Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.
Orthodontic techniques used to correct the malposition of a single tooth.
The part of a tooth from the neck to the apex, embedded in the alveolar process and covered with cementum. A root may be single or divided into several branches, usually identified by their relative position, e.g., lingual root or buccal root. Single-rooted teeth include mandibular first and second premolars and the maxillary second premolar teeth. The maxillary first premolar has two roots in most cases. Maxillary molars have three roots. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p690)
The tip or terminal end of the root of a tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p62)
Any of the eight frontal teeth (four maxillary and four mandibular) having a sharp incisal edge for cutting food and a single root, which occurs in man both as a deciduous and a permanent tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p820)
Physiologic loss of the primary dentition. (Zwemer, Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
The bonelike rigid connective tissue covering the root of a tooth from the cementoenamel junction to the apex and lining the apex of the root canal, also assisting in tooth support by serving as attachment structures for the periodontal ligament. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
The phase of orthodontics concerned with the correction of malocclusion with proper appliances and prevention of its sequelae (Jablonski's Illus. Dictionary of Dentistry).
One of the eight permanent teeth, two on either side in each jaw, between the canines (CUSPID) and the molars (MOLAR), serving for grinding and crushing food. The upper have two cusps (bicuspid) but the lower have one to three. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p822)
One of a pair of irregularly shaped bones that form the upper jaw. A maxillary bone provides tooth sockets for the superior teeth, forms part of the ORBIT, and contains the MAXILLARY SINUS.
Devices used for influencing tooth position. Orthodontic appliances may be classified as fixed or removable, active or retaining, and intraoral or extraoral. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p19)
The most posterior teeth on either side of the jaw, totaling eight in the deciduous dentition (2 on each side, upper and lower), and usually 12 in the permanent dentition (three on each side, upper and lower). They are grinding teeth, having large crowns and broad chewing surfaces. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p821)
Resorption of calcified dental tissue, involving demineralization due to reversal of the cation exchange and lacunar resorption by osteoclasts. There are two types: external (as a result of tooth pathology) and internal (apparently initiated by a peculiar inflammatory hyperplasia of the pulp). (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p676)
The teeth of the first dentition, which are shed and replaced by the permanent teeth.
The third tooth to the left and to the right of the midline of either jaw, situated between the second INCISOR and the premolar teeth (BICUSPID). (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p817)
Wires of various dimensions and grades made of stainless steel or precious metal. They are used in orthodontic treatment.
Reinsertion of a tooth into the alveolus from which it was removed or otherwise lost.
The constricted part of the tooth at the junction of the crown and root or roots. It is often referred to as the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), the line at which the cementum covering the root of a tooth and the enamel of the tooth meet. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p530, p433)
Extraoral body-section radiography depicting an entire maxilla, or both maxilla and mandible, on a single film.
A large multinuclear cell associated with the BONE RESORPTION. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in CEMENTUM resorption.
An abnormality in the direction of a TOOTH ERUPTION.
Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313)
Fixed or removable devices that join teeth together. They are used to repair teeth that are mobile as a result of PERIODONTITIS.
The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth.
Solid fixation of a tooth resulting from fusion of the cementum and alveolar bone, with obliteration of the periodontal ligament. It is uncommon in the deciduous dentition and very rare in permanent teeth. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Common form of habitual body manipulation which is an expression of tension.
The selective extraction of deciduous teeth during the stage of mixed dentition in accordance with the shedding and eruption of the teeth. It is done over an extended period to allow autonomous adjustment to relieve crowding of the dental arches during the eruption of the lateral incisors, canines, and premolars, eventually involving the extraction of the first premolar teeth. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The fibrous CONNECTIVE TISSUE surrounding the TOOTH ROOT, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS).
A tooth that is prevented from erupting by a physical barrier, usually other teeth. Impaction may also result from orientation of the tooth in an other than vertical position in the periodontal structures.
A fluid occurring in minute amounts in the gingival crevice, believed by some authorities to be an inflammatory exudate and by others to cleanse material from the crevice, containing sticky plasma proteins which improve adhesions of the epithelial attachment, have antimicrobial properties, and exert antibody activity. (From Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).
The 32 teeth of adulthood that either replace or are added to the complement of deciduous teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the teeth.
Traumatic or other damage to teeth including fractures (TOOTH FRACTURES) or displacements (TOOTH LUXATION).
A rapid, low-dose, digital imaging system using a small intraoral sensor instead of radiographic film, an intensifying screen, and a charge-coupled device. It presents the possibility of reduced patient exposure and minimal distortion, although resolution and latitude are inferior to standard dental radiography. A receiver is placed in the mouth, routing signals to a computer which images the signals on a screen or in print. It includes digitizing from x-ray film or any other detector. (From MEDLINE abstracts; personal communication from Dr. Charles Berthold, NIDR)
Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation of periapical tissue resulting from irritation following pulp disease or endodontic treatment.
A normal developing tooth which has not yet perforated the oral mucosa or one that fails to erupt in the normal sequence or time interval expected for the type of tooth in a given gender, age, or population group.
An abnormal passage in the oral cavity on the gingiva.
Tissue surrounding the apex of a tooth, including the apical portion of the periodontal membrane and alveolar bone.
A treatment modality in endodontics concerned with the therapy of diseases of the dental pulp. For preparatory procedures, ROOT CANAL PREPARATION is available.
A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that specifically binds RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B and OSTEOPROTEGERIN. It plays an important role in regulating OSTEOCLAST differentiation and activation.
Partial or complete displacement of a tooth from its alveolar support. It is commonly the result of trauma. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p312)
Computed tomography modalities which use a cone or pyramid-shaped beam of radiation.
The hard portion of the tooth surrounding the pulp, covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root, which is harder and denser than bone but softer than enamel, and is thus readily abraded when left unprotected. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Congenital absence of the teeth; it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Dental procedure in which the entire pulp chamber is removed from the crown and roots of a tooth.
A partial denture intended for short-term use in a temporary or emergency situation.
Radiographic techniques used in dentistry.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.
Resorption or wasting of the tooth-supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS) in the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE.
Malocclusion in which the mandible and maxilla are anteroposteriorly normal as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (i.e., in neutroclusion), but in which individual teeth are abnormally related to each other.
A malocclusion in which maxillary incisor and canine teeth project over the mandiblar teeth excessively. The overlap is measured perpendicular to the occlusal plane and is also called vertical overlap. When the overlap is measured parallel to the occlusal plane it is referred to as overjet.
The wearing away of a tooth as a result of tooth-to-tooth contact, as in mastication, occurring only on the occlusal, incisal, and proximal surfaces. It is chiefly associated with aging. It is differentiated from TOOTH ABRASION (the pathologic wearing away of the tooth substance by friction, as brushing, bruxism, clenching, and other mechanical causes) and from TOOTH EROSION (the loss of substance caused by chemical action without bacterial action). (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p86)
The upper part of the tooth, which joins the lower part of the tooth (TOOTH ROOT) at the cervix (TOOTH CERVIX) at a line called the cementoenamel junction. The entire surface of the crown is covered with enamel which is thicker at the extremity and becomes progressively thinner toward the cervix. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p216)
A wedge-shaped collar of epithelial cells which form the attachment of the gingiva to the tooth surface at the base of the gingival crevice.
Subtotal or complete excision of the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.
Phase of endodontic treatment in which a root canal system that has been cleaned is filled through use of special materials and techniques in order to prevent reinfection.
Measurement of tooth characteristics.
The formation of DENTAL CEMENTUM, a bone-like material that covers the root of the tooth.
A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.
Dense fibrous layer formed from mesodermal tissue that surrounds the epithelial enamel organ. The cells eventually migrate to the external surface of the newly formed root dentin and give rise to the cementoblasts that deposit cementum on the developing root, fibroblasts of the developing periodontal ligament, and osteoblasts of the developing alveolar bone.
Materials placed inside a root canal for the purpose of obturating or sealing it. The materials may be gutta-percha, silver cones, paste mixtures, or other substances. (Dorland, 28th ed, p631 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p187)
Technique involving the passage of X-rays through oral structures to create a film record while a central tab or wing of dental X-ray film is being held between upper and lower teeth.
A tooth from which the dental pulp has been removed or is necrotic. (Boucher, Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
Inorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule.
The generic term for salts derived from silica or the silicic acids. They contain silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals, and may contain hydrogen. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th Ed)
The emergence of a tooth from within its follicle in the ALVEOLAR PROCESS of the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE into the ORAL CAVITY. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
A tumor necrosis factor receptor family member that is specific for RANK LIGAND and plays a role in bone homeostasis by regulating osteoclastogenesis. It is also expressed on DENDRITIC CELLS where it plays a role in regulating dendritic cell survival. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.
Production of a radiographic image of a small or very thin object on fine-grained photographic film under conditions which permit subsequent microscopic examination or enlargement of the radiograph at linear magnifications of up to several hundred and with a resolution approaching the resolving power of the photographic emulsion (about 1000 lines per millimeter).
The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate (PALATE, HARD) and the posterior soft palate (PALATE, SOFT).
Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.
The description and measurement of the various factors that produce physical stress upon dental restorations, prostheses, or appliances, materials associated with them, or the natural oral structures.
A richly vascularized and innervated connective tissue of mesodermal origin, contained in the central cavity of a tooth and delimited by the dentin, and having formative, nutritive, sensory, and protective functions. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
Devices, usually alloplastic, surgically inserted into or onto the jawbone, which support a single prosthetic tooth and serve either as abutments or as cosmetic replacements for missing teeth.
The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states.
Endodontic procedure performed to induce TOOTH APEX barrier development. ROOT CANAL FILLING MATERIALS are used to repair open apex or DENTAL PULP NECROSIS in an immature tooth. CALCIUM HYDROXIDE and mineral trioxide aggregate are commonly used as the filling materials.
The use of a chemical oxidizing agent to whiten TEETH. In some procedures the oxidation process is activated by the use of heat or light.
The space in a tooth bounded by the dentin and containing the dental pulp. The portion of the cavity within the crown of the tooth is the pulp chamber; the portion within the root is the pulp canal or root canal.
Inorganic compounds that contain aluminum as an integral part of the molecule.
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.
Screens which absorb the energy in the x-ray beam that has penetrated the patient and convert this energy into a light pattern which has as nearly as possible the same information as the original x-ray beam. The more light a screen produces for a given input of x-radiation, the less x-ray exposure and thus shorter exposure time are needed to expose the film. In most film-screen systems, the film is sandwiched between two screens in a cassette so that the emulsion on each side is exposed to the light from its contiguous screen.
Small metal or ceramic attachments used to fasten an arch wire. These attachments are soldered or welded to an orthodontic band or cemented directly onto the teeth. Bowles brackets, edgewise brackets, multiphase brackets, ribbon arch brackets, twin-wire brackets, and universal brackets are all types of orthodontic brackets.
An immature epithelial tumor of the JAW originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the ENAMEL from the developmental period. It is a slowly growing tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth.
The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.
Malocclusion in which the mandible is posterior to the maxilla as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (distoclusion).
X-RAY COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY with resolution in the micrometer range.
A cone-shaped structure in plants made up of a mass of meristematic cells that covers and protects the tip of a growing root. It is the putative site of gravity sensing in plant roots.
A dental specialty concerned with the prevention and correction of dental and oral anomalies (malocclusion).
A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.
The planning, calculation, and creation of an apparatus for the purpose of correcting the placement or straightening of teeth.
Bone-forming cells which secrete an EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. HYDROXYAPATITE crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.
Organic compounds which contain P-C-P bonds, where P stands for phosphonates or phosphonic acids. These compounds affect calcium metabolism. They inhibit ectopic calcification and slow down bone resorption and bone turnover. Technetium complexes of diphosphonates have been used successfully as bone scanning agents.

Histological and histochemical quantification of root resorption incident to the application of intrusive force to rat molars. (1/177)

This study was conducted to investigate the nature of root resorption resulting from intrusive forces applied to the rat lower molars, by means of histological and histochemical techniques with tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Thirty-eight 13-week-old Wistar strain male rats were used. Intrusive force was created by a fixed appliance which was adjusted to exert an initial force of 50 g for the duration of 1, 2, and 3 weeks. The degree of root resorption and distribution of TRAP positive cells were evaluated. On the root surface, the TRAP positive scores were low in the apical regions. Significant differences in the scores were found in the inter-radicular region of the roots between the experimental and control groups for the 2- and 3-week groups. More active resorption of bone occurred during the experimental period, as denoted by greater TRAP positive scores on the bone than on the root surface. Root resorption scores in the apical root region were larger in the 2- and 3-week groups than in the 1-week group. Significant differences in the root resorption scores were also found between the 1- and 3-week groups in the inter-radicular region, indicating that intrusive force application of a longer duration may lead to a higher frequency of root resorption. It is shown that, irrespective of the level of TRAP positive cells and root resorption scores, the degree of root resorption activity is higher in the apical root region than in the inter-radicular area. These results indicate that cellular cementum may be resorbed more easily because of its richer organic components and low mineralized structure.  (+info)

Evaluation of apical root resorption following extraction therapy in subjects with Class I and Class II malocclusions. (2/177)

The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of root resorption during orthodontic treatment, and to examine the relationship between tooth movement and apical root resorption. Twenty-seven Class I and 27 Class II patients treated with edgewise mechanics following first premolar extractions were selected. The following measurements were made on the pre- and post-treatment cephalograms: upper central incisor to palatal plane distance, the inclination of upper central incisor to the FH and AP planes, the perpendicular distances from the incisor tip to the AP and PTV planes, and incisor apex to PTV. The amount of apical root resorption of the maxillary central incisors was determined for each patient by subtracting the post-treatment tooth length from the pre-treatment tooth length measured directly on cephalograms. Intra-group differences were evaluated by the Student's t-test and inter-group differences by the Mann-Whitney U-test. For correlations the Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The results show that there was a mean of approximately 1 mm (P < 0.01) of apical root shortening in Class I patients, but in Class II division I subjects the mean root resorption was more than 2 mm (P < 0.001). The inter-group differences were statistically significant. No significant correlations were found between the amount of apical root resorption and tooth inclination, or the duration of active treatment.  (+info)

Long-term follow-up of maxillary incisors with severe apical root resorption. (3/177)

The purpose of the study was to analyse the mobility of teeth with severe orthodontically induced root resorption, at follow-up several years after active treatment, and to evaluate mobility in relation to root length and alveolar bone support. Seventy-three maxillary incisors were examined in 20 patients, 10-15 years after active treatment in 13 patients (age 24-32 years) and 5-10 years after active treatment in seven patients (age 20-25 years). All had worn fixed or removable retainers; seven still had bonded twistflex retainers. Total root length and intra-alveolar root length were measured on intra-oral radiographs. Tooth mobility was assessed clinically according to Miller's Index (0-4) and the Periotest method. Crestal alveolar bone level, periodontal pocket depth, gingival, and plaque indices, occlusal contacts during occlusion and function, and dental wear were recorded. There was a significant correlation (P < 0.05) between tooth mobility, and total root length and intra-alveolar root length. No correlation was found between tooth mobility and retention with twistflex retainers. None of the variables for assessment of periodontal status, occlusion and function were related to total root length or tooth mobility. It is concluded that there is a risk of tooth mobility in a maxillary incisor that undergoes severe root resorption during orthodontic treatment, if the remaining total root length is < or = 9 mm. The risk is less if the remaining root length is > 9 mm. Follow-up of teeth with severe orthodontically induced root resorption is indicated.  (+info)

Persistence of deciduous molars in subjects with agenesis of the second premolars. (4/177)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate persistent primary second molars in a group of young people in their late twenties with agenesis of one or two second premolars. In 1982-83 it was decided, in connection with the orthodontic evaluation of 25 patients, to allow 35 primary molars (one or two in each patient) to remain in situ. All patients had mixed dentitions and agenesis of one or two premolars. The primary teeth were generally in good condition, although root resorption and infra-occlusion (compensated by occlusal composite onlays) occurred. In 1997, 18 of the 25 patients with a total of 26 retained primary molars were reexamined, comprising a clinical examination for exfoliation, extraction, loosening, and ankylosis, and a radiographic examination for root resorption, tooth morphology (crown and root), and alveolar bone contour. The examination showed that the degree of root resorption was unaltered in 20 of the 26 primary molars. In the permanent dentitions, where these primary molars persisted, there were no morphological deviations. Three of the six remaining primary molars had been extracted and three showed extensive resorption. In three of the 26 primary molars the infra-occlusion had worsened. The present study shows that persistence of primary second molars in subjects with agenesis of one or two premolars, and normal morphology of the permanent dentition can be an acceptable, semi-permanent solution for the patient. Whether this could also be an acceptable long-term solution will be shown by follow-up studies.  (+info)

