A species of CORONAVIRUS causing atypical respiratory disease (SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME) in humans. The organism is believed to have first emerged in Guangdong Province, China, in 2002. The natural host is the Chinese horseshoe bat, RHINOLOPHUS sinicus.
A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.
A class I viral fusion protein that forms the characteristic spikes, or peplomers, found on the viral surface that mediate virus attachment, fusion, and entry into the host cell. During virus maturation, it is cleaved into two subunits: S1, which binds to receptors in the host cell, and S2, which mediates membrane fusion.
Viral proteins found in either the NUCLEOCAPSID or the viral core (VIRAL CORE PROTEINS).
Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.
The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.
Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.
The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).
A general term for diseases produced by viruses.
A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.
The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.
Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria.
Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.
Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.
The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.
The type species of MORBILLIVIRUS and the cause of the highly infectious human disease MEASLES, which affects mostly children.
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.
The type species of LYSSAVIRUS causing rabies in humans and other animals. Transmission is mostly by animal bites through saliva. The virus is neurotropic multiplying in neurons and myotubes of vertebrates.
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 1. The H5N1 subtype, frequently referred to as the bird flu virus, is endemic in wild birds and very contagious among both domestic (POULTRY) and wild birds. It does not usually infect humans, but some cases have been reported.
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 3 and neuraminidase 2. The H3N2 subtype was responsible for the Hong Kong flu pandemic of 1968.
The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.
A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE). It can infect birds and mammals. In humans, it is seen most frequently in Africa, Asia, and Europe presenting as a silent infection or undifferentiated fever (WEST NILE FEVER). The virus appeared in North America for the first time in 1999. It is transmitted mainly by CULEX spp mosquitoes which feed primarily on birds, but it can also be carried by the Asian Tiger mosquito, AEDES albopictus, which feeds mainly on mammals.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.
A group of viruses in the PNEUMOVIRUS genus causing respiratory infections in various mammals. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have also been reported.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.
Proteins found in any species of virus.
A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.
The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.
The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.
The type species of VESICULOVIRUS causing a disease symptomatically similar to FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE in cattle, horses, and pigs. It may be transmitted to other species including humans, where it causes influenza-like symptoms.
The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). In eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. Latency in bacteriophage is maintained by the expression of virally encoded repressors.
Membrane glycoproteins from influenza viruses which are involved in hemagglutination, virus attachment, and envelope fusion. Fourteen distinct subtypes of HA glycoproteins and nine of NA glycoproteins have been identified from INFLUENZA A VIRUS; no subtypes have been identified for Influenza B or Influenza C viruses.

Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. (1/1050)

BACKGROUND: The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has recently been identified as a new clinical entity. SARS is thought to be caused by an unknown infectious agent. METHODS: Clinical specimens from patients with SARS were searched for unknown viruses with the use of cell cultures and molecular techniques. RESULTS: A novel coronavirus was identified in patients with SARS. The virus was isolated in cell culture, and a sequence 300 nucleotides in length was obtained by a polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR)-based random-amplification procedure. Genetic characterization indicated that the virus is only distantly related to known coronaviruses (identical in 50 to 60 percent of the nucleotide sequence). On the basis of the obtained sequence, conventional and real-time PCR assays for specific and sensitive detection of the novel virus were established. Virus was detected in a variety of clinical specimens from patients with SARS but not in controls. High concentrations of viral RNA of up to 100 million molecules per milliliter were found in sputum. Viral RNA was also detected at extremely low concentrations in plasma during the acute phase and in feces during the late convalescent phase. Infected patients showed seroconversion on the Vero cells in which the virus was isolated. CONCLUSIONS: The novel coronavirus might have a role in causing SARS.  (+info)

A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. (2/1050)

BACKGROUND: A worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been associated with exposures originating from a single ill health care worker from Guangdong Province, China. We conducted studies to identify the etiologic agent of this outbreak. METHODS: We received clinical specimens from patients in seven countries and tested them, using virus-isolation techniques, electron-microscopical and histologic studies, and molecular and serologic assays, in an attempt to identify a wide range of potential pathogens. RESULTS: None of the previously described respiratory pathogens were consistently identified. However, a novel coronavirus was isolated from patients who met the case definition of SARS. Cytopathological features were noted in Vero E6 cells inoculated with a throat-swab specimen. Electron-microscopical examination revealed ultrastructural features characteristic of coronaviruses. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining revealed reactivity with group I coronavirus polyclonal antibodies. Consensus coronavirus primers designed to amplify a fragment of the polymerase gene by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to obtain a sequence that clearly identified the isolate as a unique coronavirus only distantly related to previously sequenced coronaviruses. With specific diagnostic RT-PCR primers we identified several identical nucleotide sequences in 12 patients from several locations, a finding consistent with a point-source outbreak. Indirect fluorescence antibody tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays made with the new isolate have been used to demonstrate a virus-specific serologic response. This virus may never before have circulated in the U.S. population. CONCLUSIONS: A novel coronavirus is associated with this outbreak, and the evidence indicates that this virus has an etiologic role in SARS. Because of the death of Dr. Carlo Urbani, we propose that our first isolate be named the Urbani strain of SARS-associated coronavirus.  (+info)

Epidemiology, clinical presentation and laboratory investigation of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Canada, March 2003. (3/1050)

As of 23 March, 2003, 11 cases of SARS have been reported in Canada. Three patients had travelled to China, including Hong Kong SAR. The remaining eight had a history of close contact with cases. There have been three deaths. To date, evidence for human metapneumovirus has been found in six cases; further studies are ongoing to determine whether this virus is the causative agent of the SARS or whether other, so far undetected, pathogens are responsible. Public health measures are being implemented at the local, provincial, and national levels to identify new cases and prevent secondary transmission of SARS.  (+info)

Update: outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome--worldwide, 2003. (4/1050)

CDC and the World Health Qrganization (WHO) are continuing to investigate the multicountry outbreak of unexplained atypical pneumonia referred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Pending development of confirmatory laboratory testing capacity, CDC's interim suspected SARS case definition is based on clinical criteria and epidemiologic linkage to other SARS cases or areas with community transmission of SARS. This case definition will be updated periodically as new information becomes available. Epidemiologic and laboratory investigations of SARS are ongoing. As of April 2, 2003, a total of 2,223 suspected and/or probable SARS cases have been reported to WHO from 16 countries, including the United States. The reported SARS cases include 78 deaths (case-fatality proportion: 3.5%). This report summarizes SARS cases among U.S. residents and surveillance and prevention activities in the United States.  (+info)

Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. (5/1050)

In March 2003, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was discovered in association with cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The sequence of the complete genome of SARS-CoV was determined, and the initial characterization of the viral genome is presented in this report. The genome of SARS-CoV is 29,727 nucleotides in length and has 11 open reading frames, and its genome organization is similar to that of other coronaviruses. Phylogenetic analyses and sequence comparisons showed that SARS-CoV is not closely related to any of the previously characterized coronaviruses.  (+info)

The Genome sequence of the SARS-associated coronavirus. (6/1050)

We sequenced the 29,751-base genome of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus known as the Tor2 isolate. The genome sequence reveals that this coronavirus is only moderately related to other known coronaviruses, including two human coronaviruses, HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E. Phylogenetic analysis of the predicted viral proteins indicates that the virus does not closely resemble any of the three previously known groups of coronaviruses. The genome sequence will aid in the diagnosis of SARS virus infection in humans and potential animal hosts (using polymerase chain reaction and immunological tests), in the development of antivirals (including neutralizing antibodies), and in the identification of putative epitopes for vaccine development.  (+info)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus testing--United States, 2003. (7/1050)

CDC and the World Health Organization (WHO) are continuing to investigate the multicountry outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Infection with a novel coronavirus has been implicated as a possible cause of SARS. This report updates information on U.S. residents with SARS and summarizes the clinical histories of the five U.S. residents identified as of April 9, 2003, who have both suspected SARS and laboratory evidence of infection with a novel coronavirus.  (+info)

Update: Severe acute respiratory syndrome--United States, 2003. (8/1050)

CDC and the World Health Organization (WHO) are continuing to investigate the multicountry outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). This report updates information on reported SARS cases among U.S. residents and summarizes information on patients with no recent travel outside the United States.  (+info)

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). This virus is a member of the Coronaviridae family and is thought to be transmitted most readily through close person-to-person contact via respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

The SARS outbreak began in southern China in 2002 and spread to several other countries before it was contained. The illness causes symptoms such as fever, chills, and body aches, which progress to a dry cough and sometimes pneumonia. Some people also report diarrhea. In severe cases, the illness can cause respiratory failure or death.

It's important to note that SARS is not currently a global health concern, as there have been no known cases since 2004. However, it remains a significant example of how quickly and widely a new infectious disease can spread in today's interconnected world.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness characterized by fever, cough, shortness of breath, and sometimes severe pneumonia. It is caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV).

The syndrome is considered severe due to its potential to cause rapid spread in communities and healthcare settings, and for its high case fatality rate. In the global outbreak of 2002-2003, approximately 8,000 people were infected and nearly 800 died. Since then, no large outbreaks have been reported, although there have been isolated cases linked to laboratory accidents or animal exposures.

SARS is transmitted through close contact with an infected person's respiratory droplets, such as when they cough or sneeze. It can also be spread by touching a surface contaminated with the virus and then touching the mouth, nose, or eyes. Healthcare workers and others in close contact with infected individuals are at higher risk of infection.

Preventive measures include good personal hygiene, such as frequent handwashing, wearing masks and other protective equipment when in close contact with infected individuals, and practicing respiratory etiquette (covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing). Infected individuals should be isolated and receive appropriate medical care to help manage their symptoms and prevent transmission to others.

A spike glycoprotein in coronaviruses is a type of protein that extends from the surface of the virus and gives it its characteristic crown-like appearance (hence the name "corona," which is Latin for "crown"). This protein plays a crucial role in the infection process of the virus. It allows the virus to attach to and enter specific cells in the host organism, typically through binding to a receptor on the cell surface. In the case of SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, the spike protein binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor found on cells in various tissues, including the lungs, heart, and gastrointestinal tract.

The spike protein is composed of two subunits: S1 and S2. The S1 subunit contains the receptor-binding domain (RBD), which recognizes and binds to the host cell receptor. After binding, the S2 subunit mediates the fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane, allowing the viral genome to enter the host cell and initiate infection.

The spike protein is also a primary target for neutralizing antibodies generated by the host immune system during infection or following vaccination. Neutralizing antibodies bind to specific regions of the spike protein, preventing it from interacting with host cell receptors and thus inhibiting viral entry into cells.

In summary, a spike glycoprotein in coronaviruses is a crucial structural and functional component that facilitates viral attachment, fusion, and entry into host cells. Its importance in the infection process makes it an essential target for vaccine development and therapeutic interventions.

Nucleocapsid proteins are structural proteins that are associated with the viral genome in many viruses. They play a crucial role in the formation and stability of the viral particle, also known as the virion. In particular, nucleocapsid proteins bind to the viral RNA or DNA genome and help to protect it from degradation by host cell enzymes. They also participate in the assembly and disassembly of the virion during the viral replication cycle.

In some viruses, such as coronaviruses, the nucleocapsid protein is also involved in regulating the transcription and replication of the viral genome. The nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2, for example, has been shown to interact with host cell proteins that are involved in the regulation of gene expression, which may contribute to the virus's ability to manipulate the host cell environment and evade the immune response.

Overall, nucleocapsid proteins are important components of many viruses and are often targeted by antiviral therapies due to their essential role in the viral replication cycle.

RNA viruses are a type of virus that contain ribonucleic acid (RNA) as their genetic material, as opposed to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). RNA viruses replicate by using an enzyme called RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to transcribe and replicate their RNA genome.

There are several different groups of RNA viruses, including:

1. Negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome that is complementary to the mRNA and must undergo transcription to produce mRNA before translation can occur. Examples include influenza virus, measles virus, and rabies virus.
2. Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome that can serve as mRNA and can be directly translated into protein after entry into the host cell. Examples include poliovirus, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses.
3. Double-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome consisting of double-stranded RNA and use a complex replication strategy involving both transcription and reverse transcription. Examples include rotaviruses and reoviruses.

