Rubella Syndrome, Congenital
Rubella
Rubella Vaccine
Rubella virus
Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
Measles
Costa Rica
Communicable Disease Control
Americas
Population Surveillance
Seroepidemiologic Studies
Vaccination
Pregnancy
Immunization Programs
Disease Outbreaks
Measles Vaccine
Immunoglobulin M
Mumps
Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
Immunoglobulin G
Incidence
Down Syndrome
Metabolic Syndrome X
Mumps Vaccine
Increase in congenital rubella occurrence after immunisation in Greece: retrospective survey and systematic review. (1/101)
OBJECTIVE: To describe the events leading to the epidemic of congenital rubella syndrome in Greece in 1993 after a major rubella epidemic. DESIGN: Retrospective survey and systematic review. SETTING: Greece (population 10 million), 1950-95. SUBJECTS: Children, adolescents, and women of childbearing age. RESULTS: Around 1975 in Greece the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine started being given to boys and girls aged 1 year without policies to attain high vaccination coverage and to protect adolescents and young women. During the 1980s, vaccination coverage for rubella remained consistently below 50%, and the proportion of pregnant women susceptible to rubella gradually increased. In 1993 the incidence of rubella in young adults was higher than in any previous epidemic year. The epidemic of congenital rubella that followed, with 25 serologically confirmed cases (24.6 per 100 000 live births), was probably the largest such epidemic in Greece after 1950. CONCLUSIONS: With low vaccination coverage, the immunisation of boys and girls aged 1 year against rubella carries the theoretical risk of increasing the occurrence of congenital rubella. This phenomenon, which has not been previously reported, occurred in Greece. (+info)Preparing for elimination of congenital Rubella syndrome (CRS): summary of a workshop on CRS elimination in the United States. (2/101)
The goal of eliminating indigenous rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the United States in the near future is now within reach, because rubella incidence has been sustained at record-low levels since the mid-1990s. Effective prevention strategies to eliminate CRS and rubella require improvement in the surveillance of CRS and congenital rubella infection (CRI). The purpose of the workshop was to review rubella and CRS epidemiology, as well as current clinical, diagnostic, and laboratory practices, to determine whether new strategies are needed to achieve and document CRS elimination. Workshop participants agreed that surveillance for CRS must be strengthened, particularly through augmented laboratory capabilities, and the case definition for CRS must be revised to reflect the current scientific information available. Further studies of methods are needed to identify high-risk populations and geographic areas for rubella and CRS and to enhance identification of infants with CRS. (+info)Sero-epidemiology of rubella in the urban population of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. (3/101)
We conducted a community-based cluster sample survey of rubella sero-epidemiology in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 1994. Among 4666 individuals for whom complete data were available, rubella antibody prevalence was 91% (95% confidence interval: 90, 92). On multivariable analysis, seroprevalence was lower among individuals who were resident in Addis Ababa for 1 year or less. Approx. 50% seroprevalence was attained by age 4 years, and the estimated average age at infection was 5.2 years. The highest age-specific force of infection was estimated to occur in 5- to 9-year-olds. The early age at infection corresponded with a low estimated incidence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) of 0.3 per 1000 live births, equivalent to nine cases of CRS in 1994. The predicted critical level of immunity for elimination of rubella via vaccination was 85-91%, requiring 89-96% coverage with a vaccine of 95% effectiveness. Unless very high coverage of rubella vaccine could be guaranteed, the introduction of childhood vaccination could increase the incidence of CRS in Addis Ababa. (+info)Rubella virus replication and links to teratogenicity. (4/101)
Rubella virus (RV) is the causative agent of the disease known more popularly as German measles. Rubella is predominantly a childhood disease and is endemic throughout the world. Natural infections of rubella occur only in humans and are generally mild. Complications of rubella infection, most commonly polyarthralgia in adult women, do exist; occasionally more serious sequelae occur. However, the primary public health concern of RV infection is its teratogenicity. RV infection of women during the first trimester of pregnancy can induce a spectrum of congenital defects in the newborn, known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The development of vaccines and implementation of vaccination strategies have substantially reduced the incidence of disease and in turn of CRS in developed countries. The pathway whereby RV infection leads to teratogenesis has not been elucidated, but the cytopathology in infected fetal tissues suggests necrosis and/or apoptosis as well as inhibition of cell division of critical precursor cells involved in organogenesis. In cell culture, a number of unusual features of RV replication have been observed, including mitochondrial abnormalities, and disruption of the cytoskeleton; these manifestations are most probably linked and play some role in RV teratogenesis. Further understanding of the mechanism of RV teratogenesis will be brought about by the investigation of RV replication and virus-host interactions. (+info)Unseen blindness, unheard deafness, and unrecorded death and disability: congenital rubella in Kumasi, Ghana. (5/101)
OBJECTIVES: Although rubella serosusceptibility among women of reproductive age in West Africa ranges from 10% to 30%, congenital rubella syndrome has not been reported. In Ghana, rubella immunization and serologic testing are unavailable. Our objectives were to identify congenital rubella syndrome cases, ascertain rubella antibody seroprevalence during pregnancy, and recommend strategies for congenital rubella syndrome surveillance. METHODS: Congenital rubella syndrome cases were identified through prospective surveillance and retrospective surveys of hospital records. A rubella serosurvey of pregnant urban and rural women was performed. RESULTS: Eighteen infants born within a 5-month period met the congenital rubella syndrome case definitions, coinciding with a 9-fold increase in presentation of infantile congenital cataract. The congenital rubella syndrome rate for this otherwise unrecorded rubella epidemic was conservatively estimated to be 0.8 per 1000 live births. A postepidemic rubella immunity rate of 92.6% was documented among 405 pregnant women; susceptibility was significantly associated with younger age (P = .000) and ethnicity (northern tribes, P = .024). CONCLUSIONS: Congenital rubella syndrome occurs in Ghana but is not reported. Information about congenital rubella syndrome and rubella in sub-Saharan Africa is needed to evaluate inclusion of rubella vaccine in proposed measles control campaigns. (+info)Measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome--United States and Mexico, 1997-1999. (6/101)
In 1996, the Immunization Working Group of the Mexico-United States Binational Commission was established to enhance coordination of disease surveillance, assure high vaccination coverage in both countries, and hasten the elimination of vaccine-preventable diseases. The United States and Mexico share the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) goal of measles elimination by 2000. The United States also established a goal of eliminating indigenous rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) by 2000. This report summarizes the measles and rubella vaccination and surveillance data for the United States and Mexico for 1997-1999. (+info)Rubella in the Russian Federation: epidemiological features and control measures to prevent the congenital rubella syndrome. (7/101)
A review of the epidemiology of clinical rubella in the Perm region of the Russian Federation from 1979-97 showed that the incidence was about 220 cases per 100,000 population. Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) accounted for 15% of birth defects and for about 3.5 cases of CRS per 1000 live births per year. Surveys of the seroepidemiology of rubella infection revealed that the susceptibility rate among pregnant women (i.e. rubella virus antibody haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) assay titres < 10) was 16.5%. As serum rubella antibody HAI titres > or = 10 both prevented infection in pregnant women and protected their foetuses, serological testing has been introduced into the routine antenatal services. Pre-existing rubella antibodies were found not to interfere with the immune response to vaccination, so selective immunization was provided to girls approaching puberty and to women of childbearing age. A programme of epidemiological surveillance is being developed to define tactics for the widescale introduction of rubella vaccination. (+info)Modelling rubella in Europe. (8/101)
The prevention of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), as a complication of rubella infection during pregnancy, is the main aim of rubella vaccination programmes. However, as vaccination of infants leads to an increase in the average age at which those who were not immunized become infected, certain rubella vaccination programmes can lead to an increase in the incidence of CRS. In this paper we use a mathematical model of the transmission dynamics of rubella virus to investigate the likely impact of different vaccination policies in Europe. The model was able to capture pre- and post-vaccination patterns of infection and prevalence of serological markers under a wide variety of scenarios, suggesting that the model structure and parameter estimates were appropriate. Analytical and numerical results suggest that endemic circulation of rubella is unlikely in Finland, the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, and perhaps Denmark, provided vaccine coverage is uniform across geographical and social groups. In Italy and Germany vaccine coverage in infancy has not been sufficient to interrupt rubella transmission, and continued epidemics of CRS seem probable. It seems unlikely that the immunization programmes in these countries are doing more harm than good, but this may be partly as a result of selective immunization of schoolgirls. Indeed, in both these countries, selective vaccination of schoolgirls with inadequate vaccination histories is likely to be an important mechanism by which CRS incidence is suppressed (unlike the other countries, which have had sufficiently high infant coverage rates to withdraw this option). Reducing inequalities in the uptake of rubella vaccine may bring greater health benefits than increasing the mean level of coverage. (+info)Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) is a collection of severe birth defects that occur when a woman contracts rubella (German measles) during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester. The virus can cause damage to the developing fetus's heart, brain, eyes, and ears, leading to a range of symptoms known as CRS. These may include:
1. Cardiac defects: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), pulmonary stenosis, and ventricular septal defects are common.