The long-term survival of lower second primary molars in subjects with agenesis of the premolars. (5/177)

This study investigated 41 subjects, 13 male and 28 female, with agenesis of one or both lower second premolars, and with retained lower second primary molars. Intra-oral radiographs of 59 primary teeth were examined to judge the resorption of the mesial and distal roots, and were measured to record infra-occlusion of the primary teeth and tipping of the adjacent permanent teeth. The study commenced at 11-12 years of age. The mean age at the last measurement was 20 years 6 months (SD 3.62, range 13.6-31.8 years). During the observation period, only two of the 59 primary teeth were exfoliated. Five were extracted, two of which were replaced by upper third molar transplants. Beyond the age of 20 years no teeth were lost. Root resorption varied widely between individuals, but was slow. There was no typical pattern for development of infra-occlusion. Mean infra-occlusion was 0.47 mm (SD 1.13) at 11-12 years, increasing by less than 1.0 to 1.43 mm (SD 1.13) at age 17-18 years. At age 19-20 years, 55 per cent of teeth showed infra-occlusion between 0.5 and 4.5 mm, but 45 per cent showed no infra-occlusion. The space between the first molar and first premolar was a mean of 10.35 mm (SD 0.76) at age 10-12 years compared with the mean width of the second primary molar of 10.53 mm (SD 0.51). The space reduced by less than 0.5 mm to 9.95 mm (SD 1.50) at age 17-18 years. If primary molars are present at 20 years of age they appear to have a good prognosis for long-term survival.  (+info)

Effect of a static magnetic field on orthodontic tooth movement in the rat. (6/177)

Orthodontic tooth movement may be enhanced by the application of a magnetic field. Bone remodelling necessary for orthodontic tooth movement involves clastic cells, which are tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive and which may also be regulated by growth hormone (GH) via its receptor (GHR). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a static magnetic field (SMF) on orthodontic tooth movement in the rat. Thirty-two male Wistar rats, 9 weeks old, were fitted with an orthodontic appliance directing a mesial force of 30 g on the left maxillary first molar. The appliance incorporated a weight (NM) or a magnet (M). The animals were killed at 1, 3, 7, or 14 days post-appliance insertion, and the maxillae processed to paraffin. Sagittal sections of the first molar were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), for TRAP activity or immunohistochemically for GHR. The percentage body weight loss/gain, magnetic flux density, tooth movement, width of the periodontal ligament (PDL), length of root resorption lacunae, and hyalinized zone were measured. TRAP and GHR-positive cells along the alveolar bone, root surface, and in the PDL space were counted. The incorporation of a SMF (100-170 Gauss) into an orthodontic appliance did not enhance tooth movement, nor greatly alter the histological appearance of the PDL during tooth movement. However significantly greater root resorption (P = 0.016), increased width of the PDL (P = 0.017) and greater TRAP activity (P = 0.001) were observed for group M at day 7 on the compression side. At day 14 no differences were observed between the appliance groups.  (+info)

Root resorption after orthodontic treatment in high- and low-risk patients: analysis of allergy as a possible predisposing factor. (7/177)

The development of excessive root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement is an adverse side-effect, which is of great concern. The aim of this investigation was to analyse factors that might be associated with orthodontically induced root resorption. After buccal movement of maxillary premolars in 96 adolescents, the experimental teeth were extracted and subjected to histological analysis and measurement of resorbed root area. Fifty individuals, 18 boys and 32 girls, mean age 13.4 years, were selected and divided into two equal groups: the high-risk group based on measurements of the most severe root resorptions, and the low-risk group on measurements of mild or no root resorptions. After a preliminary screening of possible risk factors regarding root resorption, i.e. root morphology, gingivitis, allergy, nail-biting, medication, etc., only those subjects with allergy showed an increased risk of root resorption, but this was not statistically significant.  (+info)

A radiographic comparison of apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment with a standard edgewise and a straight-wire edgewise technique. (8/177)

The purpose of this study was to compare the severity of apical root resorption occurring in patients treated with a standard edgewise and a straight-wire edgewise technique, and to assess the influence of known risk factors on root resorption incident to orthodontic treatment. The sample consisted of 80 patients with Angle Class II division 1 malocclusions, treated with extraction of at least two maxillary first premolars. Variables recorded for each patient included gender, age, ANB angle, overjet, overbite, trauma, habits, invagination, agenesis, tooth shedding, treatment duration, use of Class II elastics, body-build, general factors, impacted canines, and root form deviation. Forty patients were treated with a standard edgewise and 40 with a straight-wire edgewise technique, both with 0.018-inch slot brackets. Crown and root lengths of the maxillary incisors were measured on pre- and post-treatment periapical radiographs corrected for image distortion. Percentage of root shortening and root length loss in millimetres were then calculated. There was significantly more apical root resorption (P < 0.05) of both central incisors in the standard than in the straight-wire edgewise group. No significant difference was found for the lateral incisors. Root shortening of the lateral incisors was significantly associated with age, agenesis, duration of contraction period (distalization of incisors), and invagination, while root shortening of the central incisors was related to treatment group and trauma.  (+info)

Root resorption is a process that occurs when the body's own cells, called odontoclasts, break down and destroy the hard tissue of the tooth root. This can occur as a result of various factors such as trauma, infection, or orthodontic treatment. In some cases, it may be a normal part of the tooth development and eruption process in children. However, excessive or pathological root resorption can lead to weakening and loss of the tooth. It is often asymptomatic and discovered during routine dental x-rays.

Bone resorption is the process by which bone tissue is broken down and absorbed into the body. It is a normal part of bone remodeling, in which old or damaged bone tissue is removed and new tissue is formed. However, excessive bone resorption can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis, in which bones become weak and fragile due to a loss of density. This process is carried out by cells called osteoclasts, which break down the bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the bloodstream.

Tooth movement, in a dental and orthodontic context, refers to the physical change in position or alignment of one or more teeth within the jaw bone as a result of controlled forces applied through various orthodontic appliances such as braces, aligners, or other orthodontic devices. The purposeful manipulation of these forces encourages the periodontal ligament (the tissue that connects the tooth to the bone) to remodel, allowing the tooth to move gradually over time into the desired position. This process is crucial in achieving proper bite alignment, correcting malocclusions, and enhancing overall oral function and aesthetics.

A tooth root is the part of a tooth that is embedded in the jawbone and cannot be seen when looking at a person's smile. It is the lower portion of a tooth that typically has a conical shape and anchors the tooth to the jawbone through a periodontal ligament. The tooth root is covered by cementum, a specialized bone-like tissue, and contains nerve endings and blood vessels within its pulp chamber.

The number of roots in a tooth can vary depending on the type of tooth. For example, incisors typically have one root, canines may have one or two roots, premolars usually have one or two roots, and molars often have two to four roots. The primary function of the tooth root is to provide stability and support for the crown of the tooth, allowing it to withstand the forces of biting and chewing.

The tooth apex is the tip or the narrowed end of the root of a tooth. It is the portion that is located deepest within the jawbone and it contains dental pulp tissue, which includes nerves and blood vessels. The apex plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of a tooth, as well as in the process of root canal treatment, where instruments and materials are introduced through it to clean and fill the root canals. It is also a crucial landmark in endodontic surgery and dental imaging.

An incisor is a type of tooth that is primarily designed for biting off food pieces rather than chewing or grinding. They are typically chisel-shaped, flat, and have a sharp cutting edge. In humans, there are eight incisors - four on the upper jaw and four on the lower jaw, located at the front of the mouth. Other animals such as dogs, cats, and rodents also have incisors that they use for different purposes like tearing or gnawing.

Tooth exfoliation is not a term that is commonly used in dental or medical literature. However, I believe you may be referring to the natural process of tooth loss that occurs with the shedding of primary (baby) teeth to make way for permanent (adult) teeth. This process is also known as physical or physiological tooth exfoliation.

Exfoliation in this context refers to the separation and shedding of the primary tooth's root from the underlying permanent tooth, allowing the permanent tooth to erupt into its proper position. The primary tooth becomes loose due to the resorption of its roots by the developing permanent tooth beneath it. Eventually, the primary tooth falls out, making room for the adult tooth to emerge and take its place in the dental arch.

It is essential to maintain good oral hygiene during this process to prevent any potential complications such as infection or premature loss of primary teeth.

Dental cementum is a type of hard connective tissue that covers the root of a tooth. It is primarily composed of calcium salts and collagen fibers, and it serves to attach the periodontal ligaments (the fibers that help secure the tooth in its socket) to the tooth's root. Cementum also helps protect the root of the tooth and contributes to the maintenance of tooth stability. It continues to grow and deposit new layers throughout an individual's life, which can be seen as incremental lines called "cementum annulations."

Orthodontics is a specialized branch of dentistry that focuses on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of dental and facial irregularities. The term "corrective" in this context refers to the use of appliances (such as braces, aligners, or other devices) to move teeth into their proper position and correct malocclusion (bad bite). This not only improves the appearance of the teeth but also helps to ensure better function, improved oral health, and overall dental well-being.

The goal of corrective orthodontics is to create a balanced and harmonious relationship between the teeth, jaws, and facial structures. Treatment may be recommended for children, adolescents, or adults and can help address various issues such as crowding, spacing, overbites, underbites, crossbites, open bites, and jaw growth discrepancies. A combination of techniques, including fixed or removable appliances, may be used to achieve the desired outcome. Regular follow-up appointments are necessary throughout treatment to monitor progress and make any necessary adjustments.

A bicuspid valve, also known as a mitral valve in the heart, is a heart valve that has two leaflets or cusps. It lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle and helps to regulate blood flow between these two chambers of the heart. In a healthy heart, the bicuspid valve opens to allow blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle and closes tightly to prevent blood from flowing back into the left atrium during contraction of the ventricle.

A congenital heart defect known as a bicuspid aortic valve occurs when the aortic valve, which normally has three leaflets or cusps, only has two. This can lead to narrowing of the valve (aortic stenosis) or leakage of the valve (aortic regurgitation), which can cause symptoms and may require medical treatment.

The maxilla is a paired bone that forms the upper jaw in vertebrates. In humans, it is a major bone in the face and plays several important roles in the craniofacial complex. Each maxilla consists of a body and four processes: frontal process, zygomatic process, alveolar process, and palatine process.

The maxillae contribute to the formation of the eye sockets (orbits), nasal cavity, and the hard palate of the mouth. They also contain the upper teeth sockets (alveoli) and help form the lower part of the orbit and the cheekbones (zygomatic arches).

Here's a quick rundown of its key functions:

1. Supports the upper teeth and forms the upper jaw.
2. Contributes to the formation of the eye sockets, nasal cavity, and hard palate.
3. Helps shape the lower part of the orbit and cheekbones.
4. Partakes in the creation of important sinuses, such as the maxillary sinus, which is located within the body of the maxilla.

Orthodontic appliances are devices used in orthodontics, a branch of dentistry focused on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of dental and facial irregularities. These appliances can be fixed or removable and are used to align teeth, correct jaw relationships, or modify dental forces. They can include braces, aligners, palatal expanders, space maintainers, and headgear, among others. The specific type of appliance used depends on the individual patient's needs and the treatment plan developed by the orthodontist.

In the context of dentistry, a molar is a type of tooth found in the back of the mouth. They are larger and wider than other types of teeth, such as incisors or canines, and have a flat biting surface with multiple cusps. Molars are primarily used for grinding and chewing food into smaller pieces that are easier to swallow. Humans typically have twelve molars in total, including the four wisdom teeth.

In medical terminology outside of dentistry, "molar" can also refer to a unit of mass in the apothecaries' system of measurement, which is equivalent to 4.08 grams. However, this usage is less common and not related to dental or medical anatomy.

Tooth resorption is a process in which there is an abnormal loss or breakdown of tooth structure, either internally (internal resorption) or externally (external resorption), due to the action of specialized cells called odontoclasts. This can lead to weakening and destruction of the tooth, potentially causing sensitivity, pain, or even tooth loss if left untreated. The causes of tooth resorption can vary, including trauma, orthodontic treatment, periodontal disease, and certain systemic conditions. It is important to diagnose and treat tooth resorption early to prevent further damage and preserve the tooth structure.

A deciduous tooth, also known as a baby tooth or primary tooth, is a type of temporary tooth that humans and some other mammals develop during childhood. They are called "deciduous" because they are eventually shed and replaced by permanent teeth, much like how leaves on a deciduous tree fall off and are replaced by new growth.

Deciduous teeth begin to form in the womb and start to erupt through the gums when a child is around six months old. By the time a child reaches age three, they typically have a full set of 20 deciduous teeth, including incisors, canines, and molars. These teeth are smaller and less durable than permanent teeth, but they serve important functions such as helping children chew food properly, speak clearly, and maintain space in the jaw for the permanent teeth to grow into.

Deciduous teeth usually begin to fall out around age six or seven, starting with the lower central incisors. This process continues until all of the deciduous teeth have been shed, typically by age 12 or 13. At this point, the permanent teeth will have grown in and taken their place, with the exception of the wisdom teeth, which may not erupt until later in adolescence or early adulthood.

A cuspid, also known as a canine tooth or cuspid tooth, is a type of tooth in mammals. It is the pointiest tooth in the dental arch and is located between the incisors and bicuspids (or premolars). Cuspids have a single cusp or pointed tip that is used for tearing and grasping food. In humans, there are four cuspids, two on the upper jaw and two on the lower jaw, one on each side of the dental arch.

Orthodontic wires are typically made of stainless steel, nickel-titanium alloy, or other shape memory alloys, and are used in orthodontics to move teeth into the desired position. They are attached to brackets bonded to the teeth and exert a continuous force to align the teeth and correct malocclusions (bites that do not fit together correctly). The wires come in various sizes, shapes, and materials, each with specific properties that make them suitable for different stages of treatment. Some wires are flexible and used during the initial alignment phase, while others are more rigid and used during the finishing phase to achieve precise tooth movements.

Tooth replantation is a dental procedure that involves the replanting and reattachment of a tooth that has been avulsed or knocked out due to trauma. The primary goal of this emergency procedure is to preserve the natural tooth and its periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue, allowing for potential reattachment and function.

The steps involved in tooth replantation include:

1. Locating the avulsed tooth: Carefully handle the knocked-out tooth by holding it by the crown (the chewing surface), avoiding touching the root area to prevent further damage to the periodontal ligament fibers.
2. Rinsing the tooth: Gently rinse the tooth with saline solution, sterile water, or milk to remove any debris or dirt, but avoid using alcohol or scrubbing the tooth as it may cause more damage to the PDL.
3. Replanting the tooth: As soon as possible, reposition the tooth back into its socket in the correct orientation and alignment. Apply gentle pressure to seat it in place while ensuring that it is facing the right direction. Ideally, this should be done within 30 minutes of avulsion for better prognosis.
4. Stabilizing the tooth: Use a splint or a wire to secure the replanted tooth to the adjacent teeth, providing stability and support during the healing process. This helps maintain the alignment and position of the replanted tooth.
5. Seeking professional dental care: Immediately consult with a dentist or endodontist for further evaluation, additional treatment, and follow-up care. The dentist will assess the success of the replantation and determine if any root canal therapy or other treatments are necessary to ensure long-term survival of the tooth.

The success of tooth replantation depends on several factors, including the timeliness of the procedure, the condition of the avulsed tooth, and the patient's overall oral health. Prompt action and professional care can significantly increase the likelihood of a successful outcome and preserve the natural tooth for years to come.

The term "tooth cervix" is not commonly used in medical dentistry with a specific technical definition. However, if you are referring to the "cervical region of a tooth," it generally refers to the area where the crown (the visible part of the tooth) meets the root (the portion of the tooth that is below the gum line). This region is also sometimes referred to as the "cementoenamel junction" (CEJ), where the enamel covering of the crown meets the cementum covering of the root. Dental issues such as tooth decay, receding gums, or abrasion can affect this area and may require professional dental treatment.

Panoramic radiography is a specialized type of dental X-ray imaging that captures a panoramic view of the entire mouth, including the teeth, upper and lower jaws, and surrounding structures. It uses a special machine that rotates around the head, capturing images as it moves. This technique provides a two-dimensional image that is helpful in diagnosing and planning treatment for various dental conditions such as impacted teeth, bone abnormalities, and jaw disorders.

The panoramic radiograph can also be used to assess the development and positioning of wisdom teeth, detect cysts or tumors in the jaws, and evaluate the effects of trauma or injury to the mouth. It is a valuable tool for dental professionals as it allows them to see a comprehensive view of the oral structures, which may not be visible with traditional X-ray techniques.