RNA viruses are known to cause a wide range of human diseases, ranging from the common cold to more severe illnesses such as hepatitis C, polio, and COVID-19. Due to their high mutation rates and ability to adapt quickly to new environments, RNA viruses can be difficult to control and treat with antiviral drugs or vaccines.

Vaccinia virus is a large, complex DNA virus that belongs to the Poxviridae family. It is the virus used in the production of the smallpox vaccine. The vaccinia virus is not identical to the variola virus, which causes smallpox, but it is closely related and provides cross-protection against smallpox infection.

The vaccinia virus has a unique replication cycle that occurs entirely in the cytoplasm of infected cells, rather than in the nucleus like many other DNA viruses. This allows the virus to evade host cell defenses and efficiently produce new virions. The virus causes the formation of pocks or lesions on the skin, which contain large numbers of virus particles that can be transmitted to others through close contact.

Vaccinia virus has also been used as a vector for the delivery of genes encoding therapeutic proteins, vaccines against other infectious diseases, and cancer therapies. However, the use of vaccinia virus as a vector is limited by its potential to cause adverse reactions in some individuals, particularly those with weakened immune systems or certain skin conditions.

Virus receptors are specific molecules (commonly proteins) on the surface of host cells that viruses bind to in order to enter and infect those cells. This interaction between the virus and its receptor is a critical step in the infection process. Different types of viruses have different receptor requirements, and identifying these receptors can provide important insights into the biology of the virus and potential targets for antiviral therapies.

Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:

1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.

The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Virus cultivation, also known as virus isolation or viral culture, is a laboratory method used to propagate and detect viruses by introducing them to host cells and allowing them to replicate. This process helps in identifying the specific virus causing an infection and studying its characteristics, such as morphology, growth pattern, and sensitivity to antiviral agents.

The steps involved in virus cultivation typically include:

1. Collection of a clinical sample (e.g., throat swab, blood, sputum) from the patient.
2. Preparation of the sample by centrifugation or filtration to remove cellular debris and other contaminants.
3. Inoculation of the prepared sample into susceptible host cells, which can be primary cell cultures, continuous cell lines, or embryonated eggs, depending on the type of virus.
4. Incubation of the inoculated cells under appropriate conditions to allow viral replication.
5. Observation for cytopathic effects (CPE), which are changes in the host cells caused by viral replication, such as cell rounding, shrinkage, or lysis.
6. Confirmation of viral presence through additional tests, like immunofluorescence assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or electron microscopy.

Virus cultivation is a valuable tool in diagnostic virology, vaccine development, and research on viral pathogenesis and host-virus interactions. However, it requires specialized equipment, trained personnel, and biosafety measures due to the potential infectivity of the viruses being cultured.

Virus shedding refers to the release of virus particles by an infected individual, who can then transmit the virus to others through various means such as respiratory droplets, fecal matter, or bodily fluids. This occurs when the virus replicates inside the host's cells and is released into the surrounding environment, where it can infect other individuals. The duration of virus shedding varies depending on the specific virus and the individual's immune response. It's important to note that some individuals may shed viruses even before they show symptoms, making infection control measures such as hand hygiene, mask-wearing, and social distancing crucial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

Viral diseases are illnesses caused by the infection and replication of viruses in host organisms. These infectious agents are obligate parasites, meaning they rely on the cells of other living organisms to survive and reproduce. Viruses can infect various types of hosts, including animals, plants, and microorganisms, causing a wide range of diseases with varying symptoms and severity.

Once a virus enters a host cell, it takes over the cell's machinery to produce new viral particles, often leading to cell damage or death. The immune system recognizes the viral components as foreign and mounts an immune response to eliminate the infection. This response can result in inflammation, fever, and other symptoms associated with viral diseases.

Examples of well-known viral diseases include:

1. Influenza (flu) - caused by influenza A, B, or C viruses
2. Common cold - usually caused by rhinoviruses or coronaviruses
3. HIV/AIDS - caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
4. Measles - caused by measles morbillivirus
5. Hepatitis B and C - caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), respectively
6. Herpes simplex - caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2)
7. Chickenpox and shingles - both caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
8. Rabies - caused by rabies lyssavirus
9. Ebola - caused by ebolaviruses
10. COVID-19 - caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Prevention and treatment strategies for viral diseases may include vaccination, antiviral medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms while the immune system fights off the infection.

Simian Virus 40 (SV40) is a polyomavirus that is found in both monkeys and humans. It is a DNA virus that has been extensively studied in laboratory settings due to its ability to transform cells and cause tumors in animals. In fact, SV40 was discovered as a contaminant of poliovirus vaccines that were prepared using rhesus monkey kidney cells in the 1950s and 1960s.

SV40 is not typically associated with human disease, but there has been some concern that exposure to the virus through contaminated vaccines or other means could increase the risk of certain types of cancer, such as mesothelioma and brain tumors. However, most studies have failed to find a consistent link between SV40 infection and cancer in humans.

The medical community generally agrees that SV40 is not a significant public health threat, but researchers continue to study the virus to better understand its biology and potential impact on human health.

Virus assembly, also known as virion assembly, is the final stage in the virus life cycle where individual viral components come together to form a complete viral particle or virion. This process typically involves the self-assembly of viral capsid proteins around the viral genome (DNA or RNA) and, in enveloped viruses, the acquisition of a lipid bilayer membrane containing viral glycoproteins. The specific mechanisms and regulation of virus assembly vary among different viral families, but it is often directed by interactions between viral structural proteins and genomic nucleic acid.

A plant virus is not defined in medical terms, as viruses are typically considered within the context of living organisms and plants are not classified as such. However, I can provide a general virology definition for you:

Plant viruses are small infectious agents that consist of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat. They infect various plant species, causing a wide range of symptoms and diseases, which can result in significant economic losses in agriculture and horticulture. Plant viruses lack the ability to replicate outside a host cell, and they rely on the host's metabolic machinery for their reproduction. They can be transmitted through various means, such as insect vectors, seeds, or mechanical contact.

DNA viruses are a type of virus that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) as their genetic material. These viruses replicate by using the host cell's machinery to synthesize new viral components, which are then assembled into new viruses and released from the host cell.

DNA viruses can be further classified based on the structure of their genomes and the way they replicate. For example, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses have a genome made up of two strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses have a genome made up of a single strand of DNA.

Examples of DNA viruses include herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, human papillomavirus, and adenoviruses. Some DNA viruses are associated with specific diseases, such as cancer (e.g., human papillomavirus) or neurological disorders (e.g., herpes simplex virus).

It's important to note that while DNA viruses contain DNA as their genetic material, RNA viruses contain RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic material. Both DNA and RNA viruses can cause a wide range of diseases in humans, animals, and plants.

Defective viruses are viruses that have lost the ability to complete a full replication cycle and produce progeny virions independently. These viruses require the assistance of a helper virus, which provides the necessary functions for replication. Defective viruses can arise due to mutations, deletions, or other genetic changes that result in the loss of essential genes. They are often non-infectious and cannot cause disease on their own, but they may interfere with the replication of the helper virus and modulate the course of infection. Defective viruses can be found in various types of viruses, including retroviruses, bacteriophages, and DNA viruses.

Sindbis virus is an alphavirus that belongs to the Togaviridae family. It's named after the location where it was first isolated, in Sindbis, Egypt, in 1952. This virus is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes and can infect a wide range of animals, including birds and humans. In humans, Sindbis virus infection often causes a mild flu-like illness characterized by fever, rash, and joint pain. However, some people may develop more severe symptoms, such as neurological disorders, although this is relatively rare. There is no specific treatment for Sindbis virus infection, and management typically involves supportive care to alleviate symptoms.

Measles virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. It is the causative agent of measles, a highly contagious infectious disease characterized by fever, cough, runny nose, and a red, blotchy rash. The virus primarily infects the respiratory tract and then spreads throughout the body via the bloodstream.

The genome of the measles virus is approximately 16 kilobases in length and encodes for eight proteins: nucleocapsid (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), fusion protein (F), hemagglutinin (H), large protein (L), and two non-structural proteins, V and C. The H protein is responsible for binding to the host cell receptor CD150 (SLAM) and mediating viral entry, while the F protein facilitates fusion of the viral and host cell membranes.

Measles virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected individuals. The virus can remain airborne for up to two hours in a closed space, making it highly contagious. Measles is preventable through vaccination, which has led to significant reductions in the incidence of the disease worldwide.

'Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype' is a specific subtype of the influenza A virus that causes flu in humans and animals. It contains certain proteins called hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) on its surface, with this subtype specifically having H1 and N1 antigens. The H1N1 strain is well-known for causing the 2009 swine flu pandemic, which was a global outbreak of flu that resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. This subtype can also cause seasonal flu, although the severity and symptoms may vary. It is important to note that influenza viruses are constantly changing, and new strains or subtypes can emerge over time, requiring regular updates to vaccines to protect against them.

Rabies is a viral disease that affects the nervous system of mammals, including humans. It's caused by the rabies virus (RV), which belongs to the family Rhabdoviridae and genus Lyssavirus. The virus has a bullet-shaped appearance under an electron microscope and is encased in a lipid envelope.

The rabies virus primarily spreads through the saliva of infected animals, usually via bites. Once inside the body, it travels along nerve fibers to the brain, where it multiplies rapidly and causes inflammation (encephalitis). The infection can lead to symptoms such as anxiety, confusion, hallucinations, seizures, paralysis, coma, and ultimately death if left untreated.

Rabies is almost always fatal once symptoms appear, but prompt post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which includes vaccination and sometimes rabies immunoglobulin, can prevent the disease from developing when administered after an exposure to a potentially rabid animal. Pre-exposure vaccination is also recommended for individuals at high risk of exposure, such as veterinarians and travelers visiting rabies-endemic areas.

"Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype" is a specific subtype of the Influenza A virus that is often found in avian species (birds) and can occasionally infect humans. The "H5N1" refers to the specific proteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) found on the surface of the virus. This subtype has caused serious infections in humans, with high mortality rates, especially in cases where people have had close contact with infected birds. It does not commonly spread from person to person, but there is concern that it could mutate and adapt to efficiently transmit between humans, which would potentially cause a pandemic.

"Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype" is a specific subtype of the influenza A virus that causes respiratory illness and is known to circulate in humans and animals, including birds and pigs. The "H3N2" refers to the two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). In this subtype, the H protein is of the H3 variety and the N protein is of the N2 variety. This subtype has been responsible for several influenza epidemics and pandemics in humans, including the 1968 Hong Kong flu pandemic. It is one of the influenza viruses that are monitored closely by public health authorities due to its potential to cause significant illness and death, particularly in high-risk populations such as older adults, young children, and people with certain underlying medical conditions.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus that belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family and causes the infectious disease known as hepatitis B. This virus primarily targets the liver, where it can lead to inflammation and damage of the liver tissue. The infection can range from acute to chronic, with chronic hepatitis B increasing the risk of developing serious liver complications such as cirrhosis and liver cancer.

The Hepatitis B virus has a complex life cycle, involving both nuclear and cytoplasmic phases. It enters hepatocytes (liver cells) via binding to specific receptors and is taken up by endocytosis. The viral DNA is released into the nucleus, where it is converted into a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) form, which serves as the template for viral transcription.

HBV transcribes several RNAs, including pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), which is used as a template for reverse transcription during virion assembly. The pgRNA is encapsidated into core particles along with the viral polymerase and undergoes reverse transcription to generate new viral DNA. This process occurs within the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte, resulting in the formation of immature virions containing partially double-stranded DNA.

These immature virions are then enveloped by host cell membranes containing HBV envelope proteins (known as surface antigens) to form mature virions that can be secreted from the hepatocyte and infect other cells. The virus can also integrate into the host genome, which may contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic cases.

Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through exposure to infected blood or bodily fluids containing the virus, such as through sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth. Prevention strategies include vaccination, safe sex practices, and avoiding needle-sharing behaviors. Treatment for hepatitis B typically involves antiviral medications that can help suppress viral replication and reduce the risk of liver damage.

West Nile Virus (WNV) is an Flavivirus, which is a type of virus that is spread by mosquitoes. It was first discovered in the West Nile district of Uganda in 1937 and has since been found in many countries throughout the world. WNV can cause a mild to severe illness known as West Nile fever.