2. Cataracts or congenital glaucoma.
3. Deafness, which can be unilateral or bilateral.
4. Developmental delay and intellectual disability.
5. Microcephaly (small head size).
6. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) leading to low birth weight.
7. Hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen).
8. Jaundice.
9. Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count).
10. Skin rash or pigmentary changes.
Prevention is crucial, as there is no cure for CRS once it has developed. The MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine effectively prevents rubella infection and subsequent CRS.
Rubella, also known as German measles, is a viral infection that primarily affects the skin and lymphatic system. It is caused by the rubella virus. The disease is typically mild with symptoms such as low-grade fever, sore throat, swollen glands (especially around the ears and back of the neck), and a rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body.
Rubella is preventable through vaccination, and it's part of the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine. It's crucial to get vaccinated against rubella because if a pregnant woman gets infected with the virus, it can cause serious birth defects in her unborn baby, including hearing impairment, eye abnormalities, heart problems, and developmental delays. This condition is called congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).
It's worth noting that rubella has been largely eliminated from many parts of the world due to widespread vaccination programs, but it still remains a public health concern in areas with low vaccination rates or where access to healthcare is limited.
Rubella vaccine is a preventive measure used to immunize individuals against rubella, also known as German measles. It contains inactivated or weakened forms of the rubella virus that stimulate an immune response when introduced into the body. The two types of rubella vaccines available are:
1. Live Attenuated Rubella Vaccine (RAV): This vaccine contains a weakened form of the rubella virus, which triggers an immune response without causing the disease. It is the most commonly used rubella vaccine and is often combined with measles and mumps vaccines to create the Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) or Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Varicella (MMRV) vaccines.
2. Inactivated Rubella Vaccine: This vaccine contains a killed rubella virus, which is less commonly used but can still provide immunity against the disease.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that children receive one dose of MMR vaccine at 12-15 months of age and another dose at 4-6 years of age. This schedule ensures optimal protection against rubella and other diseases included in the vaccines.
It is important to note that pregnant women should not receive the rubella vaccine, as it can potentially harm the developing fetus. Women who are planning to become pregnant should ensure they have had their rubella immunization before conceiving.
Rubella virus is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus, within the family Togaviridae. It is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that causes the disease rubella (German measles) in humans. The virus is typically transmitted through respiratory droplets and has an incubation period of 12-23 days.
Rubella virus infection during pregnancy, particularly during the first trimester, can lead to serious birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the developing fetus. The symptoms of CRS may include hearing impairment, eye abnormalities, heart defects, and developmental delays.
The virus was eradicated from the Americas in 2015 due to widespread vaccination programs. However, it still circulates in other parts of the world, and travelers can bring the virus back to regions where it has been eliminated. Therefore, maintaining high vaccination rates is crucial for preventing the spread of rubella and protecting vulnerable populations from CRS.
The Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine is a combination immunization that protects against three infectious diseases: measles, mumps, and rubella. It contains live attenuated viruses of each disease, which stimulate an immune response in the body similar to that produced by natural infection but do not cause the diseases themselves.
The MMR vaccine is typically given in two doses, the first at 12-15 months of age and the second at 4-6 years of age. It is highly effective in preventing these diseases, with over 90% effectiveness reported after a single dose and near 100% effectiveness after the second dose.
Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can cause fever, rash, cough, runny nose, and red, watery eyes. It can also lead to serious complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and even death.
Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands, causing swelling and tenderness in the cheeks and jaw. It can also cause fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. Mumps can lead to serious complications such as deafness, meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), and inflammation of the testicles or ovaries.
Rubella, also known as German measles, is a viral infection that typically causes a mild fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes. However, if a pregnant woman becomes infected with rubella, it can cause serious birth defects such as hearing impairment, heart defects, and developmental delays in the fetus.
The MMR vaccine is an important tool in preventing these diseases and protecting public health.
Infectious pregnancy complications refer to infections that occur during pregnancy and can affect the mother, fetus, or both. These infections can lead to serious consequences such as preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, stillbirth, or even death. Some common infectious agents that can cause pregnancy complications include:
1. Bacteria: Examples include group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
2. Viruses: Examples include cytomegalovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, and HIV, which can cause congenital anomalies, developmental delays, or transmission of the virus to the fetus.
3. Parasites: Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause severe neurological damage in the fetus if transmitted during pregnancy.
4. Fungi: Examples include Candida albicans, which can cause fungal infections in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
Preventive measures such as vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding high-risk behaviors can help reduce the risk of infectious pregnancy complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infections during pregnancy are also crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.
Mass vaccination is a coordinated effort to administer vaccine doses to a large portion of a population in a short amount of time. This strategy is often used during outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as influenza or measles, to quickly build up community immunity (herd immunity) and reduce the spread of the disease. Mass vaccination campaigns can also be implemented as part of public health initiatives to control or eliminate vaccine-preventable diseases in a population. These campaigns typically involve mobilizing healthcare workers, volunteers, and resources to reach and vaccinate as many people as possible, often through mobile clinics, community centers, and other accessible locations.
A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.
For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.
Measles, also known as rubeola, is a highly infectious viral disease that primarily affects the respiratory system. It is caused by the measles virus, which belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and the genus Morbillivirus. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals or through airborne droplets released during coughing and sneezing.
The classic symptoms of measles include:
1. Fever: A high fever (often greater than 104°F or 40°C) usually appears before the onset of the rash, lasting for about 4-7 days.
2. Cough: A persistent cough is common and may become severe.
3. Runny nose: A runny or blocked nose is often present during the early stages of the illness.
4. Red eyes (conjunctivitis): Inflammation of the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye, can cause redness and irritation.
5. Koplik's spots: These are small, irregular, bluish-white spots with a red base that appear on the inside lining of the cheeks, usually 1-2 days before the rash appears. They are considered pathognomonic for measles, meaning their presence confirms the diagnosis.
