, ...
Vasomotor rhinitis. Allergic conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods. Mild, uncomplicated allergic skin ...
vasomotor rhinitis • severe pruritus of non-specific origin. 4.2 Posology and method of administration. Posology ...
... pattern of symptoms has been used to suggest the importance of medical conditions linked to photoperiod and allergic rhinitis ...
Non-allergic rhinitis: 15%;. *Vasomotor rhinitis: 6.3%;. *Aspirin sensitivity: 3.7%;. *Non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia ... Since rhinitis and sinusitis occur so frequently together and the same mucosal tissue lines both the nose and the sinuses, ... In Japan and Brazil it is especially used in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis when allergic rhinitis is present. ... Allergy immunotherapy is not used in the treatment of rhinosinusitis unless the patient has concomitant allergic rhinitis. ...
Beneficial effects of intranasal applications of capsaicin in patients with vasomotor rhinitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1991; ... Runny nose not caused by allergies or infection (nonallergic rhinitis). Applying capsaicin, the active chemical in capsicum, ... Greiner, A. N. and Meltzer, E. O. Overview of the treatment of allergic rhinitis and nonallergic rhinopathy. Proc.Am Thorac.Soc ... Low-dose capsaicin (0.01 mM) nasal spray is equally effective as the current standard treatment for idiopathic rhinitis: A ...
Beneficial effects of intranasal applications of capsaicin in patients with vasomotor rhinitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1991; ... Runny nose not caused by allergies or infection (perennial rhinitis). Research shows that applying capsaicin, the active ... For runny nose not caused by allergies or infection (perennial rhinitis): Solutions containing capsaicin, the active chemical ... Hay fever (allergic rhinitis). Early research suggests that inserting cotton wads in the nose that have been soaked in the ...
Vasomotor Rhinitis 05/01/1965 - "[EXPERIENCES IN THE USE OF DEXA-RHINOSPRAY IN VASOMOTOR RHINITIS].". ... Rhinitis 02/10/1966 - "[The treatment of rhinitis with the Dexa-Rhinospray dosage regulated aerosol and its results].". ...
Dosage for vasomotor rhinitis:. 2 sprays in each nostril two times a day in adults and adolescents who are at least 12 years ... Its also used to treat vasomotor rhinitis in adults and adolescents who are at least 12 years old. ... rhinitis, nasal burning, pharyngitis, nosebleeds, sinusitis, paroxysmal sneezing, nausea, dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and ...
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial. *Rhinitis, Vasomotor. *Shock, Septic. *Tachycardia, Supraventricular. *Urticaria. How long have ...
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial. *Rhinitis, Vasomotor. How long have you been taking it?. Choose one ...
Mucosal edema may be due to allergic rhinosinusitis or to vasomotor or irritative rhinitis. Allergy testing and treatment and ...
Rhinitis - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... Vasomotor rhinitis Vasomotor rhinitis is a form of chronic rhinitis. Nasal stuffiness, sneezing, and a runny nose-common ... Nonallergic Rhinitis Acute viral rhinitis Acute viral rhinitis can be caused by a variety of viruses, usually the common cold ... Rhinitis is classified as allergic Allergic Rhinitis Rhinitis is inflammation and swelling of the mucous membrane of the nose, ...
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial. *Rhinitis, Vasomotor. *Shock, Septic. *Sinusitis. *Tachycardia, Supraventricular. *Whooping ...
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial. *Rhinitis, Vasomotor. *Shock, Septic. *Sinusitis. *Tachycardia, Supraventricular. How long have ...
Vasomotor rhinitis, chronic pharyngolaryngitis, chronic sinusitis Tubal stenosis, Chronic catarrhal otitis, Chronic purulent ...