Most people who become infected with WNV do not develop any symptoms, but some may experience fever, headache, body aches, joint pain, vomiting, diarrhea, or a rash. In rare cases, the virus can cause serious neurological illnesses such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord). These severe forms of the disease can be fatal, especially in older adults and people with weakened immune systems.

WNV is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, but it can also be spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or from mother to baby during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. There is no specific treatment for WNV, and most people recover on their own with rest and supportive care. However, hospitalization may be necessary in severe cases. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors during peak mosquito activity hours.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

Vero cells are a line of cultured kidney epithelial cells that were isolated from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the 1960s. They are named after the location where they were initially developed, the Vervet Research Institute in Japan.

Vero cells have the ability to divide indefinitely under certain laboratory conditions and are often used in scientific research, including virology, as a host cell for viruses to replicate. This allows researchers to study the characteristics of various viruses, such as their growth patterns and interactions with host cells. Vero cells are also used in the production of some vaccines, including those for rabies, polio, and Japanese encephalitis.

It is important to note that while Vero cells have been widely used in research and vaccine production, they can still have variations between different cell lines due to factors like passage number or culture conditions. Therefore, it's essential to specify the exact source and condition of Vero cells when reporting experimental results.

Respiratory Syncytial Viruses (RSV) are a common type of virus that cause respiratory infections, particularly in young children and older adults. They are responsible for inflammation and narrowing of the small airways in the lungs, leading to breathing difficulties and other symptoms associated with bronchiolitis and pneumonia.

The term "syncytial" refers to the ability of these viruses to cause infected cells to merge and form large multinucleated cells called syncytia, which is a characteristic feature of RSV infections. The virus spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, and it can also survive on surfaces for several hours, making transmission easy.

RSV infections are most common during the winter months and can cause mild to severe symptoms depending on factors such as age, overall health, and underlying medical conditions. While RSV is typically associated with respiratory illnesses in children, it can also cause significant disease in older adults and immunocompromised individuals. Currently, there is no vaccine available for RSV, but antiviral medications and supportive care are used to manage severe infections.

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.

Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.

Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.

It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.

Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

'Cercopithecus aethiops' is the scientific name for the monkey species more commonly known as the green monkey. It belongs to the family Cercopithecidae and is native to western Africa. The green monkey is omnivorous, with a diet that includes fruits, nuts, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates. They are known for their distinctive greenish-brown fur and long tail. Green monkeys are also important animal models in biomedical research due to their susceptibility to certain diseases, such as SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), which is closely related to HIV.

Viral genes refer to the genetic material present in viruses that contains the information necessary for their replication and the production of viral proteins. In DNA viruses, the genetic material is composed of double-stranded or single-stranded DNA, while in RNA viruses, it is composed of single-stranded or double-stranded RNA.

Viral genes can be classified into three categories: early, late, and structural. Early genes encode proteins involved in the replication of the viral genome, modulation of host cell processes, and regulation of viral gene expression. Late genes encode structural proteins that make up the viral capsid or envelope. Some viruses also have structural genes that are expressed throughout their replication cycle.

Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines. By targeting specific viral genes, researchers can develop drugs that inhibit viral replication and reduce the severity of viral infections. Additionally, knowledge of viral gene sequences can inform the development of vaccines that stimulate an immune response to specific viral proteins.

Viral activation, also known as viral reactivation or virus reactivation, refers to the process in which a latent or dormant virus becomes active and starts to replicate within a host cell. This can occur when the immune system is weakened or compromised, allowing the virus to evade the body's natural defenses and cause disease.

In some cases, viral activation can be triggered by certain environmental factors, such as stress, exposure to UV light, or infection with another virus. Once activated, the virus can cause symptoms similar to those seen during the initial infection, or it may lead to new symptoms depending on the specific virus and the host's immune response.

Examples of viruses that can remain dormant in the body and be reactivated include herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It is important to note that not all viruses can be reactivated, and some may remain dormant in the body indefinitely without causing any harm.

Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus that belongs to the family Rhabdoviridae and genus Vesiculovirus. It is the causative agent of vesicular stomatitis (VS), a viral disease that primarily affects horses and cattle, but can also infect other species including swine, sheep, goats, and humans.

The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their saliva, as well as through insect vectors such as black flies and sandflies. The incubation period for VS ranges from 2 to 8 days, after which infected animals develop fever, lethargy, and vesicular lesions in the mouth, nose, and feet. These lesions can be painful and may cause difficulty eating or walking.

In humans, VSIV infection is typically asymptomatic or causes mild flu-like symptoms such as fever, muscle aches, and headache. Occasionally, individuals may develop vesicular lesions on their skin or mucous membranes, particularly if they have had contact with infected animals.

Diagnosis of VSIV infection is typically made through virus isolation from lesion exudates or blood, as well as through serological testing. Treatment is generally supportive and aimed at relieving symptoms, as there are no specific antiviral therapies available for VS. Prevention measures include vaccination of susceptible animals, vector control, and biosecurity measures to prevent the spread of infection between animals.

Virus latency, also known as viral latency, refers to a state of infection in which a virus remains dormant or inactive within a host cell for a period of time. During this phase, the virus does not replicate or cause any noticeable symptoms. However, under certain conditions such as stress, illness, or a weakened immune system, the virus can become reactivated and begin to produce new viruses, potentially leading to disease.

One well-known example of a virus that exhibits latency is the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which causes chickenpox in children. After a person recovers from chickenpox, the virus remains dormant in the nervous system for years or even decades. In some cases, the virus can reactivate later in life, causing shingles, a painful rash that typically occurs on one side of the body.

Virus latency is an important concept in virology and infectious disease research, as it has implications for understanding the persistence of viral infections, developing treatments and vaccines, and predicting the risk of disease recurrence.

Hemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins are surface proteins found on influenza viruses. They play a crucial role in the virus's ability to infect and spread within host organisms.

The HAs are responsible for binding to sialic acid receptors on the host cell's surface, allowing the virus to attach and enter the cell. After endocytosis, the viral and endosomal membranes fuse, releasing the viral genome into the host cell's cytoplasm.

There are several subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1-H18) identified so far, with H1, H2, and H3 being common in human infections. The significant antigenic differences among these subtypes make them important targets for the development of influenza vaccines. However, due to their high mutation rate, new vaccine formulations are often required to match the circulating virus strains.

In summary, hemagglutinin glycoproteins on influenza viruses are essential for host cell recognition and entry, making them important targets for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of influenza infections.