6. Rash: The characteristic measles rash typically starts on the face and behind the ears, then spreads downward to the neck, trunk, arms, and legs. It consists of flat red spots that may merge together, forming irregular patches. The rash usually lasts for 5-7 days before fading.
Complications from measles can be severe and include pneumonia, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and ear infections. In rare cases, measles can lead to serious long-term complications or even death, particularly in young children, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems.
Vaccination is an effective way to prevent measles. The measles vaccine is typically administered as part of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine, which provides immunity against all three diseases.
I apologize, but "Costa Rica" is not a medical term or concept. Costa Rica is a country located in Central America, known for its rich biodiversity and progressive environmental policies. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Communicable disease control is a branch of public health that focuses on preventing and controlling the spread of infectious diseases within a population. The goal is to reduce the incidence and prevalence of communicable diseases through various strategies, such as:
1. Surveillance: Monitoring and tracking the occurrence of communicable diseases in a population to identify trends, outbreaks, and high-risk areas.
2. Prevention: Implementing measures to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, such as vaccination programs, education campaigns, and environmental interventions (e.g., water treatment, food safety).
3. Case management: Identifying, diagnosing, and treating cases of communicable diseases to reduce their duration and severity, as well as to prevent further spread.
4. Contact tracing: Identifying and monitoring individuals who have been in close contact with infected persons to detect and prevent secondary cases.
5. Outbreak response: Coordinating a rapid and effective response to disease outbreaks, including the implementation of control measures, communication with affected communities, and evaluation of interventions.
6. Collaboration: Working closely with healthcare providers, laboratories, policymakers, and other stakeholders to ensure a coordinated and comprehensive approach to communicable disease control.
7. Research: Conducting research to better understand the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and prevention strategies for communicable diseases.
Effective communicable disease control requires a multidisciplinary approach that combines expertise in medicine, epidemiology, microbiology, public health, social sciences, and healthcare management.
The "Americas" is a term used to refer to the combined landmasses of North America and South America, which are separated by the Isthmus of Panama. The Americas also include numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. This region is home to a diverse range of cultures, ecosystems, and historical sites. It is named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci, who was one of the first Europeans to explore and map parts of South America in the late 15th century.
Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.
Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.
There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.
In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.
Population surveillance in a public health and medical context refers to the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health-related data for a defined population over time. It aims to monitor the health status, identify emerging health threats or trends, and evaluate the impact of interventions within that population. This information is used to inform public health policy, prioritize healthcare resources, and guide disease prevention and control efforts. Population surveillance can involve various data sources, such as vital records, disease registries, surveys, and electronic health records.
Seroepidemiologic studies are a type of epidemiological study that measures the presence and levels of antibodies in a population's blood serum to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and transmission of infectious diseases. These studies help to identify patterns of infection and immunity within a population, which can inform public health policies and interventions.
Seroepidemiologic studies typically involve collecting blood samples from a representative sample of individuals in a population and testing them for the presence of antibodies against specific pathogens. The results are then analyzed to estimate the prevalence of infection and immunity within the population, as well as any factors associated with increased or decreased risk of infection.
These studies can provide valuable insights into the spread of infectious diseases, including emerging and re-emerging infections, and help to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Additionally, seroepidemiologic studies can also be used to investigate the transmission dynamics of infectious agents, such as identifying sources of infection or tracking the spread of antibiotic resistance.
Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way to protect people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. It uses your body's natural defenses to build protection to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.
A vaccination usually contains a small, harmless piece of a virus or bacteria (or toxins produced by these germs) that has been made inactive or weakened so it won't cause the disease itself. This piece of the germ is known as an antigen. When the vaccine is introduced into the body, the immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign and produces antibodies to fight it.
If a person then comes into contact with the actual disease-causing germ, their immune system will recognize it and immediately produce antibodies to destroy it. The person is therefore protected against that disease. This is known as active immunity.
Vaccinations are important for both individual and public health. They prevent the spread of contagious diseases and protect vulnerable members of the population, such as young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems who cannot be vaccinated or for whom vaccination is not effective.
Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.
A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.
Immunization programs, also known as vaccination programs, are organized efforts to administer vaccines to populations or communities in order to protect individuals from vaccine-preventable diseases. These programs are typically implemented by public health agencies and involve the planning, coordination, and delivery of immunizations to ensure that a high percentage of people are protected against specific infectious diseases.
Immunization programs may target specific age groups, such as infants and young children, or populations at higher risk of certain diseases, such as travelers, healthcare workers, or individuals with weakened immune systems. The goals of immunization programs include controlling and eliminating vaccine-preventable diseases, reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases, and protecting vulnerable populations from outbreaks and epidemics.
Immunization programs may be delivered through a variety of settings, including healthcare facilities, schools, community centers, and mobile clinics. They often involve partnerships between government agencies, healthcare providers, non-governmental organizations, and communities to ensure that vaccines are accessible, affordable, and acceptable to the populations they serve. Effective immunization programs require strong leadership, adequate funding, robust data systems, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation to assess their impact and identify areas for improvement.
A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.
Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.
Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.
A measles vaccine is a biological preparation that induces immunity against the measles virus. It contains an attenuated (weakened) strain of the measles virus, which stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that protect against future infection with the wild-type (disease-causing) virus. Measles vaccines are typically administered in combination with vaccines against mumps and rubella (German measles), forming the MMR vaccine.
The measles vaccine is highly effective, with one or two doses providing immunity in over 95% of people who receive it. It is usually given to children as part of routine childhood immunization programs, with the first dose administered at 12-15 months of age and the second dose at 4-6 years of age.
Measles vaccination has led to a dramatic reduction in the incidence of measles worldwide and is considered one of the greatest public health achievements of the past century. However, despite widespread availability of the vaccine, measles remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in some parts of the world, particularly in areas with low vaccination coverage or where access to healthcare is limited.
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid. It is the first antibody to be produced in response to an initial exposure to an antigen, making it an important part of the body's primary immune response. IgM antibodies are large molecules that are composed of five basic units, giving them a pentameric structure. They are primarily found on the surface of B cells as membrane-bound immunoglobulins (mlgM), where they function as receptors for antigens. Once an mlgM receptor binds to an antigen, it triggers the activation and differentiation of the B cell into a plasma cell that produces and secretes large amounts of soluble IgM antibodies.
IgM antibodies are particularly effective at agglutination (clumping) and complement activation, which makes them important in the early stages of an immune response to help clear pathogens from the bloodstream. However, they are not as stable or long-lived as other types of antibodies, such as IgG, and their levels tend to decline after the initial immune response has occurred.
In summary, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the primary immune response to antigens by agglutination and complement activation. It is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid, and it is produced by B cells after they are activated by an antigen.
Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the parotid salivary glands, causing them to swell and become painful. The medical definition of mumps is: "An acute infectious disease, caused by the mumps virus, characterized by painful enlargement of one or more of the salivary glands, especially the parotids."
The infection spreads easily through respiratory droplets or direct contact with an infected person's saliva. Symptoms typically appear 16-18 days after exposure and include fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, and swollen, tender salivary glands. Complications of mumps are rare but can be serious and include meningitis, encephalitis, deafness, and inflammation of the reproductive organs in males.
Prevention is through vaccination with the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, which is part of routine childhood immunization schedules in many countries.
Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests are a type of serological assay used in medical laboratories to detect and measure the amount of antibodies present in a patient's serum. These tests are commonly used to diagnose viral infections, such as influenza or HIV, by identifying the presence of antibodies that bind to specific viral antigens and prevent hemagglutination (the agglutination or clumping together of red blood cells).