It's important to note that while panoramic radiography provides valuable information, it should be used in conjunction with other diagnostic tools and clinical examinations to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells that are primarily responsible for bone resorption, a process in which they break down and dissolve the mineralized matrix of bones. They are derived from monocyte-macrophage precursor cells of hematopoietic origin and play a crucial role in maintaining bone homeostasis by balancing bone formation and bone resorption.

Osteoclasts adhere to the bone surface and create an isolated microenvironment, called the "resorption lacuna," between their cell membrane and the bone surface. Here, they release hydrogen ions into the lacuna through a process called proton pumping, which lowers the pH and dissolves the mineral component of the bone matrix. Additionally, osteoclasts secrete proteolytic enzymes, such as cathepsin K, that degrade the organic components, like collagen, in the bone matrix.

An imbalance in osteoclast activity can lead to various bone diseases, including osteoporosis and Paget's disease, where excessive bone resorption results in weakened and fragile bones.

Ectopic tooth eruption is a condition where a tooth fails to erupt into its normal position in the dental arch. Instead, it emerupts in an abnormal location, such as in the wrong direction or through another tissue like the gums, palate, or jawbone. This can occur due to various reasons, including genetics, crowding of teeth, or trauma. Ectopic tooth eruption may cause problems with oral function and dental health, and treatment options depend on the severity and location of the ectopic tooth.

Tooth mobility, also known as loose teeth, refers to the degree of movement or displacement of a tooth in its socket when lateral forces are applied. It is often described in terms of grades:

* Grade 1: Tooth can be moved slightly (up to 1 mm) with finger pressure.
* Grade 2: Tooth can be moved up to 2 mm with finger pressure.
* Grade 3: Tooth can be moved more than 2 mm or can be removed from its socket with manual pressure.

Increased tooth mobility can be a sign of periodontal disease, trauma, or other dental conditions and should be evaluated by a dentist. Treatment may include deep cleaning, splinting, or surgery to restore stability to the affected teeth.

Periodontal splints are dental devices used to stabilize and support loose teeth that have been weakened by periodontal disease (gum disease). These splints can be made from various materials such as acrylic, metal wire, or fiber-reinforced composites. They function by connecting the affected tooth or teeth to adjacent stable teeth, creating a fixed unit that helps distribute forces evenly during biting and chewing, reducing mobility and promoting healing of the periodontal tissues.

There are different types of periodontal splints, including:

1. Intra-coronal splints: These are fixed to the inside (lingual) surface of the affected teeth using dental cement or adhesive. They typically involve the use of a metal wire that is bonded to the inner surfaces of the loose teeth and connected to stable neighboring teeth.
2. Extra-coronal splints: These are fixed to the outside (labial or buccal) surface of the affected teeth using dental cement or adhesive. They usually consist of a metal wire or fiber-reinforced composite material that encircles the loose teeth and is connected to stable neighboring teeth.
3. Removable splints: These are similar to dental appliances such as dentures or orthodontic retainers, and they can be removed for cleaning and maintenance. They typically consist of an acrylic base with metal clasps or wires that hook onto the affected teeth and stable neighboring teeth.

The choice of periodontal splint depends on various factors, including the number of loose teeth, their location in the mouth, the severity of mobility, patient preferences, and oral hygiene practices. Periodontal splints are often used in conjunction with other periodontal treatments, such as scaling and root planing, to improve treatment outcomes and promote long-term dental health.

The alveolar process is the curved part of the jawbone (mandible or maxilla) that contains sockets or hollow spaces (alveoli) for the teeth to be embedded. These processes are covered with a specialized mucous membrane called the gingiva, which forms a tight seal around the teeth to help protect the periodontal tissues and maintain oral health.

The alveolar process is composed of both compact and spongy bone tissue. The compact bone forms the outer layer, while the spongy bone is found inside the alveoli and provides support for the teeth. When a tooth is lost or extracted, the alveolar process begins to resorb over time due to the lack of mechanical stimulation from the tooth's chewing forces. This can lead to changes in the shape and size of the jawbone, which may require bone grafting procedures before dental implant placement.

Tooth ankylosis is a dental condition where the tooth becomes abnormally fused to the alveolar bone, which is the part of the jawbone that contains the tooth sockets. This fusion typically occurs through the cementum of the root surface and the adjacent alveolar bone, resulting in the loss of the periodontal ligament (PLD) space that normally separates the tooth from the bone.

Ankylosis can affect both primary (deciduous or baby) teeth and permanent teeth. In primary teeth, ankylosis may lead to early exfoliation or premature loss of the tooth due to the lack of PDL resorption, which is necessary for natural tooth shedding. In permanent teeth, ankylosis can result in infraocclusion, where the affected tooth fails to erupt fully and remains at a lower level than the surrounding teeth.

The causes of tooth ankylosis include trauma, infection, developmental disorders, or previous orthodontic treatment. It is essential to diagnose and manage this condition promptly, as it can lead to complications such as malocclusion, dental crowding, or periodontal issues if left untreated. Treatment options may include extraction of the affected tooth, surgical separation from the bone, or orthodontic treatment to correct any resulting occlusal discrepancies.

The medical term for nail biting is "Onychophagia." It's classified as a type of body-focused repetitive behavior, which is a category of mental health disorders characterized by the repeated compulsion to engage in certain self-grooming behaviors that cause physical damage. In the case of onychophagia, the individual repeatedly bites their nails, often until they bleed or become severely damaged. This can lead to various complications, such as infection and dental issues. It's important to note that while nail biting is a common habit, when it becomes repetitive, compulsive, and causes significant distress or impairment, it may be indicative of a broader mental health condition.

"Serial extraction" is not a widely recognized or established term in medical or dental literature. However, within the context of dentistry, it could potentially refer to the sequential removal of multiple teeth during separate appointments. This approach may be used when extracting multiple problematic teeth to minimize the risk of complications such as excessive bleeding, swelling, or infection that can arise from removing numerous teeth at once. It is essential to consult a dental professional for a precise understanding and application of this term in a medical context.

The periodontal ligament, also known as the "PDL," is the soft tissue that connects the tooth root to the alveolar bone within the dental alveolus (socket). It consists of collagen fibers organized into groups called principal fibers and accessory fibers. These fibers are embedded into both the cementum of the tooth root and the alveolar bone, providing shock absorption during biting and chewing forces, allowing for slight tooth movement, and maintaining the tooth in its position within the socket.

The periodontal ligament plays a crucial role in the health and maintenance of the periodontium, which includes the gingiva (gums), cementum, alveolar bone, and the periodontal ligament itself. Inflammation or infection of the periodontal ligament can lead to periodontal disease, potentially causing tooth loss if not treated promptly and appropriately.

An impacted tooth is a condition where a tooth fails to erupt into the oral cavity within its expected time frame, resulting in its partial or complete entrapment within the jawbone or soft tissues. This commonly occurs with wisdom teeth (third molars) but can affect any tooth. Impacted teeth may cause problems such as infection, decay of adjacent teeth, gum disease, or cyst formation, and they may require surgical removal.

Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is defined as the serum transudate or inflammatory exudate that flows from the gingival sulcus or periodontal pocket. It is a physiological fluid found in the narrow space between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue, which deepens during periodontal disease. The analysis of GCF has been used as a non-invasive method to assess the status of periodontal health and disease since it contains various markers of inflammation, host response, and bacterial products.

Tooth extraction is a dental procedure in which a tooth that is damaged or poses a threat to oral health is removed from its socket in the jawbone. This may be necessary due to various reasons such as severe tooth decay, gum disease, fractured teeth, crowded teeth, or for orthodontic treatment purposes. The procedure is performed by a dentist or an oral surgeon, under local anesthesia to numb the area around the tooth, ensuring minimal discomfort during the extraction process.

Fetal resorption, also known as fetal demise or intrauterine fetal death, is a medical term that refers to the absorption of a nonviable fetus by the mother's body after its death in utero. This process typically occurs before the 20th week of gestation and may go unnoticed if it happens early in pregnancy.

During fetal resorption, the fetal tissue is broken down and absorbed by the mother's body, leaving no visible remains of the fetus. The placenta and other surrounding tissues may still be present, but they often undergo changes as well. In some cases, a small amount of fetal tissue may be expelled from the uterus during the resorption process.

The causes of fetal resorption can vary, including chromosomal abnormalities, maternal health conditions, infections, and environmental factors. It is essential to seek medical attention if a woman suspects fetal resorption or experiences any unusual symptoms during pregnancy, such as vaginal bleeding or decreased fetal movement, to ensure proper diagnosis and management.

Permanent dentition is the second and final set of teeth that humans grow during their lifetime. These teeth are also known as adult or secondary teeth and typically begin to erupt in the mouth around the age of 6 or 7 years old, with all permanent teeth usually present by the time a person reaches their late teens or early twenties.

There are 32 teeth in a complete set of permanent dentition, including 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars (also called bicuspids), and 12 molars (including 4 third molars or wisdom teeth). The primary function of permanent teeth is to help with biting, chewing, and grinding food into smaller pieces that are easier to swallow and digest. Proper care and maintenance of permanent teeth through good oral hygiene practices, regular dental checkups, and a balanced diet can help ensure their longevity and health throughout a person's life.

Tooth abnormalities refer to any variations or irregularities in the size, shape, number, structure, or development of teeth that deviate from the typical or normal anatomy. These abnormalities can occur in primary (deciduous) or permanent teeth and can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, systemic diseases, or localized dental conditions during tooth formation.

Some examples of tooth abnormalities include:

1. Microdontia - teeth that are smaller than normal in size.
2. Macrodontia - teeth that are larger than normal in size.
3. Peg-shaped teeth - teeth with a narrow, conical shape.
4. Talon cusps - additional cusps or points on the biting surface of a tooth.
5. Dens invaginatus - an abnormal development where the tooth crown has an extra fold or pouch that can trap bacteria and cause dental problems.
6. Taurodontism - teeth with large pulp chambers and short roots.
7. Supernumerary teeth - having more teeth than the typical number (20 primary and 32 permanent teeth).
8. Hypodontia - missing one or more teeth due to a failure of development.
9. Germination - two adjacent teeth fused together, usually occurring in the front teeth.
10. Fusion - two separate teeth that have grown together during development.

Tooth abnormalities may not always require treatment unless they cause functional, aesthetic, or dental health issues. A dentist can diagnose and manage tooth abnormalities through various treatments, such as fillings, extractions, orthodontic care, or restorative procedures.

Tooth injuries are damages or traumas that affect the teeth's structure and integrity. These injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as accidents, sports-related impacts, falls, fights, or biting on hard objects. The severity of tooth injuries may range from minor chips and cracks to more severe fractures, luxations (displacement), or avulsions (complete tooth loss).

Tooth injuries are typically classified into two main categories:

1. Crown injuries: These involve damages to the visible part of the tooth, including chipping, cracking, or fracturing. Crown injuries may be further categorized as:
* Uncomplicated crown fracture: When only the enamel and dentin are affected without pulp exposure.
* Complicated crown fracture: When the enamel, dentin, and pulp are all exposed.
2. Root injuries: These involve damages to the tooth root or the supporting structures, such as the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Root injuries may include luxations (displacements), intrusions (teeth pushed into the socket), extrusions (teeth partially out of the socket), or avulsions (complete tooth loss).

Immediate medical attention is necessary for severe tooth injuries, as they can lead to complications like infection, tooth decay, or even tooth loss if not treated promptly and appropriately. Treatment options may include dental fillings, crowns, root canal therapy, splinting, or reimplantation in the case of avulsions. Preventive measures, such as wearing mouthguards during sports activities, can help reduce the risk of tooth injuries.

Dental digital radiography is a type of medical imaging that uses digital sensors instead of traditional X-ray film to produce highly detailed images of the teeth, gums, and surrounding structures. This technology offers several advantages over conventional dental radiography, including:

1. Lower radiation exposure: Digital sensors require less radiation to produce an image compared to traditional film, making it a safer option for patients.
2. Instant results: The images captured by digital sensors are immediately displayed on a computer screen, allowing dentists to quickly assess the patient's oral health and discuss any findings with them during the appointment.
3. Improved image quality: Digital radiography produces clearer and more precise images compared to traditional film, enabling dentists to better detect issues such as cavities, fractures, or tumors.
4. Enhanced communication: The ability to easily manipulate and enhance digital images allows for better communication between dental professionals and improved patient education.
5. Environmentally friendly: Digital radiography eliminates the need for chemical processing and disposal of used film, making it a more environmentally conscious choice.
6. Easy storage and retrieval: Digital images can be stored electronically and accessed easily for future reference or consultation with other dental professionals.
7. Remote consultations: Digital images can be shared remotely with specialists or insurance companies, facilitating faster diagnoses and treatment planning.

A periapical granuloma is a type of dental lesion that occurs at the root tip of a tooth (the apical region) in response to an infection in the pulp tissue. It is a collection of inflammatory cells, mainly composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and histiocytes, within the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. The granuloma forms as a result of the body's attempt to contain the spread of infection from the pulp into the surrounding tissues.

The primary cause of periapical granulomas is untreated dental caries or tooth trauma, which allows bacteria to invade the pulp chamber and eventually reach the apical region. The resulting inflammation can lead to bone resorption and the formation of a radiolucent area around the apex of the affected tooth, visible on a dental radiograph.

Periapical granulomas may not always cause noticeable symptoms, but some patients might experience pain, swelling, or sensitivity in the affected tooth. Treatment typically involves root canal therapy to remove the infected pulp tissue and medicate the canals, followed by a filling or crown to seal and protect the tooth. In some cases, extraction of the tooth may be necessary if the infection is severe or if the tooth cannot be restored.

A tooth is classified as "unerupted" when it has not yet penetrated through the gums and entered the oral cavity. This can apply to both primary (baby) teeth and permanent (adult) teeth. The reasons for a tooth's failure to erupt can vary, including crowding of teeth, lack of sufficient space, or anatomical barriers such as bone or soft tissue. In some cases, unerupted teeth may need to be monitored or treated, depending on the specific situation and any symptoms experienced by the individual.

A dental fistula is an abnormal connection or tunnel that develops between the oral cavity and the skin or other soft tissues, usually as a result of an infection in the teeth or surrounding structures. The infection can lead to the formation of a pus-filled sac (abscess) that eventually breaks through the bone or soft tissue, creating a small opening or channel that allows the pus to drain out.

The dental fistula is often accompanied by symptoms such as pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty swallowing or chewing. The infection can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated, so it's important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect that you have a dental fistula.

The treatment for a dental fistula typically involves addressing the underlying infection, which may involve antibiotics, drainage of the abscess, and/or removal of the affected tooth or teeth. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the damage to the bone or soft tissue and prevent further complications.

Periapical tissue, in the field of dentistry and oral medicine, refers to the tissue that surrounds the apical region of a tooth. The apical region is the tip or apex of the root of a tooth. Periapical tissues include the periodontal ligament, the alveolar bone, and the dental follicle. These tissues play a crucial role in supporting and protecting the tooth. Inflammation or infection of the periapical tissue can lead to a condition known as periapical periodontitis, which may require root canal treatment or tooth extraction.

Root canal therapy, also known as endodontic treatment, is a dental procedure that involves the removal of infected or damaged pulp tissue from within a tooth's root canal system. The root canal system is a series of narrow channels that run from the center of the tooth (pulp chamber) down to the tip of the tooth roots, containing nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues.

During the procedure, the dentist or endodontist will gain access to the pulp chamber, carefully clean and shape the root canals using specialized instruments, and then fill and seal them with a rubber-like material called gutta-percha. This helps prevent reinfection and preserves the structural integrity of the tooth. In many cases, a crown or other restoration is placed over the treated tooth to protect it and restore its function and appearance.

Root canal therapy is typically recommended when the pulp tissue becomes inflamed or infected due to deep decay, repeated dental procedures, cracks, or chips in the teeth. The goal of this treatment is to alleviate pain, preserve natural tooth structure, and prevent the need for extraction.

REceptor Activator of NF-kB (RANK) Ligand is a type of protein that plays a crucial role in the immune system and bone metabolism. It belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily and is primarily produced by osteoblasts, which are cells responsible for bone formation.

RANK Ligand binds to its receptor RANK, which is found on the surface of osteoclasts, a type of cell involved in bone resorption or breakdown. The binding of RANK Ligand to RANK activates signaling pathways that promote the differentiation, activation, and survival of osteoclasts, thereby increasing bone resorption.

Abnormalities in the RANKL-RANK signaling pathway have been implicated in various bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and certain types of cancer that metastasize to bones. Therefore, targeting this pathway with therapeutic agents has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of these conditions.

