A fatal disease of the nervous system in sheep and goats, characterized by pruritus, debility, and locomotor incoordination. It is caused by proteinaceous infectious particles called PRIONS.
Abnormal isoform of prion proteins (PRIONS) resulting from a posttranslational modification of the cellular prion protein (PRPC PROTEINS). PrPSc are disease-specific proteins seen in certain human and animal neurodegenerative diseases (PRION DISEASES).
Small proteinaceous infectious particles which resist inactivation by procedures that modify NUCLEIC ACIDS and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. The abnormal (scrapie) isoform is PrPSc (PRPSC PROTEINS) and the cellular isoform PrPC (PRPC PROTEINS). The primary amino acid sequence of the two isoforms is identical. Human diseases caused by prions include CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME; GERSTMANN-STRAUSSLER SYNDROME; and INSOMNIA, FATAL FAMILIAL.
Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.
Protease-resistant core of PrPSC, the abnormal isoform of prion proteins (PRIONS). PrP 27-30 is produced by limited proteolysis of the N-terminus of PrPSc.
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of keratin, and of other proteins with subtilisin-like specificity. It hydrolyses peptide amides. Endopeptidase K is from the mold Tritirachium album Limber. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.21.64.
A transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cattle associated with abnormal prion proteins in the brain. Affected animals develop excitability and salivation followed by ATAXIA. This disorder has been associated with consumption of SCRAPIE infected ruminant derived protein. This condition may be transmitted to humans, where it is referred to as variant or new variant CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME. (Vet Rec 1998 Jul 25;143(41):101-5)
Diseases of the domestic or wild goat of the genus Capra.
A group of genetic, infectious, or sporadic degenerative human and animal nervous system disorders associated with abnormal PRIONS. These diseases are characterized by conversion of the normal prion protein to an abnormal configuration via a post-translational process. In humans, these conditions generally feature DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; and a fatal outcome. Pathologic features include a spongiform encephalopathy without evidence of inflammation. The older literature occasionally refers to these as unconventional SLOW VIRUS DISEASES. (From Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998 Nov 10;95(23):13363-83)
Normal cellular isoform of prion proteins (PRIONS) encoded by a chromosomal gene and found in normal and scrapie-infected brain tissue, and other normal tissue. PrPC are protease-sensitive proteins whose function is unknown. Posttranslational modification of PrPC into PrPSC leads to infectivity.
Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned RUMINANTS of the genus Capra, in the family Bovidae, closely related to the SHEEP.
A genus of the family Muridae having three species. The present domesticated strains were developed from individuals brought from Syria. They are widely used in biomedical research.
Diseases of domestic and mountain sheep of the genus Ovis.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))
A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.
A species of sheep, Ovis aries, descended from Near Eastern wild forms, especially mouflon.
A transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (prion disease) of DEER and elk characterized by chronic weight loss leading to death. It is thought to spread by direct contact between animals or through environmental contamination with the prion protein (PRIONS).
Non-hematopoietic cells, with extensive dendritic processes, found in the primary and secondary follicles of lymphoid tissue (the B cell zones). They are different from conventional DENDRITIC CELLS associated with T-CELLS. They are derived from MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS and are negative for class II MHC antigen and do not process or present antigen like the conventional dendritic cells do. Instead, follicular dendritic cells have FC RECEPTORS and C3B RECEPTORS that hold antigen in the form of ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES on their surfaces for long periods for recognition by B-CELLS.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
The family Cervidae of 17 genera and 45 species occurring nearly throughout North America, South America, and Eurasia, on most associated continental islands, and in northern Africa. Wild populations of deer have been established through introduction by people in Cuba, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and other places where the family does not naturally occur. They are slim, long-legged and best characterized by the presence of antlers. Their habitat is forests, swamps, brush country, deserts, and arctic tundra. They are usually good swimmers; some migrate seasonally. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1362)
The amount time between exposure to an infectious agent and becoming symptomatic.
A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.
Inoculation of a series of animals or in vitro tissue with an infectious bacterium or virus, as in VIRULENCE studies and the development of vaccines.

Experimentally induced bovine spongiform encephalopathy did not transmit via goat embryos. (1/883)

Goats are susceptible to experimental challenge with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). This study set out to investigate whether the transmission of BSE could occur in goats following the transfer of embryos from experimentally infected donor females into uninfected recipient females. The results showed no evidence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy disease in any of the offspring which developed from embryos from infected donors, nor indeed in any of the recipient females used as surrogate dams. In addition, there was no indication of experimental BSE spreading as either a venereal infection to males used in mating or by maternal transmission to offspring born naturally to experimentally infected donors, although numbers were small.  (+info)

Prion protein gene polymorphisms in sheep with natural scrapie and healthy controls in Norway. (2/883)

Two-hundred and forty healthy sheep and 32 cases of natural scrapie in Norway were analysed for disease-linked polymorphisms in the prion protein (PrP) gene. Scrapie was strongly associated with the presence of a valine polymorphism at codon 136 (V136), as 68.8% of the cases were homozygous (VV136) and 15.6% were valine/alanine heterozygous (VA136). All cases were homozygous arginine/arginine at codon 154 (RR154), except two which were homozygous histidine/histidine (HH154). All cases except two were homozygous glutamine/glutamine at codon 171 (QQ171), the two exceptions being heterozygous glutamine/arginine (QR171). More than 80% of all scrapie cases in Norway have occurred in a Cheviot-related crossbred type of sheep called Rygja. This type of sheep, which is largely restricted to the south-western coast, carries the V136 allele at a higher frequency than do other breeds of Norwegian sheep. Polymorphisms at codons 138 and 151 are also described.  (+info)

PrP-dependent association of prions with splenic but not circulating lymphocytes of scrapie-infected mice. (3/883)

An intact immune system, and particularly the presence of mature B lymphocytes, is crucial for mouse scrapie pathogenesis in the brain after peripheral exposure. Prions are accumulated in the lymphoreticular system (LRS), but the identity of the cells containing infectivity and their role in neuroinvasion have not been determined. We show here that although prion infectivity in the spleen is associated with B and T lymphocytes and to a lesser degree with the stroma, no infectivity could be detected in lymphocytes from blood. In wild-type mice, which had been irradiated and reconstituted with PrP-deficient lymphohaematopoietic stem cells and inoculated with scrapie prions, infectivity in the spleen was present in the stroma but not in lymphocytes. Therefore, splenic B and T lymphocytes can either synthesize prions or acquire them from another source, but only when they express PrP.  (+info)

Two prion-inducing regions of Ure2p are nonoverlapping. (4/883)

Ure2p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae normally functions in blocking utilization of a poor nitrogen source when a good nitrogen source is available. The non-Mendelian genetic element [URE3] is a prion (infectious protein) form of Ure2p, so that overexpression of Ure2p induces the de novo appearance of infectious [URE3]. Earlier studies defined a prion domain comprising Ure2p residues 1 to 64 and a nitrogen regulation domain included in residues 66 to 354. We find that deletion of individual runs of asparagine within the prion domain reduce prion-inducing activity. Although residues 1 to 64 are sufficient for prion induction, the fragment from residues 1 to 80 is a more efficient inducer of [URE3]. In-frame deletion of a region around residue 224 does not affect nitrogen regulation but does eliminate prion induction by the remainder of Ure2p. Larger deletions removing the region around residue 224 and more of the C-terminal part of Ure2p restore prion-inducing ability. A fragment of Ure2p lacking the original prion domain does not induce [URE3], but surprisingly, further deletion of residues 151 to 157 and 348 to 354 leaves a fragment that can do so. The region from 66 to 80 and the region around residue 224 are both necessary for this second prion-inducing activity. Thus, each of two nonoverlapping parts of Ure2p is sufficient to induce the appearance of the [URE3] prion.  (+info)

Motor activity changes in scrapie-affected mice. (5/883)

Measurements of spontaneous motor activity using Animex equipment have been made throughout the incubation period in mice developing scrapie. A progressive fall in activity has been noted from an early stage in the disease process well before clinical signs of scrapie were evident. The initial fall was followed by an upsurge in activity at about the time when clinical signs of disease develop.  (+info)

Protease-resistant and detergent-insoluble prion protein is not necessarily associated with prion infectivity. (6/883)