The virus was officially named the SARS virus. On 17 April, the first confirmed case of SARS from India was reported. On 19 ... The 2002-2004 outbreak of SARS, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1), infected over ... SARS section SARS: An Open Scar Archived 22 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine SARS: Timeline of an Outbreak Archived 26 ... The virus soon spread to nearby hospitals. In February 2003, Liu Jianlun became Hong Kong's SARS index patient. He had come to ...
... naming the SARS virus The SARS virus genetic map Archived 2006-08-18 at the Wayback Machine Science special on the SARS virus ( ... macaques infected with the virus developed the same symptoms as human SARS patients. A virus very similar to SARS was ... In 2005, two studies identified a number of SARS-like coronaviruses in Chinese bats. Although the bat SARS virus did not ... SARS-CoV primarily infects epithelial cells within the lung. The virus is capable of entering macrophages and dendritic cells ...
He then goes mad and infects himself with the SARS virus. However, that part of the script was rewritten so that he was simply ... However, far away in Africa, there has been an outbreak of a mutant Type 4 strain of the SARS virus, which causes sufferers to ... The story involves people who are infected with a fictional Type 4 strain of the SARS virus and turned into zombies. The ... Thailand's leading health official, Public Health Minister Ratsuda, declares Thailand free of the SARS virus and that ...
Anstett, Patricia (3 June 2003). "SARS has virus hunter very busy". Knight-Ridder Newspapers. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 17 ... Monto fulfilled his national service commitment in the Virus Diseases Section of the Middle America Research Unit: a part of ... He was among the first to observe that influenza viruses, in areas where temperatures were stable year-round, mainly occurred ... Monto, AS; Olazabal, F (1966). "Asian influenza in the Panama Canal zone: isolation of a virus variant and protective effect of ...
"Volunteer Sars doctor dies of virus". South China Morning Post. 2003-05-14. Retrieved 2018-03-07. "舊時香港". www.facebook.com. ... In March 2003, SARS broke out in Hong Kong. Tuen Mun Hospital received three SARS patients, but there were not enough ... Tse volunteered to work in the SARS ward. She and a male nurse, Lau Wing-Kai, had intubated patients with terminal SARS, and ... Of the six medical personnel who died of SARS, five were awarded the silver medal; Tse was the only gold medal recipient as ...
SARS, Nipah virus, and avian influenza). Many residents have also worked to reduce the burden of non-communicable diseases, ...
SARS-related coronavirus, Zoonoses, Bat virome, Infraspecific virus taxa, All stub articles, Virus stubs). ... Naik, Gautam (2013-10-30). "Study: Bat-to-Human Leap Likely for SARS-Like Virus - WSJ.com". Wall Street Journal. Online.wsj.com ... Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1 (Bat SL-CoV-WIV1), also sometimes called SARS-like coronavirus WIV1, is a strain of severe acute ... 2015). "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus ORF8 Protein Is Acquired from SARS-Related Coronavirus from ...
Bats serve as the main host reservoir species for the SARS-related coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. The virus has ... The SARS virus genetic map Archived 18 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine Science special on the SARS virus (free content: no ... COVID-19 portal Viruses portal Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1 (SL-CoV-WIV1) Bat SARS-like coronavirus RsSHC014 Bat coronavirus ... SARS-CoV-2 is not a direct descendant of SARS-CoV-1. The SARS-related coronavirus is an enveloped, positive-sense, single- ...
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"Saudi Arabia: 7 Cases of SARS-like Virus Seen". Associated Press. 3 May 2013. p. 4. "New Tools to Hunt New Viruses". The New ... "New SARS-Linked Virus Kills Man in France". Express. Associated Press. 29 May 2013. "Middle East respiratory syndrome ... Abedine, Saad (13 March 2013). "Death toll from new SARS-like virus climbs to 9". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 March ... Lu, Guangwen; Liu, Di (2012). "SARS-like virus in the Middle East: A truly bat-related coronavirus causing human diseases". ...
Mutations in viruses are not new. All viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, undergo change over time. Most of these changes are ... The Mu variant, also known as lineage B.1.621 or VUI-21JUL-1, is one of the variants of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID ... COVID-19 portal Medicine portal Viruses portal COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta ... Amino acid mutations of SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant plotted on a genome map of SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the spike. August 6: ...
SARS) virus; proposed the Cytokine storm theory of avian influenza Veerasingham Dhuruvasangary - soil researcher; development ... "Malik Peiris on Containing SARS and Watching for What's Next". Sciencewatch.com. 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2010. "Monsoon Journal ...
"Measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody activity using pseudotyped and chimeric viruses". Journal of Experimental Medicine. ... Reporter virus particles (RVPs) are replication-incompetent virus particles engineered to express one or more reporter genes ... Alternatively, for structurally complex viruses such dengue and Zika viruses, RVPs are engineered to be antigenically identical ... "Protocol and reagents for pseudotyping lentiviral particles with SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein for neutralization assays". Viruses. ...
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"Technical Advisory Group on SARS-CoV-2 Virus Evolution". "Pathogens Project: Creating the Framework for Tomorrow's Pathogen ... 2021). "Genomic characterization and epidemiology of an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant in Delhi, India". Science. 374 (6570): 995- ... Technical Advisory Group for SARS CoV2 viral evolution and also as a member of the pathogens project of the Bulletin of the ...
"Ghanaian Scientists Successfully Sequence SARS-COV-2 Virus Genomes". Trial Site News. 2020-04-15. Retrieved 2020-04-26. " ...
Additionally, the virus itself is named SARS-CoV-2. WHO Situation Report 23: Hong Kong confirmed one more case, bringing the ... This article documents the chronology and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in February 2020, the virus which causes the coronavirus ... SARS-CoV-2 was detected for the first time in tears and conjunctival secretions (pink eye) of a patient. This was only detected ... "New virus cases in UK, Germany, Italy put Europe total at 31". AP NEWS. 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 ...
SARS virus, an infectious disease discovered by Carlo Urbani; having been infected, he didn't live long enough to see how ... The virus] could be counteracted by the product studied by the Italian company Okairos. Much of the merit of the discovery goes ... HIV Virus (co-discovered): the French Luc Montagnier and the Italian American Robert Charles Gallo (US-born) are credited with ... Oncovirus, type of virus capable of causing cancers. The experiments led by Italian-American Renato Dulbecco and his group ...
Since 2020, millions of SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences have been uploaded to the GISAID database. In 2022, GISAID added Mpox virus ... Ryan, Valerie (August 10, 2020). "SARS-CoV-2 virus strains circulating in Ireland identified". Irish Medical Times. Retrieved ... "by far the world's largest database of SARS-CoV-2 sequences". By mid-April 2021, GISAID's SARS-CoV-2 database reached over ... The virus samples would then be used by private pharmaceutical companies to make vaccines that are awarded patents and sold at ...
In December 2019, COVID-19 erupted in Wuhan, China; the SARS-CoV-2 virus spread worldwide within weeks. The first confirmed ... His repeated use of the terms "Chinese virus" and "China virus" to describe COVID-19 drew criticism from health experts. By ... "Coronavirus: Trump says virus task force to focus on reopening economy". BBC News. May 6, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020. Liptak ... During and after his treatment he continued to downplay the virus. In 2021, it was revealed that his condition had been far ...
"Virus origin / Origins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus". WHO. Retrieved 23 June 2021. WHO-convened Global Study of the Origins of SARS- ... "Virus origin / Origins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus". www.who.int. Maxmen, Amy (30 March 2021). "WHO report into COVID pandemic ... Scripps Research's analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS‑CoV‑2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus ... The default answer for most scientists has been that the virus, SARS-CoV-2, probably made the jump to humans from bats, if it ...
"Virus origin / Origins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus". www.who.int. "Intelligence report warned of coronavirus crisis as early as ... "China investigates SARS-like virus as dozens struck by pneumonia". Deutsche Welle. 31 December 2019. Archived from the original ... This article documents the chronology and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 ( ... The report added weight to calls for a broader probe into the theory that the COVID-19 virus could have escaped from a ...
Cheng, Kris (22 January 2020). "First case of SARS-like virus in Hong Kong". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 28 May 2021. Klar ... SARS-CoV-2). The virus was first confirmed to have spread to Hong Kong on 23 January 2020. Confirmed cases were generally ... was taken to prevent the spread of a variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that had first been detected in the United Kingdom and ... SARS) Portals: COVID-19 Hong Kong Medicine Viruses "COVID - Coronavirus Statistics - Worldometer". Retrieved 25 April 2023. ...
SARS), and it has been referred to as Saudi Arabia's SARS-like virus. The first person, in June 2012, had a fever, cough, ... In the SARS outbreak the virus was not cultured from people after the resolution of their symptoms. It is believed that the ... Lu G, Liu D (November 2012). "SARS-like virus in the Middle East: a truly bat-related coronavirus causing human diseases". ... Lu, Guangwen; Liu, Di (2012). "SARS-like virus in the Middle East: A truly bat-related coronavirus causing human diseases". ...
Kappa variant is a variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. It is one of the three sublineages of Pango lineage B ... COVID-19 portal Medicine portal Viruses portal Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, Zeta, Eta, Theta, ... 20 August 2020). "Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus". Cell ... Amino acid mutations of SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant plotted on a genome map of SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the spike. The Kappa ...
A group of Chinese scientists published the first WBE study on SARS-CoV-2 in 2020. They assessed whether the virus was present ... "Status of environmental surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 virus" (PDF). World Health Organisation. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August ... The first US SARS-CoV-2 study came from Boston. It reported a far higher rate of infection than had been estimated from ... Wastewater-based epidemiology has also been adapted to measure the load of pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 in a community. It ...
The genome of the isolated 2019-nCoV, a virus from the same family as the SARS coronavirus, was posted on Virological.org by ... "China investigates SARS-like virus as dozens struck by pneumonia". Deutsche Welle. 31 December 2019. Archived from the original ... This article documents the chronology and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in January 2020, the virus which causes the coronavirus ... The outbreak has revived memories of the SARS virus when the local Chinese officials initially withheld information about the ...
"Status of environmental surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 virus" (PDF). World Health Organisation. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August ... "Israel's Virus Surveillance Tool Tests Its Democratic Norms". Voice of America. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021. " ... "a suspect case for whom testing for the COVID-19 virus is inconclusive" OR "a suspect case for whom testing could not be ... and in March 2020 was ordered by emergency decree to track and notify people exposed to the virus. The decree was replaced by ...
These include such viruses as HIV, HSV, SARS or smallpox. When beginning the budding process, the viral nucleocapsid cooperates ... Although this process is primarily used by non-enveloped viruses, enveloped viruses may also use this. HIV is an example of an ... Payne, Susan (2017). "Virus Interactions With the Cell". Viruses: 23-25. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803109-4.00003-9. ISBN ... Payne, Susan (2017). "Virus Interactions With the Cell". Viruses: 23-25. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803109-4.00003-9. ISBN ...
The two viruses studied included MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. Though this was an important discovery, neither enzyme can be used as a ... These are viruses that affect mostly the upper respiratory and GI tract of humans and are named because of their crown-like ... Structural Basis for the Ubiquitin-Linkage Specificity and deISGylating Activity of SARS-CoV Papain-Like Protease This article ... deubiquitinating and deISGylating activities Coronaviruses and anteriviruses are positive strand RNA viruses. This article ...
Find an overview for healthcare workers of SARS-CoV-2 testing, considerations for testing, test types, surveillance, and how to ... Overview of Testing for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Overview of Testing for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes ... SARS-CoV-2 co-infection with another pathogen, including a respiratory virus, bacterium, or fungus, has been documented, ... Vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 Testing. Vaccination does not affect the results of someones SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic or screening ...
A virus similar to SARS is spreading through hospitals in Europe and the Middle East, prompting fears of human-to-human ... SARS-Like Virus Vaccine Unlikely, Experts Say. Early detection and patient isolation trump vaccination for new virus. ... The good news, for lack of a better term, is the virus is nowhere nearly as infectious as SARS, according to WHOs Hartl. ... May 14, 2013— -- A virus similar to SARS has spread through hospitals in Europe and the Middle East, prompting fears of ...
The French Health Ministry says a second case of a deadly new respiratory virus... ... The French Health Ministry says a second case of a deadly new respiratory virus related to SARS has been confirmed.. A ministry ... France confirms 2nd case of SARS-related virus. PARIS - Agence France-Presse. Journalists wait in front of Roger Salengro ... statement issued Sunday said a hospital roommate of the 65-year-old man who initially contracted the virus has tested positive. ...
Virus-like particles (VLPs) enable the construction of promising platforms in the field of vaccine development. Here, we ... The shape and size of plant-derived VLPs are similar to native SARS-CoV-2 VLPs without spike. Although the assembled VLPs do ... SARS-CoV-2) has caused a public health emergency, and research on the development of various types of vaccines is rapidly ... demonstrate that non-infectious SARS-CoV-2 VLPs can be successfully assembled by co-expressing three important viral proteins ...
... the SARS-CoV-2 virus has taken a whatever works strategy to ensure its replication and spread. ... Since COVID-19 began its menacing march across Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and then across the world, the SARS-CoV-2 virus ... Study tracks the mutation rate of SARS-Cov-2 virus. *Download PDF Copy ... 2020) New pathways of mutational change in SARS-CoV-2 proteomes involve regions of intrinsic disorder important for virus ...