Tooth avulsion is the complete separation of a tooth from its socket in the alveolar bone due to traumatic injury. This occurs when the periodontal ligament, which holds the tooth in place, gets severed or torn, resulting in the tooth being displaced from its original position. Avulsed teeth can be either primary (baby) or permanent teeth, and the trauma can result in damage to the surrounding tissues, including the gingiva, alveolar bone, and sometimes even the nerves and blood vessels. Prompt and appropriate first aid, as well as professional dental care, are crucial for ensuring the best possible outcome for reimplantation and healing.

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a medical imaging technique that uses a cone-shaped X-ray beam to create detailed, cross-sectional images of the body. In dental and maxillofacial radiology, CBCT is used to produce three-dimensional images of the teeth, jaws, and surrounding bones.

CBCT differs from traditional computed tomography (CT) in that it uses a cone-shaped X-ray beam instead of a fan-shaped beam, which allows for a faster scan time and lower radiation dose. The X-ray beam is rotated around the patient's head, capturing data from multiple angles, which is then reconstructed into a three-dimensional image using specialized software.

CBCT is commonly used in dental implant planning, orthodontic treatment planning, airway analysis, and the diagnosis and management of jaw pathologies such as tumors and fractures. It provides detailed information about the anatomy of the teeth, jaws, and surrounding structures, which can help clinicians make more informed decisions about patient care.

However, it is important to note that CBCT should only be used when necessary, as it still involves exposure to ionizing radiation. The benefits of using CBCT must be weighed against the potential risks associated with radiation exposure.

Dentin is the hard, calcified tissue that lies beneath the enamel and cementum of a tooth. It forms the majority of the tooth's structure and is composed primarily of mineral salts (hydroxyapatite), collagenous proteins, and water. Dentin has a tubular structure, with microscopic channels called dentinal tubules that radiate outward from the pulp chamber (the center of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels) to the exterior of the tooth. These tubules contain fluid and nerve endings that are responsible for the tooth's sensitivity to various stimuli such as temperature changes, pressure, or decay. Dentin plays a crucial role in protecting the dental pulp while also providing support and structure to the overlying enamel and cementum.

Anodontia is a medical term that refers to the congenital absence or lack of development of all primary (deciduous) and/or permanent teeth. It is a rare dental condition that affects tooth development and can be isolated or associated with various syndromes and genetic disorders.

In anodontia, the dental tissues responsible for forming teeth, including the dental lamina, dental papilla, and dental follicle, fail to develop properly, resulting in missing teeth. The condition can affect all teeth or only some of them, leading to partial anodontia.

Anodontia is different from hypodontia, which refers to the congenital absence of one or more, but not all, teeth. It is also distinct from oligodontia, which is the absence of six or more permanent teeth, excluding third molars (wisdom teeth).

People with anodontia may experience difficulties in chewing, speaking, and maintaining oral hygiene, leading to various dental and social problems. Prosthodontic treatments, such as dentures or implants, are often necessary to restore oral function and aesthetics.

A pulpectomy is a dental procedure that involves the removal of the entire pulp tissue, which includes the nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues from within the root canal(s) of a tooth. This procedure is typically performed when the pulp tissue becomes infected or inflamed due to decay, trauma, or other causes.

Once the pulp tissue is removed, the root canal(s) are cleaned, shaped, and filled with an inert material such as gutta-percha to prevent reinfection and maintain the structural integrity of the tooth. A pulpectomy may be performed as a standalone procedure or as part of a larger treatment plan, such as a root canal therapy or endodontic treatment.

It's important to note that while a pulpectomy removes the infected or inflamed tissue from within the tooth, it does not address any external damage or decay that may be present on the tooth's surface. Additional dental work, such as a filling or crown, may be necessary to restore the tooth's function and appearance.

A partial, temporary denture is a removable dental appliance that is used to replace one or more missing teeth on a temporary basis. It is also known as an "interim" or "transitional" partial denture. This type of denture is typically made from acrylic resin and may be held in place with clasps that fit around remaining natural teeth or with the use of dental adhesives.

Partial, temporary dentures are used for a variety of reasons, such as to maintain the position of existing teeth while a patient waits for a permanent restoration, to allow gum tissue to heal after tooth extraction, or to provide an aesthetic solution for missing teeth during the healing process. They may also be used as a long-term solution for individuals who cannot tolerate a full denture or who are not candidates for other types of dental restorations.

It is important to note that while temporary partial dentures can help improve function and aesthetics, they are not meant to be a permanent replacement for missing teeth. A dental professional should be consulted for a comprehensive evaluation and treatment plan to address long-term oral health needs.

Dental radiography is a specific type of imaging that uses radiation to produce detailed images of the teeth, bones, and soft tissues surrounding them. It is a crucial tool in dental diagnostics and treatment planning. There are several types of dental radiographs, including:

1. Intraoral Radiographs: These are taken inside the mouth and provide detailed images of individual teeth or small groups of teeth. They can help detect cavities, assess periodontal health, plan for restorations, and monitor tooth development in children. Common types of intraoral radiographs include bitewing, periapical, and occlusal radiographs.
2. Extraoral Radiographs: These are taken outside the mouth and provide images of larger areas, such as the entire jaw or skull. They can help diagnose issues related to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), detect impacted teeth, assess bone health, and identify any abnormalities in the facial structure. Common types of extraoral radiographs include panoramic, cephalometric, and sialography radiographs.
3. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT): This is a specialized type of dental radiography that uses a cone-shaped X-ray beam to create detailed 3D images of the teeth, bones, and soft tissues. It is particularly useful in planning complex treatments such as dental implants, orthodontic treatment, and oral surgery.

Dental radiographs are typically taken using a specialized machine that emits a low dose of radiation. Patients are provided with protective lead aprons to minimize exposure to radiation. The frequency of dental radiographs depends on the patient's individual needs and medical history. Dentists follow strict guidelines to ensure that dental radiography is safe and effective for their patients.

Acid phosphatase is a type of enzyme that is found in various tissues and organs throughout the body, including the prostate gland, red blood cells, bone, liver, spleen, and kidneys. This enzyme plays a role in several biological processes, such as bone metabolism and the breakdown of molecules like nucleotides and proteins.

Acid phosphatase is classified based on its optimum pH level for activity. Acid phosphatases have an optimal activity at acidic pH levels (below 7.0), while alkaline phosphatases have an optimal activity at basic or alkaline pH levels (above 7.0).

In clinical settings, measuring the level of acid phosphatase in the blood can be useful as a tumor marker for prostate cancer. Elevated acid phosphatase levels may indicate the presence of metastatic prostate cancer or disease progression. However, it is important to note that acid phosphatase is not specific to prostate cancer and can also be elevated in other conditions, such as bone diseases, liver disorders, and some benign conditions. Therefore, acid phosphatase should be interpreted in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical findings for a more accurate diagnosis.

Alveolar bone loss refers to the breakdown and resorption of the alveolar process of the jawbone, which is the part of the jaw that contains the sockets of the teeth. This type of bone loss is often caused by periodontal disease, a chronic inflammation of the gums and surrounding tissues that can lead to the destruction of the structures that support the teeth.

In advanced stages of periodontal disease, the alveolar bone can become severely damaged or destroyed, leading to tooth loss. Alveolar bone loss can also occur as a result of other conditions, such as osteoporosis, trauma, or tumors. Dental X-rays and other imaging techniques are often used to diagnose and monitor alveolar bone loss. Treatment may include deep cleaning of the teeth and gums, medications, surgery, or tooth extraction in severe cases.

Malocclusion, Angle Class I is a type of dental malocclusion where the misalignment of teeth is not severe enough to affect the overall function or appearance of the bite significantly. Named after Edward Angle, the founder of modern orthodontics, this classification indicates that the mesiobuccal cusp of the upper first molar is aligned with the buccal groove of the lower first molar. Although the bite appears normal, there might be crowding, spacing, or rotations present in the teeth, which can lead to aesthetic concerns and potential periodontal issues if left untreated.

An overbite, also known as "malocclusion of class II division 1" in dental terminology, is an orthodontic condition where the upper front teeth excessively overlap the lower front teeth when biting down. This means that the upper incisors are positioned too far forward or the lower incisors are too far back. A slight overbite is considered normal and healthy, as it allows the front teeth to perform their functions properly, such as biting and tearing food. However, a significant overbite can lead to various problems like difficulty in chewing, speaking, and maintaining good oral hygiene. It may also cause wear and tear on the teeth, jaw pain, or even contribute to temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). Orthodontic treatment, such as braces or aligners, is often recommended to correct a severe overbite and restore proper bite alignment.

Tooth attrition is a type of wear on the teeth that results from normal dental occlusal forces during biting, chewing, and grinding of food. It involves the loss of tooth structure by mechanical forces and is typically seen as a flattening or reduction in the vertical height of the crowns of teeth.

Attrition differs from other types of tooth wear such as abrasion (which is caused by external factors like toothbrush bristles, toothpaste, or habitual pen/pencil biting), erosion (which is caused by chemical dissolution of tooth structure due to acid exposure), and abfraction (which is caused by flexural forces leading to cervical lesions).

While some degree of attrition is considered a normal part of the aging process, excessive attrition can lead to dental sensitivity, aesthetic concerns, and even affect the functionality of the teeth and overall oral health. Dental professionals may recommend various treatments such as fillings, crowns, or even orthodontic interventions to manage the consequences of severe tooth attrition.

A tooth crown is a type of dental restoration that covers the entire visible portion of a tooth, restoring its shape, size, and strength. It is typically made of materials like porcelain, ceramic, or metal alloys and is custom-made to fit over the prepared tooth. The tooth crown is cemented in place and becomes the new outer surface of the tooth, protecting it from further damage or decay.

The process of getting a tooth crown usually involves two dental appointments. During the first appointment, the dentist prepares the tooth by removing any decay or damaged tissue and shaping the tooth to accommodate the crown. An impression is then taken of the prepared tooth and sent to a dental laboratory where the crown is fabricated. In the meantime, a temporary crown is placed over the prepared tooth to protect it until the permanent crown is ready. At the second appointment, the temporary crown is removed, and the permanent crown is cemented in place.

Tooth crowns are often recommended for several reasons, including:

* To restore a broken or fractured tooth
* To protect a weakened tooth from further damage or decay
* To support a large filling when there isn't enough natural tooth structure left
* To cover a dental implant
* To improve the appearance of a discolored or misshapen tooth

Overall, a tooth crown is an effective and long-lasting solution for restoring damaged or decayed teeth and improving oral health.

Epithelial attachment is a general term that refers to the point where epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels, adhere or attach to an underlying structure. In the context of the mouth and teeth, epithelial attachment is often used to describe the connection between the gum tissue (gingiva) and the tooth surface.

In a healthy mouth, the gingival tissue fits tightly around each tooth, forming a protective seal that helps prevent bacteria and other harmful substances from entering the spaces between the teeth and gums. This tight seal is maintained by specialized epithelial cells called junctional epithelial cells, which form a barrier between the oral environment and the underlying connective tissue.

When the gingival tissue becomes inflamed due to factors such as poor oral hygiene or certain medical conditions, the epithelial attachment can become compromised, leading to a condition known as gingivitis. If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontal disease, which is characterized by the destruction of the tissues that support the teeth, including the bone and connective tissue.

In summary, epithelial attachment refers to the point where epithelial cells adhere to an underlying structure, and in the context of oral health, it describes the connection between the gum tissue and the tooth surface.

Alveolectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of alveolar bone, which is the bony ridge in the jaw that contains the sockets of the teeth. This procedure is typically performed as a part of dental or maxillofacial surgery, such as during the preparation for dentures or to remove any remaining root structures after tooth extraction.

The goal of alveolectomy is to reshape the jawbone and create a smoother surface that makes it easier to fit and wear dentures or other prosthetic devices. It may also be performed to treat certain dental conditions, such as periodontal disease or oral tumors. As with any surgical procedure, alveolectomy carries some risks, including infection, bleeding, and damage to adjacent tissues. Therefore, it is important to consult with a qualified dental surgeon to determine whether this procedure is appropriate for your individual needs and circumstances.

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble decoy receptor for the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). It is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily and plays a crucial role in regulating bone metabolism. By binding to RANKL, OPG prevents it from interacting with its signaling receptor RANK on the surface of osteoclast precursor cells, thereby inhibiting osteoclast differentiation, activation, and survival. This results in reduced bone resorption and increased bone mass.

In addition to its role in bone homeostasis, OPG has also been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes, including immune regulation, cancer progression, and cardiovascular disease.

Root canal obturation is the process of filling and sealing the root canal system of a tooth after it has been cleaned and shaped during endodontic treatment. The goal of obturation is to prevent reinfection or contamination of the root canal system by completely filling and sealing the space with an inert, biocompatible material such as gutta-percha and a suitable sealant. This procedure helps to preserve the natural tooth structure, alleviate pain, and maintain proper dental function.

Odontometry is a term used in dentistry that refers to the measurement of teeth, particularly the size and length of teeth or tooth roots. It is often used in forensic dentistry for identification purposes, such as in age estimation, sex determination, or individual identification of human remains. The measurements can be taken using various methods, including radiographs (x-rays), calipers, or specialized software.

In some contexts, odontometry may also refer to the process of measuring the amount of dental work required for a particular treatment plan, although this usage is less common.

Cementogenesis is the biological process of cementum formation, which is a hard connective tissue that covers the root surface of teeth. Cementum helps to attach the periodontal ligaments, providing stability and support to the teeth within the jawbone. This process involves the differentiation and activity of cementoblasts, which are the cells responsible for producing and mineralizing the cementum matrix.

The medical definition of 'cementogenesis' is:

1. The formation and development of cementum on the roots of teeth.
2. The biological process in which cementoblasts secrete and mineralize the extracellular matrix, leading to the growth and maturation of cementum.
3. A critical component of tooth development and maintenance, ensuring proper attachment and function of the teeth within the oral cavity.

"Bone" is the hard, dense connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrate animals. It provides support and protection for the body's internal organs, and serves as a attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is composed of cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone formation and resorption, respectively, and an extracellular matrix made up of collagen fibers and mineral crystals.

Bones can be classified into two main types: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and hard, and makes up the outer layer of all bones and the shafts of long bones. Spongy bone is less dense and contains large spaces, and makes up the ends of long bones and the interior of flat and irregular bones.

The human body has 206 bones in total. They can be further classified into five categories based on their shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.

The dental sac, also known as the dental follicle, is a soft tissue structure that surrounds the developing tooth crown during odontogenesis, which is the process of tooth development. It is derived from the ectoderm and mesenchyme of the embryonic oral cavity. The dental sac gives rise to several important structures associated with the tooth, including the periodontal ligament, cementum, and the alveolar bone that surrounds and supports the tooth in the jaw.

The dental sac plays a critical role in tooth development by regulating the mineralization of the tooth crown and providing a protective environment for the developing tooth. It also contains cells called odontoblasts, which are responsible for producing dentin, one of the hard tissues that make up the tooth. Abnormalities in the development or growth of the dental sac can lead to various dental anomalies, such as impacted teeth, dilacerated roots, and other developmental disorders.

Root canal filling materials are substances used to fill and seal the root canal system inside a tooth following root canal treatment. The main goal of using these materials is to prevent reinfection, provide structural support to the weakened tooth, and restore its functionality.

Commonly used root canal filling materials include:

1. Gutta-percha: A rubber-like material derived from the sap of the Palaquium gutta tree. It is widely used as the primary filling material due to its biocompatibility, malleability, and ability to be compacted into the root canal space. Gutta-percha points or cones are typically used in conjunction with a sealer for optimal adaptation and seal.

2. Sealers: These are adhesive materials that help bond gutta-percha to dentin walls and improve the seal between the filling material and root canal walls. Some commonly used sealers include zinc oxide eugenol, calcium hydroxide-based sealers, and resin-based sealers.

3. Silver points: These are silver cones with a sharp tip that can be inserted into the root canal space as an alternative to gutta-percha. However, their use has declined due to concerns about corrosion and potential tooth discoloration.

4. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA): A biocompatible cement composed primarily of Portland cement, bismuth oxide, and other additives. MTA is used for various applications in endodontics, including root-end filling, perforation repair, and apexification. It has excellent sealing ability, antibacterial properties, and promotes hard tissue formation.

5. Bioceramics: These are advanced materials with similar properties to MTA but with improved handling characteristics and setting times. They include materials like Bioaggregate, EndoSequence BC Sealer, and iRoot SP.

6. Thermoplasticized gutta-percha: This technique involves heating and softening gutta-percha using a specialized device called a thermomechanical compactor or an oven. The softened gutta-percha is then injected into the root canal space, providing better adaptation to the root canal walls and creating a more uniform seal.

The choice of materials depends on various factors, including the clinical situation, patient's needs, and practitioner's preference.