PrPSc, an abnormal isoform of PrPC, is the only known component of the prion, an agent causing fatal neurodegenerative disorders such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). It has been postulated that prion diseases propagate by the conversion of detergent-soluble and protease-sensitive PrPC molecules into protease-resistant and insoluble PrPSc molecules by a mechanism in which PrPSc serves as a template. We show here that the chemical chaperone dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) can partially inhibit the aggregation of either PrPSc or that of its protease-resistant core PrP27-30. Following Me2SO removal by methanol precipitation, solubilized PrP27-30 molecules aggregated into small and amorphous structures that did not resemble the rod configuration observed when scrapie brain membranes were extracted with Sarkosyl and digested with proteinase K. Interestingly, aggregates derived from Me2SO-solubilized PrP27-30 presented less than 1% of the prion infectivity obtained when the same amount of PrP27-30 in rods was inoculated into hamsters. These results suggest that the conversion of PrPC into protease-resistant and detergent-insoluble PrP molecules is not the only crucial step in prion replication. Whether an additional requirement is the aggregation of newly formed proteinase K-resistant PrP molecules into uniquely structured aggregates remains to be established.  (+info)

Population dynamics of scrapie in a sheep flock. (7/883)

A detailed analysis of an outbreak of natural scrapie in a flock of Cheviot sheep is described. A total of 137 cases was reported over 13 years among 1307 sheep born into the flock. The epidemiology of scrapie can only be understood with reference to sheep demography, the population genetics of susceptibility to scrapie, pathogenesis during a long incubation period, and the rate of transmission (by both vertical and horizontal routes), all of which interact in complex ways. A mathematical model incorporating these features is described, parameter values and model inputs are derived from available information from the flock and from independent sources, and model outputs are compared with the field data. The model is able to reproduce key features of the outbreak, including its long duration and the ages of cases. The analysis supports earlier work suggesting that many infected sheep do not survive to show clinical signs, that most cases arise through horizontal transmission, and that there is strong selection against susceptible genotypes. However, important aspects of scrapie epidemiology remain poorly understood, including the possible role of carrier genotypes and of an environmental reservoir of infectivity, and the mechanisms maintaining alleles giving susceptibility to scrapie in the sheep population.  (+info)

The basic reproduction number for scrapie. (8/883)

The basic reproduction number R0 provides a quantitative assessment of the ability of an infectious agent to invade a susceptible host population. A mathematical expression for R0 is derived based on a recently developed model for the spread of scrapie through a flock of sheep. The model incorporates sheep demography, a long and variable incubation period, genetic variation in susceptibility to scrapie, and horizontal and vertical routes of transmission. The sensitivity of R0 to a range of epidemiologically important parameters is assessed and the effects of genetic variation in susceptibility are examined. A reduction in the frequency of the susceptibility allele reduces R0 most effectively when the allele is recessive, whereas inbreeding may increase R0 when the allele is recessive, increasing the chance of an outbreak. Using this formulation, R0 is calculated for an outbreak of scrapie in a flock of Cheviot sheep.  (+info)

Scrapie is a progressive, fatal, degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of sheep and goats. It is one of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases. The agent responsible for scrapie is thought to be an abnormal form of the prion protein, which can cause normal prion proteins in the brain to adopt the abnormal shape and accumulate, leading to brain damage and neurodegeneration.

Scrapie is characterized by several clinical signs, including changes in behavior, tremors, loss of coordination, itching, and excessive scraping of the fleece against hard surfaces, which gives the disease its name. The incubation period for scrapie can range from 2 to 5 years, and there is no known treatment or cure for the disease.

Scrapie is not considered a significant threat to human health, but it has served as a model for understanding other prion diseases, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, which can cause variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans.

PrP^Sc (prion protein scrapie) is a misfolded, abnormal conformational isoform of the prion protein (PrP), which is associated with a group of progressive neurodegenerative disorders known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). These diseases affect both humans and animals and include conditions like bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or "mad cow disease") in cattle, scrapie in sheep, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans.

The PrP protein is a naturally occurring, normal cellular protein found primarily in the brain and central nervous system. It has a predominantly alpha-helical structure under physiological conditions. However, during the development of prion diseases, PrP^Sc forms through a conformational change where the alpha-helical regions are replaced by beta-sheet structures. This misfolded protein can aggregate and form amyloid fibrils, which deposit in various brain regions leading to neurodegeneration, spongiform changes, gliosis, and neuronal loss.

Importantly, PrP^Sc is thought to have self-propagating properties, as it can induce the conversion of normal PrP into more PrP^Sc through a process called seeded polymerization or templated misfolding. This mechanism is believed to underlie the infectious nature and transmissibility of prion diseases.

Prions are misfolded proteins that can induce other normal proteins to also adopt the misfolded shape, leading to the formation of aggregates. These abnormal prion protein aggregates are associated with a group of progressive neurodegenerative diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Examples of TSEs include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or "mad cow disease") in cattle, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, and scrapie in sheep. The misfolded prion proteins are resistant to degradation by proteases, which contributes to their accumulation and subsequent neuronal damage, ultimately resulting in spongiform degeneration of the brain and other neurological symptoms associated with TSEs.

I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

PrP 27-30 protein is the protease-resistant core fragment of the prion protein (PrP), which is associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases. PrP is a normal cellular protein found in many tissues, including the brain, but in TSEs, it undergoes a conformational change and forms aggregates of an abnormal isoform called PrP scrapie (PrPSc). The PrP 27-30 fragment is resistant to protease digestion and has been used as a biochemical marker for prion diseases. It is typically detected in brain tissue from infected individuals or animals, and its presence is indicative of the accumulation of PrPSc in the central nervous system.

Endopeptidase K is a type of enzyme that belongs to the family of peptidases, which are proteins that help break down other proteins into smaller molecules called peptides or individual amino acids. Specifically, endopeptidase K is an intracellular serine protease that cleaves peptide bonds within a protein's interior, rather than at its ends.

Endopeptidase K was initially identified as a component of the proteasome, a large protein complex found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. The proteasome plays a critical role in regulating protein turnover and degrading damaged or misfolded proteins. Endopeptidase K is one of several enzymes that make up the proteasome's catalytic core, where it helps cleave proteins into smaller peptides for further processing and eventual destruction.

Endopeptidase K has also been found to be involved in other cellular processes, such as regulating the activity of certain signaling molecules and contributing to the immune response. However, its precise functions and substrates are still being studied and elucidated.

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also known as "mad cow disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects cattle. It is caused by prions, which are misfolded proteins that can cause other proteins in the brain to also misfold and accumulate, leading to brain damage and degeneration. The disease is named for the sponge-like appearance of the brain tissue that results from this degenerative process.

BSE is a zoonotic disease, which means that it can be transmitted from animals to humans. In humans, BSE is known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) and is caused by consuming contaminated beef products. The symptoms of vCJD include rapidly progressing dementia, neurological symptoms such as muscle spasms and difficulty coordinating movements, and physical deterioration leading to death.

It's important to note that the use of certain growth promoters in cattle feed and the practice of feeding cattle meat and bone meal have been banned in many countries in order to prevent the spread of BSE. Additionally, strict controls on the inspection and testing of beef products have been implemented to ensure their safety.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. "Goat diseases" refers to illnesses that affect goats specifically. It does not mean diseases that are caused by goats or related to them in some way. Here are some examples of goat diseases:

1. Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE): A viral disease that affects goats, causing arthritis, pneumonia, and sometimes encephalitis.
2. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A bacterial disease that causes abscesses in the lymph nodes of goats.
3. Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP): A contagious respiratory disease caused by mycoplasma bacteria.
4. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
5. Pasteurellosis: A bacterial disease that can cause pneumonia, septicemia, and other infections in goats.
6. Salmonellosis: A bacterial disease caused by Salmonella bacteria, which can cause diarrhea, fever, and septicemia in goats.
7. Soremouth (Orf): A viral disease that causes sores and scabs around the mouth and nose of goats.

These are just a few examples of diseases that can affect goats. If you have any specific questions about goat health or diseases, I would recommend consulting with a veterinarian who specializes in small ruminants.

Prion diseases, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are a group of progressive neurodegenerative disorders that affect both humans and animals. They are unique in that they are caused by prions, which are misfolded proteins rather than infectious agents like bacteria or viruses. These abnormal prions can cause other normal proteins to misfold and accumulate in the brain, leading to brain damage and neurodegeneration.