... the exact positions of individual ribonucleotides and the interactions between them in a small segment of the SARS virus genome ... The genome of the SARS virus is a single strand of RNA that folds into regular repeating patterns to form secondary structures ... Structure Of A Conserved RNA Element In The SARS Virus Genome Determined. Date:. February 3, 2005. Source:. Public Library Of ... The genome of the SARS virus is a single strand of RNA that folds into regular repeating patterns to form secondary structures ...
SARS, SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Singing, Sneezing, Speech, Syndrome, Virus ... Speaking releases much more SARS-CoV-2 virus than breathing does. *Download PDF Copy ... Therefore, asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 transmission involves carriers with the URT infections. Speaking generates more virus- ... 2022, June 22). Speaking releases much more SARS-CoV-2 virus than breathing does. News-Medical. Retrieved on December 03, 2023 ...
To explore the genomic signatures, we comprehensively analyzed 2,492 complete and/or near-complete genome sequences of SARS-CoV ... Genome-wide annotations revealed 1,516 nucleotide-level variations at different positions throughout the entire genome of SARS- ... epidemiological data on SARS-CoV-2 infections revealed that frequency of aa mutations were relatively higher in the SARS-CoV-2 ... and cross-reacting neutralizing antibody were found to be conserved among the analyzed virus strains, except for replacement of ...
This virus is highly pathogenic and treatments developed against the original SARS virus in 2002 and the ZMapp drugs used to ... New SARS-like virus being studied for pandemic potential Details Published: 12 November 2015 Researchers from the University of ... The virus also replicates as effectively as SARS-CoV did in primary human lung cells, the preferred target for infection. ... However, researchers point out that if the SARS-like virus did jump, it is still unclear whether it could spread from human to ...
We isolated SARS-CoV-2 from the oropharyngeal sample obtained from the patie … ... is found to cause a large outbreak started from Wuhan since December 2019 in China and SARS-CoV-2 infections have been reported ... Virus Isolation from the First Patient with SARS-CoV-2 in Korea J Korean Med Sci. 2020 Feb 24;35(7):e84. doi: 10.3346/jkms. ... Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is found to cause a large outbreak started from Wuhan since December 2019 in China and SARS-CoV- ...
ORIGINS OF SARS VIRUS. Because the SARS epidemic suddenly seemed to appear from nowhere just as the Iraq war began, some feared ... HIV is an example of a dangerous virus that is far harder to catch that SARS virus, yet a global menace because people can live ... The reason may be that the virus is already mutating again. if so this is a significant sign of instability. If the SARS virus ... The threat of new mutant viruses continues and SARS was a wake-up call. If SARS had become firmly established in the very ...
Chinese health officials said Monday a third person has died from a mysterious new virus as it spreads throughout the country. ... 3rd person dies from new SARS-like virus as it spreads throughout China. By Darryl Coote ... Health officials in the central Chinese city of Wuhan said in a statement that a patient infected with the new virus died over ... 20 (UPI) -- Chinese health officials said Monday a third person has died from a mysterious new virus as it spreads throughout ...
Discover how SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, is spread person to person. ... A study published November 19, 2020 in The Lancet Microbe found that the SARS-CoV-2 virus was most contagious in the first five ... A study conducted in the UK found that the SARS-CoV-2 virus lost 90 percent of its virulence within 20 minutes of being exhaled ... When the environment had a humidity level of less than 50 percent, the virus lost its ability to infect within 10 seconds.. ...
A SARS-CoV-2 variant carrying the Spike protein amino acid change D614G has become the most prevalent form in the global ... Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus Cell. 2020 Aug 20;182(4): ... A SARS-CoV-2 variant carrying the Spike protein amino acid change D614G has become the most prevalent form in the global ... These findings illuminate changes important for a mechanistic understanding of the virus and support continuing surveillance of ...
Also, a SARS-CoV-2 test doesnt necessarily mean there is infectious virus. Testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA on surfaces can yield a ... Examples are Herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus (human herpesvirus 4), and ... The Hindu Explains , Is SARS-CoV-2 a latent virus which can recur? Is there a possibility of a second COVID-19 infection? Or ... This is the threshold where a virus can be detected. A negative SARS-CoV-2 test does not mean zero infection; it means no ...
We hypothesized that quinine also exerts anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. In Vero cells, quinine inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection more ... In Calu-3, infections with high titers of SARS-CoV-2 were completely blocked by quinine, CQN, and H-CQN in concentrations above ... our data indicate that quinine could have the potential of a treatment option for SARS-CoV-2, as the toxicological and ... there is still a tremendous medical need for efficient antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among several drug candidates, ...
... may have a more ancient role in protecting cells from invading viruses. ... Immune Genes Protect Cells from Ebola Virus and SARS-CoV-2. A pathway involved in the adaptive immune system, a relative ... A. Bruchez et al., "MHC class II transactivator CIITA induces cell resistance to Ebola virus and SARS-like coronaviruses," ... When the cells are exposed to an Ebola-mimicking virus, the p41-bound cathepsins are unable to cleave off the viruss ...
The deadly Chinese virus is turning up in more and more places, and the number of cases tripled over the weekend. But how bad ... Chinas new killer virus is mutated SARS & may be one more mutation away from infecting millions. Will it make the lethal leap ... Police outside the Wuhan fish market where the SARS-like virus epidemic began to spread through Wuhan. © AFP / NOEL CELIS ... Against a virus, your bodys immune system is your only line of defense. The only real external protection against viruses are ...
... and this lineage includes other viruses with the ability to infect humans, according to a new study from Penn State. ... and this lineage includes other viruses with the ability to infect humans, according to a new study from Penn State. ... The family of viruses that gave rise to COVID-19 has been circulating in horseshoe bats for decades, ... The family of viruses that gave rise to COVID-19 has been circulating in horseshoe bats for decades, ...
Rapid Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virus RNA Using Colorimetric LAMP. Yinhua Zhang, Nelson Odiwuor, Jin Xiong, ... Here we report a method to identify SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus RNA from purified RNA or cell lysis using loop-mediated ... Rapid Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virus RNA Using Colorimetric LAMP ... Rapid Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virus RNA Using Colorimetric LAMP ...
The current gold standard for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infections uses PCR technology to amplify small amounts of the viruss ... Ultrasensitive antigen test detects SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses Novel chip-based diagnostic technology can detect ... Home / 2021 / May / Ultrasensitive antigen test detects SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses ... This illustration shows the setup of the optofluidic chip for rapid detection of single antigens of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A ...
... where the innate immune response to all other SARS-CoV-2 VOC was blunted. Notably, blocking the innate immune signaling ... SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has been characterized by decreased clinical severity, raising the question of whether early variant ... to investigate the local-mucosal susceptibility and innate immune response to Omicron compared to Delta and earlier SARS-CoV-2 ... Such data are critical to better understand and address the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 into a less virulent human-tropic virus. ...
SARS, BSE, Hepatitis C, AIDS, Polio. How the Medical Industry Continually Invents Epidemics, Making Billion-Dollar Profits At ... Buy Virus Mania: Corona/COVID-19, Measles, Swine Flu, Cervical Cancer, Avian Flu, ... Virus Mania: Corona/COVID-19, Measles, Swine Flu, Cervical Cancer, Avian Flu, SARS, BSE, Hepatitis C, AIDS, Polio. How the ... Virus Mania: Corona/COVID-19, Measles, Swine Flu, Cervical Cancer, Avian Flu, SARS, BSE, Hepatitis C, AIDS, Polio. How the ...
Heat-treated virus inactivation rate depends strongly on treatment procedure: illustration with SARS-CoV-2. View ORCID Profile ... Heat-treated virus inactivation rate depends strongly on treatment procedure: illustration with SARS-CoV-2 ... Heat-treated virus inactivation rate depends strongly on treatment procedure: illustration with SARS-CoV-2 ... Heat-treated virus inactivation rate depends strongly on treatment procedure: illustration with SARS-CoV-2 ...
Viruses such as cytomegalovirus, mumps virus, and hepatitis viruses can all cause deafness, but exactly how they do so is not ... Dizziness and balance problems can also occur, suggesting that the SARS-CoV-2 virus may be able to infect the inner ear, ... In early 2020, after the SARS-CoV-2 virus emerged, the researchers altered their plans. At Massachusetts Eye and Ear, ... express the proteins that are needed for the SARS-CoV-2 virus to enter the cells. These proteins include the ACE2 receptor, ...
Hong Kong has so far recorded a total of 13 010 death cases that tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus.. Furthermore, among ... In addition, as of 0.00am, January 19, a total of 12 797 death cases that had tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus during ... CHP investigates locally acquired SARS-CoV-2 virus cases with 832 cases tested positive by nucleic acid tests and 3 061 cases ... CHP investigates locally acquired SARS-CoV-2 virus cases with 832 cases tested positive by nucleic acid tests and 3 061 cases ...
Hong Kong has so far recorded a total of 10 826 death cases that tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus.. Furthermore, among ... In addition, as of 0.00am, December 5, a total of 10 613 death cases that had tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus during ... CHP investigates locally acquired SARS-CoV-2 virus cases with 1 977 cases tested positive by nucleic acid tests and 6 866 cases ... the CHP was investigating 8 843 additional locally acquired cases that tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, comprising 1 ...
Home » Industry News » Webinar: SARS-CoV-2 and foodborne viruses - current issues ... Virus-related foodborne illness is a continuing threat to the food industry. The evolving coronavirus pandemic has also raised ... He will also cover FAQs and current issues, including an update on foodborne viruses and the recently revised figures released ... will discuss some of the main issues regarding SARS-CoV-2 in the context of food safety. ...
  • Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System: surveillance case coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to substantial definitions. (cdc.gov)
  • The tactic worked in the fight against SARS, or severe acute respiratory syndrome, a coronavirus that killed 775 people during a 19-month outbreak a decade ago. (go.com)
  • One of the big differences between the novel coronavirus and SARS is the fact that SARS transmission was much better than this,' Hartl said, adding that human-to-human transmission of nCoV appears to be limited to patients with prolonged contact in closed spaces, such as hospital rooms. (go.com)
  • The pandemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a public health emergency, and research on the development of various types of vaccines is rapidly progressing at an unprecedented development speed internationally. (nature.com)
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a member of Coronaviridae family, emerged in 2019 and caused a public health emergency of international concern. (nature.com)
  • By May 2003, a coronavirus had been identified as the cause of SARS, and the full genome sequence of this new human pathogen, which may have jumped from civet cats to people, had been published. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Quantitative modeling of airborne severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission requires a proper understanding of the number and size distributions of respiratory droplets in different environments. (news-medical.net)
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel evolutionary divergent RNA virus, is responsible for the present devastating COVID-19 pandemic. (nature.com)
  • The identified causative agent is found to be a highly contagious novel beta-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). (nature.com)
  • Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is found to cause a large outbreak started from Wuhan since December 2019 in China and SARS-CoV-2 infections have been reported with epidemiological linkage to China in 25 countries until now. (nih.gov)
  • The disease, identified as a new coronavirus infection, is similar to the virus behind severe acute respiratory syndrome, better known as SARS, which killed hundreds of people in Hong Kong and mainland China from 2002 to 2003. (upi.com)
  • WHO is proposing studies on the novel coronavirus that can be done in China and elsewhere to better understand transmission, risk factors and where the virus is," it said. (upi.com)
  • Coronavirus , on the other hand, is a novel virus (2019-nCoV) that leaves you with pneumonia-like symptoms. (indiatimes.com)
  • We were too late in responding to the initial SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, but this will not be our last coronavirus pandemic," said Professor Boni. (earth.com)
  • The emergence of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV, now named SARS-CoV-2) has infected tens of thousands of people in China, with cases in at least 28 other countries and prompting a worldwide response. (medrxiv.org)
  • SARS-CoV-2 is the coronavirus responsible for the Covid-19 pandemic. (pharmiweb.com)
  • A Facebook post falsely claims research has confirmed that the 2019 coronavirus is a man-made combination of the SARS and HIV viruses. (aap.com.au)
  • However there is no evidence that suggests the 2019 novel coronavirus was made in a lab and the expert quoted in the story states: "there isn't evidence or indication" of a virus escaping the Wuhan Institute of Virology. (aap.com.au)
  • The study found bats "may be candidates as the natural host" of the SARS coronavirus. (aap.com.au)
  • Prof White said the study's analysis was flawed because the matches between the two viruses were just random matches of "very short sequences of the entire 10,000 long amino acid sequence of the 2019 novel coronavirus. (aap.com.au)
  • Objectives We undertook a rapid systematic review with the aim of identifying evidence that could be used to answer the following research questions: (1) What is the clinical effectiveness of tests that detect the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to inform COVID-19 diagnosis? (bmj.com)
  • Epidemiology of Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 & Infection Prevention: How Is the Virus Transmitted? (vumedi.com)
  • SARS-like coronavirus sequences isolated from Chinese horseshoe bats, where SARS originated. (scind.org)
  • The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is thought to have emerged in China in 2019 and has since spread across the globe, causing a global pandemic. (abcam.com)
  • The 2002-2004 outbreak of SARS, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1), infected over 8,000 people from 30 countries and territories, and resulted in at least 774 deaths worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
  • In late December 2019, SARS-CoV-2, a strain of coronavirus closely related to the one that caused SARS, was discovered in Wuhan, Hubei, China. (wikipedia.org)
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious, potentially life-threatening viral infection caused by a previously unrecognized virus from the Coronaviridae family, the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). (medscape.com)