Bitewing radiography is a type of dental x-ray examination that involves taking multiple images of the teeth while they are bite together. These x-rays primarily provide a detailed view of the crowns of the upper and lower teeth in a single view, allowing dentists to diagnose and monitor interdental decay (decay between teeth), dental caries, and any bone loss around fillings or near the gum line. Bitewing radiographs are essential for detecting dental problems at an early stage, which can help prevent further damage and costly treatments in the future. They are typically taken annually or biennially during routine dental checkups.

A nonvital tooth is one that no longer has a living or viable pulp, which contains the nerves and blood vessels inside the tooth. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as tooth decay that has progressed deeply into the tooth, dental trauma, or previous invasive dental procedures. As a result, the tooth loses its sensitivity to temperature changes and may darken in color. Nonvital teeth typically require root canal treatment to remove the dead pulp tissue, disinfect the canals, and fill them with an inert material to preserve the tooth structure and function.

Calcium compounds are chemical substances that contain calcium ions (Ca2+) bonded to various anions. Calcium is an essential mineral for human health, and calcium compounds have numerous biological and industrial applications. Here are some examples of calcium compounds with their medical definitions:

1. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): A common mineral found in rocks and sediments, calcium carbonate is also a major component of shells, pearls, and bones. It is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency and as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid.
2. Calcium citrate (C6H8CaO7): A calcium salt of citric acid, calcium citrate is often used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is more soluble in water and gastric juice than calcium carbonate, making it easier to absorb, especially for people with low stomach acid.
3. Calcium gluconate (C12H22CaO14): A calcium salt of gluconic acid, calcium gluconate is used as a medication to treat or prevent hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels) and hyperkalemia (high blood potassium levels). It can be given intravenously, orally, or topically.
4. Calcium chloride (CaCl2): A white, deliquescent salt, calcium chloride is used as a de-icing agent, a food additive, and a desiccant. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hypocalcemia or hyperkalemia, or as an antidote for magnesium overdose.
5. Calcium lactate (C6H10CaO6): A calcium salt of lactic acid, calcium lactate is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is less commonly used than calcium carbonate or calcium citrate but may be better tolerated by some people.
6. Calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2): A mineral found in rocks and bones, calcium phosphate is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It can also be used as a food additive or a pharmaceutical excipient.
7. Calcium sulfate (CaSO4): A white, insoluble powder, calcium sulfate is used as a desiccant, a plaster, and a fertilizer. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hypocalcemia or as an antidote for magnesium overdose.
8. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2): A white, alkaline powder, calcium hydroxide is used as a disinfectant, a flocculant, and a building material. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hyperkalemia or as an antidote for aluminum overdose.
9. Calcium acetate (Ca(C2H3O2)2): A white, crystalline powder, calcium acetate is used as a food additive and a medication. It can be used to treat hyperphosphatemia (high blood phosphate levels) in patients with kidney disease.
10. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): A white, chalky powder, calcium carbonate is used as a dietary supplement, a food additive, and a pharmaceutical excipient. It can also be used as a building material and a mineral supplement.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "silicates" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Silicates are a broad class of minerals that are composed of silicon and oxygen atoms in various arrangements. They are abundant in Earth's crust and are commonly found in sand, quartz, and many types of rocks.

While not directly related to human health, some silicate-based materials can have medical applications. For example, certain forms of magnesium silicate (talc) have been used as a component in some medications for their ability to absorb moisture and help reduce the risk of skin irritation. However, exposure to certain types of silica dust (like crystalline silica) has been linked to lung diseases such as silicosis, bronchitis, and lung cancer, especially in occupational settings like construction, sandblasting, and mining.

If you have any concerns about silicates or their potential impact on your health, I would recommend consulting a healthcare professional for personalized advice based on your specific situation.

Tooth eruption is the process by which a tooth emerges from the gums and becomes visible in the oral cavity. It is a normal part of dental development that occurs in a predictable sequence and timeframe. Primary or deciduous teeth, also known as baby teeth, begin to erupt around 6 months of age and continue to emerge until approximately 2-3 years of age. Permanent or adult teeth start to erupt around 6 years of age and can continue to emerge until the early twenties.

The process of tooth eruption involves several stages, including the formation of the tooth within the jawbone, the movement of the tooth through the bone and surrounding tissues, and the final emergence of the tooth into the mouth. Proper tooth eruption is essential for normal oral function, including chewing, speaking, and smiling. Any abnormalities in the tooth eruption process, such as delayed or premature eruption, can indicate underlying dental or medical conditions that require further evaluation and treatment.

Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B (RANK) is a type I transmembrane protein and a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of bone metabolism through the activation of osteoclasts, which are cells responsible for bone resorption.

When RANK binds to its ligand, RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B Ligand), it triggers a series of intracellular signaling events that lead to the activation and differentiation of osteoclast precursors into mature osteoclasts. This process is essential for maintaining bone homeostasis, as excessive osteoclast activity can result in bone loss and diseases such as osteoporosis.

In addition to its role in bone metabolism, RANK has also been implicated in the regulation of immune responses, as it is involved in the activation and differentiation of dendritic cells and T cells. Dysregulation of RANK signaling has been associated with various pathological conditions, including autoimmune diseases and cancer.

Microradiography is a radiographic technique that uses X-rays to produce detailed images of small specimens, such as microscopic slides or individual cells. In this process, the specimen is placed in close contact with a high-resolution photographic emulsion, and then exposed to X-rays. The resulting image shows the distribution of radiopaque materials within the specimen, providing information about its internal structure and composition at a microscopic level.

Microradiography can be used for various applications in medical research and diagnosis, including the study of bone and tooth microstructure, the analysis of tissue pathology, and the examination of mineralized tissues such as calcifications or osteogenic lesions. The technique offers high resolution and contrast, making it a valuable tool for researchers and clinicians seeking to understand the complex structures and processes that occur at the microscopic level in living organisms.

Bone remodeling is the normal and continuous process by which bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called formation). This ongoing cycle allows bones to repair microdamage, adjust their size and shape in response to mechanical stress, and maintain mineral homeostasis. The cells responsible for bone resorption are osteoclasts, while the cells responsible for bone formation are osteoblasts. These two cell types work together to maintain the structural integrity and health of bones throughout an individual's life.

During bone remodeling, the process can be divided into several stages:

1. Activation: The initiation of bone remodeling is triggered by various factors such as microdamage, hormonal changes, or mechanical stress. This leads to the recruitment and activation of osteoclast precursor cells.
2. Resorption: Osteoclasts attach to the bone surface and create a sealed compartment called a resorption lacuna. They then secrete acid and enzymes that dissolve and digest the mineralized matrix, creating pits or cavities on the bone surface. This process helps remove old or damaged bone tissue and releases calcium and phosphate ions into the bloodstream.
3. Reversal: After resorption is complete, the osteoclasts undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death), and mononuclear cells called reversal cells appear on the resorbed surface. These cells prepare the bone surface for the next stage by cleaning up debris and releasing signals that attract osteoblast precursors.
4. Formation: Osteoblasts, derived from mesenchymal stem cells, migrate to the resorbed surface and begin producing a new organic matrix called osteoid. As the osteoid mineralizes, it forms a hard, calcified structure that gradually replaces the resorbed bone tissue. The osteoblasts may become embedded within this newly formed bone as they differentiate into osteocytes, which are mature bone cells responsible for maintaining bone homeostasis and responding to mechanical stress.
5. Mineralization: Over time, the newly formed bone continues to mineralize, becoming stronger and more dense. This process helps maintain the structural integrity of the skeleton and ensures adequate calcium storage.

Throughout this continuous cycle of bone remodeling, hormones, growth factors, and mechanical stress play crucial roles in regulating the balance between resorption and formation. Disruptions to this delicate equilibrium can lead to various bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, where excessive resorption results in weakened bones and increased fracture risk.

The palate is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals, separating the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. It consists of two portions: the anterior hard palate, which is composed of bone, and the posterior soft palate, which is composed of muscle and connective tissue. The palate plays a crucial role in speech, swallowing, and breathing, as it helps to direct food and air to their appropriate locations during these activities.

Spinal nerve roots are the initial parts of spinal nerves that emerge from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramen, which are small openings between each vertebra in the spine. These nerve roots carry motor, sensory, and autonomic fibers to and from specific regions of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerve roots in total, with 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal pair. Each root has a dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) ramus that branch off to form the peripheral nervous system. Irritation or compression of these nerve roots can result in pain, numbness, weakness, or loss of reflexes in the affected area.

Dental stress analysis is a method used in dentistry to evaluate the amount and distribution of forces that act upon teeth and surrounding structures during biting, chewing, or other functional movements. This analysis helps dental professionals identify areas of excessive stress or strain that may lead to dental problems such as tooth fracture, mobility, or periodontal (gum) disease. By identifying these areas, dentists can develop treatment plans to reduce the risk of dental issues and improve overall oral health.

Dental stress analysis typically involves the use of specialized equipment, such as strain gauges, T-scan occlusal analysis systems, or finite element analysis software, to measure and analyze the forces that act upon teeth during various functional movements. The results of the analysis can help dentists determine the best course of treatment, which may include adjusting the bite, restoring damaged teeth with crowns or fillings, or fabricating custom-made oral appliances to redistribute the forces evenly across the dental arch.

Overall, dental stress analysis is an important tool in modern dentistry that helps dental professionals diagnose and treat dental problems related to occlusal (bite) forces, ensuring optimal oral health and function for their patients.

Dental pulp is the soft tissue located in the center of a tooth, surrounded by the dentin. It contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue, and plays a vital role in the development and health of the tooth. The dental pulp helps to form dentin during tooth development and continues to provide nourishment to the tooth throughout its life. It also serves as a sensory organ, allowing the tooth to detect hot and cold temperatures and transmit pain signals to the brain. Injury or infection of the dental pulp can lead to serious dental problems, such as tooth decay or abscesses, and may require root canal treatment to remove the damaged tissue and save the tooth.

Malocclusion is a term used in dentistry and orthodontics to describe a misalignment or misrelation between the upper and lower teeth when they come together, also known as the bite. It is derived from the Latin words "mal" meaning bad or wrong, and "occludere" meaning to close.

There are different types of malocclusions, including:

1. Class I malocclusion: The most common type, where the upper teeth slightly overlap the lower teeth, but the bite is otherwise aligned.
2. Class II malocclusion (overbite): The upper teeth significantly overlap the lower teeth, causing a horizontal or vertical discrepancy between the dental arches.
3. Class III malocclusion (underbite): The lower teeth protrude beyond the upper teeth, resulting in a crossbite or underbite.

Malocclusions can be caused by various factors such as genetics, thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, premature loss of primary or permanent teeth, and jaw injuries or disorders. They may lead to several oral health issues, including tooth decay, gum disease, difficulty chewing or speaking, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. Treatment for malocclusions typically involves orthodontic appliances like braces, aligners, or retainers to realign the teeth and correct the bite. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary.

A dental implant is a surgical component that interfaces with the bone of the jaw or skull to support a dental prosthesis such as a crown, bridge, denture, facial prosthesis or to act as an orthodontic anchor.

A single-tooth dental implant specifically refers to the replacement of a single missing tooth. The process typically involves three stages:

1. Placement: A titanium screw is placed into the jawbone where the missing tooth once was, acting as a root for the new tooth.
2. Osseointegration: Over several months, the jawbone grows around and fuses with the implant, creating a strong and stable foundation for the replacement tooth.
3. Restoration: A custom-made crown is attached to the implant, restoring the natural appearance and function of the missing tooth.

Single-tooth dental implants are a popular choice because they look, feel, and function like natural teeth, and they do not require the alteration of adjacent teeth, as is necessary with traditional bridgework.

Calcium gluconate is a medical compound that is used primarily as a medication to treat conditions related to low calcium levels in the body (hypocalcemia) or to prevent calcium deficiency. It is also used as an antidote for treating poisoning from certain chemicals, such as beta-blockers and fluoride.

Calcium gluconate is a form of calcium salt, which is combined with gluconic acid, a natural organic acid found in various fruits and honey. This compound has a high concentration of calcium, making it an effective supplement for increasing calcium levels in the body.

In medical settings, calcium gluconate can be administered orally as a tablet or liquid solution, or it can be given intravenously (directly into a vein) by a healthcare professional. The intravenous route is typically used in emergency situations to quickly raise calcium levels and treat symptoms of hypocalcemia, such as muscle cramps, spasms, or seizures.

It's important to note that while calcium gluconate can be beneficial for treating low calcium levels, it should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider, as improper use or overdose can lead to serious side effects, including kidney damage and heart problems.

Apexification is a dental procedure used to treat a non-vital or dead tooth that has not fully developed its root end, also known as an open apex. The goal of this treatment is to encourage the continued growth of the root end and formation of a hard tissue barrier at the apex, which will allow for the placement of a permanent filling or crown.

During the procedure, a medication such as calcium hydroxide is placed into the root canal space and left for several months to promote the growth of new hard tissue. After this time, the medication is removed and replaced with a rubber-like material called gutta-percha, which seals the root canal and provides a stable foundation for a permanent restoration.

Apexification is typically recommended for young patients whose teeth are still developing, as it allows them to keep their natural tooth rather than requiring extraction and replacement with a dental implant or bridge.

Tooth bleaching, also known as tooth whitening, is a cosmetic dental procedure that aims to lighten the color of natural teeth and remove stains or discoloration. It's important to note that this process doesn't involve physically removing the tooth structure but rather uses various agents containing bleaching chemicals like hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide to oxidize the stain molecules, breaking them down and making the teeth appear whiter and brighter.

The procedure can be performed in a dental office under professional supervision (in-office bleaching), at home using custom-made trays provided by a dentist (at-home or take-home bleaching), or through over-the-counter products such as whitening toothpaste, strips, and gels. However, it is always recommended to consult with a dental professional before starting any tooth bleaching treatment to ensure safety, effectiveness, and suitability for your specific oral health condition.

The dental pulp cavity, also known as the pulp chamber, is the innermost part of a tooth that contains the dental pulp. It is located in the crown portion of the tooth and is shaped like an upside-down pyramid with the narrow end point towards the root of the tooth.

The dental pulp is a soft tissue that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. It plays an important role in the development and maintenance of the tooth, including providing nutrients to the dentin and producing reparative dentin.

The dental pulp cavity can become infected or inflamed due to tooth decay, trauma, or other factors, leading to symptoms such as pain, sensitivity, and swelling. In such cases, treatment options may include root canal therapy, which involves removing the infected or inflamed pulp tissue from the dental pulp cavity and sealing the space to prevent further infection.

Aluminum compounds refer to chemical substances that are formed by the combination of aluminum with other elements. Aluminum is a naturally occurring metallic element, and it can combine with various non-metallic elements to form compounds with unique properties and uses. Some common aluminum compounds include:

1. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3): Also known as alumina, this compound is formed when aluminum combines with oxygen. It is a white, odorless powder that is highly resistant to heat and corrosion. Aluminum oxide is used in a variety of applications, including ceramics, abrasives, and refractories.
2. Aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3): This compound is formed when aluminum combines with sulfuric acid. It is a white, crystalline powder that is highly soluble in water. Aluminum sulfate is used as a flocculant in water treatment, as well as in the manufacture of paper and textiles.
3. Aluminum chloride (AlCl3): This compound is formed when aluminum combines with chlorine. It is a white or yellowish-white solid that is highly deliquescent, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the air. Aluminum chloride is used as a catalyst in chemical reactions, as well as in the production of various industrial chemicals.
4. Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3): This compound is formed when aluminum combines with hydroxide ions. It is a white, powdery substance that is amphoteric, meaning it can react with both acids and bases. Aluminum hydroxide is used as an antacid and as a fire retardant.
5. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3): This compound is formed when zinc oxide is combined with aluminum hydroxide. It is a white, powdery substance that is used as a filler in rubber and plastics, as well as in the manufacture of paints and coatings.

It's important to note that some aluminum compounds have been linked to health concerns, particularly when they are inhaled or ingested in large quantities. For example, aluminum chloride has been shown to be toxic to animals at high doses, while aluminum hydroxide has been associated with neurological disorders in some studies. However, the risks associated with exposure to these compounds are generally low, and they are considered safe for most industrial and consumer uses when used as directed.

Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness, swelling and bleeding of the gingiva, or gums. It's important to note that it is reversible with good oral hygiene and professional dental treatment. If left untreated, however, gingivitis can progress to a more severe form of gum disease known as periodontitis, which can result in tissue damage and eventual tooth loss.

Gingivitis is most commonly caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. When not removed regularly through brushing and flossing, this plaque can harden into tartar, which is more difficult to remove and contributes to gum inflammation. Other factors like hormonal changes, poor nutrition, certain medications, smoking or a weakened immune system may also increase the risk of developing gingivitis.