  • Nonallergic rhinitis is a syndrome resulting from nasal inflammation that encompasses several distinct diagnoses. (medscape.com)
  • Nonallergic rhinitis may be diagnosed by means of clinical evaluation or by means of allergen skin testing or radioallergosorbent testing (RAST). (medscape.com)
  • Both allergic and nonallergic rhinitis may have persistent and equally severe symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • Depending on its etiology, nonallergic rhinitis may resemble allergic rhinitis in terms of rhinorrhea, sneezing, pruritus, and congestion. (medscape.com)
  • patients with nonallergic rhinitis have been show to be at a higher risk of asthma, and vice versa. (medscape.com)
  • According to a 2007 Danish study, nonallergic rhinitis affects up to 25% of the population, and nearly half of these individuals seek treatment for relief of their symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • Nonallergic rhinitis has 7 basic subclassifications, as follows: (1) infectious rhinitis, (2) vasomotor rhinitis, (3) occupational rhinitis, (4) hormonal rhinitis, (5) drug-induced rhinitis, (6) gustatory rhinitis, and (7) nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES). (medscape.com)
  • Nasal biopsy showed specific IgE to grass pollen in 3 of 11 patients who had been diagnosed with nonallergic rhinitis. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 ] In another study, 35% of patients diagnosed with nonallergic rhinitis with negative skin prick testing were found to have positive nasal provocation testing to common allergens. (medscape.com)
  • Elevated concentrations of immunoglobulin G subclass 1 (IgG1) and immunoglobulin G subclass 4 (IgG4) anti-IgE autoantibodies have been found in patients with nonallergic rhinitis compared with control subjects. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, concentrations of serum-soluble Fas (inherent signals for cell death) are substantially elevated in patients with allergic rhinitis compared with patients with nonallergic rhinitis. (medscape.com)
  • Autonomic stimuli have a greater effect on patients with nonallergic rhinitis than on those with allergic rhinitis. (medscape.com)
  • Mixed rhinitis (MR) refers to patients with nonallergic rhinitis and allergic rhinitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Nonallergic rhinitis refers to rhinitis that is not due to an allergy. (wikipedia.org)
  • As additional causes were identified, additional types of nonallergic rhinitis were recognized. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vasomotor rhinitis is now included among these under the more general classification of nonallergic rhinitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other names for this condition are nonallergic rhinitis and idiopathic rhinitis. (mozart-med.com)
  • The cause of nonallergic rhinitis is usually a viral infection, although irritants can cause it. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In 2020, the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters (JTFPP) released updated recommendations for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and nonallergic rhinitis in adolescents and adults. (medscape.com)
  • Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. (medscape.com)
  • It may be nonallergic rhinitis that's causing chronic sneezing, congestion, or a runny nose. (thekatynews.com)
  • Nonallergic rhinitis, sometimes called vasomotor rhinitis, doesn't involve our immune system reacting to an allergen. (thekatynews.com)
  • What is Rhinitis - Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis - Perennial Allergic Rhinitis? (center4asthmaallergy.com)
  • Allergic rhinitis takes two different forms: seasonal allergic rhinitis, and perennial allergic rhinitis. (center4asthmaallergy.com)
  • Seasonal allergic rhinitis is often caused by outdoor allergens, such as grass pollen, tree pollen, ragweed, weeds, and mold spores, while perennial allergic rhinitis results from sensitivity to indoor allergens, such as pet dander or dust mites. (center4asthmaallergy.com)
  • Both seasonal allergic rhinitis and perennial allergic rhinitis can lead to complications such as sinusitis, sore throat, fatigue and ear infections. (center4asthmaallergy.com)
  • Whether you suffer from seasonal allergic rhinitis, perennial allergic rhinitis, or vasomotor rhinitis, Dr. Shah can ease the distress and disruption to your daily routine caused by rhinitis. (center4asthmaallergy.com)
  • If you suffer from perennial or seasonal allergic rhinitis, come see Dr. Shah. (center4asthmaallergy.com)
  • Other terms, like non-infectious non-allergic rhinitis and non-allergic non-infectious perennial rhinitis are purely descriptive. (nih.gov)
  • When symptoms occur year-round (perennial allergic rhinitis) they are usually due to dust mites, indoor molds or animal dander. (allergyweb.com)
  • results in nasal congestion and rhinitis, this condition is called vasomotor rhinitis. (canalpercagici.com)
  • When no specific allergy can be found, but nose symptoms are present, the condition is called vasomotor rhinitis. (allergyweb.com)