  • The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which emerged in late 2019, has since spread around the world and infected hundreds of millions of people with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). (lu.se)
  • MHC class II transactivator CIITA induces cell resistance to Ebola virus and SARS-like coronaviruses," Science , 370:241-47, 2020. (the-scientist.com)
  • By stimulating host innate immunity, BBT-032 has the potential to be an effective treatment not only against SARS-CoV-2, but also against other coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and future viral pandemic threats. (pharmiweb.com)
  • Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that range from the common cold to serious infections such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). (aap.com.au)
  • However the link between bats and viruses, including coronaviruses such as MERS and SARS, has been documented before and since the 2010 study. (aap.com.au)
  • This study, using a virus-free mouse model, explores the pathogenic roles of certain antibodies specific to the spike proteins of highly pathogenic coronaviruses such as the COVID-19 and the SARS-CoV viruses. (researchsquare.com)
  • Homology modeling suggests that the Ebola virus polymerase F548 residue lies in the F-motif of the polymerase active site , a region that was previously identified as susceptible to resistance mutations in coronaviruses . (bvsalud.org)
  • Coronaviruses are enveloped, single-strand RNA viruses characterized by club-like spikes projecting from their surface and an unusually large RNA genome 3 . (abcam.com)
  • Like all coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 utilizes the S glycoprotein to mediate entry into the host cell. (abcam.com)
  • Here, we contextualize SARS-CoV-2 among other coronaviruses and identify what is known and what can be inferred about its behavior once inside a human host. (lu.se)
  • Additionally, prior research into interactions between the human immune system and coronaviruses has identified how these viruses can evade the immune system's protective mechanisms. (lu.se)
  • During this SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, many studies on the development of plant-derived vaccines and antibodies are underway. (nature.com)
  • We have been in an urgent race against time to prevent the risk of a future global SARS pandemic, with numbers of cases in some places doubling in the past every 2 -3 weeks of a disease with 10% mortality - up to 50% in those over 65. (globalchange.com)
  • A SARS-CoV-2 variant carrying the Spike protein amino acid change D614G has become the most prevalent form in the global pandemic. (nih.gov)
  • Measures implemented to control the COVID-19 pandemic have reduced the incidence of flu dramatically, but in the future doctors may need a rapid test that can tell them which respiratory virus a patient is infected with. (ucsc.edu)
  • This article seeks to understand how certain physiological characteristics of viruses are apprehended by fictions created by humans, in order to explore how the responsibility for the numbers of cases and deaths from viral diseases in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is distributed. (bvsalud.org)
  • SARS, and novel influenza viruses, like pandemic H1N1. (cdc.gov)
  • Understanding the structure and behavior of the virus serves to contextualize the many facets of the COVID-19 pandemic and can influence efforts to control the virus and treat the disease. (lu.se)
  • Once we figured out that infection control worked to stop the transmission, people started to get serious about it,' said Thomas Ksiazek, who served as chief of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Special Pathogens Branch during the SARS outbreak. (go.com)
  • SARS first jumped from animals to humans in 2002-2003 and caused a worldwide outbreak, resulting in 8,000 cases, including one case in Chapel Hill. (continuitycentral.com)
  • With nearly 800 deaths during that outbreak, SARS-CoV presents much like flu symptoms but then can accelerate, compromise breathing and bring on a deadly form of pneumonia. (continuitycentral.com)
  • The outbreak was controlled through public health interventions and the original virus was thought to have been extinct since 2004. (continuitycentral.com)
  • Most experts agree that it is only a matter of time until Asia will have to respond to another large-scale disease epidemic, as was seen with the SARS outbreak. (isdp.eu)
  • The "2002 to 2003 outbreak" refers to SARS, which affected 26 countries in that period . (aap.com.au)
  • A SARS-like virus found in Chinese horseshoe bats may be poised to infect humans without the need for adaptation, overcoming an initial barrier that could potentially set the stage for an outbreak according to a new study. (scind.org)
  • This virus may never jump to humans, but if it does, WIV1-CoV has the potential to seed a new outbreak with significant consequences for both public health and the global economy. (scind.org)
  • The research team also found that antibodies developed to treat SARS were effective in both human and animal tissue samples against WIV1-CoV, providing a potent treatment option if there were an outbreak. (scind.org)
  • SARS, short for severe acute respiratory syndrome, was first seen in an outbreak in 2002 and resulted in 8,000 cases and nearly 800 deaths. (scind.org)
  • Initially, the cause of the outbreak was unknown, and some media outlets reported that an influenza virus was a potential culprit. (wikipedia.org)
  • The major part of the outbreak lasted about 8 months, and the World Health Organization declared SARS contained on 5 July 2003. (wikipedia.org)
  • On 16 November 2002, an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) began in China's Guangdong province, bordering Hong Kong. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since the 2002-2003 outbreak of SARS, which initially began in the Guangdong province of southern China but eventually involved more than 8000 persons worldwide (see the image below), global efforts have virtually eradicated SARS as a threat. (medscape.com)
  • World map of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) distribution from the 2002-2003 outbreak infection. (medscape.com)
  • People who have symptoms of COVID-19 or who have had known exposure to someone with COVID-19 should be tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection. (cdc.gov)
  • This overview describes current information on the types of tests used to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection and their intended uses. (cdc.gov)
  • SARS-CoV-2 co-infection with another pathogen, including a respiratory virus, bacterium, or fungus, has been documented, particularly in hospitalized patients. (cdc.gov)
  • (10,11) Detection of a different respiratory pathogen does not rule out SARS-CoV-2 infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Viral tests , including nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs, such as PCR tests), antigen tests and other tests (such as breath tests) are used as diagnostic tests to detect current infection with SARS-CoV-2, determine the need for prevention measures like isolation, and inform an individual's medical care. (cdc.gov)
  • Prolonged infection in immunocompromised pa- human immunodeficiency virus infection on the burden of tients may lead to emergence of new virus variants. (cdc.gov)
  • We report a case of a prolonged clinical infection with persistent virus shedding in a patient with func- tional B-cell deficiency, hypogammaglobulinemia, 1These authors contributed equally to this article. (cdc.gov)
  • The virus also replicates as effectively as SARS-CoV did in primary human lung cells, the preferred target for infection. (continuitycentral.com)
  • We isolated SARS-CoV-2 from the oropharyngeal sample obtained from the patient with the first laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in Korea. (nih.gov)
  • SARS infection was a major risk to world health. (globalchange.com)
  • While most people with SARS infection do not pass the SARS virus to others, a small minority (superspreaders) seemed to be highly infectious, and the source of most new transmission. (globalchange.com)
  • That remains the concern of the World Health Organisation and also of the Chinese government as well as leading virologists around the world and is the reason why such active steps continue to be taken to stamp out SARS infection now. (globalchange.com)
  • In January 2021, researchers reported that more than 95 percent of people who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection had durable immunity to the virus for at least eight months. (nvic.org)
  • Another study specific to health care workers in an urban Massachusetts setting between December of 2020 and September of 2021, when the Delta variant was most prominent, also reported no cases of re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 among those previously infected. (nvic.org)
  • According to a CDC report published in January 2022 on cases and hospitalizations by COVID-19 vaccination status conducted in New York and California between May 2021 and November 2021, unvaccinated individuals with a history of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection had infection rates of between 14.7 and 29 times lower than unvaccinated individuals without prior infection. (nvic.org)
  • In contrast, COVID-19-vaccinated individuals with a past history of SARS-CoV-2 infection were noted to have infection rates that were only between 4.5 and 6.2 times lower. (nvic.org)
  • A latent infection is when the virus in the body is dormant and does not replicate within the host. (thehindu.com)
  • A perfect example of this would be chickenpox, caused by the human herpesvirus 3 - after infection, "the body responds and the virus goes into latency. (thehindu.com)
  • While vaccination campaigns are ongoing worldwide, there is still a tremendous medical need for efficient antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 infection. (mdpi.com)
  • Yet, while it is possible that pangolins may have acted as an intermediate host facilitating transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to humans, no evidence exists to suggest that pangolin infection is a requirement for bat viruses to cross into humans. (earth.com)
  • The researchers decided to use the model system they were working on to study infection of SARS-CoV-2. (integrativepractitioner.com)
  • They found that the other cell types in their models were not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. (integrativepractitioner.com)
  • Interferon beta is a critical component of the host innate immune system that provides broad-based protection against viruses by stimulating a patient's cells to make proteins and other molecules that allow the cells to resist infection by viruses. (pharmiweb.com)
  • A new claim is that the potentially deadly infection is a "man-made" combination of parts of the HIV-1 virus and the SARS virus. (aap.com.au)
  • A Brazilian study published in the journal PNAS describes some of the effects infection by SARS-CoV-2 can have on the central nervous system. (fapesp.br)
  • The flu is an infection of the nose, throat, and lungs caused by the influenza virus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The viral S gene is important as it codes for the Spike protein which is the molecule that makes contact with, and allows entry of the virus into susceptible host cells, causing infection. (who.int)
  • To date, WHO has designated 4 SARS CoV-2 genotypes that meet the working definition of a VOC: i) contain mutations divergent from the Wuhan strain and ii) that the mutations impact one or more of the aspects of viral infection that have public health significance. (who.int)
  • We also explore systems-level research into the regulatory and proteomic effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immune response. (lu.se)
  • To explore the genomic signatures, we comprehensively analyzed 2,492 complete and/or near-complete genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 strains reported from across the globe to the GISAID database up to 30 March 2020. (nature.com)
  • Notably, residues of receptor-binding domain (RBD) showing crucial interactions with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and cross-reacting neutralizing antibody were found to be conserved among the analyzed virus strains, except for replacement of lysine with arginine at 378th position of the cryptic epitope of a Shanghai isolate, hCoV-19/Shanghai/SH0007/2020 (EPI_ISL_416320). (nature.com)
  • A study published November 19, 2020 in The Lancet Microbe found that the SARS-CoV-2 virus was most contagious in the first five days after the onset of symptoms. (nvic.org)
  • In early 2020, after the SARS-CoV-2 virus emerged, the researchers altered their plans. (integrativepractitioner.com)
  • BOULDER, Colo., Aug. 25, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Bolder BioTechnology, Inc. announced today that preclinical studies have shown that its proprietary long-acting interferon beta analog, BBT-032, strongly inhibits growth of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in culture at concentrations expected to be readily achievable in patients. (pharmiweb.com)
  • We systematically searched for all published evidence on the effectiveness of tests for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus, or antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, up to 4 May 2020, and assessed relevant studies for risks of bias using the QUADAS-2 framework. (bmj.com)
  • Unfortunately, the WGS SARS-CoV-2 data from Indonesia published on GISAID is minimal, namely 24 full-genomes compared to 92,090 full-genomes worldwide (September 1, 2020). (ugm.ac.id)
  • A preliminary version (not yet peer-reviewed) posted in 2020 was one of the first to show that the virus that causes COVID-19 can infect brain cells, especially astrocytes. (fapesp.br)
  • Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 was implemented during March 2020 at a major diagnostic hub in Bangkok, Thailand. (tropmedres.ac)
  • 2) What is the clinical effectiveness of tests that detect the presence of antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus to inform COVID-19 diagnosis? (bmj.com)
  • The virus, 2019-nCoV, targets the respiratory system and causes coughing, fever and breathing difficulties. (rt.com)
  • Some have speculated that 2019-nCoV is in fact severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which killed almost 800 people across Asia in 2002. (rt.com)
  • DNA analysis of 2019-nCoV revealed that it is very similar to SARS - essentially a modified form. (rt.com)
  • Passengers on those flights, as well as those to Singapore, Tokyo and Hong Kong, are now being screened for 2019-nCoV, but who's to say how long the virus and symptoms can remain dormant before they are easily detected? (rt.com)
  • The study, which was withdrawn within days of being posted following criticism of its scientific research methods, claimed to have found four "insertions" of amino acids - the building blocks of proteins - "which are unique to the 2019-nCoV" that all have "identity or similarity" to those found in two strains of the HIV-1 virus. (aap.com.au)
  • The current gold standard for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infections uses PCR technology to amplify small amounts of the virus's genomic material, and samples are analyzed in centralized laboratories such as UCSC's Colligan Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory . (ucsc.edu)
  • The correlation between SARS-CoV-2 antigen and SARS-CoV-2 culture represents a significant advancement in determining the risk for potential transmissibility beyond that which can be achieved by detection of SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA. (medrxiv.org)
  • Early genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 revealed that it belongs to the betacoronavirus genus, lineage B, alongside SARS-CoV-2 1 , 2 . (abcam.com)
  • In February 2003, the first (and so far only) epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) started in Guangdong Province, China. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging pneumonia-like respiratory disease of human, which was reported to be re-emerged in Wuhan city of China in December 2019 1 . (nature.com)
  • It also takes money, and lots of it, according to Dr. Robert Atmar, who studied candidate vaccines for SARS. (go.com)
  • Some of the candidate vaccines for SARS caused lung damage in mice exposed to the virus. (go.com)
  • Over one hundred vaccines using varied approaches including protein subunit, viral vector, RNA, DNA, inactivated virus, attenuated virus, and virus like particles (VLPs) platforms are in clinical trials. (nature.com)