X-ray intensifying screens are medical imaging devices that contain phosphorescent materials, which emit light in response to the absorption of X-ray radiation. They are used in conjunction with X-ray film to enhance the visualization of radiographic images by converting X-rays into visible light. The screens are placed inside a cassette, along with the X-ray film, and exposed to X-rays during medical imaging procedures such as radiography or fluoroscopy.

The phosphorescent materials in the intensifying screens absorb most of the X-ray energy and re-emit it as visible light, which then exposes the X-ray film. This process increases the efficiency of the X-ray exposure, reducing the amount of radiation required to produce a diagnostic image. The use of intensifying screens can significantly improve the quality and detail of radiographic images while minimizing patient exposure to ionizing radiation.

Orthodontic brackets are small square attachments that are bonded to the teeth or bands that are attached to the back molars. They have a slot in which the orthodontic archwire fits and is held in place. The bracket can be made of stainless steel, ceramic, plastic or a combination of these materials. They play an essential role in moving the teeth into the desired position during orthodontic treatment.

Ameloblastoma is a slow-growing, non-cancerous tumor that develops in the jawbone, typically in the lower jaw. It originates from the cells that form the enamel (the hard, outer surface of the teeth). This tumor can cause swelling, pain, and displacement or loosening of teeth. In some cases, it may also lead to fractures of the jawbone.

There are different types of ameloblastomas, including solid or multicystic, unicystic, and peripheral ameloblastoma. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, with careful monitoring to ensure that it does not recur. In rare cases, more aggressive treatment may be necessary if the tumor is large or has invaded surrounding tissues.

It's important to note that while ameloblastomas are generally benign, they can still cause significant morbidity and should be treated promptly by an oral and maxillofacial surgeon or other qualified healthcare professional.

The mandible, also known as the lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone in the human face. It forms the lower portion of the oral cavity and plays a crucial role in various functions such as mastication (chewing), speaking, and swallowing. The mandible is a U-shaped bone that consists of a horizontal part called the body and two vertical parts called rami.

The mandible articulates with the skull at the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) located in front of each ear, allowing for movements like opening and closing the mouth, protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement. The mandible contains the lower teeth sockets called alveolar processes, which hold the lower teeth in place.

In medical terminology, the term "mandible" refers specifically to this bone and its associated structures.

Malocclusion, Angle Class II is a type of dental malocclusion where the relationship between the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw) is such that the lower molar teeth are positioned posteriorly relative to the upper molar teeth. This results in an overbite, which means that the upper front teeth overlap the lower front teeth excessively. The classification was proposed by Edward Angle, an American orthodontist who is considered the father of modern orthodontics. In this classification system, Class II malocclusion is further divided into three subclasses (I, II, and III) based on the position of the lower incisors relative to the upper incisors.

X-ray microtomography, often referred to as micro-CT, is a non-destructive imaging technique used to visualize and analyze the internal structure of objects with high spatial resolution. It is based on the principles of computed tomography (CT), where multiple X-ray images are acquired at different angles and then reconstructed into cross-sectional slices using specialized software. These slices can be further processed to create 3D visualizations, allowing researchers and clinicians to examine the internal structure and composition of samples in great detail. Micro-CT is widely used in materials science, biology, medicine, and engineering for various applications such as material characterization, bone analysis, and defect inspection.

The plant root cap, also known as the calyptra, is the protective tissue found at the extreme tip of the primary root and lateral roots in plants. It consists of a group of cells that encloses and shields the apical meristem, which is the region responsible for the growth and elongation of the root.

The root cap plays a crucial role in guiding the direction of root growth by sensing and responding to environmental stimuli such as gravity, touch, and moisture gradients. As the root grows and penetrates the soil, the root cap cells are constantly worn away and replaced by new cells produced by the underlying meristematic tissue.

In addition to its protective function, the root cap also secretes a slimy mucilage that helps reduce friction between the root and the soil, facilitating the movement of the root through the substrate. This mucilage also contains enzymes and other compounds that aid in the breakdown and uptake of nutrients from the soil.

Orthodontics is a specialized branch of dentistry that focuses on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of dental and facial irregularities. This involves correcting teeth that are improperly positioned, often using braces or other appliances to move them into the correct position over time. The goal of orthodontic treatment is to create a healthy, functional bite and improve the appearance of the teeth and face.

Orthodontists are dental specialists who have completed additional training beyond dental school in order to become experts in this field. They use various techniques and tools, such as X-rays, models of the teeth, and computer imaging, to assess and plan treatment for each individual patient. The type of treatment recommended will depend on the specific needs and goals of the patient.

Orthodontic treatment can be beneficial for people of all ages, although it is most commonly started during childhood or adolescence when the teeth and jaws are still growing and developing. However, more and more adults are also seeking orthodontic treatment to improve their smile and oral health.

Mechanical stress, in the context of physiology and medicine, refers to any type of force that is applied to body tissues or organs, which can cause deformation or displacement of those structures. Mechanical stress can be either external, such as forces exerted on the body during physical activity or trauma, or internal, such as the pressure changes that occur within blood vessels or other hollow organs.

Mechanical stress can have a variety of effects on the body, depending on the type, duration, and magnitude of the force applied. For example, prolonged exposure to mechanical stress can lead to tissue damage, inflammation, and chronic pain. Additionally, abnormal or excessive mechanical stress can contribute to the development of various musculoskeletal disorders, such as tendinitis, osteoarthritis, and herniated discs.

In order to mitigate the negative effects of mechanical stress, the body has a number of adaptive responses that help to distribute forces more evenly across tissues and maintain structural integrity. These responses include changes in muscle tone, joint positioning, and connective tissue stiffness, as well as the remodeling of bone and other tissues over time. However, when these adaptive mechanisms are overwhelmed or impaired, mechanical stress can become a significant factor in the development of various pathological conditions.

Orthodontic appliance design refers to the creation and development of medical devices used in orthodontics, which is a branch of dentistry focused on the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of dental and facial irregularities. The design process involves creating a customized treatment plan for each patient, based on their specific needs and goals.

Orthodontic appliances can be removable or fixed and are used to move teeth into proper alignment, improve jaw function, and enhance the overall appearance of the smile. Some common types of orthodontic appliances include braces, aligners, palatal expanders, and retainers.

The design of an orthodontic appliance typically involves several factors, including:

1. The specific dental or facial problem being addressed
2. The patient's age, overall health, and oral hygiene habits
3. The patient's lifestyle and personal preferences
4. The estimated treatment time and cost
5. The potential risks and benefits of the appliance

Orthodontic appliance design is a complex process that requires a thorough understanding of dental anatomy, biomechanics, and materials science. It is typically performed by an orthodontist or a dental technician with specialized training in this area. The goal of orthodontic appliance design is to create a device that is both effective and comfortable for the patient, while also ensuring that it is safe and easy to use.

Osteoblasts are specialized bone-forming cells that are derived from mesenchymal stem cells. They play a crucial role in the process of bone formation and remodeling. Osteoblasts synthesize, secrete, and mineralize the organic matrix of bones, which is mainly composed of type I collagen.

These cells have receptors for various hormones and growth factors that regulate their activity, such as parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and transforming growth factor-beta. When osteoblasts are not actively producing bone matrix, they can become trapped within the matrix they produce, where they differentiate into osteocytes, which are mature bone cells that play a role in maintaining bone structure and responding to mechanical stress.

Abnormalities in osteoblast function can lead to various bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and Paget's disease of bone.

Diphosphonates are a class of medications that are used to treat bone diseases, such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease. They work by binding to the surface of bones and inhibiting the activity of bone-resorbing cells called osteoclasts. This helps to slow down the breakdown and loss of bone tissue, which can help to reduce the risk of fractures.

Diphosphonates are typically taken orally in the form of tablets, but some forms may be given by injection. Commonly prescribed diphosphonates include alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel), and ibandronate (Boniva). Side effects of diphosphonates can include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, heartburn, and abdominal pain. In rare cases, they may also cause esophageal ulcers or osteonecrosis of the jaw.

It is important to follow the instructions for taking diphosphonates carefully, as they must be taken on an empty stomach with a full glass of water and the patient must remain upright for at least 30 minutes after taking the medication to reduce the risk of esophageal irritation. Regular monitoring of bone density and kidney function is also recommended while taking these medications.