Prion diseases can be sporadic, inherited, or acquired. Sporadic forms occur without a known cause and are the most common type. Inherited prion diseases are caused by mutations in the PRNP gene and are often associated with a family history of the disease. Acquired prion diseases can result from exposure to contaminated food (as in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease), medical procedures (iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease), or inherited forms of the disease that cause abnormal prions to be secreted in body fluids (like kuru).

Common prion diseases in humans include:

1. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) - sporadic, inherited, and acquired forms
2. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) - acquired form linked to consumption of contaminated beef products
3. Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) - inherited form
4. Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) - inherited form
5. Kuru - an acquired form that occurred in a isolated tribe due to cannibalistic practices, now eradicated

Prion diseases are characterized by rapidly progressing dementia, neurological symptoms, and motor dysfunction. There is no known cure for these diseases, and they are universally fatal.

PrPc proteins, also known as cellular prion proteins, are a type of protein found on the surface of many types of cells in the body, including neurons in the brain. The normal function of PrPc proteins is not entirely clear, but they are believed to play a role in various physiological processes such as protecting nerve cells from damage, regulating metal ion homeostasis, and participating in cell signaling pathways.

PrPc proteins are composed of 253 amino acids and have a molecular weight of approximately 35 kDa. They contain a highly conserved domain called the prion protein domain (PRD), which is rich in alpha-helices and contains a copper-binding site. The PRD is necessary for the normal function of PrPc proteins, but it is also the region that undergoes conformational changes to form the abnormal, disease-associated form of the protein called PrPSc.

PrPSc proteins are misfolded and aggregated forms of PrPc proteins that are associated with a group of neurodegenerative diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), including bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or "mad cow disease"), scrapie in sheep, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans. The misfolded PrPSc proteins can cause other normal PrPc proteins to also misfold and aggregate, leading to the formation of amyloid fibrils that accumulate in the brain and cause neurodegeneration.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "goats" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is a common noun referring to the domesticated animal species Capra aegagrus hircus. If you have any questions about a specific medical condition or term, please provide that and I would be happy to help.

"Mesocricetus" is a genus of rodents, more commonly known as hamsters. It includes several species of hamsters that are native to various parts of Europe and Asia. The best-known member of this genus is the Syrian hamster, also known as the golden hamster or Mesocricetus auratus, which is a popular pet due to its small size and relatively easy care. These hamsters are burrowing animals and are typically solitary in the wild.

I'm happy to help, but I want to clarify that the term "sheep diseases" refers to a wide range of health issues that can affect sheep populations. It's not a single medical condition with a specific definition. Here are some examples of common diseases that can affect sheep:

1. Ovine Johne's Disease (OJD): A chronic, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It affects the intestines and can cause weight loss, diarrhea, and death.
2. Footrot: A highly contagious bacterial infection that affects the feet of sheep, causing lameness, swelling, and pain. It's caused by the bacteria Dichelobacter nodosus.
3. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It affects the lymph nodes and can cause abscesses, weight loss, and death.
4. Contagious Ecthyma (Orf): A highly contagious viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes of sheep, causing sores and lesions.
5. Mastitis: An inflammation of the mammary gland in sheep, usually caused by a bacterial infection. It can cause decreased milk production, fever, and loss of appetite.
6. Pneumonia: A respiratory infection that can affect sheep, causing coughing, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by various bacteria or viruses.
7. Enterotoxemia: A potentially fatal disease caused by the overproduction of toxins in the intestines of sheep, usually due to a bacterial infection with Clostridium perfringens.
8. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM): A neurological disorder that affects the brain of sheep, causing symptoms such as blindness, circling, and seizures. It's often caused by a thiamine deficiency or excessive sulfur intake.
9. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can affect sheep, causing abortion, stillbirth, and neurological symptoms.
10. Blue tongue: A viral disease that affects sheep, causing fever, respiratory distress, and mouth ulcers. It's transmitted by insect vectors and is often associated with climate change.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome (CJD) is a rare, degenerative, and fatal brain disorder. It is caused by an abnormal form of protein called prion that can cause normal proteins in the brain to fold into abnormal shapes and accumulate, leading to damage and death of brain cells.

The symptoms of CJD usually develop over a period of several months and include rapidly progressing dementia, memory loss, confusion, coordination problems, muscle stiffness, twitching, and shaking. Some people may also experience visual hallucinations, changes in personality, or depression.

There are three main types of CJD: sporadic, inherited, and acquired. Sporadic CJD is the most common form and accounts for about 85% of all cases. It occurs spontaneously with no known cause. Inherited CJD is caused by a genetic mutation that is passed down from parents to their children. Acquired CJD is caused by exposure to contaminated tissue or bodily fluids, such as through a medical procedure or eating contaminated beef (variant CJD).

There is no cure for Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome and it is fatal, usually within a year of onset of symptoms. Treatment focuses on managing the symptoms and making the patient as comfortable as possible.

Cricetinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes hamsters, gerbils, and relatives. These small mammals are characterized by having short limbs, compact bodies, and cheek pouches for storing food. They are native to various parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Some species are popular pets due to their small size, easy care, and friendly nature. In a medical context, understanding the biology and behavior of Cricetinae species can be important for individuals who keep them as pets or for researchers studying their physiology.

A domestic sheep (Ovis aries) is not a medical term, but it is an animal species that humans keep and breed for a variety of purposes, including meat, wool, and milk production. While the term "sheep" may appear in medical contexts, such as in discussions of zoonotic diseases (diseases transmissible between animals and humans), the specific definition you are looking for is not medical in nature. Domestic sheep are social herbivores that prefer to eat short grasses and can be found in various parts of the world. They have been domesticated for thousands of years, making them one of the earliest animals to be domesticated by humans.

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder that affects members of the cervid family, including deer, elk, and moose. It is caused by prions, abnormally folded proteins that can cause other proteins in the brain to also misfold and accumulate, leading to brain damage and death.

CWD is characterized by several symptoms, including weight loss (wasting), excessive thirst and urination, listlessness, lack of coordination, and behavioral changes such as aggression or decreased social interaction. The disease is always fatal, with no known cure or vaccine available.

CWD is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated environments, and it can persist in the environment for years. It is important to note that CWD has not been shown to infect humans, but public health officials recommend avoiding consumption of meat from infected animals as a precautionary measure.

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are a specialized type of dendritic cell that reside in the germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches. They play a critical role in the adaptive immune response by presenting antigens to B cells and helping to regulate their activation, differentiation, and survival.

FDCs are characterized by their extensive network of dendrites, which can trap and retain antigens on their surface for extended periods. They also express a variety of surface receptors that allow them to interact with other immune cells, including complement receptors, Fc receptors, and cytokine receptors.

FDCs are derived from mesenchymal stem cells and are distinct from classical dendritic cells, which are derived from hematopoietic stem cells. They are long-lived cells that can survive for months or even years in the body, making them important players in the maintenance of immune memory.

Overall, follicular dendritic cells play a critical role in the adaptive immune response by helping to regulate B cell activation and differentiation, and by contributing to the development of immune memory.

Genotype, in genetics, refers to the complete heritable genetic makeup of an individual organism, including all of its genes. It is the set of instructions contained in an organism's DNA for the development and function of that organism. The genotype is the basis for an individual's inherited traits, and it can be contrasted with an individual's phenotype, which refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes in combination with environmental influences.

It is important to note that an individual's genotype is not necessarily identical to their genetic sequence. Some genes have multiple forms called alleles, and an individual may inherit different alleles for a given gene from each parent. The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a particular gene is known as their genotype for that gene.

Understanding an individual's genotype can provide important information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, their response to drugs and other treatments, and their risk of passing on inherited genetic disorders to their offspring.

I apologize for any confusion, but "deer" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to various species of hooved mammals belonging to the family Cervidae. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them.

The incubation period of an infectious disease is the time interval between when a person is infected with a pathogen and when they start showing symptoms of the disease. This period can vary widely depending on the specific type of infectious agent, ranging from just a few hours to several weeks or even months.

The incubation period is an important factor in understanding the epidemiology of infectious diseases, as it can influence the strategy for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention measures such as quarantine and contact tracing. It's also worth noting that not all infected individuals will develop symptoms, and some may still be able to transmit the infection to others during the incubation period or even after symptoms have resolved.