  • These protein subunits can assemble into virus particles without viral RNA genome in mammalian cells to study virus-cell entry 2 and to develop vaccines 3 . (nature.com)
  • From the viral genome, researchers have deduced the sequences and structures of the viral proteins, hoping to use this information to develop treatments and vaccines for SARS. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The only real external protection against viruses are vaccines - but these can take a long time to develop, and are not always effective. (rt.com)
  • The spokesman for the CHP said that COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in preventing severe cases and deaths from the SARS-CoV-2 virus. (gov.hk)
  • Gunadi added that although Indonesia's data is still far from ideal compared to world data for the benefit of data on the virus transmission in the population (epidemiology), the development of Covid-19 vaccines or therapy in the world, especially in Indonesia. (ugm.ac.id)
  • WGS data is essential for knowing the epidemiology (spread) of the virus, including the type of mutation (clade) in the community, its connection with the severity of Covid-19 patients, development of vaccines, or Covid-19 therapy in the future, especially in Indonesia. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Among other things, it explains why monoclonal treatments, vaccines and masks don't work well against SARS-CoV-2 (the virus was designed to be resistant to these), as well as explaining that the "censored treatments" work well because they inhibit viral replication and spike protein immune response. (rudd-o.com)
  • Also, in terms of prevention, existing vaccines against SARS would not provide protection for this new virus due to slight differences in the viral sequence. (scind.org)
  • Understanding the structure and function of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants is essential in developing vaccines and therapies to tackle the COVID-19 disease. (abcam.com)
  • Yes, SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, is contagious and is transmitted through aerosolized particles and respiratory droplets. (nvic.org)
  • During this COCA Call, clinicians will learn critical information about molecular approaches for clinical and public health applications to detect the influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. (cdc.gov)
  • Since a plant-derived antibody cocktail to Ebola virus in 2014 had been shown to be effective 5 , more studies and cases have been reported. (nature.com)
  • We also included studies that reported influence of testing on subsequent patient management, and that reported virus/antibody detection rates where these facilitated comparisons of testing in different settings, different populations or using different sampling methods. (bmj.com)
  • Results 38 studies on SARS-CoV-2 virus testing and 25 studies on SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing were identified. (bmj.com)
  • For example, we can insert one antibody into the sample to turn the astrocytes red on binding to them, another to mark the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by making it green, and a third to highlight the virus's double-stranded RNA, which only appears during replication, by turning it magenta," Martins-de-Souza explained. (fapesp.br)
  • Since COVID-19 began its menacing march across Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and then across the world, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has taken a 'whatever works' strategy to ensure its replication and spread. (news-medical.net)
  • Phylogenetic analyses of whole genome sequences showed that it clustered with other SARS-CoV-2 reported from Wuhan. (nih.gov)
  • Health officials in the central Chinese city of Wuhan said in a statement that a patient infected with the new virus died over the weekend, bringing the death toll to three after a 69-year-old man died Wednesday and a 61-year-old-man died on Jan. 9. (upi.com)
  • Wuhan, where the virus originated, is right in the center of China. (rt.com)
  • There are 11 million people in Wuhan, which makes a big target for a newly mutated virus. (rt.com)
  • Wuhan strain will continue to arise, yet not all viral variants generated through mutation of the virus are important or have immediate public health relevance. (who.int)
  • The VOC differ from the original Wuhan virus as they have mutations across the genome. (who.int)
  • This virus is highly pathogenic and treatments developed against the original SARS virus in 2002 and the ZMapp drugs used to fight Ebola fail to neutralize and control this particular virus,' said Baric. (continuitycentral.com)
  • From how the virus infects cells to how it spreads between people, the available research suggests that these patterns are very similar to those seen in the closely related viruses SARS-CoV-1 and possibly Middle East respiratory syndrome-related CoV (MERS-CoV). (lu.se)
  • Early detection and patient isolation trump vaccination for new virus. (go.com)
  • Here we report a method to identify SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus RNA from purified RNA or cell lysis using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) using a visual, colorimetric detection. (medrxiv.org)
  • This simple and sensitive method provides an opportunity to facilitate virus detection in the field without a requirement for complex diagnostic infrastructure. (medrxiv.org)
  • Here we describe a molecular diagnostic approach for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and simple visual detection of amplification for potential use in rapid, field applications. (medrxiv.org)
  • This illustration shows the setup of the optofluidic chip for rapid detection of single antigens of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A. (Image credit: Stambaugh et al. (ucsc.edu)
  • 2 , 3 , 9 Using the BD Veritor System for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2 later flow antigen detection test, we demonstrate a higher concordance of antigen-positive test results with the presence of cultured, infectious virus when compared to RT-PCR. (medrxiv.org)
  • A number of tools are available for the detection of mutations that are characteristic of viruses defined as VOI/VOCs. (who.int)
  • After only 10 minutes, the virus lost 50 percent of its ability to infect. (nvic.org)
  • Humidity of the environment was also determined to play a role in the ability of the virus to infect. (nvic.org)
  • When the environment had a humidity level of less than 50 percent, the virus lost its ability to infect within 10 seconds. (nvic.org)
  • while a chronic virus will infect its host for extended periods of time, often through the lifetime of the host. (thehindu.com)
  • In addition, SARS-CoV-2 does not depend solely on cathepsins to infect cells, he notes. (the-scientist.com)
  • Furthermore, the other key feature thought to be instrumental to SARS-CoV-2's ability to infect humans - a polybasic cleavage site insertion in the Spike protein - has not yet been seen in another close bat relative of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. (earth.com)
  • The key to successful surveillance, is knowing which viruses to look for and prioritizing those that can readily infect humans. (earth.com)
  • The study provides evidence that the virus can infect cells of the inner ear, including hair cells, which are critical for both hearing and balance. (integrativepractitioner.com)
  • The researchers then showed that the virus can infect the inner ear, specifically the hair cells and, to a lesser degree, Schwann cells. (integrativepractitioner.com)
  • Based on the sequences, researchers reconstructed the viruses to evaluate their potential to infect human cells and in mice. (scind.org)
  • This protein is a critical in the linking of the virus to a host cell it can infect. (who.int)
  • E arlier this year, immunologist Adam Lacy-Hulbert of the Benaroya Research Institute in Seattle and his former postdoc Anna Bruchez were writing up their discovery of a previously unknown immune pathway that defends cells against Ebola virus. (the-scientist.com)
  • After adding these transposons to flasks of human cells, Bruchez introduced viruses engineered to express an Ebola glycoprotein, killing most of the cells. (the-scientist.com)
  • When the cells are exposed to an Ebola-mimicking virus, the p41-bound cathepsins are unable to cleave off the virus's glycoprotein, stopping it from fusing with the membrane and thus trapping it inside the endosome. (the-scientist.com)
  • NPC1 encodes the receptor that Ebola virus binds to, but CIITA was more mysterious. (the-scientist.com)
  • One isoform in particular, p41 , could keep CD74 knockout cells alive in the face of the virus with the Ebola glycoprotein. (the-scientist.com)
  • The p41 protein binds to proteases called cathepsins, preventing the enzymes from cleaving the Ebola glycoprotein, thus stopping the fusion of the virus with the endosome and the release of the viral genome into the cell, the team demonstrated. (the-scientist.com)
  • Remdesivir targets a structurally analogous region of the Ebola virus and SARS-CoV-2 polymerases. (bvsalud.org)
  • Remdesivir is a broad-spectrum antiviral nucleotide prodrug that has been clinically evaluated in Ebola virus patients and recently received emergency use authorization (EUA) for treatment of COVID-19. (bvsalud.org)
  • We found that a single amino acid substitution , F548S, in the Ebola virus polymerase conferred low-level reduced susceptibility to remdesivir. (bvsalud.org)
  • According to Jeong Eun-Kyeong, director of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the COVID-19 virus may have "reactivated" in the patients rather than them becoming re-infected. (thehindu.com)
  • Furthermore, unlike the rest of the SARS genome, which changes rapidly, the s2m element is absolutely conserved in SARS variants obtained from patients during the SARS epidemic. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Many of the mutations found in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs) are found in the S gene - most commonly within the S1/RBD regions. (abcam.com)
  • However, variants with specific mutations that affect the way the virus behaves are now considered either Variants of Interest (VOI) or Variants of Concern (VOC) with respect to public health implications (1). (who.int)
  • The SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes four major structural proteins: the spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, membrane (M) protein and the envelope (E) protein, each of which is essential to compose the viral particle 3 . (abcam.com)
  • The S gene is one of the structural genes of the virus which encodes for a protein that sits on the surface of the SARS CoV-2 virus. (who.int)
  • SARS-CoV-2 is composed of four essential structural proteins: the spike (S) glycoprotein, membrane (M) protein, envelope (E) protein, and nucleocapsid (N) protein, as well as multiple accessory and non-structural proteins 1 . (nature.com)
  • Finding a similar 90° kink in a region of ribosomal RNA that binds factors necessary for the initiation of protein synthesis, the researchers speculate that the SARS virus may use the s2m element to hijack its host cell's protein synthesis machinery. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The analysis showed that one of the older traits SARS-CoV-2 shares with its relatives is the receptor-binding domain (RBD) located on the Spike protein, which enables the virus to detect and bind to receptors on human cells. (earth.com)
  • SARS-CoV-2 S protein binds to the ACE2 receptor at the surface of host cells, initially through the S1 RBD. (abcam.com)
  • TMPRSS2 cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein is believed to enable the fusion of the viral capsid with the host cell to permit viral entry 5 , 6 . (abcam.com)
  • Both Neuropilin-1 and Neuropilin-2 have been shown to bind the cleaved form of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein to mediate host cell entry 13, 14 . (abcam.com)
  • Some mutations in the S gene may lead to changes in the spike protein which result in inhibition of contact and entry of the virus into human cells, however in the case of the VOC, they contain mutations in the S gene that enhance the process of contact and entry into human cells, increasing transmissibility of the virus. (who.int)
  • The S protein, due to its exposure on the outside of the virus is also one of the parts of the virus that is recognised as foreign by the immune system. (who.int)
  • But in a new study undergoing peer review, University of Illinois researchers and students show the virus is honing the tactics that may make it more successful and more stable. (news-medical.net)
  • Within the spike, the researchers found that an amino acid at site 614 was replaced with another ( aspartic acid to glycine ), a mutation that took over the entire virus population during March and April. (news-medical.net)
  • The researchers also noted regions of the virus proteome becoming more variable through time, which they say may give us an indication of what to expect next with COVID-19. (news-medical.net)
  • Researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have discovered a new bat SARS-like virus that can jump directly from its bat hosts to humans without mutation. (continuitycentral.com)
  • However, researchers point out that if the SARS-like virus did jump, it is still unclear whether it could spread from human to human. (continuitycentral.com)
  • An international team of researchers has traced the evolutionary history of SARS-CoV-2, and the findings may help to prevent future pandemics that could emerge from this lineage. (earth.com)
  • While SARS-CoV-2 shares about 96 percent of the genetic makeup of this particular virus, the researchers determined that it diverged from RaTG13 in 1969. (earth.com)
  • In both the human inner ear samples and the stem-cell-derived cellular models, the researchers found that certain types of cells, specifically hair cells and Schwann cells, express the proteins that are needed for the SARS-CoV-2 virus to enter the cells. (integrativepractitioner.com)
  • However, the researchers showed that cochlear hair cells from mice also have proteins that allow SARS-CoV-2 entry. (integrativepractitioner.com)
  • The researchers explain that virus survival in the air and on surfaces, people's susceptibility to infections, and human behaviors, such as indoor crowding, differ across the seasons due to changes in temperature and humidity. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Here, we demonstrate that non-infectious SARS-CoV-2 VLPs can be successfully assembled by co-expressing three important viral proteins membrane (M), envelop (E) and nucleocapsid (N) in plants. (nature.com)
  • A group of graduate students in a spring-semester Bioinformatics and Systems Biology class at Illinois tracked the mutation rate in the virus's proteome - the collection of proteins encoded by genetic material - through time, starting with the first SARS-CoV-2 genome published in January and ending more than 15,300 genomes later in May. (news-medical.net)
  • The research team says these are regions to watch, because increasing non-random variability in these proteins suggests the virus is actively seeking ways to improve its spread. (news-medical.net)
  • Caetano-Anolles explains these two proteins interfere with how our bodies combat the virus. (news-medical.net)
  • These proteins include the ACE2 receptor, which is found on cell surfaces, and two enzymes called furin and transmembrane protease serine 2, which help the virus to fuse with the host cell. (integrativepractitioner.com)
  • In addition to binding ACE2, increasing evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 can also bind other surface proteins to gain cell entry. (abcam.com)
  • The new chip-based antigen test is not only highly sensitive, but also enables simultaneous testing for multiple viruses from one sample. (ucsc.edu)
  • As of 0.00am, December 5, the CHP was investigating 8 843 additional locally acquired cases that tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, comprising 1 977 cases that tested positive by nucleic acid tests (985 confirmed cases, 827 asymptomatic cases and 165 cases with pending status) and 6 866 cases that tested positive by rapid antigen tests (RATs) in the past 24 hours. (gov.hk)
  • 1 - 8 Positive SARS-CoV-2 antigen-based testing exhibits a temporal pattern that corresponds with active, replicating virus and could therefore be a more accurate predictor of an individual's potential to transmit SARS-CoV-2. (medrxiv.org)