In an HI test, a small amount of the patient's serum is mixed with a known quantity of the viral antigen, which has been treated to attach to red blood cells. If the patient's serum contains antibodies that bind to the viral antigen, they will prevent the antigen from attaching to the red blood cells and inhibit hemagglutination. The degree of hemagglutination inhibition can be measured and used to estimate the amount of antibody present in the patient's serum.
HI tests are relatively simple and inexpensive to perform, but they have some limitations. For example, they may not detect early-stage infections before the body has had a chance to produce antibodies, and they may not be able to distinguish between different strains of the same virus. Nonetheless, HI tests remain an important tool for diagnosing viral infections and monitoring immune responses to vaccination or infection.
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
IgG has several important functions:
1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.
IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.
In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is characterized by intellectual and developmental disabilities, distinctive facial features, and sometimes physical growth delays and health problems. The condition affects approximately one in every 700 babies born in the United States.
Individuals with Down syndrome have varying degrees of cognitive impairment, ranging from mild to moderate or severe. They may also have delayed development, including late walking and talking, and may require additional support and education services throughout their lives.
People with Down syndrome are at increased risk for certain health conditions, such as congenital heart defects, respiratory infections, hearing loss, vision problems, gastrointestinal issues, and thyroid disorders. However, many individuals with Down syndrome live healthy and fulfilling lives with appropriate medical care and support.
The condition is named after John Langdon Down, an English physician who first described the syndrome in 1866.
Metabolic syndrome, also known as Syndrome X, is a cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. It is not a single disease but a group of risk factors that often co-occur. According to the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, a person has metabolic syndrome if they have any three of the following five conditions:
1. Abdominal obesity (waist circumference of 40 inches or more in men, and 35 inches or more in women)
2. Triglyceride level of 150 milligrams per deciliter of blood (mg/dL) or greater
3. HDL cholesterol level of less than 40 mg/dL in men or less than 50 mg/dL in women
4. Systolic blood pressure of 130 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or greater, or diastolic blood pressure of 85 mmHg or greater
5. Fasting glucose level of 100 mg/dL or greater
Metabolic syndrome is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as physical inactivity and a diet high in refined carbohydrates and unhealthy fats. Treatment typically involves making lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and losing weight if necessary. In some cases, medication may also be needed to manage individual components of the syndrome, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol.
The Mumps Vaccine is a biological preparation intended to induce immunity against mumps, a contagious viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands. The vaccine contains live attenuated (weakened) mumps virus, which stimulates the immune system to develop a protective response without causing the disease.
There are two types of mumps vaccines available:
1. The Jeryl Lynn strain is used in the United States and is part of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine and the Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella (MMRV) vaccine. This strain is derived from a clinical isolate obtained from the throat washings of a child with mumps in 1963.
2. The Urabe AM9 strain was used in some countries but has been discontinued in many places due to an increased risk of meningitis as a rare complication.
The MMR vaccine is typically given to children at 12-15 months of age and again at 4-6 years of age, providing long-lasting immunity against mumps in most individuals. The vaccine has significantly reduced the incidence of mumps and its complications worldwide.
Congenital rubella syndrome
Rubella
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Healthcare in Belize
Causes of autism
Alphavirus
Neonatal infection
Ciro de Quadros
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The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side
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About Global Measles, Rubella, and Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)
Congenital rubella syndrome - Wikipedia
congenital rubella syndrome
Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome -- United States, 1994-1997
Imported Congenital Rubella Syndrome, United States, 2017 - Volume 24, Number 4-April 2018 - Emerging Infectious Diseases...
Congenital rubella syndrome natural history - wikidoc
Rubella transmission and the risk of congenital rubella syndrome in Liberia: a need to introduce rubella-containing vaccine in...
Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Control and Elimination - Global Progress, 2000-2012
Rubella, Congenital Syndrome (CRS)| CDC
Pediatric Rubella: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) reported cases and incidence
An outbreak of congenital rubella syndrome in Solomon Islands, 2013 | Western Pacific Surveillance and Response
Rubella: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Plan of Action for the Sustainability of Measles, Rubella, and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Elimination in the Americas 2018-2023
Congenital rubella syndrome - wikidoc
Congenital Rubella Syndrome | PSM Made Easy
Pediatric Rubella Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations
Congenital rubella syndrome (Concept Id: C0035921) - MedGen - NCBI
Pediatric Rubella: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Vaccination in secondary school students expedites rubella control and prevents congenital rubella syndrome | BMC Infectious...
Pinkbook: Rubella | CDC
Post‐exposure passive immunisation for preventing rubella and congenital rubella syndrome | Cochrane Abstracts
Free Rubella Antibody Test for preventing Congenital Rubella Syndrome(CRS) - SEMI- Sapporo English Medical Interpreters
Communicable Disease Control Forms
The final nail in the mercury-autism hypothesis? | Science-Based Medicine
Vaccine26
- It represents a 16% decrease from the 1984 total of 752 cases and a 99% decline from 1969, the year of rubella vaccine licensure and the year with the greatest number of reported cases (57,686). (cdc.gov)
- After the achievement of the elimination of smallpox, different regions around the world endorsed the goal to eliminate certain vaccine-preventable diseases, such as polio, measles and rubella. (medscape.com)
- Measles and rubella remain important causes of vaccine-preventable disease and death in the European Region of WHO. (who.int)
- With the introduction of the rubella vaccine in 1969, the number of cases of rubella in the United States has decreased 99%, from 57,686 cases in 1969 to 271 cases in 1999. (wikipedia.org)
- The presence of the rubella vaccine has greatly decreased the rate of congenital rubella. (oklahoma.gov)
- It is advised that all women be tested to see if they are immune to rubella before they become pregnant so they may receive the vaccine if needed. (oklahoma.gov)
- Getting the vaccine will prevent rubella in women so their future children will be protected from congenital rubella syndrome. (oklahoma.gov)
- There is no helpful treatment for rubella during pregnancy, nor is there a successful way to prevent rubella in a woman who has not received the vaccine and has been in contact with the illness. (oklahoma.gov)
- The best way to prevent Congenital Rubella Syndrome is the rubella vaccine. (oklahoma.gov)
- Ang rubella infection ay maaring malabanan ng MMR o ang Measles, Mumps, Rubella vaccine. (theasianparent.com)
- Kaya naman ipinapayo ng mga doktor upang maging protektado ang isang babae mula sa sakit na rubella na maaring magdulot ng masamang epekto sa kaniyang baby ay magpabakuna ito ng MMR vaccine isang buwan bago ang planong pagbubuntis. (theasianparent.com)
- Bagamat hindi isang garantiya na hindi na dadapuan ng rubella o tigdas hangin ang taong nakabakunahan ng MMR vaccine, pinapalakas naman nito ang katawan ng isang tao laban sa sakit at pinipigilan nitong makahawa pa ng ibang tao. (theasianparent.com)