Disease susceptibility, also known as genetic predisposition or genetic susceptibility, refers to the increased likelihood or risk of developing a particular disease due to inheriting specific genetic variations or mutations. These genetic factors can make an individual more vulnerable to certain diseases compared to those who do not have these genetic changes.

It is important to note that having a genetic predisposition does not guarantee that a person will definitely develop the disease. Other factors, such as environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, and additional genetic variations, can influence whether or not the disease will manifest. In some cases, early detection and intervention may help reduce the risk or delay the onset of the disease in individuals with a known genetic susceptibility.

"Serial passage" is a term commonly used in the field of virology and microbiology. It refers to the process of repeatedly transmitting or passing a virus or other microorganism from one cultured cell line or laboratory animal to another, usually with the aim of adapting the microorganism to grow in that specific host system or to increase its virulence or pathogenicity. This technique is often used in research to study the evolution and adaptation of viruses and other microorganisms.

"Scrapie" (PDF). "Scrapie , sheep disease". "Scrapie: no evidence of threat to humans under real-life conditions". European Food ... Article about scrapie and the aforementioned diagnostic test UK government scrapie information UK government National Scrapie ... Natural transmission of scrapie in the field seems to occur via the alimentary tract in the majority of cases, and scrapie-free ... "Scrapie: Scrapie transmission via vaccine - Shorts at The Medical Dictionary". the-medical-dictionary.com. Retrieved 2018-04-13 ...
Scrapie can kill up to twenty-five percent of sheep in an infected flock and there is no known cure. Six sheep farms, located ... The detailed recording and culling did have some success as at least one farm was able to declare itself free of scrapie by ... Scrapie Problem Solved by Joint Effort". Veterinary Practice. Ewell: A. E. Morgan Publications. 7 (23): 2. December 1975. ISSN ... From 1970 to 1974, Sinclair was the advisor to a veterinary clinical trial that attempted to eliminate scrapie from sheep by ...
Some, like classical swine fever and scrapie are specific to one type of stock, while others, like foot-and-mouth disease ... "Scrapie Fact Sheet". National Institute for Animal Agriculture. 2001. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved ...
Greig, J.R. (October 1950). "Scrapie in sheep". Journal of Comparative Pathology. 60 (4): 263-6. doi:10.1016/s0368-1742(50) ...
... and scrapie in sheep; BSE was killing 1,000 British cattle a week; a brain disorders conference in Jamaica; in Papua New Guinea ... scrapie in sheep; remains of sheep, in cattle feed caused BSE, which was discovered in 1986; Ray Bradley, head of BSE research ... and scrapie-resistant Swaledale sheep, which were bred at the Institute for Research on Animal Diseases (now the Pirbright ...
The National Scrapie Plan of the UK aims to breed out these scrapie polymorphisms by increasing the frequency of the resistant ... The mechanism for conformational conversion to the scrapie isoform is speculated to be an elusive ligand-protein, but, so far, ... Scrapie - fatal neurodegenerative disease in sheep, not transmissible to humans Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad-cow ... However, PrP-ARR polymorphisms are susceptible to atypical scrapie, so this may prove unfruitful. The strong association to ...
"Scrapie Fact Sheet". National Institute for Animal Agriculture. 2001. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved ... Some, like classical swine fever and scrapie are specific to one population of animals, while others, like foot-and-mouth ...
In the 18th and 19th centuries, exportation of sheep from Spain was observed to coincide with a disease called scrapie. This ... Alper T, Cramp WA, Haig DA, Clarke MC (May 1967). "Does the agent of scrapie replicate without nucleic acid?". Nature. 214 ( ... Atkinson CJ, Zhang K, Munn AL, Wiegmans A, Wei MQ (2016). "Prion protein scrapie and the normal cellular prion protein". Prion ... Earlier investigations by E.J. Field into scrapie and kuru had found evidence for the transfer of pathologically inert ...
Alper T, Cramp WA, Haig DA, Clarke MC (May 1967). "Does the agent of scrapie replicate without nucleic acid?". Nature. 214 ( ... Griffith JS (September 1967). "Self-replication and scrapie". Nature. 215 (5105): 1043-4. Bibcode:1967Natur.215.1043G. doi: ...
"BSE - mad cow - scrapie, etc.: Stimulated amyloid degeneration and the toxic fats". RayPeat.com. Holub, Miroslav (1990). ... Field, EJ (7 Dec 1967). "The significance of astroglial hypertrophy in Scrapie, Kuru, Multiple Sclerosis and old age together ... Field, EJ (Feb 1978). "Immunological assessment of ageing: emergence of scrapie-like antigens". Age Ageing. 7 (1): 28-39. doi: ... connecting it to scrapie and multiple sclerosis. He noted the disease's interactions with glial cells, including the critical ...
"Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie". Science. 216 (4542): 136-144. Bibcode:1982Sci...216..136P. doi:10.1126 ...
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Kuru Scrapie Stanley B. Prusiner, Prion Biology and Diseases, second edition, 2004, United States of ... Mathiason, Candace K. (2017). "Scrapie, CWD, and transmissible mink encephalopathy". Progress in Molecular Biology and ...
Prusiner, Stanley B. (1982). "Novel Proteinaceous Infectious Particles Cause Scrapie". Science. 216 (4542): 136-144. Bibcode: ...
However, the presumed scrapie-associated nucleic acid has not been identified, and physical or chemical evidence for its ... Thus, in the nucleotide model proposed by Dickinson, AG, and Outram, GW in 1979, the lifecycle of the scrapie agent included a ... This hypothesis was based on the discovery of a single autosomal gene controlling the scrapie incubation period in mice and on ... The fact that different strains of scrapie were known had suggested the agent was similar to conventional viruses in that it ...
"Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie". Science. 216 (4542): 136-144. Bibcode:1982Sci...216..136P. doi:10.1126 ...
Prusiner S. B. (1982). "Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie". Science. 216 (4542): 136-144. Bibcode:1982Sci ...
Major agent strain distinctions from scrapie are encoded by different human TSE agents, such as sCJD, kuru of New Guinea, ... PrP antibodies and selected lectins bound to the same protein in both normal and CJD and scrapie infected brain fractions. ... Comparable 25 nm particles were also identified within CJD and scrapie infected cell cultures, but not in uninfected controls. ... Merz, P. A.; Somerville, R. A.; Wisniewski, H. M.; Manuelidis, L.; Manuelidis, E. E. (Dec 1-7, 1983). "Scrapie-associated ...
... and scrapie to primates and argued that the evidence for BSE and scrapie being acquired by maternal transmission was also ... ". "Transmission of BSE and scrapie, Veterinary Record 1993". "The myth of maternal transmission, British Medical Journal 1995 ...
As another example, free-living hay mites are a suspected reservoir for scrapie, a prion disease of sheep.Dermanyssus gallinae ... "Characteristics of scrapie isolates derived from hay mites". Journal of Neurovirology. 6 (2): 137-144. doi:10.3109/ ...
Hay mites are a suspected reservoir for scrapie, a prion disease of sheep. The mite Varroa destructor is a serious pest of ... April 2000). "Characteristics of scrapie isolates derived from hay mites". Journal of Neurovirology. 6 (2): 137-144. doi: ...
Norway has a scrapie surveillance program since 1997; while no reports of scrapie within the range of Nordfjella reindeer ... The cause of CWD (like other TSEs, such as scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy) is a prion, a misfolded form of a ... in humans and scrapie in sheep. In the United States, CWD affects mule deer, white-tailed deer, red deer, sika deer, elk, ... for scrapie), thus leading to a chain reaction. CWD is thought to be transmitted by this mechanism. The abnormality in PrP has ...
The British Government enquiry took the view that the cause was not scrapie, as had originally been postulated, but was some ... The lymphatic system has been identified in the pathogenesis of scrapie. It has not, however, been determined to be an ... The researchers also tested their method on blood samples from apparently healthy sheep that went on to develop scrapie. The ... One hypothesis suggests it may have jumped species from the scrapie disease in sheep, and another hypothesis suggests that it ...
Bruce, M. E.; Dickinson, A. G. (1987). "Biological evidence that scrapie agent has an independent genome". Journal of General ...
They take advantage of the fact that Tasmania is free of BSE and scrapie. For the same reasons, International Therapeutic ... "International Therapeutic Proteins - Tasmania, free from BSE and scrapie". itproteins.com. Retrieved 26 September 2022. "Our ...
Alper, Tikvah; Cramp, W. A.; HAIG, D. A.; CLARKE, M. C. (1967). "Does the Agent of Scrapie Replicate without Nucleic Acid ?". ... 1967: South African radiobiologist Tikvah Alper discovered that scrapie, an infectious brain disease affecting sheep, did not ...