Root resorption following traumatic dental injuries, whether located along the root surface or within the root canal appears to ... Common complications are pulpal necrosis, pulpal obliteration, root resorption and damage to the successors teeth in primary ... Potential sequelae can involve pulpal necrosis, pulp obliteration and root resorption. Necrosis is the most common complication ... Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM (1992). "Root resorption following traumatic dental injuries". Proceedings of the Finnish Dental ...
Root resorption: Root resorption is clinically asymptomatic; however, it can produce a pink appearance at the amelocemental ... Even though this is a great option, the disadvantage of this treatment is a risk of internal root resorption of the tooth that ... Although cervical root resorption is more evidently observed in thermocatalytic bleaching methods, intracoronal internal ... This means that the tooth will have had the nerve of the tooth extirpated or removed through a root canal treatment at the ...
This often is associated with root resorption. The radiolucency must correlate with the lateral root surface or the root of the ... a root canal, an aspiration-irrigation technique (a technique to help minimize the force required for the removal of root canal ... If the lesion is in close proximity to the roots of vital teeth, a surgical approach may have negative outcomes that include ... If access to the apical foramen is prevented due to blockages in the root canal system, a surgical approach may be warranted. ...
Found near the root apex or in the inter-radicular area. Root resorption and tooth movement are rare. If it blends into bone ... There is no sign of inflammation of the tooth, and if the island is associated with the root the periodontal ligament space is ... Idiopathic osteosclerosis, also known as enostosis or dense bone island, is a condition which may be found around the roots of ...
Cysts can cause root resorption of adjacent teeth, tooth mobility and can be associated with mandibular fracture. Cyst would ... Struthers P, Shear M (June 1976). "Root resorption by ameloblastomas and cysts of the jaws". International Journal of Oral ... When bacteria accumulate in your oral cavity, they lead to pus formation in your gums along with the root of your tooth. The ... The treatment plan may vary with the addition of a root canal treatment or a temporary crown for the reconstruction of a new ...
Resorption of the root of the tooth, or root resorption, is the progressive loss of dentin and cementum by the action of ... it is referred to as multiple idiopathic cervical root resorption. The causes of external cervical root resorption are poorly ... "Root resorption - diagnosis, classification and treatment choices based on stimulation factors: Root resorption". Dental ... External inflammatory root resorption may be caused by trauma to the root surface, due to damage to the periodontal ligament ( ...
Bone Resorption When teeth and roots are extracted, bone resorption ensues. This is greatest in the mandible and can be ... Protection of Root Canal Filling - An overdenture can be prescribed for a patient who has just had a root canal treatment ... If the root canals of the abutment teeth are obliterated, endodontic treatment is not required. Teeth with non-negotiable root ... Bone Resorption Another tissue change that can result from wearing an overdenture is resorption of the alveolar bone. Although ...
Tooth turnover started with the resorption of the root of the functional tooth. Teeth ejected after replacement lack their root ... shedding of the old tooth crown occurs after resorption of the root. The condition of having deep alveoli is known as thecodont ... alveoli Dental alveoli (singular: alveolus) or tooth sockets are pits in the jaws containing the roots of teeth. Within the ... and the root, which is nested within the gums. Teeth are primarily composed of two tissue types, enamel and dentin. Enamel ...
... "replacement root resorption". During this process, the tooth root cells become necrotic (dead) and will activate the ... This is called "root resorption". It is a slow, but non-painful, process that is sometimes not observed by x-rays for years. ... In 1981, Andreasen showed that crushing of cells on the tooth root could cause death of the cells and lead to resorption and ... Over time, the root is gradually replaced by bone, which leads to the loss of tooth root and so the crown of the tooth ...
Root canal • Root End Surgery • Root resorption • Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons • Royal College of Dental ... Crown-to-root ratio • Crown • Crown • Crown lengthening • Crunchiness • Curve of spee • Cusp • Cusp of Carabelli Dappen glass ... External resorption • Extraction F. labii inferioris • Faculty of Dental Surgery • Faculty of General Dental Practice • False ... Hertwig's epithelial root sheath • Heterodont • Hexetidine • History of dental treatments • Horace H. Hayden • Horace Wells • ...
In rare cases, the teeth may fall out or have to be extracted due to root resorption. According to scholars and historians, ... Artun J, Smale I, Behbehani F, Doppel D, Van't Hof M, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM (November 2005). "Apical root resorption six and 12 ... Mavragani M, Vergari A, Selliseth NJ, Bøe OE, Wisth PL (December 2000). "A radiographic comparison of apical root resorption ... The dental displacement obtained with the orthodontic appliance determines in most cases some degree of root resorption. Only ...
Alongside GOC, "root resorption, cortical bone thinning and perforation, and tooth displacement may occur". Experience of ... These scans can display the severity of cortical plate, root, and tooth complications, which is observed to determine the ... These scans allow for the observation of the GOC size, radiolucency, cortical bone, dentition, root, and vestibular zone. In ...
Some of the roots of SNHM1284-R had resorption pits, indicating its teeth were still growing. The only-known complete tooth ... The teeth of Acamptonectes had striated bases and quadrangular roots, as in numerous ophthalmosaurids, but they were not square ...
There is usually apparent external resorption of the root where the tumor and the root join. Severe hypercementosis and chronic ... It is attached to the tooth root and may cause its resorption, may involve the pulp canal, grows slowly, tends to expand the ... it grossly forms a mass of cementum-like tissue as an irregular or round mass attached to the roots of a tooth, usually the ... which overlies and obliterates the tooth root. It is described as having a rounded or sunburst appearance. ...
The mandible ATE9-1 exhibits severe dental attrition and abrasion of the tooth crowns and bone resorption at the root, so much ... Only 5.6% of the fossils bear any evidence of weathering from open air, roots, and soil, which could mean they were deposited ... The P3 (the first lower premolar) has a strongly asymmetrical crown and complex tooth root system. P3 is smaller than P4 like ... Human Roots: Africa and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene (PDF). Western Academic and Specialist Press. pp. 116-118. ISBN 978-0- ...
... whereby the absence of an adult successor slows down the normal resorption of the roots of the baby teeth, which is the ... root resorption and restorations in 111 patients". European Journal of Orthodontics. 36 (1): 26-30. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjs105. ... When moving the canine into the space of the lateral incisor, the dimensions of the canine, root position and gingival position ... The primary molars present also functions as a space maintainer, prevent alveolar bone resorption and delays future ...
Radiographic evidence of previous root resorption Roots of short length prior to orthodontic treatment Previous trauma to the ... Another risk of orthodontic treatment that can lead to an increase in mobility is root resorption. The risk of this is thought ... Teeth which are mobile about a fulcrum half way along their root likely have a fractured root.: 184 Normal, physiologic tooth ... 197 This is caused by gradual resorption of their roots, stimulated by the developing permanent tooth underneath. Abnormal, ...
Ankylosis occurs when partial root resorption is followed by repair with either cementum or dentine that unites the tooth root ... However, root resorption does not necessarily lead to tooth ankylosis and the causes of tooth ankylosis remain uncertain to a ... Partial root resorption first occurs and then the tooth fuses to the bone. This prevents normal exfoliation of the deciduous ... The alveolar support of the affected tooth will be lowered due to continuous replacement resorption of the root. This process ...
Its fourth incisor also has a replacement tooth growing behind it, accompanied by resorption of the root. The type specimen of ... All of these canals would have brought nerves and nutrient-rich tissue to the root of the canines and the rest of the upper jaw ... However, the fact that the canals also directly lead to the root of the canines would suggest that they had a secondary role in ...
Resorption of tooth roots is seen in 37% of cases compared to displacement of teeth in 50%. Two-thirds of lesions are found ...
Ericson, S. Bjerklin, K. Falahat, B. Does the canine dental follicle cause resorption of permanent incisor roots? A computed ... Ericson S, Kurol J. Incisor root resorptions due to ectopic maxillary canines imaged by computerized tomography: a comparative ... Chaushu S, Kaczor-Urbanowicz K, Zadurska M, Becker A. Predisposing factors for severe incisor root resorption associated with ... Resorption is common, especially amongst females with enlarged dental follicles. Although thought to be rare, there could also ...
From the radiographs, there should be absence of postoperative evidence of pathologic root resorption. There should be absence ... Experimentally, electrosurgery has been shown to reduce pathologic root resorption and periapical pathology, and a series of ... and it may not be suitable if apical root resorption has occurred. Zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) was the first agent to be used for ... Apexogenesis is a treatment in preserving vital pulp tissue in the apical part of a root canal to allow the completion in ...
Replacement teeth developed within a pit inside the roots of the original tooth called the resorption pit. This is done through ... Stages five and six were characterized by the development of the replacement tooth's root: in stage five the root developed ... In the third stage, the developing crown firmly cemented itself within the resorption pit and grew in size; by the fourth stage ... Mosasaurs possessed a thecodont dentiton, meaning that the roots were cemented deeply into the jaw bone. Mosasaurs did not use ...
Resorption of roots of involved teeth can be seen in some cases, but is not unique to ameloblastoma. Keratocystic odontogenic ... The neoplasms are often associated with the presence of unerupted teeth, displacement of adjacent teeth and resorption of roots ...
For both a cystostomy and marsupialization, root resectioning may also be required in cases where root resorption has occurred ... Root canal treatment should be performed on the tooth if it is determined that previous therapy was unsuccessful. Removal of ... Periapical is defined as "the tissues surrounding the apex of the root of a tooth" and a cyst is "a pathological cavity lined ... b. Bone resorption caused by metabolism of acidic substances produced by cysts contributes to cyst growth. Such substances ...
The natural inhibition to root resorption provided by the lining of the root may be altered by increased amounts of Vitamin D, ... However, X-rays are recommended prior to this treatment to document root resorption and lack of the periodontal ligament. Tooth ... "Alendronate binds to tooth root surfaces and inhibits progression of feline tooth resorption: a pilot proof-of-concept study". ... Feline Tooth Resorption (TR) is a syndrome in cats characterized by resorption of the tooth by odontoclasts, cells similar to ...
Over time, screw-root form designs experience bone resorption and "bone modelling and remodelling at the bone to implant ... Plateau-root form designed implants have a different healing process to screw-root form designs. The plateau-root form design ... There are two type of screw designs that are suitable as dental implants, screw-root form and plateau-root form designed screws ... The screw-root form design is directly threaded into bone and has macroscopic retentive elements for initial bone fixation. A ...
... external inflammatory root resorption, replacement resorption, and ankylosis. External inflammatory root resorption can be ... Root resorption often starts at cementoenamel junction (CEJ) in teeth. Types of tooth resorption include internal resorption ... There are two types of internal resorption - root canal (internal) replacement resorption and internal inflammatory resorption ... invasive cervical root resorption) and external apical root resorption. Vandana KL, Haneet RK (September 2014). "Cementoenamel ...
Implants that have a screw-root form design result in bone resorption followed by interfacial bone remodeling and growth around ... Implants using a plateau-root form design (or screw-root form implants with a wide enough gap between the pitch of the screws) ... Unlike the aforementioned screw-root form implants, plateau-root form implants exhibit de novo bone formation on the implant ... For example, implants using a screw-root form design achieve high initial mechanical stability through the action of their ...
However, orthodontic treatment can lead to even more resorption of the roots, which could lead to further tooth mobility and ... However, these therapies are not recommended for teeth with roots that are too short. Teeth with short, thin roots and marked ... teeth show normal roots containing enlarged pulp with abnormal extensions towards the roots, which is often described as " ... The roots may appear to be darker or radiolucent/pointy and short with apical constriction. Dentine is laid down abnormally and ...
Find all about root resorption on Poetry.com! The Webs largest and most comprehensive poetry resource. ... Roop rabb da, Rooster Swag, Roosting, Root And Cause, Root of Your Happiness, Rooted, Rooted pain, Rooted Within, ROOTLESS, ... Search results for: root resorption. Oops... Weve found 0 poems matching root resorption. ... Looking for the poetry matching root resorption? ...
... ... Introduction: This study determined the amount and severity of EARR (external apical root resorption) after orthodontic ... Measurements of the crown and root length of the incisors were taken using panoramic radiographs. Three-factor analysis of ...
... resorption pronunciation - How to properly say root+resorption. Listen to the audio pronunciation in several English accents. ... root+resorption Pronunciation. root+re·sorp·tion. Here are all the possible pronunciations of the word root+resorption.. ... Alternative searches for root+resorption:. *. Search for Synonyms for root+resorption. *. Search for Anagrams for root+ ... Discuss these root+resorption pronunciations with the community:. https://www.definitions.net/pronounce/root+resorption ...
"Root Resorption" by people in this website by year, and whether "Root Resorption" was a major or minor topic of these ... Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in ... "Root Resorption" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Root Resorption" by people in Profiles. ...
We prepared root-surrounding tissues with (R) or without (N) physiological root resorption scraped off at three regions (R1-R3 ... in root-surrounding tissues on deciduous teeth during the physiological root resorption regulates the differentiation induction ... timing of RANKL and OPG mRNA expression in the root-surrounding tissues of deciduous teeth during physiological root resorption ... We prepared root-surrounding tissues with (R) or without (N) physiological root resorption scraped off at three regions (R1-R3 ...
Internal root resorption (IRR), being the less commonly occurring type of root resorption [ 3 ], is a resorptive defect of the ... Root resorption occurs due to the loss of dental hard tissues as a result of the action of odontoclasts [ 1 ] and might be ... a: The initial radiograph taken 5 days before first visit shows internal root resorption and an open apex, b: Sinus tract at ... 3. Levin L, Trope M Root resorption. In: Hargreaves KM, Goodis HE, eds. 2002 Seltzerand Benders dental pulp. 1th ed. Chicago, ...
Micro-CT scans were performed for the volumetric analysis of voids and filling materials in the resorption cavities and apical ... Materials and methods Standardized models with perforating IRR cavities were created using 40 extracted single-rooted human ... The apical portion of the specimens significantly presented less percentage volume of filling materials than the resorption ... placed with hand condensation or indirect ultrasonic activation technique in teeth models simulating perforating internal root ...
internal root resorption, external granuloma, osteoclasts, odontoclasts. Introduction. Bone resorption is initiated by ... Figure 2. Light microscopy images of odontoclasts and various dentin resorption patterns in internal root resorption 1. ... Figure 2. Light microscopy images of odontoclasts and various dentin resorption patterns in internal root resorption 1. ... Haapasalo M, Endal U (2006) Internal inflammatory root resorption: the unknown resorption of the tooth. Endodontic Topics 14: ...
... - Find a local dentist or oral surgeon near you for help to extract impacted wisdom teeth. Find an ... Georgia Root Resorption. Implant & Family Dentistry. Appointments: (770) 973-4214. Christopher Bakke D.M.D.. Implant & Family ...
We are happy to help you with any questions or inquiries you might have about our dentist practice ...
External Apical Root Resorption and Vectors of Orthodontic Tooth Movement by Eric Linkous, Edward Harris, and Terry Trojan ... Data for: External Apical Root Resorption and Vectors of Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Published:. 26 April 2021, Version 1 , DOI ... Raw data for External Apical Root Resorption and Vectors of Orthodontic Tooth Movement by Eric Linkous, Edward Harris, and ...
... at the middle third of the root canal. Because it is asymptomatic, internal root resorption needs an early diagnosis in order ... When the resorption is internal, the image shows an increase of the root canal, in a way that the lines which demarcate the ... INTRODUCTION: Internal root resorption is a chronic inflammatory process initiated within the pulp space with the loss of ... CASE REPORT AND CONCLUSION: This paper reports a clinical case of an internal root resorption in the permanent central incisor ...
Many people might face root resorption but might not know what is root resorption. In this blog post, well tell you what ... What Is Root Resorption?. Root resorption is a process where the body breaks down tissues surrounding the tooth and absorbs ... Root Resorption Treatment. Treatment varies depending on the cause and severity of the root resorption youre experiencing. ... A Few Causes of Root Resorption. We dont always know what causes root resorption in adults. Fortunately, it is a rare ...
Root resorption is defined as the destruction of the root structure of a tooth. ... Root resorption is defined as the destruction of the root structure of a tooth. This loss can be manifested either internally ... We will use 3D cone beam technology to help identify the location and extent of the resorption and then create a customized ...
Root resorption (RR) is defined as the loss of dental hard tissues because of clastic activity inside or outside of tooth the ... Management Of Root Resorption Using Chemical Agents: A Review. dc.contributor.author. Mohammadi, Zahed. ... Several hypotheses have been suggested as the mechanisms of root resorption such as absence of the remnants of Hertwigs ... There are several chemical strategies to manage root resorption. The purpose of this paper was to review several chemical ...
The amount of root resorption between the time intervals was statistically significant (P,.05). Conclusions: Root resorption of ... Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of apical root resorption in maxillary incisors during the ... Root resorption was determined with standardized digitized periapical radiographs. All the periapical radiographs were obtained ... According to 9-month evaluation period, apical root resorption is of limited clinical significance for the average orthodontic ...
Patients with abnormal root form can be more susceptible to root resorption, as well as patients with a history of tooth injury ... Root Resorption is the shortening of the root length of a tooth when compared to the pre-treatment panoramic or periapical ... Orthodontic patients who experience root resorption are not going to lose these teeth as a result of the resorption except in ... Orthodontic patients who experience root resorption do not need to have root canals to treat the condition as the nerve remains ...
... crown to correct root resorption on a front tooth ... Root resorption is caused by the bodys white blood cells ... Just a few weeks later another pathologic process was noted: "root resorption". Again, childhood trauma can lead to this ... in question is challenged by a dental insult such as a orthodontics or a restoration it can accelerate the root resorption as ... X-ray of tooth showing much more aggressive resorption below the gum line. After this discovery, we decided a dental implant ...
Three cases of primary molar root perforations due to inflammatory resorption were selected; all cases were associated with ... primary molar teeth with root perforations associated with a periodontal lesion due to extensive inflammatory root resorption, ... Further trials are suggested to confirm CEM use for management of root perforations in primary molars exhibiting root ... Pulp chambers were accessed/irrigated with NaOCl; the root canal orifices were filled with CEM and restored with stainless ...
Root resorption. Pressure on adjacent teeth, especially lower second molars, can lead to gradual root resorption. This ... Causing root resorption and premature loosening of nearby teeth. *Reducing periodontal support by harboring infection and decay ... But pre-existing gum disease, root resorption from impaction, dense bone, excessive force exertion during extraction, or ... Immature root formation in older teens further complicates alignment.. According to research, around 65% of people have at ...
IC invasion by the roots and IC remodelling. In addition, the association of the amount of apical root resorption with the root ... IC invasion by the roots and IC remodelling. In addition, the association of the amount of apical root resorption with the root ... IC invasion by the roots and IC remodelling. In addition, the association of the amount of apical root resorption with the root ... IC invasion by the roots and IC remodelling. In addition, the association of the amount of apical root resorption with the root ...
Discover the root causes of teeth sensitivity and explore effective methods at Colgate India. ... Root Resorption - Causes and Treatment , Colgate® IN. Root resorption is a natural process, but problems can sometimes arise. ... What Is a Root Cavity and How Can You Prevent It? , Colgate® Oral Care. A root cavity occurs on the root of your tooth rather ... What is Root Planing and Scaling Teeth? , Colgate® IN. If gum disease develops, your hygienist will need to implement a deeper ...
Management of Traumatic Inflammatory External Root Resorption * Shikha Bantawa PG Resident Dept. of Conservative Dentistry ans ... Inflammatory external root resorption is one of the major complications after traumatic dental injury. It is characterized by ... Radiographic examination revealed periradicular lesion and associated pathologic resorption of the apical region of the root ... significant osseous healing of the periradicular region was observed with arrest of external root resorption with respect to 11 ...
External cervical root resorption begins at the root surface as result of odontoclastic activity in the cervical area and is ... External cervical root resorption]. / Externe cervicale wortelresorptie.. Warnsinck, C J; Shemesh, H. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd ... The aetiology and pathogenesis of external cervical root resorption is not fully understood. Possible predisposing factors are ... tomography is an emerging technique aiding the diagnosis of and prognosis and treatment plans for external root resorption. An ...
The basic classification of resorption distinguishes two types: internal tooth resorption, when the pathological process starts ... Tooth resorption is a physiological or a pathological process involving the destruction and loss of mineralized tissues of the ... Cone beam computed tomography is extremely useful in diagnosis of root resorption. In the treatment process, non-surgical or ... Treatment of teeth with external root resorption as part of pre-prosthetic management - case report. ...
Teeth at sites distant from tumors in dogs with oral tumors were 3.2 times as likely to have external surface resorption (OR, ... Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Resorption of teeth at tumor sites and at sites distant from tumors was common in dogs with ... Dental radiographic images of dogs were examined, and the presence and type of tooth resorption were determined for each tooth ... Statistical analyses were performed to compare data regarding prevalence of tooth resorption. Results-Teeth at tumor sites in ...