- Samantala ang mga adults naman ay maaring makatanggap ng isang dose ng MMR vaccine bilang immunity laban sa sakit na measles, mumps at rubella. (theasianparent.com)
- M-M-R II® is a combination measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. (cdc.gov)
- PRIORIX® is a combination measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. (cdc.gov)
- ProQuad® is a combination measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) vaccine. (cdc.gov)
- M-M-R II is a vaccine indicated for active immunization for the prevention of measles, mumps, and rubella in individuals 12 months of age and older. (nih.gov)
- Before the live rubella vaccine, epidemics of the disease were seen in young children (most common), adolescents, and young adults every 5-9 years in winter and early spring. (medscape.com)
- Since the rubella vaccine, the number of rubella cases has decreased significantly. (medscape.com)
- although, many western European countries with suboptimal measles vaccine coverage are already using the combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. (eurosurveillance.org)
- MMR vaccine also prevents rubella disease, thus preventing congenital rubella syndrome and its associated cases of autism. (vaccinesafety.edu)
- Fear of vaccination started ever since a paper in 1998 in the medical journal The Lancet cited a link between autism and the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine . (nepalitimes.com)
- The research was later found to be fraudulent and retracted, but the anti-vaccine movement gained traction again in the past year after the rumours resurfaced on the Internet resulting in families rejecting early childhood immunisation against diseases like polio, rubella and measles. (nepalitimes.com)
- While 93% of newborns received BCG jabs, the first in the national immunisation schedule, the coverage dropped to 73% by the time children received the last vaccine, an immunisation against measles and rubella, recommended at the age of 15 months. (nepalitimes.com)
- Cases of measles, mumps and rubella are increasing at a significant rate in Arizona, although they are preventable by one vaccine, according to the Arizona Department of Health Services. (arizona.edu)
- Her research interest includes management of congenital cytomegalovirus infections, respiratory virus vaccine clinical trials, newer antibiotic trials in children. (ucdavis.edu)
Preventing congenital rubella infection2
- Maintaining rubella outbreak control via vaccination is essential in preventing congenital rubella infection and congenital rubella syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
- Spika J. S. , Hanon F X , Wassilak S , Pebody R G , Emiroglu N . Preventing congenital rubella infection in the European Region of WHO: 2010 target. (eurosurveillance.org)
Infection and congenital rubella2
- Rubella in Delhi: in-utero infection and congenital rubella syndrome. (nih.gov)
- Fortunately, because of the successful immunization program initiated in the United States in 1969, rubella infection and congenital rubella syndrome rarely are seen today. (medscape.com)
Vaccination18
- The region of the Americas certified the elimination of polio in 1991 and established the goal of measles eradication by 2000 by introducing the combined vaccination against measles and rubella in pediatric vaccination schedules. (medscape.com)
- In September 2008, Brazil performed the greatest rubella vaccination campaign targeting 70 million men and women across the country. (medscape.com)
- At the end of 2008, the Americas will finish the massive rubella vaccination campaign of adolescents and adults, as recently published by PAHO. (medscape.com)
- The primary purpose of rubella vaccination is to prevent the occurrence of congenital rubella infection, including congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). (medscape.com)
- Vaccination against rubella that only includes children should not be incorporated as a sole strategy in national immunization schedules, because a shift to other susceptible groups, such as female adolescents and adults, may occur, with a secondary increase in the risk of CRS. (medscape.com)
- The vaccination strategies against rubella were based on those of measles elimination. (medscape.com)
- However, rubella vaccination should also target populations in the reproductive age, assuring protective levels of immunity owing to the high transmissibility of the virus. (medscape.com)
- Postpartum vaccination against rubella is an effective strategy for women who cannot be immunized while they are pregnant. (medscape.com)
- The maternal exposures for the four imported cases occurred in Mexico (two cases), Sri Lanka (one), and Dominican Republic (one) -- countries that do not routinely provide rubella vaccination. (cdc.gov)
- For women who plan to become pregnant, the MMR (measles mumps, rubella) vaccination is highly recommended, at least 28 days prior to conception. (wikipedia.org)
- Burden of Rubella virus infection among females attending tertiary care hospitals of Odisha, India: a need for adult women vaccination. (nih.gov)
- Rubella vaccination is safe and effective and can prevent the serious consequences of CRS. (who.int)
- Thus, the find-ings of this study can be used by policy makers to model the introduction of routine rubella vaccination into the country' Expanded Program on Immunization Schedule (EPI). (scirp.org)
- Rubella is a contagious viral illness, which, prior to vaccination, was responsible for a significant number of fetal losses and congenital abnormalities. (arupconsult.com)
- From 1970 to 2017, it is estimated that rubella vaccination has averted 1,300 babies being born with congenital rubella syndrome and 25,000 terminations. (davidicke.com)
- The Immunisation Section of the Ministry of Health is now gearing up for a nation-wide measles-rubella vaccination campaign aimed at those who might have missed routine shots. (nepalitimes.com)
- The significant decrease in the inci-dence of rubella mirrors the success of vaccination of rubella seronegative women of childbearing age, which was initiated in Denmark in 1980. (eurosurveillance.org)
- Schaeffler said most students have deferred to university policy, which requires all incoming students to have proof of a second measles, mumps and rubella vaccination since 1980. (arizona.edu)
Mumps and rubella2
- Three vaccines containing measles, mumps, and rubella virus are licensed for use in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- In the 1950s and 60s, parents used to actually take their children to Measles, Mumps and Rubella parties to try and get them infected. (jayne-donegan.co.uk)
Reported rubella cases2
- Following a slight resurgence during 1990-1991, the number of reported rubella cases reached record lows during 1992-1996 (annual average: 183 reported cases). (cdc.gov)
- Based on provisional data as of April 18, 1997, symptom onset for the last case in 1996 was November 6 and for the first case in 1997 was January 5, representing approximately three incubation periods with no reported rubella cases. (cdc.gov)
Infants13
- Congenital heart disease including patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and pulmonary artery stenosis is present in 50% of infants infected in the first 2 months' gestation. (medscape.com)
- Infants are not generally affected if rubella is contracted during the third trimester. (wikipedia.org)
- Infants with birth defects suspected to be caused by congenital rubella infection should be investigated thoroughly. (wikipedia.org)
- Infants with known rubella exposure during pregnancy or those with a confirmed or suspected infection should receive close follow-up and supportive care. (wikipedia.org)
- Only those with immunity to rubella should have contact with infected infants, as they can shed viral particles in their respiratory secretions though 1 year of age (unless they test with repeated negative viral cultures at age 3 months). (wikipedia.org)
- Congenital cardiac anomalies including pulmonary artery stenosis and patent ductus arteriosus can be seen in infants with CRS. (wikipedia.org)
- Most infants with congenital cataract in one eye have some level of "lazy eye" (amblyopia) and will need to use patching after the surgery in an attempt to reverse it. (medlineplus.gov)
- Infants who have surgery for congenital cataracts are likely to develop another type of cataract, which may need further surgery or laser treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
- 4.Sao T, Navya A. Profiling of audiological characteristics in infants with congenital rubella syndrome. (ugm.ac.id)
- Complications are rare with rubella in healthy infants and adults. (medscape.com)