Here he worked on sheep scrapie under John Stamp FRSE. Wight was awarded a PhD from the University of Edinburgh in 1960. That ... Wight, P. a. L. (1960). A histological study of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system in scrapie disease of sheep ( ...
A R Mclean; A Hoek; L J Hoinville; M B Gravenor (1 December 1999). "Scrapie transmission in Britain: a recipe for a ... and scrapie. In 1990, McLean won a Royal Society University Research Fellowship at the University of Oxford, and between 1994 ...
These diseases include scrapie, kuru, Huntington's, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Self-assembling and surfactant ...
The research has concluded that the offspring of the infected sheep are more able to survive scrapie. A commercially successful ... A control flock of Swaledales has been used to study and develop scrapie-resistant sheep. An infectious, persistent, and ... Davies, DC; Kimberlin, RH (1985). "Selection of Swaledale sheep of reduced susceptibility to experimental scrapie". The ... scrapie differ significantly in PrP genotype frequencies from healthy sheep and those selected for reduced incidence of scrapie ...
Scrapie is a fatal infectious disease of the neural system of sheep; one of a class of brain diseases that can affect cattle ( ... Alper found that radiation did not kill the infective agent in scrapie, suggesting that a virus was unlikely to be the ... Firstly, her UV radiation studies did not indicate a protein agent and, secondly, isolated prions did not induce scrapie. Her ... Alper and colleagues reported these properties of the scrapie agent - a finding that was greeted with astonishment in many ...
"Scrapie" (PDF). "Scrapie , sheep disease". "Scrapie: no evidence of threat to humans under real-life conditions". European Food ... Article about scrapie and the aforementioned diagnostic test UK government scrapie information UK government National Scrapie ... Natural transmission of scrapie in the field seems to occur via the alimentary tract in the majority of cases, and scrapie-free ... "Scrapie: Scrapie transmission via vaccine - Shorts at The Medical Dictionary". the-medical-dictionary.com. Retrieved 2018-04-13 ...
... in neurons in experimental scrapie in hamsters. Autophagy is an important step in the cellular turnover of proteins and ... Neuronal autophagy in experimental scrapie Acta Neuropathol. 1991;82(3):225-8. doi: 10.1007/BF00294449. ... As the appearance of the AV in our model is correlated chronologically with that of scrapie-associated fibrils, at least after ... In our model AV are much more numerous after intracerebral (i.c.) transmission of the scrapie agent than after the transmission ...
... Dr. David Rosen drosen Wed Dec 13 14:57:49 EST 1995 *Previous message: BSE and Scrapie ... Why then is it that the same mutated scrapie agent is not ,expected to cause symptoms in humans for 20-30 years ? , ,-- ,Howard ... The ,theory is that the scrapie agent has somehow mutated and changed into a ,form that infects cattle and other mammals, such ...
Alopecia due to trauma that is secondary to scrapie.. Credit: Dr. Harrington, Purdue University, Noahs Arkive. Photo ID: SCR_ ...
Ear tags that meet the USDA Scrapie Eradication Program requirements for sheep and goats. ... Scrapie Ear Tags. Scrapie Ear Tags. Producers are required to follow Federal and State regulations for officially identifying ... Color is up to you (except blue, which is reserved for USDA use). All official National Scrapie Eradication Program ...
... and how you can help to eradicate scrapie from the U.S. ... Learn about the National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP) ... Help Eradicate Scrapie. *Educate yourself on the clinical signs of scrapie. *Visit the USDA Scrapie Disease Information Page. ... Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) affecting sheep and goats.. The presence of classical scrapie in the ... Surveillance for scrapie in the U.S. is conducted through the National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP), a cooperative State- ...
The prevalence of classical scrapie in Great Britain has decreased since an EU-wide surveillance and Scrapie ... Data from the Compulsory Scrapie Flocks Scheme (CSFS), part of the compulsory eradication measures for the control of scrapie ... probability of finding classical scrapie through the AS make changes difficult. We propose to investigate other ... capture-recapture methodology using scrapie surveillance data in Great Britain. Prev Vet Med 67(4) 303-317 ...
Scrapie agent - Abnormal isoform of prion proteins (PRIONS) resulting from a posttranslational modification of the ... ... SCRAPIE AGENT \skɹˈapa͡ɪ ˈe͡ɪd͡ʒənt], \skɹˈapa‍ɪ ˈe‍ɪd‍ʒənt], \s_k_ɹ_ˈa_p_aɪ ˈeɪ_dʒ_ə_n_t]\ ...
A Canadian scrapie-free status will prevent the destruction and disposal of scrapie infected herds that financially impacts the ... Samples will be tested by a scrapie accredited laboratory and results will be used to determine scrapie prevalence. Samples can ... Eradicating scrapie from Canada will allow the industry to harmonize with US disease control measures and help to remove trade ... Canadas scrapie status impacts not only animal health and disease control measures, it also affects our ability to maintain ...
M.Baylis, F.H.,W.G.,N.H.andA.R.M.L. 2000: The Signature of Scrapie: Differences in the PrP Genotype Profile of Scrapie-Affected ... Chatelain, J.; Dautheville-Guibal, C. 1989: Ovine scrapie: follow-up of sheep belonging to an endemic scrapie-infected flock ... Atypical scrapie in sheep from a UK research flock which is free from classical scrapie Bmc Veterinary Research 5: 8. Dexter, G ... Derivation of a scrapie-free sheep flock from the progeny of a flock affected by scrapie Veterinary Record 159(2): 42-45. ...
Consumer Services for a webinar on information about scrapie and USDA & NC tagging requirements on Thursday, April 27 at 6:30 p ... Scrapie is a fatal, degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of sheep and goats. Learn about the disease & the ... Scrapie is a fatal, degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of sheep and goats. Learn about the disease & the ... Scrapie Presentation for NC Producers. Find this article at:. go.ncsu.edu/readext?926449 ...
Evaluating different PrP genotype selection strategies for expected severity of scrapie outbreaks and genetic progress in ... genotype on the risk of major outbreaks of classical scrapie and the rate of genetic progress in performance in commercial ... Evaluating different PrP genotype selection strategies for expected severity of scrapie outbreaks and genetic progress in ...
Scrapie is a fatal prion disease of small ruminants detected in different countries worldwide. Polymorphisms in the prion ... protein gene (PRNP) modify the degree of susceptibility/resistance to scrapie. PRNP polymorphisms were analysed in the four ... Goat Scrapie Algeria. Published:. 29 August 2023, Version 1 , DOI: 10.17632/hms7c28v7k.1 ... Scrapie is a fatal prion disease of small ruminants detected in different countries worldwide. Polymorphisms in the prion ...
BrightFocus is a tax-exempt nonprofit organization under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of the United States.. Copyright 2000 - 2023 BrightFocus Foundation. All rights reserved.. ...
This section provides information on the duties of the accredited veterinarian in the delivery of the Scrapie Flock ... Chapter 7 - Scrapie Flock Certification Program. This page is part of the Guidance Document Repository (GDR).. Looking for ...
Scrapie is believed to have triggered mad cow disease as cows were given feed containing parts of sheep carcasses. ... In 1996, researchers acknowledged that scrapie could be a threat to humans. Certain organ meats of sheep, goats and deer were ...
... Description:. Scrapie is an infectious disease; a susceptible animal must come ... Tools for Eradicating Scrapie. In addition to a genetics based flock clean up plan, USDA is using several tools to eradicate ... The risk from exposed AV QR sheep is probably minor, since infected AV QR sheep are rare and it is unusual for PrP scrapie to ... These sheep are highly unlikely to carry or transmit scrapie;. 2. AA QR sheep are rarely susceptible. In rare cases, AA QR ...
Is genotyping goats for scrapie recognized by Scrapie Canada?. Currently Scrapie Canada recognizes genotyping as a tool to ... Scrapie is one of the few diseases where resistance or susceptibility only involves a few genes. The results from the scrapie ... Is genotyping the same as testing goats for scrapie?. Genotyping is not the same as testing goats for scrapie, genotyping will ... How to Breed Goats for Scrapie Resistance. Ontario Goat (OG) has recently completed a scrapie genotyping project in partnership ...
Scrapie. Mr. Ron Davies :. To ask the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food what evidence his Department has about the ... In the last five years, veterinary investigation centres in England and Wales have diagnosed 16 cases of scrapie from samples ... incidence of scrapie in goats. Mr. Donald Thompson [holding answer 24 February 1989] :. ...