Association of orthodontic clear aligners with root resorption using three-dimension measurements: A systematic review Aim: ... This paper aims to assess the evidence in the literature reporting orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR ...
Invasive cervical root resorption is a rare phenomenon with a questionable be prognosis that is often associated with a history ...
Root resorption (RR) is the loss of dental hard tissues as a result of clastic activities. Internal inflammatory root ... Root resorption (RR) is the loss of dental hard tissues as a result of clastic activities. Internal inflammatory root ... Green discoloration of the crown after internal root resorption treatment with grey mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Show full ... Green discoloration of the crown after internal root resorption treatment with grey mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). DSpace ...
  • This study determined the amount and severity of EARR (external apical root resorption) after orthodontic treatment with self-ligating (SL) and conventional (Non-SL) brackets. (nih.gov)
  • We prepared root-surrounding tissues with (R) or without (N) physiological root resorption scraped off at three regions (R1-R3 or N1-N3) from the cervical area to the apical area of the tooth and measured both TGF-β and the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activities. (preprints.org)
  • Micro-CT scans were performed for the volumetric analysis of voids and filling materials in the resorption cavities and apical portion of the specimens. (deepdyve.com)
  • Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of apical root resorption in maxillary incisors during the initial stages of active orthodontic treatment and to test the hypothesis that root resorption increases with the progress of the treatment. (hacettepe.edu.tr)
  • According to 9-month evaluation period, apical root resorption is of limited clinical significance for the average orthodontic patient. (hacettepe.edu.tr)
  • Introduction: The objectives were to visualize the incisive canal (IC) remodelling following maximum incisor retraction and to evaluate its impact on canal-invasion-associated apical root resorption. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In addition, the association of the amount of apical root resorption with the root-IC relationship and IC remodelling were evaluated. (elsevierpure.com)
  • IC invasion resulted in apical root resorption. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Radiographic examination revealed periradicular lesion and associated pathologic resorption of the apical region of the root with respect to 11 and calcification of the root canal with inadequate obturation with respect to 21. (gov.np)
  • Buccal cervical and lingual apical regions demonstrated significantly more resorption craters than the other regions. (edu.au)
  • T) gene polymorphisms were associated with orthodontic external apical root resorption (EARR). (geneticsmr.com)
  • Accordingly, the mechanism of eruption depends on the correlation between space in the eruption course, created by the crown follicle, eruption pressure triggered by innervation in the apical root membrane, and the ability of the periodontal ligament to adapt to eruptive movements. (hindawi.com)
  • The speed and velocity of tooth movement has been associated with potential iatrogenic external apical root resorption (EARR) of tooth roots. (dentistrytoday.com)
  • The present study was performed to examine that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in root-surrounding tissues on deciduous teeth during the physiological root resorption regulates the differentiation induction into odontoclast. (preprints.org)
  • Our findings suggest that TGF-β is closely related to the regulation of OPG induction and RANKL-mediated odontoclast differentiation depending on the timing of RANKL and OPG mRNA expression in the root-surrounding tissues of deciduous teeth during physiological root resorption. (preprints.org)
  • Nevertheless, RET for IRR is a technique that, to our knowledge, has only be applied in teeth with completed developed roots. (dentalworld.hu)
  • Çelik, Hakan 2018-06-05 00:00:00 Objectives To evaluate and compare the obturation quality of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine placed with hand condensation or indirect ultrasonic activation technique in teeth models simulating perforating internal root resorption (IRR) using micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) imaging. (deepdyve.com)
  • Materials and methods Standardized models with perforating IRR cavities were created using 40 extracted single-rooted human teeth and randomly divided into four groups (n = 10). (deepdyve.com)
  • Children experience root resorption when they lose their baby teeth. (ballantyneendo.com)
  • Resorption can negatively impact the appearance of your teeth, but there are lots of great solutions out there to make your smile bright again, like cosmetic crowns, veneers, and implants. (ballantyneendo.com)
  • Orthodontic patients who experience root resorption are not going to lose these teeth as a result of the resorption except in extremely rare incidents. (collegevilleorthodontics.com)
  • Orthodontic patients who experience root resorption do not need to have root canals to treat the condition as the nerve remains vital in these teeth. (collegevilleorthodontics.com)
  • Root resorption is more likely to occur in cases where teeth are moved over a greater distance such as in extraction cases, and in cases where treatment extends beyond the typical 2 year timeframe. (collegevilleorthodontics.com)
  • This report presents a novel treatment modality for cases of primary molar teeth with root perforations associated with a periodontal lesion due to extensive inflammatory root resorption, whereby CEM was used as a perforation repair/pulpotomy biomaterial. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Pressure on adjacent teeth, especially lower second molars, can lead to gradual root resorption. (cdhp.org)
  • However, with appropriate treatment, prognosis for these teeth may be greatly improved, by preventing or arresting resorption. (gov.np)
  • Treatment of teeth with external root resorption as part of pre-prosthetic management - case report. (protetstomatol.pl)
  • Teeth diagnosed with resorption require thorough clinical and radiographic diagnostics and appropriate method of treatment. (protetstomatol.pl)
  • The aim of the study is to postulate that properly conducted non-surgical treatment of the teeth with diagnosed external inflammatory resorption might be sufficient for healing of even extensive inflammatory lesions, eliminating the necessity of invasive endodontic microsurgery procedures. (protetstomatol.pl)
  • Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a biocompatible cement that has been used successfully in pulp capping, pulpotomy, treatment of traumatized teeth with immature apices, and for treatment of root resorption. (uv.es)
  • Background: The present investigation was designed to determine the location and severity of root resorption associated with impacted maxillary canine teeth using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). (edu.au)
  • There was a statistically significant correlation between the number of impacted canine teeth and the number of teeth resorbed, as well as the tooth type and the surface involved in the resorption. (edu.au)
  • Conclusions: All root levels and surfaces of teeth associated with impacted maxillary canine teeth can be resorbed to different levels of severity. (edu.au)
  • The study analyses the location of impacted maxillary canines and factors influencing root resorptions of adjacent teeth using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • CBCT images of patients who were referred for radiographic localization of impacted maxillary canines and/or suspicion of root resorptions of adjacent teeth were included. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • Bleaching of root treated teeth that present with colour alteration is a conservative alternative to a more invasive aesthetic treatment such as placement of crowns or veneers. (myhealth.gov.my)
  • Children's permanent teeth that are not fully developed at the time of the injury need special attention and careful follow-up, but not all of them will need root canal treatment. (dencaresmilecenter.com)
  • Thus, The crowns of teeth #11 and #12 thedistalfaceoftherootoftooth#11, endodontic treatment is a highly werefreeofdentalcaries,however,a compatible with internal root recommendedtherapeuticapproach.3 chromatic alteration was observed in resorption. (bvsalud.org)
  • Evaluation of Gel and Solution of Chlorhexidine in Disinfection Root Canals of Primary Anterior Teeth. (who.int)
  • Root fractures and alveolar fractures are not visible, but the tooth (or several teeth) may be mobile. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The possible mechanisms involved in osteoclasts recruitment from external granuloma and various dentin resorption patterns in internal root resorption will be discussed based on a case in which the upper lateral incisor with a history of pulp necrosis treated endodontically, developed an internal root resorption in association with external granuloma. (oatext.com)
  • Studies show that the resorption stops after the orthodontic treatment is completed. (collegevilleorthodontics.com)
  • 05). Conclusions: Root resorption of maxillary incisors can be detected in the early stages of orthodontic treatment and appears to be related to treatment duration. (hacettepe.edu.tr)
  • Aim: This paper aims to assess the evidence in the literature reporting orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) in treatment with orthodontic clear aligners using 3D measurements. (uitm.edu.my)
  • Objectives: To study the effect of different orthodontic force levels on cementum, investigating from the point of view of its physical properties, alterations in the mineral components, type and location of the resorption craters and the exploration in 3D of space. (edu.au)
  • The purpose of the present investigation is to test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in relation to force level using gradually increasing (ascending) and decreasing (descending) orthodontic force generated by magnets on the severity of Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Iatrogenic Root Resorption (OIIRR) and amount of tooth movement. (omu.edu.tr)
  • However, approximately one-fourth of cases showed remodelling of the IC, which reduced the amount of root resorption. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Internal resorption is considered to be an inflammatory process established by the association between a pulp aggression, which causes a focal necrosis of the odontoblasts, and a chronic inflammatory process without pulp necrosis [3, 7]. (bvsalud.org)
  • Wedenberg and Lindskog [10] observed that when the necrosis is present usually the communication of the pulp cavity exists with the periodontium in the resorption area. (bvsalud.org)
  • Potential sequelae can involve pulpal necrosis, pulp obliteration and root resorption. (wikipedia.org)
  • During periodic clinical and radiographic follow-up, the patient remained symptom free, the periapical region was completely healed, inhibition of the root resorption process achieved, and formation of the new periodontal ligament as well as tooth widening development observed, meeting functional expectations after 48 months. (dentalworld.hu)
  • The radiographic examination revealed a well-defined radiolucent area suggesting an internal root resorption at the middle third of the root canal ( figure 1 ). (bvsalud.org)
  • IRR is usually asymptomatic, slowly progressing, and detectable upon routine radiographic examination or by the clinical sign of a 'pink spot' when the IRR involves the crown or the coronal third of the root canal. (uv.es)
  • Radiographic examination - to assess the quality of the root canal treatment and to ensure the surrounding bone is in healthy state. (myhealth.gov.my)
  • Based on clinical and Currently, there are few the crown of tooth #11, which radiographic information, it was reports on root perforation induced responded negatively to thermal pulp determinedadiagnosisofactive-stage byinternalrootresorptions7,8andthe test, as well as to the vertical and IIRR, as the tooth responded clinical procedures that can be horizontal percussion tests. (bvsalud.org)
  • The clastic cells present in the pulp tissue trigger a progressive resorption phenomenon. (bvsalud.org)
  • The differential diagnosis of progressive resorption mechanism probing depths and tooth mobility an internal or external inflammatory and stimulation of hard tissue repair wereconsiderednormal. (bvsalud.org)
  • however, if the periodontal ligament survives, the degree and timeliness of root resorption is improved and ankylosis is decreased. (medscape.com)
  • A root cavity occurs on the root of your tooth rather than the enamel. (colgate.com)
  • Resorption occurs when your body, through its own defense mechanisms, begins to reject your own tooth in response to the traumatic injury. (dencaresmilecenter.com)
  • When replacement of the tooth is delayed, the long-term retention rate drops, and root resorption eventually occurs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (umassmed.edu)
  • Internal root resorption is a chronic inflammatory process initiated within the pulp space with the loss of dentin. (bvsalud.org)
  • Internal resorptions happen in the surface of the dentin walls that form the pulp cavity and are not as frequent as the external ones. (bvsalud.org)
  • Infection can pass from the pulp through the dentin tubules and stimulate an inflammatory response, resulting in inflammatory root resorption. (medscape.com)
  • In the first appointment, under local anesthesia and rubber dam isolation, an access cavity was designed and the root canal was chemically cleaned under irrigation with 10 mL 1.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). (dentalworld.hu)
  • The root canal was then dried and calcium hydroxide paste was placed. (dentalworld.hu)
  • During the second appointment, the root canal was irrigated with 5 mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 5 minutes and dried. (dentalworld.hu)
  • With internal resorption, the inside of your tooth is absorbed into the root canal. (ballantyneendo.com)
  • This paper reports a clinical case of an internal root resorption in the permanent central incisor, at the middle third of the root canal. (bvsalud.org)
  • When the resorption is internal, the image shows an increase of the root canal, in a way that the lines which demarcate the walls of the canal disappear. (bvsalud.org)
  • The internal deformity accompanies the image in all of the angulations and the resorption expresses will tend to stand back from the canal when we change the incidence. (bvsalud.org)
  • The aim of this work is to report a clinical case of internal resorption in the permanent maxillary central incisor, at the middle third of the root canal. (bvsalud.org)
  • the root canal orifices were filled with CEM and restored with stainless steel crowns. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 0001). Conclusion: IC with larger volume and surface area before treatment were more likely to show canal invasion by the incisor roots after maximum retraction. (elsevierpure.com)
  • After removal of the root canal filling, 11 was disinfected with intracanal double antibiotic paste. (gov.np)
  • Internal inflammatory root resorption (IRR) is a type of RR characterized by progressive loss of tooth substance starting from the root canal wall. (uv.es)
  • The treatment and follow-up of a maxillary central incisor with perforating IRR managed by root canal treatment and grey MTA repair is reported. (uv.es)
  • A root canal treatment can be done to save the tooth, but will not to preserve the colour. (myhealth.gov.my)
  • Cervical seal - Top of the root canal filling is sealed with cement to prevent the diffusion of bleaching agent from the pulp chamber into the canal space. (myhealth.gov.my)
  • If cracks extend into the root, root canal treatment and a full coverage crown may be needed to restore function to the tooth. (dencaresmilecenter.com)
  • If the tooth root has been damaged, a root canal may also be necessary. (dencaresmilecenter.com)
  • Depending on the stage of root development, your dentist may start root canal treatment a week or two later. (dencaresmilecenter.com)
  • Root canal is necessary when necrotic tooth pulp becomes infected. (medscape.com)
  • Additionally, mineral trioxide tooth #12 had a poorly filled root included the root canal. (bvsalud.org)
  • Logarithmic reduction of bacterial count within the root canal of chlorhexidine gel. (who.int)
  • Dental treatment usually involves a root canal. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Both partial and complete avulsions usually ultimately require root canal therapy because the pulp tissue becomes necrotic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • External cervical root resorption]. (bvsalud.org)
  • External cervical root resorption begins at the root surface as result of odontoclastic activity in the cervical area and is progressive in character . (bvsalud.org)
  • The aetiology and pathogenesis of external cervical root resorption is not fully understood. (bvsalud.org)
  • Tooth resorption is a physiological or a pathological process involving the destruction and loss of mineralized tissues of the tooth, and sometimes also alveolar bone. (protetstomatol.pl)
  • Cementum, which covers the tooth's root. (ballantyneendo.com)
  • The basic classification of resorption distinguishes two types: internal tooth resorption, when the pathological process starts in the dentine, and external tooth resorption, which has its onset in the cementum continuing towards dentine and the pulp. (protetstomatol.pl)
  • Also, the mineral composition measuring Ca, P and F of the cementum root surface was investigated. (edu.au)
  • Alam F, Chauhan AK, Sharma A, Verma S, Raj Y. Comparative cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation of maxillary incisor intrusion and associated root?resorption: Intrusion arch vs mini-implants. (umassmed.edu)
  • Osteoclasts recruitment and activation, and angiogenesis in maxillary alveolar processes in internal root resorption associated with external granuloma. (oatext.com)
  • Dental injuries include: Enamel infraction Enamel fracture Enamel-dentine fracture Enamel-dentine fracture involving pulp exposure Root fracture of tooth Concussion (bruising) Subluxation of the tooth (tooth knocked loose) Luxation of the tooth (displaced) Extrusive Intrusive Lateral Avulsion of the tooth (tooth knocked out) This injury involves the alveolar bone and may extend beyond the alveolus. (wikipedia.org)
  • They concluded in their study [ 1 ] that resorption and alveolar bone formation occurring around an erupting tooth are regulated by adjacent parts after the dental follicle. (hindawi.com)
  • Cone beam computed tomography is extremely useful in diagnosis of root resorption. (protetstomatol.pl)
  • Cone-beam computed tomography is an emerging technique aiding the diagnosis of and prognosis and treatment plans for external root resorption . (bvsalud.org)
  • This report describes a regenerative endodontic procedure of an immature permanent incisor with internal root resorption (IRR) and 4-years follow-up. (dentalworld.hu)
  • Results: IC invasion by the incisor roots following maximum retraction was seen in 53% (18 out of 34) of the cases. (elsevierpure.com)
  • When each variable was examined separately, SIRR was significantly associated with female sex, severely mesiodistally displaced and vertically positioned canines in the middle third of the adjacent incisor root, dental follicles wider than 2 mm, and normal lateral incisors. (huji.ac.il)
  • Introduction Severe incisor root resorption (SIRR) associated with impacted maxillary canines is rare but has important implications. (huji.ac.il)
  • Since someone may experience resorption but may be asymptomatic (as in, not having any of those symptoms outlined above), it is crucial to maintain a regular schedule of oral health examinations and professional cleanings. (ballantyneendo.com)
  • Because it is asymptomatic, internal root resorption needs an early diagnosis in order to institute the endodontic treatment before the process compromises the mineralized structures of the tooth. (bvsalud.org)
  • A new method for volumetric analysis of resorption craters was developed. (edu.au)
  • No clinical symptoms were apparent, significant osseous healing of the periradicular region was observed with arrest of external root resorption with respect to 11 and no periapical changes were apparent with respect to 21 on subsequent follow-up. (gov.np)
  • Root Resorption is the shortening of the root length of a tooth when compared to the pre-treatment panoramic or periapical radiograph. (collegevilleorthodontics.com)
  • Root resorption was determined with standardized digitized periapical radiographs. (hacettepe.edu.tr)
  • The internal root resorption can be associated with external granuloma. (oatext.com)
  • Internal resorption - this starts at the inner surface of the tooth's root. (ballantyneendo.com)
  • Internal resorptions can be located at the level of the crown or in different thirds of the root. (bvsalud.org)
  • The image that identifies the external resorptions presents an area of bone rarefaction associated to the dental alteration, while the internal one is confined to the tooth, except when it is communicating. (bvsalud.org)
  • The treatment of the internal resorptions is the removal of the pulp tissue that shelters the responsible cells for the process [4, 6, 8]. (bvsalud.org)
  • When the pulp is totally necrotic, the resorption stops. (bvsalud.org)
  • Describe a case of discal cyst on the l4-l5 level with compression of l5 right nerve root treated successfully with a minimal invasive procedure. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, when the tooth in question is challenged by a dental insult such as a orthodontics or a restoration it can accelerate the root resorption as happened in this case. (dentalimplantcenter.com)
  • Flapless immediat installation and early functional loading in the estethic zone in two cases of acute root fracture and dental parafunction. (tannlegetidende.no)
  • A traumatic injury to the tooth may also result in a horizontal root fracture. (dencaresmilecenter.com)
  • If the fracture is close to the root tip, the chances for success are much better. (dencaresmilecenter.com)
  • When the resorption begins the pulp is alive, however altered by a chronic dental pulp inflammation of long duration. (bvsalud.org)
  • Measurements of the crown and root length of the incisors were taken using panoramic radiographs. (nih.gov)
  • Any patient and/or parent with strong concerns about root resorption can opt to have panoramic radiographs taken every 6 months during the course of treatment. (collegevilleorthodontics.com)
  • After you receive treatment for resorption, you may also want to schedule an appointment with a cosmetic dentist. (ballantyneendo.com)
  • We will use 3D cone beam technology to help identify the location and extent of the resorption and then create a customized treatment plan for you. (aarootcanal.com)
  • With the above risk factors noted, we still cannot predict which patient is more likely to have moderate to severe root resorption as a result of treatment. (collegevilleorthodontics.com)
  • Inflammatory external root resorption is one of the major complications after traumatic dental injury. (gov.np)
  • If this happens, parents should be advised of possible complications such as enamel hypoplasia, hypocalcification, crown/root dilaceration, or disruptions in tooth eruption sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • The study analysed the exact three-dimensional location of the impacted canines in the anterior maxilla, frequency and extent of root resorptions, and potential influencing factors. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • Since you probably won't feel any pain when you're experiencing resorption, it's extremely critical to get x-rays at your regular dental visits, because that's where your dentist can detect these lesions. (ballantyneendo.com)
  • Objective:Various factors have been examined in the literature in an attempt to reduce the incidence and severity of root resorption. (omu.edu.tr)
  • There was no significant relation between age or gender on the number, location or severity of resorption. (edu.au)
  • Neither age nor gender influences the number, location or severity of the resorption. (edu.au)
  • Bone resorption is initiated by osteoclasts and resorption of hard dental structures by odontoclasts. (oatext.com)
  • They also saw that the eruption pathway created by bone resorption did not develop after removal of the follicle. (hindawi.com)
  • Accordingly, several experimental studies have been performed that show how the follicle functions in the resorption process that is invoked in the bone tissue during eruption. (hindawi.com)
  • Patients with abnormal root form can be more susceptible to root resorption, as well as patients with a history of tooth injury. (collegevilleorthodontics.com)
  • Our data also suggested that the highpressure zones might be more susceptible to resorption after 28 days of force application. (edu.au)
  • Root resorption is defined as the destruction of the root structure of a tooth. (aarootcanal.com)
  • X-ray of tooth showing much more aggressive resorption below the gum line. (dentalimplantcenter.com)
  • Preparation of the access cavity - Root filling material (Gutta Percha) is removed to a level 2mm below the gum margin. (myhealth.gov.my)
  • Within this group, the incidence of moderate to severe root resorption (greater than 20% reduction of original root length) is about 3% in adolescents and 4% in adults. (collegevilleorthodontics.com)