- Immunoglobulin is not recommended unless termination of the pregnancy is not an option because cases of congenital rubella syndrome have occurred in infants born to mothers who received immunoglobulin shortly after exposure. (medscape.com)
- The report does not attempt to calculate the hundreds of thousands more infants born each year with birth defects caused by exposure during pregnancy to environmental toxins, alcohol, tobacco smoke and diseases such as rubella and syphilis. (yourlawyer.com)
- In addition, two infants were born with severe birth defects, called congenital rubella syndrome - the result of the mother contracting rubella in the first trimester. (arizona.edu)
Case of congenital rubella2
Children with congenital rubella2
- Ocular abnormalities including cataract, infantile glaucoma, and pigmentary retinopathy occur in approximately 43% of children with congenital rubella syndrome. (medscape.com)
- The study group worked to rehabilitate 150 children with congenital rubella syndrome, a maternal viral infection that can cause hearing impairment, visual impairment, or motor handicaps. (nih.gov)
Patients with congenital rubella1
- Studies have demonstrated that approximately 40% of patients with congenital rubella syndrome may present with deafness as the only abnormality without other manifestations. (medscape.com)
Pregnant women8
- No adverse fetal effects, such as miscarriages or stillbirth, and no cases of CRS have been reported in pregnant women who were vaccinated against rubella. (medscape.com)
- Pregnant women infected with rubella virus run the risk of harmful effects to their growing fetus. (oklahoma.gov)
- The major complication of rubella is its teratogenic effects when pregnant women contract the disease, especially in the early weeks of gestation. (medscape.com)
- Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is caused by rubella infection in pregnant women. (ugm.ac.id)
- No adequate treatment is available for pregnant women exposed to rubella. (medscape.com)
- Seker, S., Abasiyanik, M.F. and Salih, B.A. (2004) Rubella immune status of pregnant and non-pregnant women in Istanbul, Turkey. (scirp.org)
- Advent of in pregnant women may cause fetal death or congenital defects known as congenital rubella syndrome. (pharmiweb.com)
- The Rubella antibody status of pregnant women are commonly determined at the first prenatal visit. (rapidtest.com)
Birth defects3
- Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) occurs when an unborn baby is infected with the rubella virus (German measles) via maternal-fetal transmission and develops birth defects. (wikipedia.org)
- Five common defects of genetic or partially genetic origin accounted for about 26 percent of such birth defects in 2001: congenital heart defects (more than 1 million), neural tube defects (324,000), Down syndrome (218,000), hemoglobin disorders called thalassemia and sickle cell disease (308,000) and another blood-related defect called G6PD deficiency (177,000). (yourlawyer.com)
- Birth defects, also called congenital anomalies, can affect nearly every organ of the baby's body. (howstuffworks.com)
Pediatric Rubella1
- Also see Pediatric Rubella and Pediatric Rubella in Emergency Medicine . (medscape.com)
Pregnancy9
- Four (50%) of the mothers reported a rubella-like illness with a rash during the first 2 months of pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
- The number of weeks of pregnancy when maternal exposure to rubella occurred (The risk of congenital rubella syndrome is higher if maternal exposure occurs during the first trimester. (medscape.com)
- Rubella infection in pregnancy can result in various outcomes ranging from asymptomatic infection to congenital defects to miscarriage and fetal death. (wikipedia.org)
- Rubella in pregnancy: intrauterine transmission and perinatal outcome during a Brazilian epidemic. (nih.gov)
- To be classified as an internationally imported CRS case, the mother must have acquired rubella infection outside the U.S. or in the absence of documented rubella infection, the mother was outside the United States during the period when she may have had exposure to rubella that affected her pregnancy (from 21 days before conception and through the first 24 weeks of pregnancy). (cdc.gov)
- The synthetic retinoids isotretinoin, etretinate, and etretin are strictly contraindicated during pregnancy (category X) as they have been associated with teratogenic syndromes in humans. (nih.gov)
- Background: Rubella is an infectious disease of public health importance because infection ac-quired during early pregnancy often results in foetal abnormalities that are classified as con-genital rubella syndrome (CRS). (scirp.org)
- The low incidence has been sustainable due to these interventions, and since 1994 congenital rubella syndrome and rubella in pregnancy have been listed as notifiable infectious diseases in Denmark. (eurosurveillance.org)
- The mother's heavy drinking during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol syndrome. (howstuffworks.com)
Caused by rubella virus3
- It is caused by rubella virus, which is a member of the Rubivirus genus of the family Togaviridae. (medscape.com)
- Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome are caused by rubella virus. (medscape.com)
- Rubella also known as German measles is caused by Rubella virus which belongs to the Togavirus family. (rapidtest.com)
Encephalitis2
- Rare cases of rubella encephalitis have also been described in children. (medscape.com)
- Similarly, Japanese encephalitis, diphtheria, pertussis and pneumonia have all been controlled, and there are regular vaccinations against congenital rubella syndrome and hepatitis B. (nepalitimes.com)
Transmission of rubella virus2
19691
- From 1969 through 1989, the numbers of annual reported cases decreased 99.6% for rubella and 97.4% for CRS ( Figure 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Maternal3
- Fetal infection occurs transplacentally during the maternal viremic phase, but the mechanisms by which rubella virus causes fetal damage are poorly understood. (medscape.com)
- But in the case of Angelman syndrome, the maternal chromosome numbered 15 has a mutation or deletion in its DNA and a gene on the paternal chromosome 15 is inactivated in some parts the brain. (asu.edu)
- However a maternal infection could be transmitted through the placenta to the fetus, causing congenital rubella or congenital rubella Syndrome in newborn. (rapidtest.com)
Fetus9
- Congenital rubella is caused by the harmful action of the rubella virus on the fetus at an important time in growth. (oklahoma.gov)
- After the fourth month, the mother's rubella infection is less likely to harm the growing fetus. (oklahoma.gov)
- Because congenital rubella causes damage to the fetus, there is no exact treatment for the infant. (oklahoma.gov)
- The virus can be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta and is capable of causing serious congenital defects, abortions, and stillbirths. (medscape.com)
- Regardless of the mechanism, any injury affecting the fetus in the first trimester (during the phase of organogenesis) results in congenital organ defects. (medscape.com)
- Madalas ang mga buntis na nasa unang limang buwan pababa ng kanilang pagbubuntis na magkakaroon ng sakit na rubella ang maaring makapagpasa ng sakit sa kanilang fetus na wala pang pangdepensa o immunity sa mga impeksyon gaya nito. (theasianparent.com)
- This the most severe and important complication of rubella and occurs in the fetus of a pregnant woman without immunity to the virus. (medscape.com)
- Estimated number of cases based on seroprevalence data in the population and on the risk that women infected during a childbearing year would have a fetus with congenital rubella syndrome. (cdc.gov)
- Research currently underway may eventually enable surgical correction of certain types of congenital abnormalities while the fetus is still in the uterus. (howstuffworks.com)
Child with congenital1
- The outcome for a child with congenital rubella depends on how serious the condition may be. (oklahoma.gov)
Known as German measles1
- Rubella is also known as German measles is a contagious viral infection caused by virus called German measles that affects mostly children. (pharmiweb.com)
Cataracts7
- In probable cases, either or both of the eye-related findings (cataracts and congenital glaucoma) count as a single complication. (cdc.gov)
- Unlike most cataracts, which occur with aging, congenital cataracts are present at birth. (medlineplus.gov)
- Congenital cataracts are rare. (medlineplus.gov)
- Congenital cataracts most often look different than other forms of cataract. (medlineplus.gov)
- If congenital cataracts are mild and do not affect vision, they may not need to be treated, especially if they are in both eyes. (medlineplus.gov)