Scrapie (a fatal, degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of sheep and goats) was confirmed in a sheep on the ... Scrapie (a fatal, degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of sheep and goats) was confirmed in a sheep on the ... Iceland: Scrapie Identified in Sheep in Iceland. October 29, 2020. , Attaché Report (GAIN) ...
Relationship of Codon Changes in the PNRP Gene to Scrapie Susceptibility or Resistance in Sheep and Goats.. Genotype ... Relationship of Codon Changes in the PNRP Gene to Scrapie Susceptibility or Resistance in Sheep and Goats. ... Relationship of Codon Changes in the PNRP Gene to Scrapie Susceptibility or Resistance in Sheep and Goats. / ...
The epidemiology of scrapie can only be understood with reference to sheep demography, the population genetics of ... However, important aspects of scrapie epidemiology remain poorly understood, including the possible role of carrier genotypes ... susceptibility to scrapie, pathogenesis during a long incubation period, and the rate of transmission (by both vertical and ... A detailed analysis of an outbreak of natural scrapie in a flock of Cheviot sheep is described. A total of 137 cases was ...
In the atypical scrapie group, DNA samples from up to 93 atypical scrapie positive sheep and up to 304 healthy flock mates were ... Haplotypes increasing susceptibility to atypical scrapie, such as AHQ or AF141RQ, contrast with those of classical scrapie. It ... not only have two other ARR/ARR sheep with classical scrapie been identified, but also atypical scrapie was shown to be more ... one SNP was tested for possible association with scrapie status using DNA samples from an established scrapie DNA bank held at ...
Scrapie. Scrapie is a fatal, degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of sheep and goats. It is among a number ... The U.S. has had some form of a scrapie eradication or control program in place for many years. As part of the National Scrapie ... In the U.S., scrapie has been diagnosed mostly in Suffolk sheep and their crosses. ... For information on your states scrapie identification requirements, see Sheep and Goat ID. ...
"Classic Scrapie in Sheep with the ARR/ARR Prion Genotype in Germany and France" 13, no. 8 (2007). Groschup, Martin H. et al. " ... 2007). Classic Scrapie in Sheep with the ARR/ARR Prion Genotype in Germany and France. 13(8). Groschup, Martin H. et al. " ... "Classic Scrapie in Sheep with the ARR/ARR Prion Genotype in Germany and France" vol. 13, no. 8, 2007. Export RIS Citation ... Title : Classic Scrapie in Sheep with the ARR/ARR Prion Genotype in Germany and France Personal Author(s) : Groschup, Martin H ...
Scrapie susceptibility was defined genetically by PrP codon 171: PrPsc deposition was restricted to PrP genotype AA 136RR154QQ ... Scrapie, as defined by PrPsc deposition, occurred in 13/80 sheep. Preclinical disease was evident in nearly 70% of infected ... Sheep scrapie is a prion disease that requires interaction of exogenous prions with host prion protein (PrP) supporting prion ... N2 - Sheep scrapie is a prion disease that requires interaction of exogenous prions with host prion protein (PrP) supporting ...
The transmission dynamics of scrapie: analysis using mathematical models. Hagenaars TJ., Ferguson NM., Donnelly CA., Anderson ...
Scrapie. Scrapie is a disease mainly affecting sheep between two and five years of age. It can also affect goats. It was ... with the causative agent of scrapie in sheep crossing the species barrier to infect cattle. Others believe that the epidemic ... namely examination for evidence of scrapie-associated fibrils and immunoblotting for PrP. ... believe that the causative agent was introduced into the cattle food chain from the carcasses of sheep infected with scrapie, ...
  • Polymorphisms in the prion protein gene (PRNP) modify the degree of susceptibility/resistance to scrapie. (mendeley.com)
  • Scrapie is one of the few diseases where resistance or susceptibility only involves a few genes. (ontariogoat.ca)
  • Table: Relationship of Codon Changes in the PNRP Gene to Scrapie Susceptibility or Resistance in Sheep and Goats. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • The epidemiology of scrapie can only be understood with reference to sheep demography, the population genetics of susceptibility to scrapie, pathogenesis during a long incubation period, and the rate of transmission (by both vertical and horizontal routes), all of which interact in complex ways. (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, important aspects of scrapie epidemiology remain poorly understood, including the possible role of carrier genotypes and of an environmental reservoir of infectivity, and the mechanisms maintaining alleles giving susceptibility to scrapie in the sheep population. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Certain polymorphisms in the prion protein gene (PRNP) gene have been shown to modulate classical and atypical scrapie susceptibility in sheep. (uni-giessen.de)
  • Haplotypes increasing susceptibility to atypical scrapie, such as AHQ or AF141RQ, contrast with those of classical scrapie. (uni-giessen.de)
  • It has been estimated that PRNP is responsible for approximately 79% of the genetic influence of PRNP on classical scrapie susceptibility.The goal of the study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes for scrapie susceptibility and test them for association with both classical and atypical scrapie susceptibility in sheep. (uni-giessen.de)
  • Five candidate genes, LAMR1, SCRG1, PRND, RTN4 and VIM, were chosen due to their locations within or near mouse quantitative trait loci (QTL) for scrapie susceptibility. (uni-giessen.de)
  • Due to the low numbers of animals genotyped for the association studies, these genes cannot be excluded as candidate genes for scrapie susceptibility in sheep.With the development of the Illumina Ovine SNP50 BeadChip, it would be possible to use the chip to identify SNPs associated with scrapie susceptibility. (uni-giessen.de)
  • However, sample size needs to be increased in order to identify genetic loci that have modest effects on scrapie susceptibility in sheep. (uni-giessen.de)
  • Scrapie susceptibility was defined genetically by PrP codon 171: PrP sc deposition was restricted to PrP genotype AA 136 RR 154 QQ 171 in 12/13 cases or AV 136 RR 154 QQ 171 in 1/13 cases. (umn.edu)
  • The earliest accumulation was observed in the single VRQ/ARQ heterozygous animal, consistent with the reported high scrapie susceptibility and brief incubation period observed in breeds with predominance of the V 136 R 154 Q 171 allele. (umn.edu)
  • Scrapie susceptibility-associated indel polymorphism of shadow of prion protein gene (SPRN) in Korean native black goats. (cdc.gov)
  • Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) affecting sheep and goats. (sheepusa.org)
  • All official National Scrapie Eradication Program identification tags have the U.S. shield printed on them. (premier1supplies.com)
  • Surveillance for scrapie in the U.S. is conducted through the National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP), a cooperative State-Federal-industry program. (sheepusa.org)
  • The USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), National Scrapie Eradication Program, is providing up to 100 plastic flock ID tags free-of-charge, to first time participants in the sheep and goat identification program through fiscal year (FY) 2021 or until the available funds are expended. (sheepusa.org)
  • Visit the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP) Page for the latest information on scrapie. (sheepusa.org)
  • The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is working towards piloting the use of genetic resistance alleles S146 and K222 (via a pilot study) in the future of our National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP). (cangoats.com)
  • Sheep scrapie is a prion disease that requires interaction of exogenous prions with host prion protein (PrP) supporting prion formation. (umn.edu)
  • Misfolded prion proteins are called prions or scrapie PrP (PrP Sc -from the name of the prototypic prion disease of sheep). (msdmanuals.com)
  • In addition to a genetics based flock clean up plan, USDA is using several tools to eradicate scrapie. (animalgenetics.com)
  • The Canadian goat industry has been supportive of better understanding of genetic resistance in goats to help producers eradicate scrapie. (cangoats.com)
  • In this study we report the formation of giant autophagic vacuoles (AV) in neurons in experimental scrapie in hamsters. (nih.gov)
  • We conclude that brain dysfunction in experimental scrapie precedes clinical signs and spongiform histopathology, and is preserved in slices maintained in vitro, making it accessible to electrophysiological analysis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Man, W.Y.N. , Nicholls, N. , Woolhouse, M.E.J. , Lewis, R.M. and Villanueva, B. (2009) Evaluating different PrP genotype selection strategies for expected severity of scrapie outbreaks and genetic progress in performance in commercial sheep. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Stochastic computer simulations were used for quantifying the effect of selecting on prion protein (PrP) genotype on the risk of major outbreaks of classical scrapie and the rate of genetic progress in performance in commercial sheep populations already undergoing selection on performance. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Ontario Goat has received a lot of interest in learning more about how to genotype goats for scrapie and how to set up a breeding plan. (ontariogoat.ca)