  • Since rhinitis and sinusitis occur so frequently together and the same mucosal tissue lines both the nose and the sinuses, 'rhinosinusitis' is agreed worldwide to be the most appropriate term to describe this condition. (worldallergy.org)
  • The VA added the first three ( asthma , rhinitis , and sinusitis ) in August 2021 and expanded the list to include nine rare respiratory cancers in April 2022. (woodslawyers.com)
  • These symptoms are common with allergic rhinitis, which is caused by an allergy. (asbbio.com)
  • Allergy immunotherapy is not used in the treatment of rhinosinusitis unless the patient has concomitant allergic rhinitis. (worldallergy.org)
  • The various forms of rhinitis are treated in various ways, such as with antibiotics, antihistamines, surgery, desensitization injections (sometimes called allergy shots), and avoidance of irritants. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most children have allergy or another condition called vasomotor rhinitis. (ndtv.com)
  • It's also used to treat vasomotor rhinitis in adults and adolescents who are at least 12 years old. (canadapharmacy.com)
  • The most common kind of rhinitis is allergic rhinitis, which is usually triggered by airborne allergens such as pollen and dander. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1993). Similarly, rhinitis (characterized by induce allergen specific IgE productions, i. e. the subjects sneezing, rhinorrhoea and/or nasal congestion) has in- are sensitized to the allergens. (cdc.gov)
  • Common triggers of Allergic Rhinitis include House dust mites, animals, moulds and also grass. (allergymedik.com)
  • In the case of infectious rhinitis, it may occasionally lead to pneumonia, either viral or bacterial. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sneezing also occurs in infectious rhinitis to expel bacteria and viruses from the respiratory tract. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infectious rhinitis is usually caused by an upper respiratory tract infection, usually of viral origin. (medscape.com)
  • Idiopathic Rhinitis (IR) is a term for a group of nasal diseases of unknown aetiology. (nih.gov)
  • Idiopathic Rhinitis is a diagnosis by exclusion, meaning that a number of more or less defined nasal conditions as a cause of rhinitis have been excluded - not only allergic rhinitis. (nih.gov)
  • An evidence-based review of treatment outcomes shows topical sprays of steroids, antihistamines to be of benefit in idiopathic rhinitis. (nih.gov)
  • Vasomotor Rhinitis and Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block Watery rhinorrhea that is easily triggered can be incredibly annoying as the nose apparently runs freely for no reason. (thinkbetterlife.com)
  • These patients had vasomotor rhinitis for me in the year, negative skin tests to indoor and outdoor aeroallergens, I was eating for eosinophils, and I am most interested in just significantly improved a there was about of rhinorrhea, post nasal drip, nasal lose. (africaresource.com)
  • Dymista (azelastine hydrochloride and fluticasone propionate) is a combination of an antihistamine (H1 receptor antagonist ) and a corticosteroid indicated for the relief of symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis in patients 12 years of age and older who require treatment with both azelastine hydrochloride and fluticasone propionate for symptomatic relief. (rxlist.com)
  • When symptoms are worse at only certain times of the year (seasonal allergic rhinitis) they are most likely due to pollens or outdoor molds. (allergyweb.com)
  • Many patients are concerned about how to cure vasomotor rhinitis physiotherapy methods. (vsebolezni.com)
  • [ 6 ] These patients may benefit from standard allergic rhinitis medical therapy, and early data suggest they may also benefit from immunotherapy. (medscape.com)
  • However, these elevations are far lower than those found in patients with allergic rhinitis. (medscape.com)
  • In some patients with vasomotor rhinitis associated with somatic pathology, the therapeutic effect is observed when the underlying disease is eliminated. (mozart-med.com)
  • Quality of life in patients with allergic rhinitis. (medscape.com)
  • Saline nasal irrigation is effective in approximately 50% of patients with allergic rhinitis. (medscape.com)
  • Inflammation in either type of rhinitis may induce an episode of acute rhinosinusitis in a patient predisposed because of blockages in functionally important intranasal passages. (medscape.com)
  • Rhinitis, also known as coryza, is irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the case of allergic rhinitis, the inflammation is caused by the degranulation of mast cells in the nose. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pathology of vasomotor rhinitis appears to involve neurogenic inflammation and is as yet not very well understood. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rhinitis is a term used to describe symptoms produced by inflammation or irritation of the nasal passages. (center4asthmaallergy.com)
  • Rhinitis is an inflammation of the membranes inside the nose. (mozart-med.com)
  • Hansen I, Klimek L, Mosges R, Hormann K. Mediators of inflammation in the early and the late phase of allergic rhinitis. (medscape.com)