- If you have a family history of inheritable disorders that could cause congenital cataracts, consider seeking genetic counseling. (medlineplus.gov)
- Recalibrating vision-for-action requires years after sight restoration from congenital cataracts. (medlineplus.gov)
20174
- We describe a rubella case in a newborn, conceived in Saudi Arabia, in Texas during 2017, highlighting the importance of active surveillance and early diagnosis of this disease. (cdc.gov)
- Left eye cataract (arrow) in case-patient with congenital rubella syndrome, Texas, USA, 2017. (cdc.gov)
- Though estimates vary and the causes of the syndrome are not clear as of 2017, PCOS affects approximately ten percent of women of reproductive age. (asu.edu)
- In June 2017, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited entered into collaboration with Biological E to develop affordable combination vaccines including diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis (DTaP) and measles-rubella (MR) vaccines. (pharmiweb.com)
Incidence3
- Reported cases and incidence of Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) are collected annually through the WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form on Immunization (JRF). (who.int)
- Conclusion: The study shows that the incidence of rubella in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria is high. (scirp.org)
- In 1989, however, only 1006 cases were reported, and the true current incidence of rubella infection in Denmark is unknown but considered to be very low and <1 per 100 000 population. (eurosurveillance.org)
20222
- In Canada, one new case of measles and no new cases of rubella were reported in week 10, 2022. (canada.ca)
- Figure 1: Number of cases of measles (n=1), rubella (n=0), and congenital rubella syndrome/infection (n=0) Footnote 3 by week of rash onset, as reported to the Canadian Measles/Rubella Surveillance System (CMRSS) and Measles and Rubella Surveillance System (MARS), for the period ending March 12, 2022. (canada.ca)
Rash2
- The exanthem of rubella consists of a discrete rose-pink maculopapular rash ranging from 1-4 mm. (medscape.com)
- Methods: Between 2006 and 2009, 781individuals with febrile rash illness seen in clinics in Akwa Ibom State were screened for rubella specific IgM antibodies using the ELISA technique. (scirp.org)
German-measles2
- Ang rubella na kilala rin sa tawag na German measles o tigdas hangin sa tagalog ay isang viral infection na nagdudulot ng mga pulang rashes sa katawan ng isang tao. (theasianparent.com)
- Certain infections in the mother -- the most significant of these is German measles (rubella) -- may cause multiple severe abnormalities. (howstuffworks.com)
Outbreaks6
- In spite of this high degree of rubella control, outbreaks of rubella in New York City (NYC) in 1985, and subsequently of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in 1986, raise concern about the potential for similar outbreaks in other areas of the United States. (cdc.gov)
- NYC experienced outbreaks of rubella each spring during the period 1983-1985 (1-3). (cdc.gov)
- Methods used to control the outbreaks included determining the rubella status of all employees, vaccinating susceptibles, and improving active surveillance. (cdc.gov)
- The protocol used for controlling the outbreaks was similar to that used in previous outbreaks of rubella in the workplace (4). (cdc.gov)
- This report summarizes the characteristics of rubella and CRS cases and outbreaks reported in the United States from 1994 through 1996 * and provisional data as of April 18, 1997. (cdc.gov)
- Canadians travelling outside of Canada are encouraged to consult the travel health notices for information on measles and rubella outbreaks occurring in other countries. (canada.ca)
Eliminate measles1
- Several cases of measles have been detected in Kapilvastu, Dang, Makwanpur, Sarlahi and Manang districts recently, and Nepal has not been able to meet its previously set target to eliminate measles and rubella by 2019. (nepalitimes.com)
Elimination5
- In 2003, Latin American countries also adopted the goal of rubella and CRS elimination by 2010. (medscape.com)
- This document describes the steps to be taken to document and verify that elimination of measles and rubella has been achieved in the WHO European Region. (who.int)
- Indigenous rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) have been targeted for elimination in the United States by the year 2000 (1). (cdc.gov)
- An immunization program resulted in rubella elimination in the United States during 2004 ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
- Elimination de la rougeole et de la rubéole et prévention de la rubéole congénitale : plan stratégique pour la région européenne de l' OMS, 2005-2010. (who.int)
Laboratory6
- Improvements in the infrastructure and capacity of laboratory facilities for detection and genotypification of the virus have improved the knowledge of the endemic rubella virus circulation. (medscape.com)
- Furthermore, molecular laboratory tools should be capable of identifying any new source of rubella infection in order to characterize the mechanism of transmission of any rubella case, due to the immigration threats and secondary virus importations to countries that have eliminated the virus circulation. (medscape.com)
- Diagnosis of congenital rubella syndrome is made through a series of clinical and laboratory findings and management is based on the infant's clinical presentation. (wikipedia.org)
- Laboratory diagnosis of rubella: past, present and future. (nih.gov)
- Because of the morbidity of measles and rubella, the World Health Organization (WHO) maintains a worldwide Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network (LabNet) to monitor the behavior of the viruses. (medscape.com)
- Nevertheless, in order to meet the WHO goal of control of rubella in the Region, the introduction of mandatory reporting of all laboratory diagnosed rubella cases is now being considered. (eurosurveillance.org)
Complication of rubella1
- The most important complication of rubella is congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). (medscape.com)
Virus17
- Rubella virus is transmitted from person to person via the aerosolized particles from the respiratory tract. (medscape.com)
- We sent no clinical specimens for rubella virus detection. (cdc.gov)
- Diagnostic tests: Rubella virus]. (nih.gov)
- a specimen that is PCR positive for rubella virus. (cdc.gov)
- Import-virus case: a case for which an epidemiologic link to an internationally imported case was not identified but for which viral genetic evidence indicates an imported rubella genotype, i.e., a genotype that is not occurring within the United States in a pattern indicative of endemic transmission. (cdc.gov)
- An endemic genotype is the genotype of any rubella virus that occurs in an endemic chain of transmission (i.e., lasting ≥12 months). (cdc.gov)
- The usual portal of entry of rubella virus is the respiratory epithelium of the nasopharynx. (medscape.com)
- Only one antigenic type of rubella virus is available, and humans are the only natural hosts. (medscape.com)
- These 2 envelope proteins comprise the spiked 5-nm to 6-nm surface projections that are observed on the outer membrane of rubella virus and are important for the virulence of the virus. (medscape.com)
- Dahil sa una ay hindi mapapansin ang mga sintomas nito na unti-unting lalala makalipas ang dalawang linggo matapos ma-expose sa rubella virus. (theasianparent.com)
- Ang congenital rubella syndrome ay ang sakit na nakukuha ng isang sanggol kapag na-infect ang kaniyang ina ng rubella virus o tigdas habang siya ay ipinagbubuntis pa nito. (theasianparent.com)
- 8.Izzattisselim S, Purnami N. Polymerase chain reaction and serology test to detect rubella virus in congenital rubella syndrome patients with hearing loss. (ugm.ac.id)
- However, direct evidence of the presence of viruses or their components in the organ are available for retroviruses (HFV) and mumps in subacute thyroiditis, for retroviruses (HTLV-1, HFV, HIV and SV40) in Graves's disease and for HTLV-1, enterovirus, rubella, mumps virus, HSV, EBV and parvovirus in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. (springer.com)
- Rubella is a single-stranded RNA virus classified as the only member of the genus Rubivirus in the Togaviridae family. (medscape.com)
- The virus is not particularly environmentally robust and can be easily killed with detergent, ultraviolet light, pH extremes, and temperatures greater than 56°C. Rubella virus has an outer envelope which contains E1 and E2, glycosylated lipoproteins that form transmembrane spikes. (medscape.com)
- Humans are the only natural hosts of rubella virus, which is transmitted through person-to-person contact or droplets shed from the respiratory secretions of infected people. (health.mil)