  • Sheep carrying the ARR/ARR genotype seem more resistant to classical scrapie whereas the VRQ haplotype greatly increases classical scrapie susceptibilty. (uni-giessen.de)
  • For each of the SNPs investigated in this study, no significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies were observed for classical or atypical scrapie positive groups when compared to healthy flock mate control groups. (uni-giessen.de)
  • This article adds to previous data of natural sheep scrapie, concentrating on the effect of host genotype and age on PrP sc accumulation patterns during preclinical and clinical disease. (umn.edu)
  • CFIA-evaluated genotype data collected from several scrapie-infected goat herds in Canada, along with ongoing research findings from North American and European studies, provide convincing evidence for genetic resistance to classical scrapie in goats. (cangoats.com)
  • Host-genotype and agent effects in scrapie incubations, change in allelic interaction with different strains of agent. (jax.org)
  • In our model AV are much more numerous after intracerebral (i.c.) transmission of the scrapie agent than after the transmission via the intraperitoneal route which points to a correlation between the intensity of the process and the period of incubation. (nih.gov)
  • The duration of the incubation period for scrapie, a fatal transmissible neurodegenerative disorder of sheep and goats, is mainly determined by the Sip gene, which has 2 alleles (sA--susceptible and pA--resistant). (ed.ac.uk)
  • In this case, the preferred DNA sample for genotyping goats for scrapie is a nasal swab. (ontariogoat.ca)
  • The cost of genotyping goats for scrapie is $50.00 per goat, and this includes the cost of the swabs. (ontariogoat.ca)
  • Is genotyping the same as testing goats for scrapie? (ontariogoat.ca)
  • Genotyping is not the same as testing goats for scrapie, genotyping will only tell you if your goat is susceptible, weakly susceptible, or resistant to scrapie. (ontariogoat.ca)
  • Is genotyping goats for scrapie recognized by Scrapie Canada? (ontariogoat.ca)
  • Fragments e1 and h2 were associated with the histopathologic diagnosis of scrapie, and fragments e3 and h1 were associated with survival. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Most but not all cases have been in flocks with high scrapie prevalence. (animalgenetics.com)
  • Well, that's what's happening in prion diseases like mad cow, sheep scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. (sciencefriday.com)
  • sheep and with the advent of active surveillance in the EU, not only have two other ARR/ARR sheep with classical scrapie been identified, but also atypical scrapie was shown to be more prevalent than expected. (uni-giessen.de)
  • In the atypical scrapie group, DNA samples from up to 93 atypical scrapie positive sheep and up to 304 healthy flock mates were genotyped. (uni-giessen.de)
  • For the PRND SNP, 56 DNA samples each from both classical and atypical scrapie positive sheep were genotyped. (uni-giessen.de)
  • Negative controls consisted of DNA samples from 74 healthy flock mates from classical scrapie herds and 73 healthy flock mates from atypical scrapie herds. (uni-giessen.de)
  • These could be brought in line with the latest scientific information, which could mean - among other things - adapting measures for atypical scrapie if data confirms that this scrapie strain is not contagious or continuing to encourage genetic control of the disease in sheep through breeding programmes. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Visit the USDA Scrapie Free Flock Certification Program website for details. (sheepusa.org)
  • Contact your State Veterinarian or the USDA Veterinary Services Office for your state if your sheep or goat, older than 12 months, exhibits clinical signs of scrapie. (sheepusa.org)
  • Join N.C. Cooperative Extension and NC Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services for a webinar on information about scrapie and USDA & NC tagging requirements on Thursday, April 27 at 6:30 p.m. (ncsu.edu)
  • There is evidence that scrapie prevalence has been reduced in Great Britain in the last years, however we consider it necessary to evaluate the power of detection of the current surveillance. (researchgate.net)
  • January 1, 2013 - Guelph, ON - Sample collection as part of the National TSE Eradication Plan's goat scrapie prevalence study will end March 31st, 2013. (scrapiecanada.ca)
  • The National TSE Eradication Plan is a joint industry project designed to establish the prevalence of scrapie in Canada and to develop a plan for eradicating the disease from Canada. (scrapiecanada.ca)
  • Establishing the prevalence of scrapie is important to the continued growth and success of the national goat industry. (scrapiecanada.ca)
  • Determining scrapie prevalence in goats separately from that in sheep could impact future disease control efforts and programs for goats. (scrapiecanada.ca)
  • Samples will be tested by a scrapie accredited laboratory and results will be used to determine scrapie prevalence. (scrapiecanada.ca)
  • Other TSEs include scrapie (a disease of sheep), feline spongiform encephalopathy, transmissible mink encephalopathy, and chronic wasting disease of deer and elk. (medscape.com)
  • In order for a goat to be affected by scrapie, two things are required, one is that the goat needs to be exposed to the prion proteins in their environment, and two the goat needs to be genetically susceptible. (ontariogoat.ca)
  • The abnormal (scrapie) isoform is PrPSc (PRPSC PROTEINS) and the cellular isoform PrPC (PRPC PROTEINS). (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study, scrapie-free New Zealand (NZ) Cheviot sheep (VRQ/VRQ, VRQ/ARQ and ARQ/ARQ genotypes) where placed with sheep in Institute of Animal Health's neuropathogenesis unit (NPU), where scrapie is endemic. (eurekamag.com)
  • A detailed analysis of an outbreak of natural scrapie in a flock of Cheviot sheep is described. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We analyzed genomic DNA extracted from frozen sheep brains collected from Cheviot sheep of the United States that had been inoculated with the SSBP/1 scrapie inoculum. (ed.ac.uk)
  • A Canadian scrapie-free status will prevent the destruction and disposal of scrapie infected herds that financially impacts the goat industry and presents animal welfare concerns to the Canadian livestock sector and general public. (scrapiecanada.ca)
  • buy goats from herds enrolled on the Scrapie Flock Certification Program (SFCP). (cangoats.com)
  • Scrapie is a slow progressing disease of sheep and goats that affects the central nervous system. (ontariogoat.ca)
  • The first of these diseases to be described was scrapie, a disease of sheep recognized for over 250 years. (medscape.com)
  • Scrapie is a fatal, degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of sheep and goats. (ncsu.edu)
  • Scrapie is a fatal prion disease of small ruminants detected in different countries worldwide. (mendeley.com)
  • Scrapie (a fatal, degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of sheep and goats) was confirmed in a sheep on the Stóru-Akrar farm (home to 800 sheep) in Skagafjörður, Iceland. (usda.gov)
  • [ 1 ] Included are Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or "mad cow disease") in cattle, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in mule deer and elk, and scrapie in sheep. (medscape.com)
  • The success of the European Union's efforts in combating Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), such as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle or scrapie in sheep and goats, allows the EU to contemplate changes in some of its rules. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Prion agents cause the subacute severe neurologic disease known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or 'mad cow' disease in cattle, and scrapie in sheep. (cdc.gov)
  • analyze classical scrapie, including CH1641-like , from natural goat the conformational stability of CH1641-like isolates, BSE, BSE and experimental sheep BSE. (cdc.gov)
  • Biologic and molecular analyses from classical scrapie isolates ( 14 ). (cdc.gov)
  • To investigate the electrophysiology of prion disease we used intra- and extra-cellular recordings from brain slices from Tg(SHaPrP+/+) 81 mice, which express Syrian hamster prion protein and which are susceptible to hamster-passaged scrapie isolates. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The pathogenesis of scrapie and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) following oral uptake of agent is still poorly understood and can best be studied in mice and hamsters. (qxmd.com)
  • Educate yourself on the clinical signs of scrapie. (sheepusa.org)