  • When compared to infectious virus isolation, the sensitivity of antigen-based testing is similar to RT-PCR. (medrxiv.org)
  • A respiratory illness that begins with a high temperature and can develop into life-threatening pneumonia, SARS is spread by close person-to-person contact. (sciencedaily.com)
  • DNA and RNA viruses are involved in the etiology of viral pneumonia. (medscape.com)
  • [ 11 , 12 ] The CDC recommends that patients suspected of or confirmed as having SARS receive the same treatment that would be administered if they had any serious, community-acquired pneumonia. (medscape.com)
  • What follows is an expanded version of a briefing by Dr Patrick Dixon at the SARS Summit organised by World Bank's Global Development Learning Network - government leaders from Vietnam, China, Mongolia, Phillipines, Hong Kong and other nations. (globalchange.com)
  • SARS, the fatal respiratory illness meanwhile, is said to have claimed 200 lives in Hong Kong and China leaving close to 4,000 sick. (indiatimes.com)
  • Hong Kong has recorded a total of 1 065 656 and 1 101 828 cases that have tested positive by nucleic acid tests and RATs respectively for the SARS-CoV-2 virus so far. (gov.hk)
  • Hong Kong has so far recorded a total of 10 826 death cases that tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. (gov.hk)
  • Hong Kong has recorded a total of 1 210 194 and 1 637 827 cases that have tested positive by nucleic acid tests and RATs respectively for the SARS-CoV-2 virus so far. (gov.hk)
  • The greatest number of past and new cases of SARS are in mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore (red). (medscape.com)
  • Furthermore, our results of the preliminary epidemiological data on SARS-CoV-2 infections revealed that frequency of aa mutations were relatively higher in the SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences of Europe (43.07%) followed by Asia (38.09%), and North America (29.64%) while case fatality rates remained higher in the European temperate countries, such as Italy, Spain, Netherlands, France, England and Belgium. (nature.com)
  • Current diagnostic PCR assays target a variety of SARS CoV-2 genes and the vast majority target sequences in regions of the SARS CoV-2 genome that are highly conserved. (who.int)
  • Baric and his team demonstrated that the newly-identified SARS-like virus, labeled SHC014-CoV and found in the Chinese horseshoe bats, can jump between bats and humans by showing that the virus can latch onto and use the same human and bat receptor for entry. (continuitycentral.com)
  • This means that other viruses that are capable of infecting humans are circulating in horseshoe bats in China," said study co-author David L. Robertson. (earth.com)
  • However, the ongoing rapid transmission and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 have raised critical questions about the evolution and adaptation of the viral population driven by mutations, deletions and/or recombination as it spreads across the world encountering diverse host immune systems and various counter-measures 6 . (nature.com)
  • These findings illuminate changes important for a mechanistic understanding of the virus and support continuing surveillance of Spike mutations to aid with development of immunological interventions. (nih.gov)
  • Overall, these assays and approaches detect specific mutations or features such as insertions, deletions and point mutations in the SARS CoV-2 genome that are characteristic of a particular VOC/VOI using PCR. (who.int)
  • Lacy-Hulbert suggests that this pathway could trigger broad resistance to viruses and that this "might have been CIITA and CD74 's original role. (the-scientist.com)
  • Instead, our research suggests that SARS-CoV-2 likely evolved the ability to replicate in the upper respiratory tract of both humans and pangolins. (earth.com)
  • This study also reported that there was no difference in the viral loads among asymptomatic or symptomatic SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals, and research indicated that people without symptoms clear the virus more quickly and are therefore less contagious. (nvic.org)
  • The first such cases emerged in the east (China, South Korea) where scientists were puzzled over why or how individuals who had tested negative twice for the virus, had, after a few weeks or months, tested positive, the second time around albeit with milder symptoms. (thehindu.com)
  • Furthermore, it has not been confirmed that the viruses will require an intermediate host to jump to humans. (earth.com)
  • A 2013 study published by The Royal Society, the United Kingdom's national science academy, found bats host more than 61 viruses infectious to humans. (aap.com.au)
  • This reflection takes place from a non-human and feminist perspective and takes as methodological outline the notion of String Figures by Donna Haraway, through which it is possible to situate the relationship between humans and viruses in certain global and national contexts, considering their formats and effects. (bvsalud.org)
  • They also showed that the virus readily and efficiently replicated in cultured human airway tissues, suggesting an ability to jump directly to humans. (scind.org)
  • MOP.0000000000000997 infectious virus until 143 days after diagnosis ( 4 - 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • If SARS had become firmly established in the very poorest nations with few facilities for contact tracing, diagnosis, treatment and isolation, there would have been a small but significant risk that it would have gone on to spread like the 1918-1919 flu which rapidly infected 400 million people of which 30 million died. (globalchange.com)
  • However, the lack of a true reference standard for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis makes it challenging to assess the true diagnostic accuracy of these tests. (bmj.com)
  • An accurate and early etiologic diagnosis is important because specific therapies are used against certain viruses. (medscape.com)
  • But it was clear to Schmidt that the diagnostic technology his lab was developing for Zika virus and other infectious diseases could be adapted for COVID-19. (ucsc.edu)
  • In addition, presenters will provide in-depth discussion on cycle threshold (Ct) values from SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic assays and their correlation with viral load and infectiousness. (cdc.gov)
  • A much more comprehensive and real-time surveillance system needs to be put in place to catch viruses like this when case numbers are still in the double digits. (earth.com)
  • An August 25, 2021 retrospective study of Israel's second largest HMO, yet to undergo peer review, compared 673,676 vaccinated individuals who had not been previously infected by SARS-CoV-2, 62,883 unvaccinated individuals and 42,099 previously infected individuals with a single vaccine dose. (nvic.org)
  • In addition, as of 0.00am, December 5, a total of 10 613 death cases that had tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus during the fifth wave (since December 31, 2021) were recorded, with 10 517 and 92 deaths reported from the Hospital Authority and public mortuaries respectively as well as four deaths reported from private hospitals. (gov.hk)
  • Presenters from the Centers for Disease and Prevention (CDC) will review the most up to date guidance on clinical testing for influenza, including situations when influenza and SARS-CoV-2 are co-circulating in a community or other setting. (cdc.gov)
  • Discuss the value of SARS-CoV-2 sequencing in public health compared to clinical practice. (cdc.gov)
  • Describe clinical test ordering and utilization for seasonal influenza in the context of SARS-CoV-2 co-circulation. (cdc.gov)
  • The clinical course of SARS generally follows a typical pattern. (medscape.com)
  • High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scanning is controversial in the evaluation of SARS but may be considered when SARS is a strong clinical possibility despite normal chest radiographs. (medscape.com)
  • Tomaszewski says although its role in virulence needs confirmation, the mutation clearly mediates entry into host cells and therefore is critical for understanding virus transmission and spread. (news-medical.net)
  • China's new killer virus is mutated SARS & may be one more mutation away from infecting millions. (rt.com)
  • Ph.D., as the Head of Genetics Working Group, FKKMK UGM, said that currently, the D614G mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has an infectious potential ten times higher, has spread to almost all corners of the world. (ugm.ac.id)
  • However, based on the fact that there is a SARS-CoV-2 virus with D614G mutation detected in Indonesia, all parties should improve their disciplines in implementing health protocols, such as washing hands, using masks, avoiding crowds, and so on. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Innate immunity is the first line of defence elicited by the host immune system to fight against invading pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. (amrita.edu)
  • Innate immunity gets activated when the host cell utilizes a diverse set of receptors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRR) to recognize the viruses that have penetrated the host and respond with cellular processes like complement system, phagocytosis, cytokine release and inflammation and destruction of NK cells. (amrita.edu)
  • They found that the newly identified virus, known as WIV1-CoV, could bind to the same receptors as SARS-CoV. (scind.org)
  • Indeed, the increased transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 compared with SARS-CoV could potentially be explained by an increased number of cellular receptors allowing the virus to penetrate host cells. (abcam.com)
  • A virus similar to SARS has spread through hospitals in Europe and the Middle East, prompting fears of human-to-human transmission. (go.com)
  • Additionally, it is crucial for appropriate COVID-19 mitigation strategies and to evaluate the relative SARS-CoV-2 transmission by saliva vs. airway lining fluid-originated droplets. (news-medical.net)
  • The U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has also stated that SARS-CoV-2 transmission can occur when a person touches a contaminated object and then touches their mouth, nose, or eyes. (nvic.org)
  • The CHP appeals to the community to keep on maintaining personal hygiene and complying with social distancing measures in order to jointly contain the risk of virus transmission. (gov.hk)
  • The CHP appeals to the community to keep on maintaining personal hygiene and comply with relevant mask requirements in order to jointly contain the risk of virus transmission. (gov.hk)
  • The authors reviewed these seasonal viruses, examining the viral and host factors that control their seasonality as well as the latest knowledge on the stability and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. (scitechdaily.com)
  • These factors influence the transmission of respiratory viruses at different times of the year. (scitechdaily.com)
  • However, in comparison to other respiratory viruses such as the flu, COVID-19 has a higher rate of transmission (R0), at least partly due to circulation in a largely immunologically naïve population. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Epidemiological studies have provided evidence on the effect of air pollution on the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the prevalence and symptomatology of the COVID-19 disease . (irec.es)
  • Consequently, Elevated atmospheric PM10 levels in cities may increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission . (irec.es)
  • Canada, more specifically Toronto, Ontario (yellow), is the fifth-ranked area, although community transmission of SARS now appears to be contained, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (medscape.com)
  • The pathogenesis of the virus offers insights into symptomatology, transmission, and individual susceptibility. (lu.se)
  • The viability of the viruses after their contact with the particles was confirmed by successive isolation attempts in cell cultures. (irec.es)
  • Early in the epidemic, the Chinese government discouraged its press from reporting on SARS, delayed reporting to WHO, and initially did not provide information to Chinese outside Guangdong province, where the disease is believed to have originated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Electron microscopy showed that, in cells expressing p41 , the glycoprotein remained trapped inside the endosomes that housed the engineered viruses after they were internalized by the cell. (the-scientist.com)
  • This is when a virus is present within a cell, but not actively producing more infectious virus particles. (thehindu.com)
  • Temporarily suspending the requirement to be tested for the SARS-CoV-2 virus before entering Vietnam from 00:00 on May 15, 2022. (vietvisiontravel.com)
  • Several virus lineages supposedly originated in many countries were found, and a Thai-specific lineage, designated A/Thai-1, has expanded to be predominant in Thailand. (tropmedres.ac)
  • A virus sample in the SARS-CoV-2 A/Thai-1 lineage contains a frame-shift deletion at ORF7a, encoding a putative host antagonizing factor of the virus. (tropmedres.ac)
  • Saes is pleased to announce that a study carried out with the University of Siena has proved the effectiveness of the new PureFize® UVC technology in inactivating the SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for Covid-19 disease. (saesgetters.com)
  • Italian physician Carlo Urbani was the first to identify SARS as probably a new and dangerously contagious viral disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • COVID-19 is a disease caused by a virus called SARS-CoV-2. (who.int)
  • For this reason, an in-depth exploration of viral mechanisms is critical to a robust understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and, potentially, future emergent human CoVs (HCoVs). (lu.se)
  • The threat of new mutant viruses continues and SARS was a wake-up call. (globalchange.com)
  • Virus-related foodborne illness is a continuing threat to the food industry. (bfbi.org.uk)
  • But, once herd immunity is attained through natural infections and vaccinations, the R0 should drop substantially, making the virus more susceptible to seasonal factors. (scitechdaily.com)
  • A pathway involved in the adaptive immune system, a relative newcomer in the world of pathogen defense, may have a more ancient role in protecting cells from invading viruses. (the-scientist.com)
  • There was no vaccine for SARS,' Atmar said. (go.com)
  • Virus-like particles (VLPs) enable the construction of promising platforms in the field of vaccine development. (nature.com)
  • 13 predicted the VLP of HBcAg-exposing epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 by an immunoinformatics approach towards the development of a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. (nature.com)
  • We describe the sequence polymor- hospital, the patient was in a single room with trans- phisms over time among the 9 whole-virus genome mission-based air-handling precautions. (cdc.gov)
  • SARS-CoV-2's RBD sequence has so far only been found in a few pangolin viruses," said Robertson. (earth.com)
  • Examples are Herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus (human herpesvirus 4), and cytomegalovirus. (thehindu.com)
  • Viruses such as cytomegalovirus, mumps virus, and hepatitis viruses can all cause deafness, but exactly how they do so is not well-understood. (integrativepractitioner.com)
  • The debates start from the notion of Anthropocene, also articulated by Ailton Krenak, exploring how viruses are summoned to the narratives that justify cases and deaths from viral diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • The virus, which spread through coughs and sneezes, vanished in May 2004. (go.com)
  • For some reason, this must help the virus increase its spread and infectivity in entering the host. (news-medical.net)
  • There is also evidence that the virus can be spread through the fecal-oral route, which supports the recommendation for frequent handwashing. (nvic.org)
  • Moreover, if and when the virus mutates, vaccination becomes useless - this happens almost every winter with influenza, when the doctors play a guessing game about which strains of flu will spread that year. (rt.com)
  • This means that unlike the flu and other respiratory viruses, the factors governing the seasonality of viruses cannot yet halt the spread of COVID-19 in the summer months. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The virus soon spread to nearby hospitals. (wikipedia.org)