- Diagnostic Automation Rubella IgM Elisa Test Kit is intended for use in the detection of IgM antibody to the rubella virus. (rapidtest.com)
Antibodies3
- Results: Of 781 individuals screened for rubella specific IgM antibodies, 94 (12%) were found to be posi-tive. (scirp.org)
- 2006) Seroprevalence of mumps, varicella and rubella antibodies in children 1 - 16 years of age in eastern Turkey. (scirp.org)
- The antibodies present to Rubella may be of IgM, IgA, and IgG. (rapidtest.com)
Glaucoma1
- The CRS consists of symptoms like sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), congenital heart disease, cataract or congenital glaucoma, and other symptoms. (ugm.ac.id)
Immunity1
- all were found to have prior immunity to rubella. (cdc.gov)
Infant3
- To diagnose congenital cataract, the infant should have a complete eye exam by an ophthalmologist. (medlineplus.gov)
- In a highly significant advance, Dr. Huda Zoghbi, an NICHD grantee in our Mental Retardation Research Center at Baylor, identified the gene responsible for Rett Syndrome, a mysterious condition that causes seemingly normal infant girls to lose their ability to walk and to develop symptoms of severe mental retardation. (nih.gov)
- Women in these countries may have an especially high risk of having an infant with congenital rubella syndrome. (eurosurveillance.org)
Diagnosis3
- This is particularly important in the Americas because dengue fever may resemble rubella and make the differential diagnosis more difficult. (medscape.com)
- Dobson SR. Congenital rubella syndrome: clinical features and diagnosis, 2018. (ugm.ac.id)
- Available from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenitalrubella-syndrome-clinical-features-and-diagnosis. (ugm.ac.id)
Surveillance5
- Progress toward reaching this goal is monitored through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System and the National Congenital Rubella Syndrome Registry. (cdc.gov)
- Hospital-based surveillance of congenital rubella syndrome in Indonesia. (ugm.ac.id)
- Surveillance guidelines for measles, rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in the WHO European Region, 2009. (ugm.ac.id)
- The World Health Organisation (WHO) Regional Office for Europe has recently published a strategic plan and surveillance guidelines for measles and congenital rubella infection. (eurosurveillance.org)
- WHO is seeking to improve the surveillance for rubella and congenital rubella syndrome as a means to obtain better information on the burden of these diseases and engage policy decision makers in the need to support the WHO European Region's strategies for rubella. (eurosurveillance.org)
Cataract4
- Both eyes are affected in 80% of patients, and the most frequent findings are cataract and rubella retinopathy. (medscape.com)
- A congenital cataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye that is present at birth. (medlineplus.gov)
- Removing a congenital cataract is usually a safe, effective procedure. (medlineplus.gov)
- Many of the diseases that are associated with congenital cataract can also affect other organs. (medlineplus.gov)
Vaccinations1
- and rubella vaccinations to prevent a congenital rubella syndrome. (yourlawyer.com)
Manifestations1
- Clinical manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome: a review of our experience in Vietnam. (ugm.ac.id)
Defects2
- Those with congenital eye defects require care from a pediatric ophthalmologist for specialized care and follow up. (wikipedia.org)
- The fetal defects observed in congenital rubella syndrome are likely secondary to vasculitis resulting in tissue necrosis without inflammation. (medscape.com)
Symptoms4
- However, between 6 and 18 months of age, these girls begin to exhibit the symptoms of Rett Syndrome when the function of the normal single gene is insufficient to meet the growing child' s needs. (nih.gov)
- Angelman syndrome is a disorder in humans that causes neurological symptoms such as lack of speech, jerky movements, and insomnia. (asu.edu)
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome or PCOS is one of the most common reproductive conditions in women, and its symptoms include cystic ovaries, menstrual irregularities, and elevated androgen or male sex hormone levels. (asu.edu)
- During the 1930s, Irving Freiler Stein and Michael Leventhal identified the syndrome and its symptoms. (asu.edu)
Cases17
- In 1985, a provisional total of 630 cases of rubella (0.26/100,000 population) was reported in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- Altogether, NYC* reported 184 cases of rubella to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in 1985. (cdc.gov)
- Forty-five cases of rubella occurred in a population of predominantly Hispanic female workers at a factory in the South Bronx. (cdc.gov)
- During the spring of 1985, eighteen cases of rubella occurred in hospital workers from five medical facilities. (cdc.gov)
- Ten of 14 cases were serologically confirmed by demonstration of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) rubella-specific IgM. (cdc.gov)
- The three first-generation cases were epidemiologically linked to the rubella outbreak occurring in the factory described above. (cdc.gov)
- None of the seven mothers interviewed were linked to any other known cases of rubella. (cdc.gov)
- Considering the high transmission rates of rubella and that 20-50% of cases are asymptomatic but still represent a potential source of infection, it is necessary to immunize both male and female adolescents and adults in order to eliminate rubella. (medscape.com)
- these five sites accounted for 75% of all rubella cases ( Figure 2 ). (cdc.gov)
- 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) are reported annually worldwide ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- During the 8 years after rubella was eliminated (2004-2012), 79 of rubella cases were reported, including in case-patients with no travel history ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
- Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) cases will be classified epidemiologically as internationally imported or U.S.-acquired, according to the source of infection in the mother, using the definitions below, which parallel the classifications for rubella cases. (cdc.gov)
- Currently, there is one active Footnote 1 case of measles and no active Footnote 1 cases of rubella in Canada. (canada.ca)
- Active rubella cases are those in which the onset date of the case falls within 46 days of the end date of the epidemiological week of the report Footnote 5 . (canada.ca)
- The reported number of rubella cases in the U.S. is low enough that the CDC considers it eliminated in 2004. (arupconsult.com)
- An average of 20 000 rubella cases were recorded annually in Denmark until 1987. (eurosurveillance.org)
- The Bureau of Epidemiology and Disease Control Services reported that a rubella outbreak was declared two weeks ago in Maricopa County after three cases were identified. (arizona.edu)
Anomalies2
- Little is known about the cause of most congenital anomalies. (howstuffworks.com)
- Females of childbearing age who are unvaccinated and who become pregnant are vulnerable to diseases such as rubella, which can cause congenital rubella syndrome with congenital fetal anomalies. (thedoctors.com)
Diseases1
- The article Experimental Studies on Congenital Malformations was published in the Journal of Chronic Diseases in 1959. (asu.edu)
Outbreak was declared1
- Introduction: During May 2012, a rubella outbreak was declared in Solomon Islands. (who.int)
Viral1
- Viral molecular characterization of the first congenital rubella syndrome case in Vietnam. (nih.gov)
Retinopathy1
- Rubella retinopathy consists of a salt-and-pepper pigmentary change or a mottled, blotchy, irregular pigmentation, usually with the greatest density in the macula. (medscape.com)
Antibody3
- Rubella IgM is an accurate and sensitive method to detect Rubella antibody IgM isotype. (rapidtest.com)
- The Rubella test kit provides an accurate and sensitive method to detect Rubella IgM antibody. (rapidtest.com)
- Diluted patient serum is added to wells and the rubella IgM specific antibody, if present, binds to the antigen. (rapidtest.com)
20192
- The last case of rubella was reported in December 2019 . (canada.ca)
- Rubella treatment market is expected to grow at a substantial CAGR in the forecast period of 2019-2026. (pharmiweb.com)
Burden1
- The burden of rubella infection in most developing countries is however not well documented because of lim-ited epidemiological data. (scirp.org)
Centers1
- All eight of these births occurred in major NYC medical centers between January 5 and March 11, 1986, which was 8 to 10 months after the peak of the rubella outbreak (Figure 1). (cdc.gov)