  • These include (1) finding infected and source flocks through the testing of exposed animals traced out of known infected flocks and, beginning in April 2003, through slaughter surveillance, (2) identification of sheep and goats in commerce to allow for effective tracing of scrapie positive and exposed animals, (3) restricting the movement of genetically susceptible exposed animals, and (4) educating producers, veterinarians, and others about clinical signs of scrapie. (animalgenetics.com)
  • Bestimmte Polymorphismen des Prionenproteingens (PRNP) besitzen einen Einfluss auf die Empfänglichkeit für klassische und atypische Scrapie beim Schaf. (uni-giessen.de)
  • The goal of the project was to identify genes that associated with resistance to scrapie. (ontariogoat.ca)
  • For diseases such as scrapie where only a few genes are involved, the breeding strategies are quite simple and can be a useful tool for improving overall herd health. (ontariogoat.ca)
  • As the appearance of the AV in our model is correlated chronologically with that of scrapie-associated fibrils, at least after i.c. transmission, the process may be related to a disturbance of cellular protein metabolism and, thus, to the processing of prion protein. (nih.gov)
  • In 1996, researchers acknowledged that scrapie could be a threat to humans. (uia.org)
  • They most famously cause BSE in cows, CJD in humans and scrapie in sheep. (scienceblogs.com)
  • All of the options listed (Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Scrapie) are transmissible neurodegenerative diseases characterized by slow, irreversible, progressive neuronal degeneration. (proprofs.com)
  • Canada's scrapie status impacts not only animal health and disease control measures, it also affects our ability to maintain current trading partners and gain new ones. (scrapiecanada.ca)
  • Assessing for scrapie resistance and following the above practices will greatly support Canada's continued progress towards scrapie eradication. (cangoats.com)
  • The SFCP provides producers the opportunity to increase the marketability of their animals through demonstrating scrapie freedom in their flock or herd. (sheepusa.org)
  • Goat producers have until March 31st to submit samples for scrapie testing. (scrapiecanada.ca)
  • Producers have until then to voluntarily submit samples for testing and help support scrapie eradication efforts in Canada. (scrapiecanada.ca)
  • Canadian goat producers are being encouraged to voluntarily submit goat obex samples for scrapie testing. (scrapiecanada.ca)
  • For each candidate gene, one SNP was tested for possible association with scrapie status using DNA samples from an established scrapie DNA bank held at the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.Genotyping was accomplished using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) or amplification-created restriction site (ACRS)-RFLP analyses. (uni-giessen.de)
  • Testing for genetic resistance in sheep has been a useful tool in scrapie management and eradication. (cangoats.com)
  • Based on the data, goats having a single copy of either the S146 (the amino acid serine at prion protein position 146) or K222 (the amino acid lysine at prion position 222) alleles have shown a strong degree of resistance to natural infection with scrapie. (cangoats.com)
  • The panel found the S146 and K222 alleles in goats provided a strong level of resistance to classical scrapie. (cangoats.com)
  • Other alleles were also studied by the EFSA, but the data showed resistance to scrapie wasn't as strong. (cangoats.com)
  • 4. QQ Sheep (AA QQ, AV QQ, and VV QQ) are susceptible to scrapie and can transmit the disease to susceptible flock mates. (animalgenetics.com)
  • For the LAMR1, SCRG1 and RTN4 SNPs, DNA samples from up to 106 classical scrapie positive sheep as well as up to 137 healthy flock mates were genotyped. (uni-giessen.de)
  • What does it mean to be susceptible, weakly susceptible or resistant to scrapie? (ontariogoat.ca)
  • The results from the scrapie genotyping project revealed that goats homozygous for a particular amino acid at a specified location in the genome are susceptible, goats that are heterozygous are weakly susceptible, and goats that are homozygous for a different amino acid at that position are resistant. (ontariogoat.ca)
  • It is also important to remember that if your goats are susceptible, it does not mean they will get scrapie, if you follow good biosecurity and limit contact with goats from outside your herd you can keep scrapie off your farm. (ontariogoat.ca)
  • The Canadian goat industry may now also breed for genetic resistance to scrapie. (cangoats.com)
  • This is also in line with a recent 2020 EU regulatory update, which recognized that S146 and K222 offer genetic resistance against classical scrapie. (cangoats.com)
  • Using TSE-specific amyloid protein (TSE-AP, also called PrP) as a marker for infectivity, immunohistochemical evidence suggested that the first target area in the brain of hamsters orally infected with scrapie is the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMNV), rapidly followed by the commissural solitary tract nucleus (SN). (qxmd.com)
  • Involvement of protein in scrapie agent infectivity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Forty days after intracerebral inoculation with scrapie isolate Sc237, we recorded prolonged, epileptiform discharges in cortex and hippocampus. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Cerebral targeting indicates vagal spread of infection in hamsters fed with scrapie. (qxmd.com)
  • The experiments described here further extend the understanding of the pathways along which infection spreads from the periphery to the brain after an oral challenge with scrapie. (qxmd.com)
  • For the first time, these results demonstrate conclusively that, in our animal model, initial infection of the brain after oral ingestion of scrapie agent occurs via the vagus nerve, rather than by spread along the spinal cord. (qxmd.com)
  • Scrapie infection of transgenic mice leads to network and intrinsic dysfunction of cortical and hippocampal neurones. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Scrapie is believed to have triggered mad cow disease as cows were given feed containing parts of sheep carcasses. (uia.org)
  • Some scientists believe that the causative agent was introduced into the cattle food chain from the carcasses of sheep infected with scrapie, with the causative agent of scrapie in sheep crossing the species barrier to infect cattle. (who.int)
  • The protein can exist in multiple isoforms , the normal PrP C , and as Protease resistant PrP Res like the disease-causing PrP Sc(scrapie) and an isoform located in mitochondria . (wikidoc.org)
  • The mechanism for conformational conversion to the scrapie isoform is speculated to be an elusive ligand -protein, but, so far, no such compound has been identified. (wikidoc.org)
  • Digestion of the DNA with EcoRI or HindIII followed by the addition of a scrapie-associated fibril protein (PrP)-specific marker probe, yielded fragments of 6.8 (e1) and 4.0 (e3) kb, or 5.0 (h1) and 3.4 (h2) kb, respectively. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Currently Scrapie Canada recognizes genotyping as a tool to prevent disease for sheep and goats, but CFIA will only spare genetically resistant sheep in the event of a mass depopulation. (ontariogoat.ca)
  • More research is needed before goats on the voluntary scrapie flock certification program that are genetically resistant are spared during a depopulation. (ontariogoat.ca)
  • What is the best way to breed for scrapie resistance in my herd? (ontariogoat.ca)
  • [ 5 ] Prusiner introduced the term prion to indicate that scrapie is related to a proteinaceous infectious particle (PrP). (medscape.com)
  • The fastest way to improve scrapie resistance is to use a resistant buck to breed to a resistant doe. (ontariogoat.ca)
  • If none of your goats turn out to be resistant to scrapie, there is another option. (ontariogoat.ca)
  • The presence of classical scrapie in the U.S. sheep and goat population affects the industry economically through production losses, lost exports, and increased production and disposal costs. (sheepusa.org)
  • Two entire scrapie-infected, predominantly Suffolk-cross, sheep flocks euthanized for regulatory purposes were genotyped and analyzed for PrP sc deposition in various tissues using single- and dual-label immunohistochemistry. (umn.edu)
  • In a 2017 publication, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) assembled a panel of experts to evaluate the scientific evidence for scrapie resistance in goats. (cangoats.com)
  • Testing clinical suspects is the most cost effective way to find scrapie infected animals. (sheepusa.org)
  • It is called scrapie because of the tendency of affected animals to rub against the fences of their pens in order to stay upright, reflecting their cerebellar dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • At this time, genotyping results from external laboratories are not considered official, and animals would require testing by the CFIA during a scrapie disease response. (cangoats.com)
  • A diagnostic test is not available to detect scrapie in live animals. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Only 6 of 9 sheep with preclinical scrapie had PrP sc deposition in the brain but widespread PrP sc deposition in peripheral lymphoid tissue, supporting previous data showing peripheral PrP sc accumulation preceding deposition in the brain. (umn.edu)