  • Persistent nasal discharge and congestion, known as vasomotor rhinitis, can be a nagging problem. (wikikenko.com)
  • WO2009074829 and WO2010142985 also disclose peptidyl nitrile inhibitors as dipeptidyl-peptidase I (DPPI) inhibitors for the treatment asthma, COPD or allergic rhinitis. (justia.com)
  • IgE-Mediated Asthma and Rhinitis I: A Role of Allergen Exposure? (cdc.gov)
  • The IgE antibodies and associated cellular responses are responsible for the allergic airway diseases, allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma, which are increasing in societies with Western life style. (cdc.gov)
  • Many of the reported aeroallergens, and we use the term airway/respiratory al- asthma prevalences are from repeated cross-sectional lergy either for allergic rhinitis (hay fever), allergic asthma, studies using questionnaires and thus the increase in preva- their combination or for their symptoms. (cdc.gov)
  • Both asthma and rhinitis may be caused by allergic as nosis and public awareness (Magnus & Jaakkola 1997). (cdc.gov)
  • Symptoms of rhinitis include a runny nose, sneezing, and stuffiness. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In Japan and Brazil it is especially used in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis when allergic rhinitis is present. (worldallergy.org)
  • What is hypertrophic rhinitis? (mozart-med.com)
  • Hypertrophic rhinitis is a chronic disease of the mucous membrane of the sinuses, characterized by uncontrolled tissue growth. (mozart-med.com)
  • Fundamentally nasal respiratory difficulties due to turbinate hypertrophy, this occurs in hypertrophic or vasomotor rhinitis and in allergic rhinitis . (topdoctors.es)
  • Because allergic rhinitis and vasomotor rhinitis present with similar symptoms, they can be confused for one another. (center4asthmaallergy.com)
  • They often present with similar symptoms of allergic rhinitis but usually causes problematic chronic nasal blockage and loss of smell and taste of food. (allergymedik.com)
  • In the etiology of allergic rhinitis vasomotor shape plays a crucial role allergen - the substance for which there is increased sensitivity of the organism. (ucoz.com)
  • Formerly, these diseases were called vasomotor rhinitis, but because there is no indication of a disorder in the vasomotor system, this term has been abandoned. (nih.gov)
  • Allergic Rhinitis diseases are due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. (allergymedik.com)
  • Under vasomotor rhinitis imply a chronic disease of the nose associated with the disruption of the normal regulation of its vascular tone. (vsebolezni.com)
  • Rhinitis is a soreness of the covering inside the nose. (asbbio.com)
  • We talk about vasomotor when the artery inside your nose dilates or widen. (asbbio.com)
  • ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT VASOMOTOR RHINITIS Overview Rhinitis is a soreness of the covering inside the nose. (asbbio.com)
  • If suspicion of vasomotor rhinitis is present, we carry out diagnostic endoscopy of the nose, which allows us to consider the smallest anatomical structures of the nose, ususally inaccessible to normal examinations. (mozart-med.com)
  • This method of physical therapy in most cases is used for the treatment of chronic vasomotor rhinitis. (vsebolezni.com)
  • Allergic rhinitis, more commonly referred to as "hay fever," affects more than 15% of adults and children. (center4asthmaallergy.com)
  • Rhinitis may be acute (short-lived) or chronic (long-standing). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Acute rhinitis commonly results from viral infections but may also be a result of allergies, bacteria, or other causes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Therapy for allergic rhinitis is focused on desensitization and use of decongestants, antihistamines, and mast-cell mediators. (medscape.com)
  • Beklomil Nazal Spray offers relief in such persistent allergic rhinitis cases. (wikikenko.com)
  • Hay fever, rose fever, grass fever, and summertime colds are various names for allergic rhinitis. (neworleanssinuscenter.com)
  • Too long can cause drug dependence and the development of more severe forms of vasomotor rhinitis. (vsebolezni.com)
  • Treatment for allergic rhinitis starts with avoidance strategies. (allergyweb.com)
  • Colds and allergies are the most common causes of rhinitis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • When allergies affect the nasal passages and sinuses, the result is symptoms of allergic rhinitis. (allergyweb.com)
  • In general, age of onset occurs after 20 years of age, in contrast to allergic rhinitis which can be developed at any age. (wikipedia.org)
  • Medical writers have established four main causes of nasal obstruction: infection, structural abnormalities, allergic, and nonallergic (vasomotor) rhinitis. (neworleanssinuscenter.com)
  • Although a considerable progress was made in the standardization of provocation tests or biomarkers in nasal secretions, there are today no specific test available to confirm the diagnosis rhinitis in many non allergic conditions. (nih.gov)